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Ethiopian Objects at the Victoria and Albert Museum

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Ethiopian Objects at the Victoria and Albert Museum ETHIOPIAN OBJECTS AT THE VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM by Alexandra Jones Curator of Maqdala 1868, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK The Victoria and Albert Museum, or V&A, is a museum of art, design and performance based in South Kensington, London. It was established in 1852, following on from the 1851 “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations” spearheaded by Prince Albert. The museum’s collections today number over 2.7 million objects, amassed over the past 150 years through active collecting. Amongst them is a small but very significant collection of Ethiopian material, which tells a story about the complex relationship between Britain and Ethiopia during the 19th century, as well as prompting much dis- cussion about how African collections and objects associated with military expeditions are displayed and interpreted by UK museums today. The V&A’s African collections The V&A has traditionally divided objects into sub-collections according to material, such as Textiles and Fashion, Metalwork, or Furniture and Wood- work, each of which is looked after by a dedicated department of curators. While the museum does have an Asian department, which cares for the muse- um’s collections from South, South East and East Asia and the Middle East, it does not currently have a specific department, curator or gallery dedicated to collecting, studying or displaying African objects. This is partly due to a historic distinction between the perceived remits of the V&A and the British Museum. Nevertheless, the museum is today thought to have around 4,500 objects in its collections either from Africa, or related to the African Diaspora. This figure was first established in 2008 by African Research Fellow Helen Mears, as one of the outcomes of the African Diaspora Research Project.1 Over the past decade, there have been a number of projects which have brought the V&A’s African collections into greater focus and drawn the public’s atten- tion to this previously underappreciated part of the collection. This is also reflected in recent changes to the museum’s Collections Development Policy (Stylianou, 2015 p. 93), partly resulting from the aforementioned African Dias- pora Research Project. The current iteration of the policy states that “Ideally the African collections would have independent status within the Museum, with dedicated, professionally experienced curators. Until this situation can be achieved, collecting African and Africa-related materials is integrated into the collection plans of the existing departments.” (V&A, 2015 p. 66). This is a significant departure from previous versions of the policy, which simply stated 8 African Research & Documentation No. 135 2019 that “The Museum does not collect historic material from Oceania and Africa south of the Sahara” (V&A, 2010 p. 68). policy, which simplypolicy, statedwhich thatsimply “The stated Museum that “Thedoes Museumnot collect does historic not collect material historic from Oceaniamaterial from Oceania Ethiopian objects in the V&A collections and Africa southand of Africa the Sahara” south of(V&A the Sahara”, 2010 p. (V&A 68). , 2010 p. 68). The Ethiopian collections in the V&A number around 100 objects in total. Ethiopian objects in the V&A collections Ethiopian objects in the V&A collections These fall under the remit of four different departments at the museum: Metal- work; Prints and Drawings; Textiles and Fashion, and the National Art Library. The Ethiopian Thecollections Ethiopian in thecollections V&A number in the aroundV&A number 100 Ofobjects around these in objects, 100total. objects These around infall total. 66under are These theeither fall known under theor thought to have come into the remit of four differentremit of departmentsfour different at departments the museum: at Metalwork;the museum:museum’s Prints Metalwork; possessionand Drawings; Prints via and Textilesthe Drawings; 1867-8 British Textiles Expedition to Abyssinia (Ethio- and Fashion, andand theFashion, National and Arthet Library.National Of Ar theset Library. objects, pia).Of thesearound This objects,was 66 theare aroundculminationeither known66 are of oreither a large-scale known or military expedition to Ethiopia thought to havethought come tointo have the come museum’s into thepossession museum’s via topossession the rescue 1867 British -8via British the captives 1867 Expedition-8 being British heldto Expedition hostage byto Emperor Tewodros II, ruler of Abyssinia (Ethiopia).Abyssinia This (Ethiopia). was the culmination This was the of culminationa large-scaleEthiopia of military a large at - expeditionthescale time, military whoto Ethiopia expedition had imprisoned to to Ethiopia around to thirty European diplomats and missionaries in 1863. He had taken this action after his attempts to form rescue British captivesrescue Brit beingish captivesheld hostage being by held Emperor hostage Tewodros by Emperor II, ruler Tewodros of Ethiopia II, ruler at theof