Public Disclosure Authorized l ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SOUNDNESSASSESSMENT UCH POWER PLANT " BALUCHISTAN, PAKISTAN Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared For. Tenaska, Inc. 1044 North 115th Street, Suite 400 Omaha, Nebraska 68154 Prepared By: KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc. 6241 NW 23rd Street, Suite 500 Gainesville, Florida 32653-1500 April 1995 13130C Public Disclosure Authorized 13130C
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page 1 of 6)
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
EXECUTIVESUMMARY ES-£
1.0 INTRODUCIION 1-1
1.1 PURPOSEAND SCOPEOF REPORT 1-1
1.2 S1TEDESCRIPTION 1-3
1.3 PROJECTDESCRIPTION 1-3
1.3.1 POWER BLOCK 1-3
1.3.2 WATER SUPPLYAND TREATMENT 1-5
1.3.3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 1-8
1-3.4 SOLID WASTE 1-11
1.3.5 AIR EMISSIONCONTROLS 1-11
1.3.6 SAND AND DUST ACCUMULATION 1-12
1.4 ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY. REGULATIONS.AND PERMITMNG REOU REMENTS 1-12
1.4.1 GOVERNMENTOF PAIISTAN 1-12
1.4.2 WORLDBANK AND IFC 1-13
2.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 2-1
2.1 MANAGEMENTALTERNATIVES 2-1
2.1.1 NO-ACIIONALTERNATIVE 2-1
2.1.2 PURCHASESOF REQUIREDENERGY FROM OTHER SOURCES/JOINTPROJECTS 2-1
2.1.3 POSTPONINGUNrr RETREMENTS, REACTIVATING,AND/OR UPGRADINGEXISTING PLANTS 2-1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page 2 of 6)
2.2 ALTERNATIVEPROJECTS 2-2
2.3 ALTERNATIVEFUELS 2-2
2.4 PROJECTDESIGN ALTERNATIVES 24 2.4.1 ALTERNATIVESrIES 2-4
2.4.2 WATERSUPPLY AND TREATMENT 2-5
2.4.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 2-5
2.4.4 AIR EMISSIONCONTROLS 2-6
3.0 DESCRIPTIONOF THE AFFECTEDENVIRONMENT 3-1
3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT . 3-1
3.1.1 AIR RESOURCES 3-1
3.1.1.1 Climatology 3-1
3.1.1.2 Site Met toIogy 3.3
3.1.1.3 AmbientAir iualitv 3-6
3.1.1.4 Noise 3-9
3.1.2 LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 3-9
3.1.2.1 Surface Water 3-9
3.1.2.2 Groundwater 3-22
3.1.2.3 Water Source 3-23
3.1.2.4 Waste Water Discharges 3-23
3.1.3 NATURAl HAZARDS 3-24
3.1.3.1 Seismicitv 3-24
3.1.3.2 Flood Potential 3-24
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page 3 of 6)
3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT/BIODIVERSITY 3-25
3.2.1 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES 3-25
3.2.2 WILDLIFE COMMUNrIIES 3-27
3.2.3 ENDANGERED SPECIES 3-27
3.3 SOCIAL. CULTURAL. AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT 3-28
3.3.1 LAND USE 3-28
3.3.2 LAND ACQUISITION 3-30
3.3.3 SOCIOECONOMICS 3-30
3.3.3.1 DemograDhy 3-32
0XV& 3.3.3.2 Emnlpyomentand Economy 3-35
3.3.3.3 Transoortation 3-35
3.3.3.4 Facilities and Services 3-37
3.3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES 3-37
3.3.4.1 Cultural Diversity and Ethnicity 3-37
3.3.4.2 Historical and Archaeplogical Resources 3-38
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES 4-1
4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-1
4.1.1 AIR QUALITY 4-1
4.1.1.1 General Modeling Analysis 4-1
4.1.1.2 Source Data 4-3
4.1.1.3 ReceDtors 4-7
4.1.1.4 Meteorological Data 4-7
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page4 of 6)
4.1.1.5 Buildin- Wake Effects 4-9
4.1.1.6 Results 4-10
4.1.1.7 Emissionsof GreenhouseGases 4-10
4.1.2 NOISE 4-12
4.1.3 WATER RESOURCES 4-15
4.1.3.1 Water Withdrawalsandlor ConsumptiveUses 4-15
4.1.3.2 CoolingWater and Plant Waste Water Discharges 4-17
4.1.3.3 DomesticWaste Water From the Uch Colony 4-19
4.1.3.4 Site Runoff 4-21
4.1.3.5 Oil Spill Prevention.Containment, and Control 4-21
4.1.3.6 GroundwaterResources 4-22
4.1.3.7 Geology and Seismology 4-22
4.2 BIOLOGICALENVIRONMENTIBIODIVERSITY 4-22
4.3 SOCIALAND CULTURALENVIRONMENTIDEMANDS ON PRIMARYAND SECONDARYINFRASTRUCTURE 4-23
4.3.1 LAND USE IMPACTS 4-23
4.3.2 DEMOGRAPHICIMPACTS 4-23
4.3.2.1 Populationand EmploymentPatterns 4-23
4.3.2.2 Economic Patterns 4-23
4.3.3 PRIMARYAND SECONDARYINFRASTRUCTURE 4-24
4.3.3.1 Transportation 4-24
4.3.3.2 Housin 4-25
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page5 of 6)
4.3.4 CULTURALRESOURCES 4-29
4.3.4.1 Local Support 4-29
4.3.4.2 Cultural Patterns and Values 4-30
4.3.4.3 Histob1caland ArchaeologicalResources 4-30
4.3.5 OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETY 4-30
4.3.5.1 Safet 4-30
4.3.5.2 OccupationalHealth 4-31
4.3.6 INDUSTRkALHAZARD ASSESSMENT 4-36
5.0 MMTIGATION,MONITORING, AND TRAININGPROGRAMS 5-1
5.1 MITIGATION 5-1
5.1.1 AIR * 5-1
5.1.2 WATER 5-1
5.1.3 NATURALAND INDUSTRIALHAZARDS 5-3
5.1.3.1 Process Hazards 54
5.1.3.2 Oil Storage 5-4
5.1.3.3 IncidentalSafety and Health Hazards 5-5
5.1.4 SOLIDWASTE 5-5
5.1.5 BIOLOGICALENVIRONMENT/BIODIVERSITY 5-5
5.1.6 SOCIOECONOMICAND CULTURAL 5-5
5.1.7 OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFErY 5-6
5.2 MONITORINGPROGRAMS 5-6
5.3 TRAININGREOUIREMENTS 5-7
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Page 6 of 6)
REFERENCES REF-i
APPENDICES
APPENDIXA-CONTACr LIST
APPENDIXB-NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY STANDARDS
APPENDIXC-GOP DEPARTMENTOF ARCHAEOLOGYAND MUSEUMSLETTER
vi 13130C 04U4/ss
LIST OF TABLES (Page I of 2)
1.3-1 Summary of AnticipatedIndustrial and AssociatedPotable Water Use for the Proposed CombinedCycle Power Plant 1-7
1.3-2 Summary of PotentialIndustrial and AssociatedSanitary Waste Water Discharges 1-9
1.3-3 Summary of EvaporationPond Operating Characteristics 1-10
1.4-1 Major Pakistan Legislationand Regulations 1-14
1.4-2 World Bank and IFC Air EmissionLimitations for StationarySources 1-15
1.4-3 World Bank and IFC AmbientAir Quality Standards 1-16
1.4-4 World Bank RecommendedNoise Criteria 1[-17
2.3-1 Design Fuel Analysesfor Proposed Uch Power Project 2-3
3.1-1 Temperatureand RainfallData for SelectedWeather Stationsin Proximnityof the Project Site 3-4
3.1-2 Summaryof AverageMonthly Rainfall at Sukkur and Jacobabad 3-5
3.1-3 MeteorologicalData Collectedat the Rohri MeteorologicalStation 3-7
3.14 Summaryof Total SuspendedParticulate Matter Concentrationsfor Lkhra MonitoringStations; May 1985 throughSeptember 1986 3-10
3.1-5 Summary of Observed MaximumAnnual Discharges of the Indus River, Upstreamand Downstreamof the Guddu Barrage for 1962 through 1987 (26 years) 3-14
3.1-6 Summary of Observed MinimumAnnual Dischargesof the Indus River, Upstream and Downstreamof the Guddu Barragefor 1962through 1987 (26 years) 3-15
3.1-7 Summary of Observed MaximumAnnual Water Elevation of the Indus River, Upstream and Downstreamof the Guddu Barrage for 1962 through 1987 (26 years) 3-16
3.1-8 Summary of Indus RiverlB.S. Feeder Canal Water Quality 3-19
3.1-9 Summary of Indus River Water Quality at Sukkur 3-20
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LIST OF TABRLES (Page 2 of 2)
3.1-10 World Health Organization International Drinking Water Criteria 3-21
3.2-1 Endangered and Vulnerable Species Potentially Occurring in Baluchistan 3-29
3.3-1 Agricultual Statistics for Major Crops in Nasirabad District, 1980-1981 3-33
3.3-2 Growth, Density and Distribution of Population 3-34
4.1-1 Major Features of the ISC Model 4-2
4.1-2a Design Information and Stack Parameters for Uch Power Project- GE: Low-Btu Natural Gas and Oil 4-4
4.1-2b Critical Load Design Information and Stack Parameters for Uch Power Proiect GE, Natural Gas and Oil; 85% for Gas Fired, 50% for Oil Fired 4-5
4.1-3 Maximum Pollutant Emissions for Uch Power Project-GE: Natural Gas and Oil 4-6
4.1-4 Maximum Impacts for Proposed Uch Power Facility 4-11
4.1-5 Summary of Source Input Data for the Noise Impact Analysis for the Uch Power Project 4-14
4.1-6 Estimates of Canal Flow and Proposed Power Plant Withdrawal 4-18
4.1.7 Water Treatment Chemicals 4-20
4.3-1 Toxic Gases Associated With Power Production (Natural Gas or Diesel Fuel) 4-32
4.3-2 Permissible Noise Exposures 4-34
4.3-3 Examples of Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold Limit Values [Values are given in °C and (°F) Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBG`)J 4-35
5.2-1 Toxic Compounds Associated With the Combustion of Fuel Oil 5-8
viii 13130C 04124195
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1-1 Site Location of Proposed Uch Power Plant 1-2
1.2-1 Proposed Project Site 14
1.3-1 Site Layout for the Proposed Power Plant 1-6
3.1-1 Windrose for Jacobabad, Annual Average, 1961-1990 3-8
3.1-2 Pat Feeder Canal near Dera Murad Janali 3-12
3.1-3 Indus River Discharge, April 1987 - March 1988 3-13
3.1-4 Feeder Canal Discharge, April 1987- March 1988 3-17
3.2-1 Typical Vegetative Cover at Project Site 3-26
3.3-1 General Land Use in Project Area 3-31
4.1-1 Predicted Noise Levels for Uch Power Plant 4-16
ix FINAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL SUIMMARY
for tie
UCH POWER LIMITED UCH GAS FIELD POWER GENERATION FACILITY PROJECT
BALUCMISTAN, PAKISTAN
Prepared for Tenaska, Inc. 1044 North 115th Street, Suite 400 Onmaha,Nebraska 68154
April L995 13130BAR2
Prepared by KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc. 6241 N.W. 23rd Street Gainesville, Florida 32653-1500
1616 'P' Street, N.W., Suite 450 Washington, D.C. 20036 13130B1R21ENVS-1 04/2/95
ENVIRONMENTALSUMMARY
INTRODUCTION The Uch Power Limited (UPL) has proposedto construct a power generationfacility rated at a gross capacityof 584 megawatts(MW) firing natural gas from the Uch gas field. High-speed diesel fuel will be used as an emergencyfuel supply. The facility will be located in the Dera Murad Jamali area in Etaluchistan,Pakistan. The proposed facility will be constructed,owned, and operated by UPL with potential financing from the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development(World Bank), the InternationalFinance Corporation(IFC), and private sources.
KBN Engineeringand AppliedSciences, Inc. (KBN)conducted an environmentaland social soundnessassessment (ESSA) of the proposed facility. The study consideredthe impacts of the proposed facility to the physical, ecological,and socioeconomicenviromnents. The assessment also identifiedmitigation and monitoringactivities required to minimizeany potential impacts of A__ft the facility. The impact analysis comparedthe potential impactsfrom the proposedfacility to the World Bank's 1988environmental guidelines, the IFC's guidelines,and Governmentof Pakistan (GOP) standardsand guidelines.
PROJECT DESCRIPMTON The Uch combinedcycle project is located in the flat plain area of Nasirabaddistrict in eastern Baluchistannorthwest of the district headquarters,Dera Murad Jamali (Figure 1). Portions of Dera Murad Jamali are irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from the Guddu Barrage on the Indus River. Irrigable farmlandextends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabadand Sukkur in Upper Sind Province. The power plant site is located in an isolated.semi-arid enviromment north of the Pat Feeder Canal.
The projectwill consistof a conventionalgas turbine, combinedcycle, electricgenerating plant with a gross output rating of 584 MW. The plant configurationis comprisedof three nominal 130 MW gas turbine generators and three heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs), one 194 MW steam turbine generatorand associatedplant equipmentand auxiliarysystems. A double circuit connectionto the WAPDA220 kV transmissionsystem will be provided by WAPDA at the plant switchyard. Ancillaryfacilities consist of central control building,office and administrationareas,
I 13130BIR2IENVS-2 04r/5195 warehouseand maintenancebuilding, and water treatment building. Living quarters for the plant staff will be provided in a nearby housing colony.
Wateruses in the proposedproject include cooling tower makeup, plant service water, and potablewater from the Indus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. Currently, the canal is used for agriculturaland potablewater supply in the area.
Major waste water sources for the proposed project include cooling tower blowdown,plant low volumewastes, and sanitary waste water. Power plant low volume wastes includefloor drain wastes, boiler blowdown,demineralized regeneration wastes, and filter backwash. An evaporationpond will be constructedto treat and dispose of the waste water.
BASELINE DATA Existing Air Quality There are no other significantsources of atmosphericpollution in the region, and background levels for most pollutantswould be low; therefore, measurementsof existingambient concentrationsin the vicinity of the Uch power developmentare not considerednecessary. This was confirmedby previousambient samplingtaken at the Guddu power projectand the proposed Lakhra power project. Measurementsof sulfur dioxide (SO), nitrogen dioxide (NO,), carbon monoxide(CO), and ozone (03) were conducted at two locationsat Guddu. These findings confirm that backgroundconcentration levels in the area are low even in an area of some industrialdevelopment similar to the proposed project.
Concentrationsof total suspended particulatematter (ISP) for the Uch site were estimated from data obtainedfrom similar environmentsin Pakistan. However, long-termTSP samplinghas been conductedat the Lakhra and Jamshoro power plant sites located northwestof Hyderabad. The data indicate that background TSP levels average about 200 pglnm. This 200 uglme concentration is howevera result of natural sources and consistsof relativelynon-respirable particles.
There are no significantindustrial developmentsin the project area. The existingnoise levels are anticipatedto be well below the World Bank guidelinesfor ambientnoise levels.
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Existing Water Resources The proposed power plant site is locatedon the Kachhi Plain. The KachhiPlain merges with the Indus Plains to the southand east. In general, the plain slopes from northwestto southeast and its altitude is around 58 meters above mean sea level (m-msl). Near Dera Murad Jamali, the elevation is approximately64 m-mnsl.
The Indus River flows in a southwesterlydirection approximately100 km south of Dera Murad Jamali. Indus River flow near the projectarea is controlledby the Guddubarrage, approximately 150 km to the east. The function of this barrage is to create a large reservoirto provide water supply for irrigation of adjacent and downstreamagricultural lands. The Guddubarrage and other barrages on the Indus River system have proven effective in retainingand managingwater for use during the dry season.
Water is divertedfrom the Indus River upstreamof the barrage by large feeder canals, including the B.S. Feeder Canal, the D.P. (Pat) Feeder Canal, and the GhotkiFeeder Canal. The Pat Feeder Canal passes near the proposed power plant site. Water from these feeder canals is used for agricultural,domestic, and power plant supply. In addition to these diversions,water is continuouslyreleased from the barrage to the downstreamnreaches of the Indus River.
Indus River flow varies significantlyduring the year. Annual high flows typicallyoccur in August. Annual low flows typically occur during Decemberthrough March. Water is released from the Guddu barrage into the three feeder canals; the rate of releaseinto these canals varies during the year dependingon the agriculturaland industrial demand. The Pat Feeder Canal is currently being renovatedand enlarged, with project completionscheduled for 1996. The widened canal will receive increasedflows in the summer months and no change in flows for the winter months. Maximumreleases typicallyoceur during July for the B.S. Feeder Canal and Pat Feeder Canal and during August for Ghotci Canal. During certain timesof the year, no water is released into feeder canals.
Water quality of tfie Indus River is highly dependenton river flow. Water quality in the Pat Feeder Canal is reported to be 550 ppm total dissolvedsolids, which is higher than that observed in the Indus River or B.S. Feeder Canal. An extensivewater qualitysampling program of the Pat Feeder Canal has been started and analyseswill be made for many constituentsincluding heavy
3 13130BtR IENVS-4 04r15195
metals. ne results of the samplingprogram will be included in the design of the water treatment plant. UPL plans to treat the potable water using the water treatment techniquescommonly used in the United States for surface water supplies. These treatmenttechniques will ensure a safe water supply system.
Recharge to groundwateris principallydue to infiltrationof precipitationfalling within the basin. Annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 125 mm on the Kachhi Plain. Unconsolidateddeposits constitutethe major groundwaterreservoir in the region. This aquifer is not capableof sustaining a reliable water supply for a power plant. The groundwaterquality of the upper 150 m of the aquifer is brackisb (greaterthan 3,000 ppm TDS at all levels). Uch Power Limited(1990) notes that weli water is very brackish with a TDS of 30,000 ppm near the site.
The Pat Feeder Canal is availablefor water supplyover 10 monthsof the year on average. Regular canal repairs in Decemberand AprilJMayclose the canal 6 weeks a year. On-sitewater storage ponds will be used for periods when water is unavailablefrom the Pat Feeder Canal.
Other than the Pat Feeder Canal, no large surface water body exists nearby which might serve as the receiving stream. Since the canal is used for both domesticpurposes and irrigation, it is not desirable to utilize it for discharge purposes. Onsiteprecipitation will be collectedand directed to the oil/water separator and then to the water storage ponds so that there will be no offsite runoff.
The preferred disposalmethod is evaporationponds. Wastewaterfrom the ponds would evaporate with minimal infiltrationinto the ground. Given the evident existinghigh levels of dissolved solids in deep groundwater, it does not appear that such a discharge poses a significant environmentalthreat. Care will be taken to minimizethe Dossibilitythat toxic or hazardous constituentswill be in the wastewaterbefore disposalto the evaporationpond.
Several non-perennialriver beds and streams are located in the project area. These water courses transport water during short periodsof the rainy season or following heavy rainfall events.
Existing Natural Hazards The area presents a minor to moderate potentialfor eartiquake activity. This range of earthquake magnitude would place the proposedsite within Uniform BuildingCode (UBC)Zone 2. Tle
4 13130B/R2/ENVS-S 04115/95
ESSA team suspects that the potential for liquefactionwill not be a significant problem;however, the soils investigationreport will address this issue directly.
Locating the plant approximately3.2 kn north of the Pat Feeder Canal will reduce the 25 year flood stage to approximately1.5 m above the existinggrade. The flood protectionmeasures for the power plant include: 1. Elevatingthe site above the 25 year flood plain using soil excavatedfrom the ponds and foundationson the site. 2. Locatingthe evaporationpond within the walls of the plant and raisingthe top of the berm around the evaporationponds to an elevation above the 25 year flood plain. 3. Constructinga solid wall around the plant site. The wall will provide protection during a 100 year flood evenL Provisionswill be trade to sandbag the gate when necessary. 4. Installingculverts under the access road. 5. Installing riprap where running water could cause soil erosion.
Existing BiologicalEnvironmentfBiodiversity The site is characterizedas a tropical thorn scrub community. In general, the vegetationis simple in its organization, and the plant cover is scanty, with little vegetation fbund in non-perennial stream beds. The greatest amount of plant cover is observedduring the monsoonseason in July and August. The compositionof the ecologicalcommunities varies from low-growinggrasses and herbaceous vegetationto shrubs and trees such as mesquiteand acacia.
While sheets of evaporatingwater may persist fbr short durationsfollowing flash floods, there are no permanent aquatic habitats in the study area. Consequently,semi-arid habitats were the only major habitat identifiedwithin Lhevicinity of the site. Rcutmiaissanceobservations suggest that wildlife is limited within the area due to the semi-aridconditions and negative impactsassociated with livestock grazing. The project site is not indicativeof any endangeredspecies habitats.
Existing Social, Cultural, and Institutional Environment The project area is located northwestof the district headquarters,Dera Murad Jamali (Temple Dera prior to Partition) in the Dera Murad Jamali Subtebsilof the Pat Feeder Subdivision. Dera Murad Jamali is irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from water released from the Guddu Barrage
5 13 130B/R2IENVS.6 04r.5I95 on the Indus River. Irrigable farmlandextends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabad and Sukkur in Upper Sind Province. No major cash crops are grown north of the Pat Feeder Canal.
Most of the land in the general vicinityof the plant is used to grow forage.
Occasionalherders with herds smaller than 20 animalshave access to the aree and farmers plantingopportunistic crops occasionallyutilize the land near the site after heavy rains. The project will disturb only a very small percentage of land that is used for that purpose.
The power plant site is unpopulated,with the nearest populationcluster approximately5 km from the site. Currently, no economicor employmentconditions exist on-site. Dera Murad Jamali had an approximatepopulation of 40,000 at the time of the 1981 census. Major economicactivities in Dera Murad Jamnaliinclude rice milling and small retail businesses. At present, there are 3 rice huskingmills in Dera Murad Jamali, and a sugar mill has been sanctionedfor the area- An industrialestate spread over 50 acres is now approvedfor Dera Murad Jamaliand is located south of the Pat Feeder Canal. The labor force at Dera Murad Jamali consistsprimarily of unskilled and agriculturallabor. Although Dera Murad Jamali is located outside the project area, the town is noted in this section because it may benefitfrom positivesecondary impactsof the facility through the increasedgoods and services required by the facility and its employees.
The existingroad, airport, and port facilities are consideredto be adequateto handle anticipated movementof materials and workers between the Karachiand the site. Improvementsto bring the Indus Highwayup to National Super Highway standardswould greatly benefit transportation logisticsfor the area. Access to the proposed Uch site, however, is not contingenton these improvements. Physicalaccessibility to the project area is enhancedby the quality of the overland transportationin and out of Nasirabad District. The District headquarters, Dera Murad Jamali, is situated on the main Jacobabad-SibiRoad and the railway line.
There is no local capacity for facilities and services close enoughto benefitthe proposed project; therefore, the project will develop the infrastructurerequired at the site to provide health care, living quarters, emergencyresponse, recreation, and religious services. There are no known archaeologicalresources on or near the site.
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POTENTIALENVIRONMENTAL IMPAC1S Air Quality Impacts
Emissionsof nitrogen oxide (NO1), sulfur dioxide (SO.), and particulatematter (PM) are emitted during the combustionof fossil fuels. S% resultsfrom the buming of sulfur in the fuel. NO. is fbrmed by the reactionof atmosphericand fuel-boundnitrogen with oxygenunder high- ternperatureconditions. SO2 and NO. are referred to as acid gases since they are converted through complexatmospheric processes to acidicspecies (e.g., sulfuric and nitric acids). PM emissionsresulting from unburned carbon and impuritiesin fuels.
The magnitudeof emissionsis reflected in fuel quality. Natural gas has lower sulfur, fuel-bound nitrogen, and impuritiesthan other fuels thus having lower emissions. An air quality impact analysisof the project indicated that the proposedproject when firing either natural gas or high speed diesel fuel oil would not exceed World Bank, USEPA, and IFC ambientair quality guidelinesfor NO,, SO., or PM. Natural gas has lower emissionsof NO,, S02, and PM than fuel oil; therefore, the impacts when using naturalgas, which is the primary fuel, would be lower than those from fuel oil.
The amount of CO emissionsfrom the Uch Power Plant are estimatedto be about 2,990,000 TPY, based on the assumptionthat all three units will burn naturalgas and fuel oil for 11 and 1 months respectively. This rate can be expressedas 1.66 lb CO, emissionsper kWh of electricity produced, which compares favorably to the 1.70 lb/lkWhfrom a conventionalboiler entirely using No. 6 fuel oil, or 2.03 lb/kWh from a conventionalfluidized bed boiler using coal.
The projected noise imp.actsfor the facility will be less than the World Bankguidelines. Additionally,the site location is not in the proximityof any areas (excludingthe workers colony) that may be sensitive to noise impacts, such as residentialareas, schools, and hospitals.
Water and Land Resources Impacts In general, impactsto water and land resources are minimaland can be reducedby applying appropriate mitigationmeasures as part of projectdesign, construction,and operation. The facility will treat and dispose of waste water in an evaporationpond. The wastestreams resulting from the project are neither hazardous nor toxic and entirely containedon the site. This zero discharge design results in no significantadverse effect to surface water or groundwater.
7 131303/R.2IENVs4 04r-s19s
Temporary and localizedimpacts will occur in turbidityand suspendedsolids when constructing the intake in the Pat Feeder Canal. The withdrawalfrom the Pat Feeder Canal will not adversely impact local or regionalwater availability. Water storage ponds will be used during periods of low flow in the Pat Feeder Canal to maintainnormal plant operationsand to minimizeany potential adverse impactson the canal. Clean waste waters such as boiler and evaporatorcooler blowdown will be reused as cooling tower makeup. Other waste waters will be treated or neutralizedand directed to the evaporationpond.
Ecological Impacts The removal of vegetationand wildlife habitat from the site is not consideredto be of major ecologicalconsequence. No endangered, protected, or otherwisebiologically significant species were found to occur on-site. Because of the relative small size of the site (2.6 kia2), no significantloss of habitat will occur as a result of the project. While entrainmentfimpingementof small aquaticorganisms in the Pat Feeder Canal will occur to some degree with the proposed intake structure, the impactsare not considered significantbecause of the lack of biologicallyor economicallysignificant aquatic species in the Pat Feeder Canal.
Adverse aquatic impactsrelated to the potential for oil spills and site runoff are not anticipated. An oil spill preventionplan and mitigationmeasures designedto reduce the degree of runoff during fuel transfer and storage will be implemented. Details of these plans are provided in Section 5.0 of the ESSA.
Social and Cultural Environment The project site is uninhabitedand located in an isolated,semi-arid enviromment. Temporary land use impacts includeincreases in temporary residents and vendors during constructioaand unofficialresidents (squatters)who may be attractedto the project area. Once in operation, the land use impactsto the area are anticipatedto be minimaland consistentwith the other similar projects in Pakistan (e.g., Guddu). No relocation or rehabitationof residentialcommunities or people will be required as a result of the project.
The economicpatterns in the project area will be enhancedby the increaseddemand for goods and services by the constructionworkers and permanentplant employees. lThesepositive impacts
8 13130B/R:!/ENVS-9 04r25195 also includeexpenditure of funds for constructionrelated supplies and services as well as the increase in labor related to plant operationand maintenance.
The impactson transportationrelated to personneland others accessingthe projectare expected to be localizedand temporaryduring constructionand minimalduring operation. The proposed project is not anticipatedto have any impacton historicalor archaeologicalresources.
Adverse impactson worker safety will be minimied by implementingan occupationalhealth program that includesconsideration of chemicalexposure, noise protection,medical monitoring, temperatureand humidity,and respiratoryprotection. The expected major risk of an industrial hazard (i.e., fire or explosion)is not expectedto be catastrophic. The planned fire protection and firefightingequipment appear adequate;all abovegroundgas pipelinesare within the facility.
ANALYSIS 0F ALTERNATIVES Managementand project alternativeswere evaluated. Managementalternatives, such as no- action, other purchasedpower, and upgradingexisting plants, were less favorablethan the proposed project due to the shortageof electric power in Pakistan. The use of indigenousfuel (Uch field gas) is preferablefrom an economicand environmentalprospective.
MTIGATTON PLAN AND MONITORINGPROGRAMS MitigationPlan
By utilizing naturalgas as the primaryfuel source, PM and SO2 emissionswill be extremely low and well under World Bankguidelines. PM and SO2 emissionsresulting from firing the gcondary fuel source are also well under World Bank guidelines. Therefore, no additional mitigation,other than that realized by the project as designed, is required. Additionally,the high percentage of CO. in the fuel results in a lower peak flame temperature and, as a result, reduces NO. emissionsto below World Bank guidelines. Water injection will be utilizedto reduce NO. emissionsin the unlikelyevent that fuel oil must be fired over extendedperiods. The most effective mitigationfor impactsassociated with emissionsfrom the facility is rigorous monitoring of the plant's overall operation. This will be achievedthrough regular performanceevaluations that will be conductedto ensure facility efficiency.
9 13130B/R2/ENVS-10 04Q25/95
Impacts associatedwith water use at the facilitywill be mitigatedby the withdrawalof water from the Pat Feeder Canal only during periods of averageor high flows. The fact that the canal maintenanceperiods, during which the canal is closed, coincidewith these low-flowperiods reinforcesthis strategy. Twenty-sevenmillion cubic feet of water (60 days at maximumflow rate) will be stored onsite to provide water for the facility during these periods. Documentation and backgrounddocuments reviewed by the ESSAteam did not indicatethat the Pat Feeder Canal had run dry over the life of the canal; however,if the canal does run dry, UPL will use the water stored on site until water is returned to the canal.
Mitigationfor wastewaterdischarge is not required since the proposed design(i.e., the use of evaporationponds for plant wastes as well as wastewaterfrom the workers colony)results in a zero discharge to surface water. To reduce the pollutantconcentration of the waste stream, the project will incorporatea treatmentbasin to treat low-volumewastes (chemicaldrains and demineralizerregeneration wastes). Treated low-volumewastes will be dischargedto a wastewaterrecovery basin and allowed to mix with cooling water blowdown. Design features for the facility will be implementedto improve wastewaterbasin performanceand operation.
An emergencyresponse plan will be prepared and implementedto minimizeonsite damage and risk to personnel in the unlikely event of a major release of fuel and subsequentfire. The project will implementan oil spill contingencyplan to mitigate impacts in the unlikelyevent that a substantialvolume of oil is dischargedfrom the containmentcell area.
To mitigate the risks associatedwith the potentialfor earthquakes,all structureswill be built to UBC Zone 2 classification. The power plant will be engineered, designed,and constructedin accordancewith the potential for minor to moderateearthquakes in the area. An emergency response plan will be in place in the unlikelyevent that a larger than minor earthquakeis experienced at the project site.
The evaporationpond will be bermed to mitigateimpacts associated with flooding. In addition, the entire site will be raised with material excavatedduring constructionof the evaporationand water storage ponds.
10 1313081R2/ENvS-II 0412519S
The project will not result in significantadverse impactsto the ecologicalenvironment in Baluchistan;dterefore, no mitigationis proposedto reduce impactsto aquatic and terrestrial ecology.
There are no known archaeologicalsites or historic structureson the proposedsite or adjacent parcels. Nevertheless,if artifacts of cultural significanceare uncoveredduring construction,work in the immediatevicinity will be temporarilystopped and the proper GOP authoritiesnotified to determine the appropriateaction.
Monitoring Programs The Uch Power Project is implementinga rigorous performanceevaluation program to ensure the efficiencyof the facility. This program is required in the financingagreements and has the added benefit of ensuringthat the measures being recommendedas part of the mitigationof environmentalimpacts are monitored. In addition to monioring conduczedas part of the performanceevaluations, wastewaters will be evaluatedquarterly for nine heavy metals Ci.e., -.- arsenic, barium, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium,and silver, if expected) before discharge to the evaporationpond.