Ethiopiatime, at the time, an alliance with Queen Victoria, in the hope of securing military support to who had imprisonedwho had around imprisoned thirty Europeanaround thirty diplomats European and diplomatsmissionaries and in missionaries 1863. He had in taken1863. He had taken this action after his attempts to form an alliancesafeguard with Queen his somewhat Victoria, precariousin the hope positionof securing as King, had gone unanswered. this action after his attempts to form an alliance with QueenThe Victoria, brutal battle in the quickly hope of ended securing in a decisive victory for the British, who over- military support to safeguard his somewhat precarious position as King, had gone unanswered. military support to safeguard his somewhat precarious positionwhelmed as King, the had Ethiopian gone unanswered. forces with enormous firepower. As the fortress at The brutal battle quickly ended in a decisive victory for the British, who overwhelmed the The brutal battle quickly ended in a decisive victory for Maqdalathe British, was who captured, overwhelmed Tewodros the killed himself with a pistol once given to Ethiopian forcesEthiopian with enormous forces with firepower. enormous As thefirepower. fortress As himat Maqdalathe as fortress a gift was from at captured,Maqdala Queen Tewodroswas Victoria. captured, On theTewodros orders of General Sir Robert Napier, killed himself killedwith a himsepistollf once with given a pistol to himonce asgiven a gift to fromhimleader asQueen a ofgift Victoria.the from expedition, Queen On the Victoria. ordersthe city Onof was the thenorders ransacked of and burned by British General Sir RobertGeneral Napier, Sir Robert leader Napier,of the expedition, leader of the the expedition, citytroops, was then andthe ransackedcity many was of then andthe ransackedobjectsburned bytaken and wereburned brought by back to Britain. British troops, Britishand many troops, of the and objects many taken of the were objects brought taken back were to brought Britain. back to Britain. The most famous of the Ethiopian objects in the V&A collection are a gold The most famousThe of most the famousEthiopian of objectsthe Ethiopian in the V&Aobjects collection incrown the V&A are(Fig. acollection gold1) and crown chaliceare (fig.a gold which1) crownand were (fig. taken 1) and from Tewodros’s treasury. The crown, of a style worn by priests in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, is con- chalice which werechalice taken which from were Tewodros’s taken from treasury. Tewodros’s The crown, treasury. of aThe style crown, worn of by a priestsstyle worn in the by priests in the structed of an inner raised and domed cylinder surrounded by three pierced Ethiopian OrthodoxEthiopian Church, Orthodox is constructed Church, ofis constructedan inner raised of anand inner dom raiseded cylinder and dom surroundeded cylinder by surrounded by three pierced tiers, decorated with embossed tiers,and chased decorated images with of embossedthe apostles and and chased evangelists. images of the apostles and evange- three pierced tiers, decorated with embossed and chased imageslists. ofThe the large apostles solid and gold evangelists. chalice bears an inscription stating that it was given The large solid gold chalice bears an inscription stating that it was given to the Church of Our The large solid gold chalice bears an inscription stating thatto it the was Church given ofto Ourthe Church Lady of of Qwesqwam, Our near Gondar. It was a gift from King Lady of Qwesqwam,Lady of near Qwesqwam, Gondar. It near was Gondar. a gift from It was King a gift Iyyasu from IIII King ( ንጉስ Iyyasu እያሱ 2 II ኛ ),( ,ንጉስ whowho እያሱ ruled 2 ኛfrom), who 1730 ruled to 1755, and his mother Empress from 1730 to 1755,from 1730and his to mother1755, and Empress his mother Mentewwab Empress (Mentewwab እቴጌMentewwab ምንትዋብ ( እቴጌ). A signature ምንትዋብ ).on AA the signature on on the the base of the chalice also iden- tifies its maker as “Wäldä-Giyorgis”. The crown is thought to have been given base of the chalicebase alsoof the identifies chalice alsoits maker identifies as “ Wäldäits maker-Giyorgis”. as “Wäldä The-Giyorgis”. crown is thoughtThe crown to have is thought to have to the same church2 as part of the same dedication.2 been given to thebeen same given church to the as same part ofchurch the same as part dedication. of the same2 dedication. African Research & Documentation No. 135 2019 9 Fig. 1 Crown, probably made in Gondar, Ethiopia, around 1740. Museum no. M.27- 2005. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. In addition to the crown and chalice, the largest number of Ethiopian objects in the V&A collection can be found in the museum’s Metalwork collection, which has eleven items of arms and armour, thirty pieces of jewellery, three cups, a fly whisk, fourteen processional and hand crosses, two censers, and two sac- ramental spoons. The Prints and Drawings section cares for eight Ethiopian drawings, one of which is thought to have come from Maqdala. The National Art Library has four sacred texts, while the Textiles and Fashion collection includes a priest’s vestment and three items of women’s clothing.
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