Baselineoccupational air monitoringfor the power plant work areas will be accomplishedduring the first six months of plant operation. Monitoringfor ambient air quality may be required although the impactsto air quality from the project fall below World Bank, IFC, and GOP guidelines.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION In accordancewith World Bankguidelines, governmental and nongovernmentalorganizations were identifiedand contactedduring the developmentof the ESSA. Jacobabad Regionaland Town Administratorsand officials and representativesof the Jamali Tribe were contacted. The EnvironmentalProtection Agency for the Governmentof Baluchistanwas contacted. Ihe followingGOP organizationswere contacted: 1. Pakistar.Environmental Protection Agency, 2. Environmentand Urban AffairsDivision, 3. Ministry of War Power, Private Power Cell, 4. Pakistan Water and Power DevelopmentAuthority,
II 131308MVENVS-12 0OUZ/95
5. NationalFinance DevelopmentCorporation, 6. The Governmentof Baluchistan(GOB) Environmental Protection Agency, 7. The GOB Ministry for Public Health, S. Jacobabad regionaland town administrators,and 9. Representativesof the Jarnali tribe.
The followinginternational organizations were contacted: 1. United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment and 2. InternationalUnion for the Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources.
12 13130CIES-1 0$/24/95
EECUTNE SUBARY
PROJECTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Uch Power Limited(UPL) has proposed to constructa power generation facility rated at a gross capacity of 584 megawatts(MW) firing natural gas from the Uch gas field. High-speed diesel fuel will be used as an emergencyfuel supply. The facility will be located in the Dera Murad Jamali area in Baluchistan,Pakistan. The proposed facility will be constructed,owned, and operated by UPL with potential financingfrom the IntemationalBank of Reconstructionand Development(World Bank),the InternationalFinance Corporation(IFC), and private sources.
KBN Engineeringand Applied Sciences. Inc. (KBN)conducted an enviromnentaland social soundnessassessment (ESSA) of the proposed facility. The study considered the impactsof the proposedfacility to the physical, ecological,and socioeconomicenvironments. The assessment also identifiedmitigation and monitoringactivities required to minimizeany potential impactsof the facility. The impact analysiscompared the potential impactsfrom the proposed facility to the WVorldBank's 1988environmental guidelines, the IEFC'sguidelines, and Governmentof Pakistan (GOP) standards and guidelines.
PROJECTLOCATION AND DESCRIPIMON Ile Uch combinedcycle project is located in the flat plain area of Nasirabaddistrict in eastern Baluchistannorthwest of the district headquarters,Dera Murad Jamali. Portions of Dera Murad Jamali are irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from the GudduBarrage on the Indus River. Irrigable farmland extendssouth from Dera Murad Jamalito Jacobabadand Sukkur in Upper Sind Province. The power plant site is located in an isolatedsemi-arid enviromment north of the Pat Feeder Canal.
The project will consistof a conventionalgas turbine, combinedcycle, electricgenerating plant with a gross output rating of 584 MW. The plant configurationis comprisedof three nominal 130 MW gas turbine generators and three pressure heat recovery generators (HRSGs),one 194 MW steam turbine generator and associatedplant equipmentand auxiliary systems.A double circuit connectionto the WAPDA220 kV transmissionsystem will be provided by WAPDAat the plant switchyard. Ancillaryfacilities consist of central control building,office and
ES-] 13130C1ES-2 041r4/95 administrationareas, warehouseand maintenancebuilding. and water treatment building. Living quarters for the plant staff will be provided in a nearby housingcolony.
Water uses in the proposedproject includecooling tower makeup, plant service water, and potablewater from the Indus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. Currently, the canal is used for agriculturaland potablewater supply in the area.
Major waste water sources for the proposed project includecooling tower blowdown,plant low volume wastes, and sanitary waste water. Power plant low volume wastes includefloor drain wastes, boiler blowdown,demineralized regeneration wastes, and filter backwash. An evaporationpond will be constructedto treat and dispose of the waste water.
MANAGEMENTAND PROJECT ALTERNATIVES Management,project fuel, and design alternativeswere evaluated. Managementalternatives, such as no-action, other purchasedpower, and upgradingexisting plants, were less favorablethan the proposed project due to the shortageof electric power in Pakistan. Project alternativesconsidered includeother elementsof the WAPDA expansionplan which would not replace the capacitythat will be supplied by the Uch project. The use of indigenousfuel (Uch field gas) is preferable from an economicand environmentalprospective. Design alteratives includeother site, water supply, water treatment, and emissionscontrol options. Selectionof each design alternativeis supported by technicaland economiccriteria.
POTENTIALENVIRONMENITAL IMPACTS AIR QUAIlTY
Emissionsof nitrogen oxide (NOR),sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulatematter (PM) are emitted during the combustionof fossil fuels. SGOresults from the burningof sulfur in the fuel. NO. is formed by the reaction of atmosphericand fuel-boundnitrogen with oxygen under high- temperatureconditions. SO and NO, are referred to as acid gazes since they are converted through complexatmospheric processes to acidic species (e.g., sulfuric and nitric acids). PM emissionsresulting from unburnedcarbon and impuritiesin fuels.
The magnitudeof emissionsis reflected in fuel quality. Natural gas has lower sulfur. fuel-bound nitrogen, and impuritiesthan other fuels thus havinglower emissions. An air quality impact
ES-2 1313OC/ES-3 0.r14195
analysisof the project indicatedthat the proposedproject when firing either naturalgas or high speed diesel fuel oil would not exceed World Bank, USEPA,and IFC ambient air quality guidelinesfor NO,, SO2,or PM. Natural gas has lower emissionsof NO., SO,. and PM than fuel oil; therefore, the impactswhen using naturalgas, which is the primary fuel, would be lower than those from fuel oil.
The projected noise impactsfor the facility will be less than the World Bank guidelines. Additionally,the site location is not in the proximityof any areas that may be sensitive to noise impacts [i.e., residentialareas, schools, hospitals,etc. (excludingthe workers colony)].
WATER AND LAND RESOURCES In general, impactsto water and land resourcesare minimaland can be reduced by applying appropriatemitigation measures as part of projectdesign, construction,and operation. The facility will treat and dispose of waste water in an evaporationpond. 7he waste streams resulting from the project are neither hazardousnor toxic and are entirely containedon the site. This zero discharge design results in no significant adverseeffect to surface water or groundwater.
Temporary and localizedimpacts will occur in turbidityand suspendedsolids when constructing the intake in the Pat Feeder Canal. The withdrawalfrom the Pat Feeder Canal v,ill not adversely impact local or regional water availability. Waterstorage ponds will be used during periods of low flow in the Pat Feeder Canal to maintainnormal plant operationsand to minimizeany potential adverse impactson the canal. Clean wastewaters such as boiler and evaporatorcooler blowdownwill be reused as cooling tower makeup. Other waste waters will be treated or neutralizedand directed to the evaporationpond.
The site is unoccupied. Occasionally,some forage for animalsis gatheredby hand. The site is a small portion of a very large, physically,biologically, and socio-economicallyhomogenous area so that incremental,predicted impactsare consideredinsignificant.
ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The removalof vegetationand wildlifehabitat from the site is not consideredto be of major ecologicalconsequence. No endangered,protected, or otherwisebiologically significant species were found to occur on-site. Becauseof the relative smallsize of the site (2.6 krn) in
ES-3 13130C1ES4 04124195 comparisonto regionallyequivalent areas. no sianificant loss of habitat will occur as a result of the project. While entrainment/impingementof small aquatic organisms in the Pat Feeder Canal will occur to some degree with the proposedintake structure, the impactsare not considered significantbecause of the lack of biologicallyor economicallyimportant aquaticspecies in the Pat Feeder Canal.
Adverse aquatic impactsrelated to the potential for oil spills and site runoff are not anticipated. An oil spill preventionplan and mitigationmeasures designed to reduce the degree of runoff during fuel transfer and storage will be implemented. Details of these plans are provided in Section 5.0 of the ESSA.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT -she project site is uninhabitedand located in an isolated, semi-aridenvironment. Temporaryland use impactsinclude increases in temporaryresidents and vendors during constructionand unofficialresidents (squatters) who may be attractedto the project area. Once in operation, the land use impactsto the area are anticipatedto be minimaland consistentwith the other similar projects in Pakistan (e.g., Guddu). No relocationor rehabitationof residentialcommunities will be required as a result of the project.
The economicpatterns in the project area will be enhancedby the increaseddemand for goods and services by the constructionworkers and permanentplant employees. These positive impacts also includeexpenditure of funds for constructionrelated supplies and services as well as the increase in labor related to plant operationand nmaintenance.
The impactson transportationrelated to personneland others accessing the project are expectedto be localizedand temporaryduring constructionand minimalduring operation. The proposed project is not anticipatedto have any impacton historical or archaeologicalresources.
Adverse impactson worker safety will be minimizedby implementingan occupationalhealth program that includesconsideration of chemicalexposure, noise protection, medicalmonitoring, temperatureand humidity,and respiratory protection. The expectedmajor risk of an industrial hazard (i.e., fire or explosion) is not expectedto be catastrophic. Ihe planned fire protectionand
ES-4 13130C/ES-5 014r4/95 firefightingequipment appear adequate;all abovegroundgas pipelinesare within the facility. Details of these plans are provided in Section 5.0.
CONCLUSION An environmentalassessment of the proposedUch power project indicatedthat the proposed facility satisfiesthe environmentalguidelines of the Governmentof Pakistan(GOP), the World Bank, and the IFC. Adequate mitigationand monitoringplans have been developedto minimize any potential adverse impacts related to the facility.
ES-5 13130C/1-1 04rl4/95
1.0 LN'TRODUCTJON-
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT Uch Power Limited(UPL) has a letter of support from the Governmentof Pakistan (GOP) to construct a natural gas-fired electrical generatingfacility using naturalgas from the Uch gas field as the primary fuel. UPL has also receivedan initialed Power PurchaseAgreement with the Water and Power DevelopmentAuthority of Pakistan(WAPDA). The proposedfacility will be located in Baluchistan,Pakistan, and wouldhave three gas turbine generatorsand one steam generator. The power generating facility is rated at a gross capacityof 584 megawatts(MW).
The proposed project site, located in the Dera Murad Jamali vicinity (Figure 1.1-1), was selected by UPL based on the following: 1. Proximityto water, roads. railroads. and the Uch gas field; 2. The electrical transmissiongrid of WAPDA; 3. The need for transmissionstability; and 4. The potential economicbenefit to the area.
KBN Engineeringand AppliedSciences, Inc. (KBN)has conductedan environmentaland social soundnessassessment (ESSA) of the proposed site to identify any potential adverse environmental impactsthat would preclude the project from financingbased on the environmentalcriteria of the InternationalBank of Reconstructionand Development(World Bank) or the InternatioualFinance Corporation(IFC). KBN has also assessedthe site and preliminarydesign parameters in light of GOP environmentaland siting criteria.
A disussion of the proposed project, the site. and the regulatory frameworkfor the project is includedin this section. The remainingsections provide informationon alternatives(Section 2.0), baselineenvironmental conditions (Section 3.0), and impactsof the project (Section4.0). Mitigation,monitoring, and training requirementsare identified in Section5.0.
This project is similar to the Guddu power develdpmentproject. The Gudduproject consistedof a 450-MW combinedcycle facility firing natural gas with a 300-MW expansionproposed.
1-1 TAJIKISTAN - CHINA
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srrELocATioN ^n BALUCHWSA * _ 3' IR-N _> f ~~~~GUODUs
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Figure1.1-1 SITELOCATION OF PROPOSED UCHPOWER PLANT
-2 - *a 13130C!1-3 O:24195
1.2 SITE DESCRIPIION The Uch combinedcycle project is located in the flat plain area of Nasirabaddistrict (Sibi Division)in eastern Baluchistan. The Nasirabaddistrict was formed after the 1972 census. It consistsof Jbat Pat and Usta MuhammadTebsils transferredfrom the old Sibi District, and Chattarand Tamboo Tehsils of the former Kachhi district. It is boundedon the north by Kohlu Agency, on the south and east by Larkanaand JacobabadDistricts in Sind Province, and on the west by Kachhi. The total area of NasirabadDistrict is 5.832 square kilometers (kmn')[2.246 square miles (nu!)] of which 104 km: (40 mi2)is a possibleproject area.
More specifically,the project area in NasirabadDistrict is located northwestof the district headquartersDera Murad Jamali (TempleDera prior to Partition)in the Dera Murad Jamali Subtehsil of the Pat Feeder Subdivision. Portionsof Dera Murad Jamali are irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from the Guddu Barrage on the Indus River. Irrigable farmlandextends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabadand Sukkur in Upper Sind Province.
The power plant site is located in an isolatedsemi-arid environment (see Figure 1.2-1). It is geographicallysituated near the centerof Pakistanand is approximately25 kilometers(kin) from the Sind and Baluchistanboundaries.
The 2.6 km2 (I mi) site is approximately64 meters abovemean sea level, the terrain slopes gendy south and south east with an overallslope of approxinatelythree feet per nile. It is characterizedas having no relief, clayey-siltsoils with very low permeabilityand sparse growth of perennial xerophyticshrubs.
13 PROJECT DESCRITION 13.1 POWER BLOCK The project will consist of a conventionalgas turbine, combinedcycle, electric generatingplant with a gross output rating of 584 MW. The plant configurationis comprisedof three nominal 130-MWgas turbine generators and three pressure heat recovery generators (HRSGs),one 194-MWsteam turbine generator and associatedplant equipmentand auxiliarysystems.
The combustionturbines will normallybe fired with a low-Btugas from the Uch gas field. High- speed diesel fuel oil will be used for emergencybackup fuel and during startup and shutdownof
1-3 13130C1I-5 04r/4/95 the gas turbines. Approximatelya 3-day supplyof fuel oil will be storedon site (8,856.9 m'. 2,340,000 gallons).
Each gas turbine will include associatedauxiliary equipment such as inlet air filter and cooling system, lube oil system, generator, control system and starting system. The HRSGs will convert waste heat from the gas turbines into high-pressuresteam to be used by the steam turbine generator. Each HRSG is provided with a 45.7 m (150 ft) high stack. Also, a bypass stack is provided between each gas turbine and HRSGto permit simple cycleoperation during a prolonged steam turbine outage. Plant coolingwill be provided by a single crossflow mechanical draft cooling tower.
Auxiliarymechanical equipment and systemswill consist of condenser,deaerator, pumps, compressedair system, fire protection system, storagetanks, water treatmentsystem, boiler cycle and water treatmentchemical feed systems, wastewater treatmentsystems and fuel oil unloading and handling systems.
A double-circuitconnection to the WAPDA 220-kVtransmission system will be provided by WAPDA at the plant switchyard. The major plant electrical systemsconsist of main step-up transformers, auxiliarytransformers, electricaldistribution systems, switchgear,motor control centers and a central plant control system.
Ancillaryfacilities consist of central control building,office and administrationareas, warehouse and maintenancebuilding, and water treatmentbuilding. Living quartersfor the plant staff will be provided in a nearby housing colony.
Figure 1.3-1 presentsthe site layout for the combinedcycle plant.
1.3.2 WATER SUPPLYAND TREATMENT Water uses in the proposed project includecooling tower makeup, plant service water, and potable water. Preliminaryestimates of anticipatedwater uses for the proposedproject are presented in Table 1.3-1. Slight modificationsto these values can be expectedbased on the detailed design of the generatingfacilities.
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Table 1.3-1. Summaryof AnticipatedIndustrial and AssociatedPotable Water Use for the ProposedCombined Cycle Power Plant
MaximumWater Use (584 MW) Water Use m3/min gpm
Cooling Tower Makeup 10.0 2,600
Other Plant Uses 0.7 180
Plant and ColonyPotable Water 0.08 20 Total ExistingStation Water Demand - Cooling Tower Operations 10.78 2,800
Note: Water makeup quantitieswill changeslightly based on the detailed designof the generating facilities. Source: Tenaska, 1993.
l1-7 13130C11-S o-419S
The source for cooling tower make-up water. plant service.water, and potable water for the proposed project will be the Indus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. The water supply intake facilities will be on the north side of the Pat Feeder Canal approximatelysouth of the site. Currently, the canal is used for agriculturaland potable water supply in the area.
The primary water demand for the combinedcycle operationis cooling tower makeup. During most of the year, water will be withdrawnfrom the Pat Feeder Canal. During canal maintenance periods (about two weeks in Decemberand four weeks in April/May),water will be used from the on-site storage pond.
Plant service water and potablewater will receive treatmentbefore use. Treatmentunits will include clarification(sedimentation) for suspendedsediment removal; filtration for additional sediment and turbidityremoval; and, for boiler feed/makeupwater, ion exchange demineralization. Potable water will be chlorinated.
1.33 WASTE WATER TREATMENTAND DISPOSAL Major waste water sources for the proposed project includecooling tower blowdown,plant low volume wastes, and sanitary waste water. Power plant low volume wastes includefloor drain wastes, boiler blowdown,demineralized regeneration wastes, and filter backwash. Estimatesof anticipatedwaste water volumesfor the proposed project are presented in Table 1.3-2.
Plant drains and HRSGblowdown will be recycledto the cooling tower system. Cooling tower blowdownwill be the primary dischargeto the evaporationpond. Using the evaporationpond eliminateswaste water discharge into surface waters. Althoughthis design has clear benefits in terms of minimizingenvironmental impacts, the design of zero discharge is not required by World Bank guidelines.
Disposal of the waste water will be via an unlined evaporationpond. Inflows to this pond will include power plant discharges (i.e., cooling tower blowdownand low volume waste waters) as well as the treated sewageeffluent. The evaporationpond will cover a total water surface area of approximately21.4 hectares (52.8 acres) and have a 3.0-meter (m) berm (2.0 m of maximum operating level with 1.0 m of freeboard). The water level in the evaporationpond typicallywill be between 0.0 to 0.137 m (see Table 1.3-3).
1-8 13130C 04/24195
Table 1.3-2. Summary of Potential Industrial and Associated Sanitary Wastewater Discharges
Maximum Water Use" (584 MW) Water Use m'/min gpm
Cooling Tower Blowdown 1.25 330
Low Volume Wastes 0.02 5
Plant and Colony Sanitary Wastewater Q0 20
Total Potential Wastewater Discharge 1.35 355
'0.28 m 3/min (74 gpm) recycled from plant drains and boiler blowdown.
Source: Tenaska, 1993.
1-9 13.130C 04r24/95
Table 1.3-3. Summaryof EvaporationPond Operating Characteristics
Pond Wastewater Total Evaporation Level Rainfall Discharge Inflow Rate Gain/Loss Month (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
Jan. 0.003 0.233 0.236 0.107 0.129 Feb. 0.007 0.211 0.218 0.139 0.079 Mar. 0.010 0.233 0.243 0.224 0.019 Apr. 0.002 0.226 0.228 0.297 -0.069 May 0.002 0.233 0.235 0.363 -0.128 Jun. 0.005 0.226 0.231 0.381 -0.150 Jul. 0.037 0.233 0.270 0.333 -0.063 Aug. 0.025 0.233 0.258 0.299 -0.041 Sep. 0.011 0.226 0.237 0.260 -0.023 Oct. 0.00 0.233 0.235 0.210 0.025 Nov. 0.001 0.226 0.227 0.138 0.089 Dec. 00.233 0 237 0.100 0.137 Totals 0.109 2.744 2.853 2.851 0.002
Notes:
1. Wastewaterdischarge during operation 78.3 m3lhr 2. Operatinghours/year 7400 hr. 3. Pond size 21.4 ha (52.8 Acres) 4. Pond berm height (2.0 m workingdepth and 1.0 m freeboard) 3.0 m 5. Estimateddissolved solids in dischargewater 2500 mg/i 6. Estimateddissolved solids depositedin pond (dry weight basis) 1631 tons/yr 7. Estimatedvolume of solids depositedin pond 0.831 cm (0.327 in)/yr 8. Estimatedtotal depth of solids for project 16.5 cm (6.5 inches)
Sources: KBN, 1995;Halcrow, 1995.
1-10 13130Cl1.II 0.3124195
The proposed project will incorporatea treatment basin to treat low-volumewastes (chemical drains and demineralizerregeneration wastes) prior to discharge. This basin will treat low- volume wastes by sedimentation,flow equalization,and neutralization. Treated low-volume wastes and cooling tower blowdownwill be dischargedto a waste water recovery basin. Sewage generatedby the workers colony will be treated, added to other Plant wastes, and directedto the evaporationpond.
During the soils investigation,holes were drilled to a depth of approximately40 meters (128 ft). Groundwaterwas not encounteredin any hole. The soils are a silty clay with a very low perm:ability rate (8.8x109cmJsec or 0.0003 inch per day); therefore, it was concludedthat the evaporationpond will not need to be lined.
13.4 SOLID WASTE Operationof the proposedpower plant will generate a relativelyminor volume of solid wastefor disposal. Constructionmaterials, chemicalcontainers, and other wastes generatedduring constructionand operationwill be minimaland recycledwhen feasible.
The evaporationponds will generateapproximately 1,453 m3 11,900cubic yards (dry weight basis)3per year of solidsthat will accumulatein the pond at a rate of about 0.327 inch per year. Tbe solidswill consistof the mineralsalts that remain after evaporatingthe Pat Feeder Canal water in either the cooling towers or the evaporationponds. A similar quantityof settleablesolid wastes will be generated in the raw water storage and pretreatmentsystem for the facility. This solid wastestream will consistof setted solids in the raw water storage pond, clarifier sludge, and filtration residue. These solid waste streams are neithertoxic nor hazardous and are entirely containedon site.
1.3.5 AIR EMISSION CONTROLS The emissionsfrom the proposedcombined cycle units will consistof particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO;), and nitrogen oxides (NO.); refer to Section4.1.1 for more detail. Since natural gas is the primary fuel, emissionsof PM and SO2will be 9.6 kg/hr (21 lblhr) and 587 kg/hr (1,290.9 lblhr), respectively. Indeed, PM and SO emissionswill be less than 3 percentof the World Bankguidelines when naturalgas is fired. Even under oil flririg, the maximumPM emissionswill be less than 6 mglNe' of exhaustgases comparedto 100 mglNm'
1-11 13130C01-1 0412195 listed as the guideline; SO emissionswill be less than 0.79 MT/day comparedto the World Bank guidelineof 454 MT/day and the IFC guidelineof 91 MT/day.
While no emissionguidelines exist for CO and VOCs. emissionsof these pollutantswill be controlledthrough good combustiontechniques.
IFC guidelinesfor emission of NO. for naturalgas and oil firing are 0.2 and 0.3 lb/MMBtu, respectively. The use of water injectionfor NO, control when combustingfuel oil is part of the plant design. The combustionturbine manufacturerguarantees that NO. emissionsfor this project for gas and oil firing will not exceed0.2 and 0.3 lb/MMBtu, respectively.
13.6 SAND AND DUST ACCUMULATION The OperatingProcedures Manualfor the Power Plant will includerequirements to clean all buildingsand equipmentafter dust and sand storms. This cleaningwill includethe removalof accumulatedsand and dust. In addition,all buildingsand equipmentwill be periodicallychecked for corrosion.
1.4 ENVIR-OMETAL POLICY. REGUILATIONS.AND PERMITMING REOUIRE!MENTS 1.4.1 GOVERNMENTOF PAKISTAN With the promulgationof the PakistanEnvironmental Ordinance of 1983, the GOP has initiated the mechanismsfor formulatingnational environmental policy and developingand enforcing nationalenvironmental quality standards. Policy and standardsapproval is the purviewof the PakistanEnvirornental Council,whereas standards development and enforcement,as well as other environmentalprograms, are administeredby the Environmentaland Urban Affairs Division of the Ministry of Housing and Works. In At,,ust 1993, the GOP issued NationalEnviromnental Quality Standardsrelated to municipaland ind' strial effluents and industrialgaseous emissions. These standaids are includedas AppendixB. Environmentalimpact assessments(EIAs) for industrialfacilities in Baluchistanmust be submittedfor approvalto the EnvironmentalProtection Agency of Baluchistanat Quetta. The BaluchistanEnvironmental Protection Agency relies on guidancefor approval from the Central EnvironmentalProtection Agency in Islamabad.
In addition, the GOP has overallEIA guidelinesand EIA guidelinesspecific to the energy sector.
1-12 13130C 1-13 O4/2419S
The GOP also has establishedlegislation governing antiquities, endangered species, national parks, wildlifesanctuaries, game reserves. forestry, and water management. The major environmentallegislation and regulationsare listed in Table 1.4-1.
1.4.2 WORID BANK AND IFC The World Bank and IFC have establishedguidelines for ensuringthat projects for which they provide financinghave assessed the environmentalimpacts of the proposed action, considered altemativesto the proposed project, developedmeasures that would mitigateunavoidable impacts, and identifiedtraining and monitoringrequirements. Environmentalassessment (EA) guidelines for the World Bank are specified in Tbe Bank's OperationalDirective 4.01 and the IFC's guidelines. In addition,The World Bank has publishedguidelines for emissionsand effluentsof major industrialand agriculturalactivities. These guidelines,together with the World Bank Enviromental AssessmentSourcebook and IFC's enviromnentalguidelines for power projects, provide the frameworkfor the ESSA. The potential issueswhich must be addressedin the Uch CombinedCycle EA to satisfy World Bank and IFC EA criteria includethe following: 1. Biologicaldiversity (endangeredspecies), 2. Historicaland cultural resources. 3. Hazardousand toxic materials, 4. Indigenouspeoples, 5. Induceddevelopment and other socioculturalaspects, 6. Industrial hazards, 7. Involuntaryresettlement, S. Land settlement, 9. Occupationalhealth and safety. 10. Air quality, 11. Water resources, and 12. Noise.
World Bank and IFC air quality guidelinesapplicable to combinedcycle projectsare presented in Tables 1.4-2 and 1.4-3.
World Bank guidelinesfor noise are presented in Table 1.4-4. World Bank water quality guidelinesare not presented in this report becausethere will be l.o dischargesto surface waters from the evaporationpond.
1-13 13130C 41-4195
Table 1.4-1. Major Pakistan Legislationand Regulations
Administering Type Authority Agency Requirements Comprehensive Ordinance Environmentaland EnviromnentalPro forma Environmental No. XXVII Urban Affairs Div. Protection of 1983 Ministryof Housing and Works Protectionof Act No. VI Ministryof Culture, Provides protection and Antiquities of 1977 Archaeology,Sports, preservationof historically and Tourism; Dept. of and archaeologically Archaeology importantsites Water Indus River Water Indus River System Distributionand Resources Apportionment Authority apportionmentof Indus River Accord-1991 water West Pakistan Water and Power Managementof water Act of 1958 Development resources Authority(WAPDA) Wildlife West Pakistan ZoologicalSurvey; Promote conservationand Wildlife NationalCouncil for establishlimits on hunting Protection Conservationof Ordinanceof 1959 Wildlife;Ministry of Food; Agriculture, and Cooperatives Baluchistan Governmentof Promote conservationand Widlife Baluchistan,Ministry limit hunting Protection of Forest Wildlife, Ordinance and Forestry
Quality Standards Statutory Environmentaland Adherenceto set effluent for Liquid Notification Urban Affairs Div. standards Industrial S.R.O.742(1/93) Ministryof Housing Effluents and Works Standardsfor Statutory Environmentaland Adherenceto set emission Industrial Gaseous Notification Urban Affairs Div. standards Emissions S.R.O.742(1/93) Ministryof Housing and Works
Sources: KBN, 1988; 1992. The Gazetteof Pakistan. August 29, 1993, GOP/Environmentaland Urban Affairs Division, Ministryof Housingand Works.
1-14 Table 1.4-2. World Bank and IUC Air Emission Limitations for Stationary Sources
Pollutants Quahity Sundard
Paniculates World Dank IFC
100mgltm' S0 mgIm1
Wodd Bank
Sulfur Bickground Lcvds (pgmni) Criterion I Criterion U Msximum Maximum SO: Allowable Ground Level UC Annual Maximum 24-Hour Emission Increment to Ambient Guidelines Sulfur Dioxide (SO,) Averagc Interal CTPD) (ugne I-year sverag) Camr)
Unpolluted <50 <200 S00 50 100
Moderately Polkned 100 or 0.2 per MW LOW so 200 500 s o (whichever is
High 100 400 100 10 lower)
Very Polluted > 100 >400 100 10
Nitroeen Dioxide (N0)
NawuralGas 02 IbIMMBtu
Oil 03 lb/MMBtu
Note: The World Bank has no enision guidelines for NO. mrissions from combustion turbine geneators.
For intermediate values between S0 and 100 pglum`. linear intepolafions should be used. ' No projects with sulfur dioxidc emisons armrecommnded in these arcas-
Sources: Wodd Bank Guideline (Wodd Ban. 1988b). IFC Guideline (Wodd Bank. 1994).
1-15 13130C 04n24/93
Table 1.4-3. World Bank and IFC AmbientAir QualityStandards
World Bank IFC Quality Quality Pollutant Stmadard Standard Particulates (Dust) Annualgeometric mean 100 pg/n? 70 pg/rn Maximum24-hour peak 500 pglrn' 110 g/rn? SulfurDioxide (SO.) Inside plant fence Annualarithmetic mean 100 pg/rn? So pgIm
Maximum24-hour peak 1,000 g/rmn 125 Lg/rn Maximum1-hour average - 350 pLg/n? Outsideplant fence Annualarithmetic mean 100 pglrn 50 pglm? Maximum 24-hour peak 500 pg/r 3 125 pg/rn Maximum1-hour average - 350 grglm3 NitrogenOxides (NOJ)
Annual arithmeticmean (as NO.) 100 g/rn -
Maximum24-hour peak - 150 pg/m3 Maximum1-hour average - 400 pglm? Arsenic (As) Inside plant fence
24-hour average 0.006 mg/ 3 - Outsideplant fence 24-houraverage 0.003 mgln? - Cadmium(Cd) Inside plant fence 24-hour average 0.006 mg/rm? - Outsideplant fence 24-houraverage 0.003 mg/m3 Lead (Pb) Inside plant fence 24-hour average 0.008 mg/rn' Outsideplant fence
24-hour average 0.004 mg/lnm -
Sources: World BankGuideline (World Bank. 19B8b). IFC Guideline(World Bank. 1994). 1-16 1313eC
Tcble 1.44. World Bank Recommended Noise Crieria
Indoor Outdoor To To Haeang Protect Heaiig Protect Activity Lss ainst Activity LOs Apains _tr- Consideri- Both INTe- Considera- Both Lation Mesur ference tion Effect ference lion Eflhets
Residenrl 1 .. 45 45 55 5S Widh Outside SpC an Farto Residene. L.(24) 70 70
ResidentalW Lh 45 45 No Outide Space L,(a4) 70
2 4 Commercial Lq(, ) 70 7ff * 70 707
Enside Tmasponuaion L.C2) ' 70
industrial L.(24) 70 7ff * 70 70f
Hosits L. 4S 45 55 55
._ > LuQ4) 70 70
Educautonsl 1C(24) 45 45 S5 55
L %4W 70 70
Recreatonal Aas Lq(24) 70 70( 70 707
Fannland and General Unpopulated Land Ls(24) 70 70'
Note: Ld is the day-Wnghavea A-weighted equivalent sound level with a O1-decibelweighting applied o nightime lvs L, (24) is the equivale A-weighted sound level over 24 hours.
Baed on west level. b Since different types of ctivities appear to be associated with differnt levels idenifcaton of . maximum level for activity interfirence may be difficult except in those cirumsanc wher speech communcation is a critical actvity. Bede olly on beating loss. d An LM of 75 dB may be identified in thes siuationsso long as the exposure over the remaiuing 16 hurs per day is lo enough to reul in a negligible conbution to the 24-hour average. i.e.. no greater than snL, of 60 dB.
Source: EPA. 1974.
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2.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
2.1 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES 2.1.1 NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE Pakistan had an installedcapacity of 7,654 MW, comprisedof hydroelectricand thermal plants, at the end of fiscal year 1989-1990(National Power Plan. Supplement2 prepared by WAPDA, October 1992). This generatingcapacity has been insufficientto meet electricaldemand and load sheddinghas occurred. Projectionsof fiiture loads indicate an increasingneed for power in Pakistanthat can be partially satisfiedby the Uch combinedcycle project in Baluchistan. The no- project alternativewould worsen the shortageof power and result in significantsocial and economicimpacts.
2.1.2 PURCHASES OF REQUIRD ENERGY FROM OTHER SOURCES/JOINT PROJECTS WAPDA and Karachi ElectricitySupply Company (KESC)are the major bulk electrical suppliers in Pakistan. KESC serves Karachi City and surroundingareas and WAPDA serves the rest of the country. Linited transfers of power from one system to the other are possiblethrough a transmissionsystem linkingKarachi with the WAPDAsystem. Several proposedgas- and oil- fired projects, includingthe KESC projects. are currentlyincluded in the generationplan; however, they are insufficientto meet the need for additionalpower generation.
2.1.3 POSTPONING UNIT RETIREMENTS,REACTIVATING, AND/OR UPGRADING EXITNG PLANTS Postponingunit retirements would not substantiallyincrease electrical supply. Rehabilitationof older plants is currently a part of WAPDA's expansionprogram. Nine units from seven existing generatingstations (Multan, Faisalabad.Guddu. Sukkur, Quetta, Shahdara, and Kotri) have been or are scheduled for upgrades. An increaseof about 126 MW is anticipatedfrom these upgrades.
The proposed size of Uch Power Project, rated at a gross capacity584 MW, is well suited for high ambient temperaturecombustion turbines and heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) selected for the project. The plant configurationof three nominal130-MW simple cycle combustionturbines, three HRSGs. and a single 194-MWsteam turbine electricgenerator has benefits of replication, i.e., same spare parts, operationand maintenanceprocedures, and training requirementsfor future units.
2-1 13130cr2- 04r/4/95
2.2 ALTERNMATIVEPROJECTS The current electricalgeneration plan for Pakistan includesprovisions for a varietyof generation projects includinghydro, steam, and combustionturbine combined-cyclegeneration. A number of these projects have received GOP commitmentand. in some cases, have been initiatedor already completed. Generationstudies sponsored by A.I.D and coordinatedwith WAPDAhave identifiedthe need for additionalbaseload capacity. Viable alternativesfor increasedpower generationinclude plants fired with natural gas, domestic coal, importedcoal, or importedoil; therefore, all three types of fuels are includedin the generationplan. The proposed facilityat Uch is in accordancewith alternativesconsidered by WAPDAfor increasedgenerating capacity in Pakistan.
2.3 ALTERNATIVEFUELS The primary fuel is natural gas with high speed diesel fuel oil used as a startup, shutdownand backup fue'. From economic, engineering,and environmentalperspectives, this fuel strategy provides an excellentoperational flexibility for the production of electrical power and is required by WAPDA for reliabilityof generation.
Using domesticnatural gas is economicallypreferable to using importedoil. The characteristicsof the naturalgas to be used for the Uch project (Table 2.3-1) give it a fuel quality that makes it inappropriateand uneconomicalfor home heating, vehiculartransport, and other commercialuses; therefore, utilizingthis natural gas for power generationdecreases the need for Pakistanto import fuels for power generation. From an environmentalperspective, since natural gas essentially contains no ash, maintenancecosts will be less as comparedto firing ash-bearingfuels. Emissions of particulatematter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are all lower on natural gas than coal.
Studies prepared for the Oil and Gas DevelopmentCorporation (OGDC), a public sector oil and gas explorationand productioncompany that is part of the Govermmentof Pakistan, and studies prepared for the UPL concludedthat: 1. The Uch gas field can be developedto support the full winter peak capacityof the Project (the 584 MW first phase of a planned 1752 MW complex)for a period of 30 years.
2-2 13130C 04 13195
Table 2.3-1 Design Fuel Analysesfor ProposedUch Power Project
Natural Gas
Typical Composition(Molar Percent)
HydrogenSulfide 0.078% Carbon Dioxide 40.307% Nitrogen 20.037% Hydrocarbons 39.648% Total 100.000%
Methane' 38.054% Normal Butane 0.104% Ethane 0.000% Isopentane 0.036% Ethylene 0.842% Normal Pentane 0.023% Propane 0.000% Hexanes 0.060% Propylene 0.351% Heptanes 0.087% Isobutane 0.091% Total 39.648%
Calorific Value (1lHV) (BTUIscf) 424.5 (BTU/lb) 5.343
Comment Used as primary fuel: controlledOGDC.
High Speed Diesel Fuel Oil
Typical Composition(Wt. Percent)
Carbon 86.925% Hydrogen 13.000% Nitrogen 0.015% Oxygen 0.000% Sulfur 0.050% Ash 0.010% Total- 100.000%
Calorific Value (HHV) (Kcal/Kg) 10.923 (BTU/lb) 19.659
Comment:Used only for startuplshutdownand emergencybackup
As reported by OGDC
2-3 13130C/24 041r4/95
2. The recoverable reserves have been preliminarilyestimated to be 0.52 Tcf (trillion cubic feet) of proved developedand 3.063 Tcf of proved undevelopedcategory; a total of 3.163 Tcf. 3. The field can be expandedif necessary.
The Ucb gas field and the pipeline will be dedicatedto the Uch Power Project. Thes_ dedications mean that there will be few interruptionsof the natural gas flow thus minimizingthe use of the backup fuel. Use of other oils, such as residualoil, are not anticipatedduring the projectedlife of the project.
2.4 PROJECTDESIGN ALTERNATIVES 2.4.1 ALTERNATIVESITES The site criteria for the project were: proximityto water, roads, railroads, the Uch gas field, and WAPDA's electricaltransmission grid. Originally,three areas were identifiedas meetingthese criteria: Rajanpur, Jhatpat, and Dera Murad Jamali. The features of these areas are discussed in the followingparagraphs.
The Rajanpur site is on the west bank of the Indus River near the town of Rajanpur. It offers many amenities includingthe possibilityof obtainingwater directly from the Indus River, access to a 500-kV transmissionline approximately10 kilometersto the east, access to the Pakistan Railwaysin Rajanpur, proximityto a major road, and the probabilitythat skilled labor would be more readily available. However, the Rajanpursite is more than 100 milesfrom the Uch gas field and the transmissionline would have to cross the Indus River.
Jhatpat offers advantagesthat includeready accessto water, roads, railroads, WAPDA's electrical grid, and relative proximityto the Uch gas field. Locatingthe plant in this area would allow additionalland to be irrigated and enhanceeconomic development in the area. However Jhatpat is approximatelv43 km from the Uch gas field, that is, at least 3.0 km farther from the Uch gas field than the Dera Murad Jamali site (refer to next paragraph), and the gas transmissionpipeline would be proportionatelylonger. The Jhatpat area is more intensivelyfarmed than Dera Murad Jamali, so it is likely that productiveland would be utilized for the plant site. This could place constraints on the size of the plant site. result in the disruption in distributionof irrigationwater, and the displacementof local populations.
2-4 13130Cr2-S 04124/95
Dera Murad Jamnaliis approximately40 miles to the west and slightlysouth of the Uch gas field. Tbis area also offers proximityto water via the Pat Feeder Canal, accessto the Quetta-Sibi Highway and the PakistanRailways, and access to WAPDA's electricaltransmission line. Locatingthe plant near the Dera Murad Jamali would stabilize voltageand frequencyin the area which would providethe potential to irrigate thousandsof additionalacres in Baluchistan;thus providingadditional jobs and incomeand enhancingthe qualityof life for the local residents. By locating north of Dera Murad Jamali, rather than south, no productiveland would be used for the plant site and no one would be displaced. A principaldisadvantages of Dera Murad Jamali relative to alternativesinclude anticipated greater difficultyin attractingskilled plant operating personneldue to the area's remoteness,and correspondinglyfew amenitiesfor staff dependents.
2.42 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT The only alternativewater source for the project would be groundwater. However, if available, the groundwaterin the KJuiiuilzain is highly salinizedand would require costly pretreatment comparedto the Pat Feeder Canal.
2.4A3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL Considerationwas given to using an imperviousliner in the evaporationpond; however,based on the onsite soils investigationas well as the United Nations DevelopmentProgram report that shov/s that the soils in the area act as an aquitard(i.e., minimalinfiltration is expected),existing groundwaterdissolved solids concentrationsare >5,000 mg/L, and depth to groundwateris >120 ft. These factors plus the desert and non-arablenature of the soils lead to the conclusions that: 1. Infiltrationfrom the evaporationponds into the groundwatersystem will be approximately7.6 x 10' cm/day (0.0003 in/ft/day); 2. The water qualityin the existingaquifer is non-potableand is not likelyto be used as a source of potableor irrigationwater supplygiven the high cost of treatment required; and 3. Given the above, minimalor no impactto groundwaterquality is expectedif the evaporationbasins are unlined.
2.4.4 AIR EMISSION CONTROLS NO. emissionsfrom combustionturbines are formed by the combinationof nitrogenand oxygen in the combustionair, referred to as 'thermal NOK,"and from the combinationof nitrogen in the
2-5 13130C/2-6 03r-4/95
fuel with oxygen in the combustionair, referred to as "fuel-boundNO,." Thermal NO, can be reduced by four techniques(EPA, 1977): 1. Reduce the combustionpressure; 2. Decrease the peak flame temperaturein the combustor; 3. Reduce the effective residencetime during which combustiongases remain at elevated temperature; and
4. Control the amounts of nitrogen and oxygen availablefor productionof NO1.
For large combustionturbines (i.e., those greater than 10 MW), the control techniquesinvolve combustordesign and water or steam injectionto reduce NO. emissions. While water and steam injectiontechniques have proven effective in the U.S., there are considerabledrawbacks for using it for the project. First, the low Btu natural gas produces inherentlylow NO. emissions. The expectedNO, emissionsfor natural gas will be less than the EPA New SourcePerformance Standards(NSPS) of 75 ppmvd for combustionturbines. Second, increasedconsumptive water use would occur. For the size of the project being considered, at least 0.7 m31min (180 gallons/minute)likely will be required to reduce emnissionssubstantially. Third, the water (or steam) injected into the turbine must be demineralized. This would create substantial increases in capital costs for the water treaunentfacility and generate considerablymore waste water (i.e., resin regenerativewaste water). Fourth, the heat rate for the projectwill increase, i.e., lower thermal efficiency, and require more fuel per kilowatt-hourgenerated. When these factors are consideredalong with the low environmentalimpacts (see Section 4. 1), the use of water (or steam) injection for the primary fuel is not consideredan appropriatealternative for the project. However, if fuel oil is used over extendedperiods, water injectionwill be utilized to minimizeNO, emissions.
2-6 13130CI/3-1 04117195
3.0 DESCRIPrION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.1 PHYSICALENV-RONMEWF 3.1.1 AIR RESOURCES 3.1.1.1 Climatolofv Pakistanis orientedin a general southwestto northeastdirection, extendingfrom 24 to 37 degrees north ('N) latitude and 60 to 77 degrees east (°E) longitude. Pakistan lies on the western boundazyof the monsoonregion, which is one of the earth's major climateregions. This climate region extendsfrom Pakistanto Japan and northem Australia in the east. The word monsoonis derived from an Arabic word meaning 'season'; in meteorologyit has come to be associatedwith prevailingwinds and wet or dry weather which reverse with the seasons. Generally,monsoon is used to describe wind systems where the seasonalreversal is pronouncedand exceedsa minimum number of degrees. A monsoonis defined as a system which shares a seasonalchange of wind directionof at least 120 degrees, and both winds must have a constancyhigher than 40 percent and mean resultantspeed of more than 3 meters per second (m/s).
In Pakistan, the winds are generally from a northerly direction ir. winter and from the southwest in summer. The causesof the reversal of the wind system are related to the large size of the Asian continentand adjacentoceans and the very high and extensivemountain ranges of the continent. These rangesare oriented in an east-westdirection and form a barrier betweentropical and polar air masses.
The clinate of Pakistn is more continentalthan that of other parts of the Indiansubcontinent which come under a more typical monsoonregime. The summer monsoonbrings maritime influencesand rain, but the strength of the windsfluctuates on an annual basis. Cyclonesin the monsoonseason cause significantrainfall, but their frequency is variable. Rainfallthroughout Pakistan is minimalbecause the rainfall occurs coincidentallywith high temperatures,and the majority of rainfall evaporates,causing extremelyarid conditions.
Pakistanhas four well-definedseasons, similar to the remainder of the subcontinent,with variations in their duration. Tle descriptionand duration of the seasonsare: 1. Cold Weather Season: mid-Decemberthrough March, 2. Hot Weather Season: April throughJune,
3-1 13130C1/3-2 0G117195
3. MonsoonSeason: July through September,and 4. Post-MonsoonSeason: October throughmid-December.
The cold weather season is characterizedby high barometric pressure [e.g., mean monthly pressure greater than 1,015 mhllibar(mb)], relativelylow temperatures, and low amountsof precipitation. The mean monthlytemperature varies from below 4 degrees Celsius (IC) [40 degrees Fahrenheit(IF)] in the mountainareas, to approximately10°C (50°F) north of the plain area and to approximately18°C (650 F) in the south. Rainfallduring this season increases northwardand westward, with 25 millimeters(mm) (1 inch) or less in the middleand lower Indus Plain, 76 to 127 mm (3 to 5 inches) in the upper Indus Plain, and 250 mm (10 inches)or more in the north and northwest.
The hot weather season is characterizedby high temperaturesand low rainfall amounts. The mean maximumdaily temperaturevaries from 40 to 46°C (104 to 115°}). The highest temperatures have been recorded in the south and southwestemparts of Pakistan. Rainfali amounts are low, varyingfrom approximately25 to 76 mm (1 to 3 inches) over the plains to approximately 102 to 127 mm (4 to 5 inches) in the mountainousareas. The rainfall is associated with western disturbanceswhich occur in more northerly latitudes,causing thunderstormsover the hills and widespreaddust-storms over the plains.
The monsoonseason is characterizedby moderatetemperatures, large rainfall amounts, and persistent southwestwinds. The winds are due to the establishmentof low-pressuresystems over the Indo-Pakistansubcontinent in May and June. The monsoonflow in Pakistan is well establishedby July and remains constant through August. In some years, the monsoonremains active into September. During July, the mean monthlytemperature exceeds 320C (90'F) through the majority of the Indus Plain and western Pakistan.
The post-monsoonseason is characterizedby retreat of monsoonregime and is a transitional period between the monsoonregime and cool-seasonconditions. The high-pressuresystem begins to establish itself over Pakistan in mid-November. Withoutany active wind system, the weather produces generally dry conditions,with the least rainfall amount in October and November.
The proposed project is located in BaluchistanProvince just north of Sind Province. The mean maximum and minimumtemperatures and rainfall data recordedat three selectedstations near the
3-2 13130C1/3-3 O$117/95 proposed project are presented in Table 3.1-1. In this region, the temperaturegenerally is higher than in the south because it is located further away from the ArabianSea. The daily range of temperaturealso increaseswith distancefrom the sea. In winter, the weather is generallyclear and temperatureis about 10°C lower than in summer. The province is influencedby the summer monsoonwhich has prevailingwinds from the southwest, and winter monsoonwith prevailing northwest wind directions.
During the summer, the intenseheat over the BaluchistanDesert creates the southeasttrade winds across the equator. These winds form the southwestmonsoon and are the main source of rainfall in most of the province. Althoughcyclones and wind storms are not common, the hot winds, which are establishedin early April, blow from morningto evening. During Marchto June, dust storms can occur frequently.
3.1.1.2 Site Metenrolngv Rainfall data, obtainedfrom the PakistanMeteorological Department offices in Karachi for Sukkur and Jacobabad,were used to describe long-termconditions for the Uch site. Data were availablefor the 24-year period, 1961 through 1984. Given the locationand regionalsimilarities, the Sukkur and Jacobabadrainfall data are representativeof rainfallat the Uch site.
Average monthlyrainfall is summarizedin Table 3.1-2. July and August are the wettest months, averaging 22.6 mm (0.89 inch) and 36.8 mm (1.45 inches), respectively. Rainfall during these 2 monthsaccounts for approximately51 percent of the total annual rainfall. Novemberis the driest month, with averagerainfall of 0.6 mm (0.02 inch) at Sukkur and 1.2 mm (0.05 inch) at Jacobabad.
Data collectedat the Pakistan meteorologicalstation in Rohri and lacobabadare the most completefor describingthe meteorologyat the proposed site location. The Rohri station is located approximately100 km southeastof the project site. The Jacobabadstation is located approximately40 km southeastof the projectsite. Weather data from these stations are consideredto be representativeof the project site's condition. These stations also have complete records of meteorologicalparameters, includingwind direction and wind speed measurements. Meteorologicaldata from Rohri were obtainedand processedfor 1985 and 1987 in order to characterizethe meteorologyof the project site for periods during which weather conditionswere potentiallydifferent from year to year. Monthlyaveraged data for 1961-1990from the Jacobabad
3-3 13130C2 01110/94
Table 3.1-1. Temperatureand Rainfall Data for SelectedWeather Stationsin Proximityof the Project Site
Mean Temperature(DC) Summer Winter Rainfall Location Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum (mm)
Rohri 42 26 26 9 NA
Jacobabadb 49 17 37 4 110
Sukkurc 42 28 24 9 90
Note: NA = not available. a Basedon 1985and 1987 data from the PakistaniMeteorological Station; same as Sukkur. b PakistanMeteorological Department, 1961-1990. PopulationCensus Organization, 1983.
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Table 3.1-2. Summaryof Average MonthlyRainfall at Sukkuraand Jacobabadb
Sukkur Jacobabad Month (millimeters) (inches) (millimeters) (inches)
January 4.2 0.17 3.1 0.12 February 8.7 0.34 7.1 0.28 March 5.6 0.22 10.3 0.41 April 1.7 0.07 1.9 0.07 May 2.6 0.10 1.7 0.07 June 5.6 0.22 4.7 0.19 July 22.6 0.89 36.8 1.45 August 21.0 0.83 25.5 1.00 September 6.0 0.24 11.2 0.44 October 1.6 0.06 2.3 0.09 November 0.6 0.02 1.2 0.05 December 5.4 0.21 3.7 0.15
Annual 85.6 3.37 109.5 4.32
1961 through 1984. 1961 through 1990.
Source: Pakistan MeteorologicalDepartment, Karachi, 1992.
3-5 13130C1/3-6 W17/9S station were processed to estimate the air quality impacts.of the proposed project in an atmosphericdispersion model.
A summary of the temperatureand wind data observedat the Rohri meteorologicalstation is presented in Table 3.1-3. The monthlytemperature can range from a low of approximatelySoC in Decemberto a high of 42°C in April and June. The southwest monsoonis predominantduring the period from May to Septemberwith high humidity and sunshine. In general, wind speeds seldom exceed 10 m/s (20 knots). The northeastmonsoon in the remainingperiod of the year brings moderate temperatures. A wind rose showingthe frequencydistribution of winds on an annual basis at Jacobabadare presented in Figure 3.1-1.
3.1.13 Ambient Air Ouglity BackgrnundConcentrations There are no other significantsources of atmosphericpollution in the region, and background levels for most pollutantswould be low. Therefore, measurementsof existingambient concentrationsin the vicinityof the Uch power developmentare not considerednecessary. This was confirmedby previousambient samplingtaken at the Guddu power projectand the proposed Lakhra power project. Measurementsof sulfur dioxide (SO2),nitrogen dioxide (NO;), carbon monoxide(CO), and ozone (03) were conductedat two locationsat Guddu. One locationwas on the power plant site, while the secondwas at the WAPDA guest house, locatedabout I km west of the existinggas turbine cornbinedcycle units. Sensidyne,Inc., detectortubes were used for the sampling. The range and lower limit of detectionof the detectortubes were: Range Pollutant .. m Kgl.um/m'
Sulfur Dioxide 0.05 - 10 130 - 26,200 Nitrogen Dioxide 0.1 - 100 190 - 188,100 Carbon Monoxide 5 - 50 5,750 - 57,500 Ozone 0.05 - 3 100 - 5,900
The detector tubes were operated to obtain readings at the lower end of the measurementrange. However, all readings for each pollutantwere below the lower limit of detectionof the measurementmethod. These findings confirmthat background concentrationlevels in the area are low even in an area of some industrialdevelopment similar to the proposedproject.
3-6 13130C2 01/06/94
Table 3.1-3. MeteorologicalData Collectedat the RohriMeteorological Station
Avesage Tenmperaturm(C} PrevailingWind Wind Speed Month Average Minimum Maximum Direction (ftoas)
I985
January 16 11 22 Northeast 1.9 February 20 12 28 East 2.0 March 26 20 33 East 2.3 April 30 23 37 Southwest 3.1 May 35 27 42 Southwest 3.1 June 34 27 42 South 4.7 July 31 27 36 South 3.3 August 31 26 35 South 4.1 September 30 24 35 Southwest 2.4 October 26 19 32 Northeast 1.6 November 21 15 28 East 1.4 December NA NA NA NA NA
1987
January 15 9 22 East 1.8 February 18 13 24 East 2.2 March 22 17 28 East 2.7 April 28 21 36 West 2.1 May 31 24 37 Southwest 3.9 June 35 29 42 Southwest 2.5 July 34 28 40 South 2.8 August 33 27 39 Southwest 2.3 September 31 24 38 Southwest 2.2 October 26 21 33 Northeast 1.9 November 21 15 28 East 1.1 December 15 8 22 Northeast 1.5
NA = not available.
3-7 N
W E
SWSSE
s
SCALE (KNOTS) 1-3 4-6 7-10 1I-16 17-1 %21
Figure3.1-1 WINDROSEFOR JACOBABAD, ANNUALAVERAGE, 1961-1990
3-8 13130C113-9 0t/17/95
Concentrationsof total suspendedparticulate matter (TSP),for the Uch site were estimatedfrom data obtainedfrom similar environmentsin Pakistan. However, long-termTSP samplinghas been conductedat the Lakhra and Jamshoro power plant sites located northwestof Hyderabad. The Lakhra site, located about 250 kn south-southwestof Uch, is very similar in nature to the Uch area, being dry and arid, and no significantpoint sources of particulatematter are locatednearby. As a result, backgroundTSP levels in the Uch area are expectedto be similar to those experiencedat Lakhra.
A summaryof the long-termTSP data collectedat Lakhra is presented in Table 3.14. The data indicatethat backgroundTSP levels averageabout 200 ug/rm'. This 200 pglm' concentrationis howevera result of natural sources and consistsof relativelynon-respirable particles.
3.1.1.4 Noise There are no significant industrialdevelopments in the project area. While no industrialnoise sources are near the project area, the main highwaybetween Jacobabad and Sibi is due east of the project site as is the main railroad line betweenthese cities. These mobile noisesources, cars, trucks, and trains, are intermittentin nature and are the only significantsources of noise in the area. nTerefore,the existing noise levels are anticipated to be well below the World Bank guidelinesfor ambient noise levels. A more extensivediscussion of noise is presented in Section4.1.2.
3.1.2 LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 3.1.2.1 Surrace Water The proposed power plant site is locatedon the Kachhi Plain. The Kachhi Plain mergeswith the Indus Plains to the south and east. In general, the plain slopes from northwestto southeastand its altitude is around 58 meters above mean sea level (m-msl). Near Dera Murad Jamali, the elevation is approximately64 m-msl.
The Indus River flows in a southwesterlydirection approximately100 km south of Dera Murad Jamali. Indus River flow near the project area is controlledby the Guddubarrage, approximately 150 km to the east. The function of this barrage is to create a large reservoir to provide water supply for irrigationof adjacent and downstreamagricultural lands. The Guddu barrage and other barrages on the Indus River system have proven effective in retaining and managingwater for use during the dry season.
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Table 3.1-4. Summaryof Total SuspendedParticulate, Matter Concentrationsfor Lakhra MonitoringStations; May 1985 throughSeptember 1986
Station Numberof Concentrations(gIim3l Site Location Number Observations Maximum Minimum Mean
Lakhra L-1 23 553 35 180
L-2 19 537 56 219
Note: pg/rm3 = 10 glme.
Source: KBN. 1988.
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Water is diverted from the Indus River upstream of the barrage by large feeder canals, including the B.S. Feeder Canal, the D.P. (Pat) Feeder Canal. and the Ghotki Feeder Canal. The Pat Feeder Canal passesnear the proposed power plant site (Figure3.1-2). Water from these feeder canals is used for agricultural,domestic, and power plant supply. In additionto these diversions. water is continuouslyreleased from the barrage to the downstreamreaches of the Indus River.
3.1.2.1.1 Water Quantity Indus River flow varies significantlyduring the year. Indus River stream flow datafor the period from April 1987 through March 1988 is presented in Figure 3.1-3. Annualhigh flows typically occur in August. Annual low flows typically occur during Decemberthrough March.
A summary of the observedannual maximumIndus River flows (upstreamand downstreamor into and out of the barrage) for the period from 1962 through 1987 are presented in Table 3.1-5. Maximumobserved discharge from the barrage was 33,309 m3/s (1,176,150ftels) on August 15, 1976. Average annual maximumdischarge from the barrage is 18,363m 3/s (648,400 ftels).
A summary of the observedannual minimumIndus River flows (upstreamand downstreamor into and out of the barrage) for the period from 1963 through 1987 is presented in Table 3.1-6. Minimumobserved discharge from barrage was 85 mels (3,000 ftOJs)on December27, 1969. Averageannual minimumdischarge from the barrage is 428 m3/s (15,123 ft31s).
A summary of the observed annualmaximum Indus River flood elevations,upstream and downstreamof the barrage, for the period from 1963through 1987 are presented in Table 3.1-7. The maximumobserved flood elevationupstream of the barrage was 79.21 m-msl (259.90 ft-msl) on September 10, 1983. The maximumobserved flood elevation downstreamof the barrage was 78.76 m-msl (258.40 ft-msl) on August 15, 1976.
Water is released from the Guddu barrage into the three feeder canals;the rate of release into these canals varies during the year dependingon the agriculturaland industrialdemand. Releases into the three feeder cana1 s for the period from April 1987 through March 1988 are presented in Figure 3.14. For the Pat Feeder Canal, annual high flows occur from June to October. Very little water is released to the B.S. Feeder Canal during April and May. Averageflow in the Pat
Feeder Canal for the April 1987 through March 1988 period was approximately 121.8 m3 /s.
3-11 Indus River Discharge 9000 April 1987- March1988
8000 - - - Uputrupamof Cuddu Barrage . J^I - - Oownriearm of Ouddu Barrage 7000-
0)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
E 6000 j
r' 'J j,
E 3000 cis a2oooX X 2000
.~~~1
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o A ht J J A S O N D J F 11
Figure3.1-3 INDUSRIVER DISCHARGE, APRIL 19C87-MARCH 1988 13130CIREF-I 04J24195 REFERENCES - (Page 1 of )
AmericanConference of Governmentaland Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH). 1993. 1993-1994 Threshold Limit Valuesfor ChemicalSubstances and Physical Agents. Washington,D.C.
Beg, A.R. 1975. Wildlife Habitats of Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute, Preshawar. BulletinNo. 5.
Edison ElectricInstitute (EEI). 1984. ElectricPower Plant Noise Guide. 2nd Edition. Prepared by Bolt Bernarelcand Newman,Inc.
Groombridge,B. 1988. BaluchistanProvince, Pakistan: A PreliminaryEnvironmental Profile. IUCN ConservationMonitoring Centre. Cambridge,U.K
Halerow. 1995. Infornal evaporationrate calculations.
NationalOceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA). 1976. A ClimatologicalAnalysis of Pasquill StabilityCategories. NationalClimatic Center. Asheville, NC.
New York State Departmentof Public Service (NYSDPS). 1986. NOISECALC: A Computer Progran for Sound PropagationCalculations. Office of Energy Conservationand EnvironmentalPlanning.
Stewart, R.R. 1982. Flora of Pakistan. Universityof Michigan. Ann Arbor, U.S.A.
United NationsDevelopment Program (UNDP). 1981. TechnicalReport No. 3-Groundwater of the Kacchi Plain Basin. DPIUN/PAK-73-032/3.United Nations. New York, NY.
U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA). 1987. Guidelineon Air QualityModels (Revised). (IncludesSupplement A). EPA Report No. EPA 45012-78"027R.
U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency. 1988. EPA's User's Network for Applied Modelingof Air Pollution(UNAMAP), Version 6, Change 3, January 4, 1988. ResearchTriangle Park, Nort Carolina.
U.S. EnviromnentalProtection Agency (EPA). 1992. ScreeningProcedures for Estimatingthe Air Quality Impactof StationarySources, Revised. ResearchTriangle Park, NC. EPA 454/R-92-019.
U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA). 1993a. 40 CFR Part 50, NationalPrimary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards.
U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency(EPA). 1993b. Industrial Source Complex(ISC) Model Version 93109. ResearchTriangle Park, NC.
World Bank. 1988a. World Bank OccupationalHealth and Safety Guidelinesfor-Thermal Power Plants. Washington,DC.
World Bank. 1988b. EnvironmentalGuidelines. Washington,DC. 13130CIREF-2 04195 REFERENCES (Page 2 of 2)
World Bank. 1994. InternationalFinance Corp. EnvironmentalGuidelines. Washington,DC.
World Bank/Technica. 1988. Techniquesfor AssessingIndustrial Hazards. AppendixII.
'Water and Power DevelopmentAuthority (WAPDA). 1992. NationalPower Plan. Supplement2.
,.P APPENDIX A
CONTACT LIST
-v-r 13130(. 04Q24195
INDIVIDUALSAND ORGANIZATIONS CONTACTED
GOVERNMENTOF PAKISTAN Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Asif S. Khan Director General
Environment and Urban Affairs Division Tariq Aziz AdditionalSecretary
Ministry of Water and Power, Private Power Cell ShahidHafeeq Ahmad Director General
Dr. Altaf R. Siddiqi Director Mechanical
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority Malik Abdul Qayyum Director, Power PrivatizationOrganization
MohammadArshad Chief SystemEngineer
Faryad Hussain Malik Director, Finance
National Finance Development Corporation (NFDC) MohammadSameeh Shafi AssistantVice President
GOVERNMENTOF BALUCHISTAN Environmental Protection Agency MTuhamnmadRafiq Director General
Ministry for Public Health Mir Nabi Khan Jamali, Minister fbr Public Health
DISTRICTNASEERABAD Mr. NasrullahBalock, Deputy Conmissioner Mr. MohammadAzim Bunglezai,Chairman, Municip2' Committee Syed Mehrab Hussain Shah, MemberDistrict Council Mr. Mehrab Khan Umrani, Member Distri't Council
A-[ 13130C 04/24/95
JACOBABAD Mr. Wahid Baksh, Deputy Commissioner
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS United States Agencyfor International Development(USAID) KennethLussier Coordinator,Private Sector Power
John L. Swift DeputyChief. Private Enterprise and Energy
International Bank ror Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) Abdul QaiyumSheik Projects Advisor
International Union ror the Conservation or Nature (IUCN) Nasir M. Dogar Program Administrator
INDIVIDUALSCONTACTED JacobabadRegional and Town Administrators Officialsand Representativesof the Jamali Tribesmen SardarYar MohammedJamali, Chief of Jamali frioe Mir RustamKhan Jamali
A-2 a
APPENDIXB
NATIONAL ENVIRONMETAL QUALITY STANDARDS
. Wl-,s. 111302
IF,GISTERED NO. L.7646 %hIJeIt0a$f 64at iaetan
EXTRAORDMNARY ' PUBLISJED BY AUT4nRITY
ISLAMABAD, SUNDAY, AUGUST 29, 1993
PART II Statuborv Notifications (S. R- 0.)
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISrAN ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN AFFAIRS DIVISION (Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency) NOTIFICATIONS Islamabad. the 24th Augusr. 1993 S. R. 0. 742 (1)193.-Tn pursuance of the powers conferred by clause (d) of section 6 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance. 1983 (XXXVII of 1983). the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. with the prior approval of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council. hereby establishes the National EnvironmentalQuality Standards as contained in thc Annexes to thiis nmtifica- tion. 2. These National Environmental Quality Standards relating to municipal and liquid industrial effluents(Annex 1). industrial gaseous cmissions (Annex II) and motor vehicle exhaust and noise (Annex ITT).shall come into force with immediate effect. except in the case of industrial units to which the following schedulc shall apply:
EXisdig industrial units i.e those units already in production . ... 1 Jluly, 1996 New industrial units i.e those units that will come into production on or after 30th Juno, 1994 01 Jtuly, 1994 .- (1367). Pnce: Ps. O [3950 (93)JEx. Gaz.]
B-1 1368 IHE GAZTE OF PAKISTAN.EXTRA.. AUG. 29, 1993 [PART1U
An. I NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MUNICI- PAL AND LIOUIDINDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS (mgX, UNLESSOTEXER- WISE DEFINlED). S.No. Parameter. Standards
1 2 3
1. Tomporature ...... 40PC
2. pH value (acidity/basicity) ...... 6-10 pH
3. 5-days BiochomicalOxygen Demand (BOD) at 20" C .. 80 mg/L
4. Chemical OxygenDemand (COD) ...... 150 mgIL
5. Total suspended solids ...... 150 mg/L
6. Total dissolved solids ...... 3500 mgfL
7. Grease andoil ...... 10 mgfL
8. Phonolic compounds (as phenol) ...... 0.1 mglL
9. Chloride (as Cl) ...... 1000 mglL
10. Fluoride(as F) ...... 20 mgIL
11. Cyanido(as CN) ...... 2 mgIL 2 12. An-ionic detergents (as MBAS)3 ...... 20 mgIL
13. Sulphate (SO4 ) ...... - 600 mgIL
14. Sulphide (S) .. -...... 1.0 mgIL
15. Ammonia(NH,) ...... 40 mgfL
16. Pesticides, herbicides,fungicides and insoeicides .. 0.15 mglL 4 17. Cadmium ...... 0.1 mg/L
18. Chromium" ...... 1.0 mrJL (trivalent and haxvalont).
19. Copper4.. _ _ _ _. .. 1.0mzjL
20. Lead' ...... _ _ .. 0.5 mSgL
4 21. Merc;y ...... __. .. 0.01 mg/L 4 22. Selenium .. ._ _ , .. 0.5 mg/L
B-2 PARY 11[] TlE GAZTTE OF PAKISTAN. EXTRA, AUG. 29. 1993 1369
1 2 3
4 23. Nickel ...... 1.0 mg/JL 4 24. Silver ...... 1.0 ragIL 25. Total toxic metals...... 2.0 mWrL
26. Zinc ...... - 5.0 mgIL 27. Axsenic ...... 1.0 mg/L 28. Barium ...... , ...... 1.5 mg/L 29. Iron ...... 2.0 mgfL 30. Manne ...... 1.5 mgIL 31. Boron ...... 6.0 mglL 32. Chlorine...... 1.0 mg/L
Explanadions: I Assuming minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge. Lower ratios would attract progrcssivelystringenz standards to be detormined by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Assuming surfactant as bio-dgradable. 3 MBAS means Modified Benzene Allyl Sulphates. AF 4 Subject to total toxic metals dischargc as at S- No. 25.
Annx n NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALrrY SFANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL GASEOUS EM[SIONS (mg/Nw3, 1JNLESS OTHERWISEDEEINED)
S.No. Paramete Sourc of emission Standards
1 2 3 4
1. Smoke .. Smoke opacity not to oxceed:- 40% or 2 (Ringlemana Scala). 2. Particulate matter.1 Boilers and firnaces: (i) Using OiL 300 (u) Using Coal. 500 (Iiii) COMen Ki-us. 200
B-3 1370 THE GAZET OF PAKISTAN.EXTRA.. AUG. 29. 1993 [PAIRT It
-.1 2 3 4
Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers and related processes, metaflurgicalprocosses, convertors, blast furnaces and cupolas. 500 3. Hydrogen Chlorido Any. 400 4. Chlorine .. Any. 150 5. Hydrogen Fluoride Any. 150 6. Hydrogen Sulphido Any. 10 7. Sulphur Oxides. .. SulfuricAcid plants. o00 Others. 400 8. Carbon Monoxido Any. 800 9. Lead .. .. Any. 50
10. Mercury .. Any. 0O 11. Cadmium .. Any. 20
12. Arsenic. .. Any. 20 13. Copper.. .. Any. 50
14. AnEimony .. Any. 20
15. Zinc .. .. Any. 200 16. Oxides of Nitrogeu (i) Any Nitric Acid manufacturing unit. 400
s- (NOx). 0ii)other sources. 400
ExpianaLions 'Based on the assumption that the size of the particles is 10 microns or more.
B-4 APPENDIK C
GOP DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS LETTER GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN .a; i; 1B1; DEPARTMENTOF ARCHAEOLOGY
No. 39/17/94-Arch(P:Il) AND27- A -CENTRALMUSEUMS UNION COMMERCIALAREA. FIv~ SHAHEED- E - MILLATROAD.
TPhonc. 431387 Tele Grams: ARCHAEOLOGY Karachi-8 the,.tp 2..1J994.
Mr. Qais M. Hussain, Hasan Associates (Pvt. ) Ltd., 136-B, Tufail Road, Lahore. Cantt.
t Subject:- POWER GENERATION PROJEC IN BALUC9ISTAN - ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TIM
Dear Sir,
Please refer to your letter dated nil on r7. the above cited subject 2. One of our off icev6has visited the site in question and also submitted a report
3. On the basis of the report submitted by the officer of the Department of Archaeology, the area where the proposed plant is being located, has nothing of any archaeological interest visible on the surface. Therefore, the Department has no objection for the execution of the proposed power project .
Yours faithfully,
( NIAZ RASOOL ) , Director Hqrs.) 7X7 > !~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 13130C2 01110/94
Table 3.1-5. Summaryof Observed MaximumAnnual Discharges of the Indus River, Upstream and Downstreamof the GudduBarrage for 1962 through 1987 (26 yeas)
MaximumAnnual MaximumAnnual Discharge Upstream DischargeDownstream of Guddu Barrage of Guddu Baunge Date (m'lsec) (flsec) (nW/sec) (ftPlsec)
26-Aug-62 12,515 441,908 12,054 425,640 19-Aug-63 15,549 549,027 14,863 524,818 29-Aug-64 20,775 733,552 20,101 709,756 04-Aug-65 17,001 600,302 16,184 571,474 16-Aug-66 17,366 613,188 16,685 589.131 12-Aug-67 19,192 677,657 19,288 681,064 21-Aug-68 18,449 651,447 17,751 626,797 20-Aug-69 19,349 683,212 18,505 653,416 19-Aug-70 10,212 360,573 9,478 334,657 17-Aug-71 17,367 613,242 16,554 584,513 06-Jul-72 11,684 412,548 10,566 373,103 19-Aug-73 30,698 1,083,942 30,103 1,062,954 29-Jul-74 9,907 349,819 8,939 315,642 30-Aug-75 28,391 1,002,496 27,979 987,943 15-Aug-76 33,975 1,199,672 33,309 1,176,150 24-Jul-77 17,284 610,292 16,319 576,227 18-Aug-78 32,734 1,155,853 32,237 1,138,272 11-Aug-79 14,826 523,515 14,257 503,423 16-Aug-80 18,466 652,045 17,643 622,958 06-Aug-81 20,649 729,122 19,641 693,524 19-Aug-82 13,767 486,119 13,125 463,461 10-Sep-83 21,486 758,655 20,851 736,248 04-Sep-84 18,338 647,508 17,723 625,782 15-Aug-85 12,060 425,835 11,150 393,724 13-Aug-86 33,228 1,173,292 33,192 1,172,010 03-Sep-87 9,716 343,067 8,941 315,719
Average Annual MaximumDischarge 19,038 672,226 18,363 64B,400
3-14 * 1313OC2 01110/94
Table 3.1-6. Summaryof Observed MinimumAnnual Discharges of the Indus River, Upstream and Downstreamof the Guddu Barrage for 1962through 1987 (26 years)
MinimumAnnual MinimumAnnual DischargeUpstream Discharge Downstream of Guddu Barrage of Guddu Barrafe Date (m'/sec) (ftlsec) (lsec) (ftlsec)
03-Mar-63 559 * 19,750 559 19,750 11-Mar-64 558 19,701 558 19,701 21-Jan-65 609 21,500 609 21,500 03-Feb-66 504 17,800 504 17,800 05-Jan-67 328 11,591 109 3,840 28-Dec-68 989 34,928 989 34,928 05-Jan-69 539 19,025 393 13,891 27-Dec-70 525 18,543 85 3,000 08-Mar-71 544 19,218 544 19,218 14-Jan-72. 291 10,280 194 6,844 17-Feb-73 627 22,145 627 22,145 10-Feb-74 542 19,153 542 19,148 01-Jan-75 460 16,258 375 13,226 31-Dec-75 416 14,684 223 7,891 13-Jan-77 612 21,627 338 11,942 02-Jan-78 448 15,815 170 6,000 05-Jan-79 523 18,459 352 12,436 09-Jan-80 713 25,166 354 12,500 06-Jan-81 533 18,820 427 15,076 05-Jan-82 673 23,774 348 12,303 27-Dec-83 616 21,7155 394 13,907 19-Feb-84 843 29,756 778 27,467 02-Apr-85 650 22,938 648 22,873 13-Jan-86 677 23,911 478 16,892 14-Jan-87 551 19,449 277 9,785 02-Jan-88 500 17,664 259 9,145
Average Annual MinimumDischarge 570 20,'43 428 15,123
3-15 13130C2 01106/94
Table 3.1-7. Summaryof Observed MaximumAnnual Water Elevation of the Indus River, Upstrean and Downstreamof the Guddu Barrage for 1962 through 1987 (26 years)
MaximumAnnual MaximumAnnual Water Elevation Water Elevation U e= of Barraee Downstreamof Barraue Date (meters MSL) (feet MSL) (meters MSL) (fetd MSL)
26-Aug-62 77.4 255.40 76.97 252.55 19-Aug-63 77.93 255.70 77.16 253.15 29-Aug-64 77.89 255.55 77.78 255.20 04-Aug-65 77.78 255.20 77.54 254.40 16-Aug-66 77.70 254.95 77.60 254.60 12-Aug-67 77.87 255.50 77.67 254.85 21-Aug-68 77.87 255.50 77.57 254.50 20-Aug-69 77.96 255.80 77.69 254.90 19-Aug-70 77.87 255.50 76.78 251.90 17-Aug-71 77.87 255.50 77.42 254.00 06-Ju-72 77.87 255.50 76.93 252.40 19-Aug-73 78.85 258.70 78.48 257.50 -) 29-Jul-74 77.87 255.50 76.87 252.20 30-Aug-75 78.41 257.25 78.18 256.50 15-Aug-76 79.03 259.30 78.76 258.40 24-Jul-77 78.24 256.72 77.64 254.75 IS-Aug-78 78.70 258.20 78.44 257.35 11-Aug-79 78.07 256.15 77.69 254.90 16-Aug40 78.33 257.0D 78.01 255.95 06-Aug-81 78.67 258.10 78.07 256.15 19-Aug-82 78.18 256.50 77.60 254.60 10-Sep-83 79.21 259.90 78.36 257.10 04-Sep-84 78.33 257.00 78.06 256.10 15-Aug-85 78.18 256.50 77.48 254.20 13-Aug-86 78.88 258.80 78.57 257.80 03-Sep-87 78.33 257.00 76.93 252.40
3-16 Feeder Canal Discharge April 1987 - March 1988 700 -_-_
B.8. FeederCanal
600 - - Pat FeederCanal .------GholkiFeeder Canal
400
100 4)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j
4~00 U ,- - %F A- 0 N U~~~KU FigureFEEDERCANAL3.-4 DICHARGE,ARIL1987-ARCH Soo -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 198 13130C113-18 04249s5
'--' For the period from 1962 through 1987, maximum water released to B.S. Feeder Canal was
625 m3ls (22,065 fels), to Pat Feeder Canal was 372 mets (13.147 fels), and to Ghotid Canal was
311 m3/s (10,986 fels). Te Pat Feeder Canal s currently being renovated and enlarged, with project completionscheduled for 1996. The widenedcanal will receive increased flows in the summer monthsand no change in flows for the winter months. Maximumreleases typically occur during July for the B.S. Feeder Canal and Pat Feeder Canal and during Augustfor Ghotki Canal. During certain times of the year, no water is reeased into feeder canals.
Several non-perennialriver beds and streams are located in the projectarea. These water courses transport water during short periodsof the rainy season or followingheavy rainfall events.
3.1.2.1.2 Water Quality Water quality of the Indus River is highly dependenton river flow. Representativerecent water qualitydata, collectedin the B.S. Feeder Canal/IndusRiver are summarizedin Table 3.1-8. Water quality data from the Indus River at Sukkur barrage (i.e., downstreamnof the Guddu Barrage)are presented in Table 3.1-9. Water qualityin the Pat Feeder Canal is reported to be 550 ppm total dissolvedsolids, whicb is higher than that observed in the Indus River or B.S. Feeder Canal (Uch Power Group, 1990).
Typically, suspendedsolids and turbidityare lowest in Decemberto February and increasefrom March through October: Water mineralization(i.e., total dissolvedsolids) is generally low to moderate; pH ranges from 7.0 to 8.5. Water temperaturevaries from 150C to 370C. For comparison,the World Health Organization(WHO) internationalwater quality criteria for drinking water are listed in Table 3.1-10. For parameters for which chemicalor physical data are available, the Indus River water meets the WHO drinking water quality criteria. Other tha bacteriologicatcontaminants and suspendedsolids (eg., sedinent), Indus River water is acceptablechemically for human consumptionand agriculturaluses. Bacteriologicalquality can be improvedby a varietyof processes(e.g., boiling, chemicaldisinfection, or filtration) prior to human consumption. Suspendedsediments can be removedby settling prior to potableor agriculturaluse.
An extensivewater quality samplingprogram of the Pat Feeder Canal has been started and analyses will be made for many constituentsincluding heavy metals. The results of the sampling program will be includedin the design of the water treatmentplant. UPL plans to treat the
3-18 13130C2 04124I95
Table 3.1-8. Summaryof Indus RiverlB.S.Feeder Canal Water Quality
Parameter Units 13-Aug-87 18-Nov-87 13-Jan-88 20-Apr47
P-Alkalinity mval/l 0 0.18 0 0 P-Alkalinity mgIL 0 9 0 0 M-Alkainity nvaltL 2 2.5 2.7 2.6 M-AMklinity mg/L 100 125 135 130 Total Hardness mval/L 2 2.5 2.7 2.6 Total Hardness mglL 100 125 135 130 CalciumHardness mval/L I 1 2.2 1.5 CalciumHardness mglL 50 50 110 75 Magesium Hardness mval/L 1 1.5 0.5 1.1 MagnesiumHardness mglL 50 75 25 55 Choride nval/L 0.25 0.2 0.6 0.5 Chloride mg/L 9 7 21 18 Sulfate mg/L 14 27 28 52 Silica(as SiO) mgAL 6 4.4 7 4.4 Iron mgIL 0.16 0.275 0.5 0.24 pH Standard Units 8.1 8.3 7.4 8.2 Conductivity 111hosC12 180 300 400 340 Total SuspendedSolids mg/L 1750 300 400 340 Total DissolvedSolids mglL 100 170 220 [90 Total Solids mg/L 1850 470 620 530 ChemicalOxygen Demand mg 04 2.8 1.44 1.9 1.2
Note: 1. Alklinity and hardnessvalues expressed as mval/L or mgJL as CaCO3. 2. No diect total dissolvedsolids (MDS)memsumets were available. Therefore,TDS was esimated based on the empiricalformula: TDS (mg/L) = 0.55 * SpecificConductamce
Source: WAPDA, 1988.
3-19 13130C2 01/06/94
Table 3.1-9. Summaryof lndus River Water Quality at Sukkur
Sukkur Sukkur Sukkar Sukkur Barrage Barrage Barge Barrage Pamameter Units Center Left Bank Rice Canal Rohri Canal
pH Units 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.2 Calcium mg/L 38 30 32 31 Magnesium mgAL 9 5 9 5 Sodium mg/L 35 21 30 22 Potassium mg/L - 4 4.5 4.5 Bicarbonate mng/L 146 134 146 159 Sulfate mg/L 53 39 44 40 Chloride mg/L 57 28 43 28 Total DissolvedSolids mglL 296 174 220 186 Feal Coliforms MPNIlOOML 11.000 - - -
Note: All water quality data, except bacterologicaldata, collected October2, 1984. Bacteriologicaldata collectedMay 1984.
.
3-201 13130C2 04117/95
Table 3.1-10. World Health OrganizationInternational Drinking Water Criteria
Water Quality Criteria Maximum Parameter Units Recommended PermissibleLevels
Arsenic mg/L - 0.05 Chloride mgJL 200 600 Copper mgIL 0.05 1.5 Fluoride mg/L - 0.6-1.7' Iron mg/L 0.1 1.0 Lead mg/L 0.1 Magnesium mgL - 150> Manganese mgIL 0.05 0.5 Mercury mg/L - 0.001 Sulfate mg/L 200 400 zinc mglL 5 15 TDS mg/L 500 1500 Total hardness mg/L CaCO3 100 500 Selenium mg/L - 0.01 Color mgPt/L 5 50 Turbidity TU 5 25 pH StandardUnits 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 Coliform orgl100 mL - I Foaming agents (MBAS) mgtL 0.2 1.0
Ambient temperaturedependent. 'If sulfate <250 mg/L
Source: Wodd Health Organization,1971.
3-21 13130C1/3-2 04r14195 potable water using the water treatmenttechniques commonly; used for surface water supplies. For example, the Canal water used for potablewater will be coagulated,setted, filtered, chlorinated, and distributedin a dedicated,pressurized. potable water system. These treatment techniqueswill ensure a safe water supplysystem.
3.1.2.2 G-rou-nuter Rechargeto groundwateris principally due to infiltrationof precipitationfalling within the basin. Annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 125 mm on the Kachti Plain.
Geologically,the KachhiPlain is made up of unconsolidateddeposits several hundredmeters thick. Clay is the dominantcomponent. with appreciableamounts of gravels, clayey silts, and minor sand also present. The unconsolidateddeposits constitute the major groundwaterreservoir in the region (SP, WAPDA, 1991). Groundwateruse in the region is predominantlylimited tO the alluvial fan areas at the head of the Kachhi Plain (UNDP, 1981). WAPDA installed 18 test holes and 14 tube wells in the plain during a groundwaterinvestigation. Tbe water table ranged from 8 to 15 m below ground surface. The groundwaterpotential of an extensivearea from roughly Jacobabadto Sibi has been characterizedby WAPDA to yield less than 10 cubic meters per hour per screenedmeter down to a level of at least 150 m (492 ft). The aquifer is described as poor and patchy. This zone of low potentialextends from Jhatpat to Sibi and includesall of the area of the proposed site near Dera MuradJamali. This aquifer is not capableof sustaininga reliable water supply for a power plant.
The groundwater quality of the upper 150 m of the aquifer is brackish (greater than 3,000 ppm TDS at all levels) (WAPDA, 1991). The UNDP study reports TDS levels greater than 5,000 ppm near the site. Uch Power Limited (1990)notes that well water is very brackish with a TDS of 30,000 ppm ncwarthe site. Detailed informationabout aquifer productivityand the-qualityof water from possibleaquifers below the upper waterbearingunit(s) is limited;however. all reports indicatethe aquifer is highly mIineralized-with low transmissivity,and discontinuousin nature. Groundwateris of such poor quality that it is not economicallyviable to pretreat it for industrial use.
Large pocketsof land to the south of the project site near Jacobabad exhibitserious problems waterloggingand salinity (Abmad. 1961). These problems result from the applicationof
3-22 t3130C 113-23 =417,195
irrigation water to soils combinedwith the high evaporationrate of the dry climate. The high evaporationrate in the region enhancesthis potentialuse of evaporationponds fbr the project.
3.1.2.3 Water Source The Pat Feeder Canal is availablefor water supplyover 10 monthsof the year on average. Regular canal repairs in December and April/Mayclose the canal 6 weeks a year. On-sitewater storage ponds will be used for periods when water is unavailablefrom the Pat Feeder Canal.
3.1.2.4 Wastewater Discharges Other than the Pat Feeder Canal. no large surfacewater body exists nearby which mightserve as the receiving stream. Since the canal is used for both domesticpurposes and irrigation, it is not desirable to utilize it for discharge purposes. Onsiteprecipitation will be collectedand directedto the oilfwaterseparator and then to the water storageponds so that there will be no offsite runoff.
The preferred disposalmethod is evaporationponds. Wastewaterfrom the ponds weuld evaporate with minimal infiltrationinto the ground. Giventhe evidentexisting high levels of dissolved solids in deep groundwater,it does not appear that such a dischargeposes a significant environmentalthreat. Care will be taken to minimizethe possibilitythat toxic or hazardous constituentswill be in the wastewaterbetbre disposalto the evaporationpond. See Section 1.3.3 fbr a descriptionof the evaporationpond systemdesign parameters.
Certain water treatmentchemicals, cleaners, paints. and solventsare toxic. Other substancessuch as lubricants, caustics, and acids are hazardous.If any of these substancesare spilled,appropriate measures will be taken to clean the area. In certain cases, small amounts Df the spills could enter the floor drains. If so, oils and other substanceswould be removed in the oillwaterseparator; however. trace amounts may be in the waste water and enter the waste water treatmentsystem.
All personnel will be trained in spill preventionand control in formal and informaltraining programs. Necessarysupplies and equipmentwill be on-handto control spills. Periodically,spill prevention,safety, and other drills will be held to ensure that all personnelrespond properlyand that all necessary materials are on hand.
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3.1.3 NATURALHAZARDS 3.1.3.1 Scismidty The area presents a minor to moderatepotential for earthquakeactivity. Farah (n KDA. 1982) shows the area to be withinthe moderatezone tor seismic activity, with expectedearthquakes to be in the 5.5 to 6.5 Richter Magnitude(M) range. The SeismicZones of Pakistan Map-of the GeologicalSurvey of Pakistanshows the site to be on the border of the minor to moderate damagezones. Accordingto the USGS NationalEarthquake Information Center, the area bas been subject to earthquakesof 5.0 to 5.9 M during the period 1965-1990. This range of earthquakemagnitude would placethe proposed site within UniformBuilding Code (UBC) Zone 2 with expectedpeak ground accelerationson the order of 0.03 to 0.15 g. The expectedintensity accordingto the ModifiedMercalli Scale (MM) would be betweenVI and VIII.
A soils investigationhas been completedand no ground water was found. The soils are defined as a silty clay with very low permeabilityand high bearing capacity. Liquefactiontypically occurs in loose sand materialscombini4 with a high water table. Therefore. the ESSA team suspects that the potentialfor liquefactionwill not be a significantproblem.
Local geologists were not aware of a significantpotential for land subsidencein the area. As the underlying material does not appear to be karstic in nature, the development of solution caverns which may provokesuch subsidenceappes unlikely.
3.1.32 Flood-Potential Halcrow-ULG,a British EngineeringFirm. has prepared hydrologicalstudies of the Pat Feeder Canal for WAPDA. Tbese studies have been reviewed and it was determinedthat locatingthe plan approximately3.2 km north of the Pat Feeder Canal would reduce tie 25 year flood stage to approximately1.5 m above the existinggrade. The flood protectionmeasures for the power plant include: I. Elevatingthe site above the 25 year flood plain using soil excavatedfrom the ponds and foundationson the site. 2. The evaporationpond will be within the walls of the plant and the top of the berm around the evaporationponds wiElbe above the 25 year flood plain. 3. Constructinga solid wall aroundthe plant site. The wall will provide protection during a 100 year flood event. Provisionswill be made to sandbagthe gate when necessary.
3-24 13130C 113-'S NPr4/ss
4. Installingculverts under the access road. 5. Installingriprap where runningwater could cause soil erosion.
3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTIBIODINERSITY No ecologicalsurvevs specificfor the province of Baluchistanor for the study area are knownto exist. The ecologicaland wildlife descriptionscontained in this sectionare based on general ecologicaldescriptions for Baluchistanfrom the literature, selected references,review of site maps and photograpbs,and site reconnaissanceby KBN biologists.
3.2.1 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES 'he province of Baluchistanis the most arid region in Pakistan. The study area lies within the Kachbi Plain in the eastern district of Kalat. These plains comprisethe eastern portion of Baluchistanand are contiguouswith the Indus valley lowlandsof Sindh and Punjab. The ecologicalresources of the KachhiPlain and the study site are influencedby prevailing climatic conditionsand human activities.
1Thesite is characterizedas a tropicalthorn scrub community(Figure 3.2-1) (Beg, 1975). This ecologicalcommunity runs north and south and comprisesthe majorityof the Kachhi Plain. Topographically,the area is a combinationof sandy plains and dry stream beds. In some areas, rock outcrmppingscomposed of limestone.sandstones, and shale occur. These topographical areas differ in relief, mnicrorelief,soil depth. moisture availabhiity,and nutrients. These conditionsare importantin determiningthe vegetation compositionof an area (Stewart. 1982).
The vegetation is dominatedby perennialxerophytic shrubs. The characteristicspecies include pilu or salvadora (Saluodoraoleoides), farash or tamarix (Tamarixaphylla and T. gallica)and mesquite(Prosopis cineraria)and acacia (Acaciasenegal). In general, the vegetation is simple in its organization,and the plant cover is scanty. with little vegetationfound in non-perennialstream beds. The greatest amount of plant cover is observed duringthe monsoonseason in July and August The compositionof the ecologicalcommunities varies from low-growinggrasses and herbaceousvegetation (e.g., Salsola baryosoma)to shrubs and trees such as mesquite and acacia-
The tropical scrub thorn communitywithin the study area is characterizedby patchy distribution of herbaceous and limited shrub vegetation. Very drv and flat areas of saline clay, almost devoid of vegetation,occu throughoutthe study area. Tropical scrub thorn forests have been extremely
3-25 13130Cr1-27 04/24,95
degraded throughoutthe region as a result of human activity for thousandsof years. Vast areas of this natural communityare cultivatedand are occupied by manmadesteppes throughout its range.
3.2.2 WILDLIFE COMMUNTITES Plant and animal species occurring in Baluchistangenerally are a mixturebetween Oriental species and Palaearticspecies (Groombridge,1988). The provinceof Baluchistanremains poorly studied, with much of the flora and fauna incompletelyknown. BaluchistanProvince provides one of the most importantwildlife regions of Pakistan and includesa large number of endemic species. AlthoughBaluchistan has been poorly studied, it is acceptedthat the majority of these speciesare restricted to habitats encounteredin the Chagai Desert, norEhernhighlands, and coastal areas (Beg, 1975). All these areas are more than 200 kanfrom the project area.
While sheets of evaporatingwater may persistfor short durationsfollowing flash floods, there are no permanentaquatic habitats in the studvarea. Consequently,semi-arid habitats were the only major habitat identifiedwithin the vicinityof the site. The semi-aridhabitats may contain a variety of reptiles, birds, and mammals,including the following:
-Re]2 Dti-es Bids Mammals geckos wbite-thoated munia hedgehog grass skinks little brown dove sand-coloredrat fringe-Woedsand lizard commonbabbler indian gerbil long-taileddesert lacerta collaredturtle dove indianhare desertmonitor desert warbler desert cat indian monitor black partridge chinkara saw-scaledviper tawnyeagle desert fox indianfox jackal hyena wolf ReptlEesare the dominantfaunal group in the semi-aridhabitats and the dominantfaunal group present within the study area. Becauseof the generally arid conditionscompared to other regions of the world, amphibiansare the least representedvertebrate group in Pakistanas well as in the site area. Reconnaissace obseraions suggestthat wildlife is linited witbin the area due to the reduced vegetationor habitats becauseof livestockgrazing and other human activides.
3.2.3 ENDANGEREDSPECIES Pakistanbas a long history of wildlifeprotection laws and regulations;however, this wildlife protectionbas been primarily linked to the preservationof game animalsto provide hunting
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opportunities. As mentionedpreviously, the wildlifeof Pakistan has declinedsignificandy during the past four decades because of habitatdestruction and overexploitation. Te Ministryof Food, Agriculture,and Cooperativeshas overall responsibilityfor wildlifeprotection. Tlis responsibilityis delegatedto the NationalCouncil for Conservationof Wildlife (NCCW). NCCW bas publisheda list of endangeredspecies in Pakistanthat has been incorporatedinto Table 3.2-1.
Pakistanis a memberof both IUCN and World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Additionally,Pakistan is a participantin Membersof the Conventionon InternationalTrade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),Contracting Parties to the Conventionon Wetlandsof International ImportanceEspecially as WaterfowlHabitat (RAMSAR),and Parties to the Conventionon the Conservationof Migrory Speciesof Wild Animals(BONN).
Many of the common animalsexisting in the 1940sand 1950s are now facing the threat of extinction. A numberof reptiles, birds, and mammalsthat are consideredrare, vulnerable,or endangeredby Int ional Union for the Conservationof Namure(IUCN) and the GOP potentiallyexist in specifichabitats in Baluchistan(Table 3.2-1). The project site does not contain these habitatsto support the presence of these species.
There are currently 22 existingproteted areas in BaluchistanProvince: I nationalpark, 15 wildlifesanctuaries, and 6 game reserves. Three private game reserves are also in existencebut are not legally notified (Groombridge,1988). Many of the protected areas occur within the biologicallyunique areas of Chagai Desert and the northern highlands.
The Kachhiplain is par of a 945,239 ha (2,335,653-acre)game sancuary for bustards. Koh-e- Geish, a 9,857 ha (24,356-acre)wildlife sanctay is the only other protectedarea withinthe Kalat districL The project site does not occur withinthe vicinity of these sanctaries.
3.3 SOCIAL, CULTURAL. AND INSTITUTIONALENVIRONElNT 3.3.1 LAND USE Baluchistanis the largest, least populated,and poorest of the four provincesin Pakistan Until recently, its provincial administrationhas been directedpredominandy by extrnal political forces, primarily from the Punjab. There are encouragingsigns of nascent technologytransfer from otler Pakistan provinces and GOP and foreign development capital improvement plans. Academicallyand technically-trainedBaluchis are few in number when comparedto labor and
3-28 13130C2 01/10/94
Table 3.2-1. Endangeredand VulnerableSpecies Potentially Occurring in Baluchistan
Listed as Threatened Species IUCNw GOPb
Reatiles Central Asian monitor (Veranusgriseus caspus) V p Monitor lizards (Verwiusspp.) - p Oxus cobra (Naja aa axiw,a) E
Houbara busard (CWlamydofisundulata) V
Mammals Caracal(Fells caraca) p Chinkar (Gzea gazella) V P Wolf (Canis lupis) V _
t Indicates species regardedby IUCN as theted at a global level: E = endangered. V = vulnerable. T = a threatened specieswhose status varies throughoutits range. b GOP: P = species in BaluchistanProvince that are regarded by the Governmentof Pakistan as threatened in Pakistanas a whole (Groombridge,1988).
3-29 13130Ct13-30 05/4/95 employmentstatistics of Sind and Punjab Provinces. A techiically trained worlforce may be available in lacobabad.
The remote, semi-aridsite is near a major road (Figure 3.3-1). The low rainfalland remote locationof dte site prevents the site from being used continuouslyby any group. Occasional herders widt herds smaller than 20 animis access the area and farmers planting opportunistic crops occasionaly utilize the land near the site after heavy rains.
During a recent trip tD the sike,it was observed that most of the land in the general vicinityof the plant is used to grow forage. The project will disturb only a very small percentageof land that is used for that purpose. In areas not near the plant, it was observedthat some of the land was used tD grow dry-land corn; however, that land was approximately4 km from the site.
33.2 LAND ACQUISITION After a thoroug iestigation of the ownershipof the land in the area, it was found that the plant site, the access road, and almostall of the land needed for the water pipeline from the Pat Feeder Canal to the site (the Utility Strip) is owned by the Govement of Balochistan(GOB). There is a smallparcel of land owned by a memberof the Jamali family near the canal that will be crossed to provide access to the canal. Ucli Power Limitedhas decidedto purchase this small parcel from the land owner. An applicationto purchasethe necessaryland from the GOBhas been made, and it is anticipatedthat the title will be tanferred in approximately6 weeks. The member of the Jamali family has agreed to sell the land to Uch Power Limited and the process to transfer tide has been started. There is no homesiteon the small parcel near the canal and no one will be displaced.
33.3 SOCKOECONOMICS The project area is located northwestof the district headquarters,Dera Murad Jamali (Temple Dera prior to Partition)in the Dera Murad Jamali Subtebsilof the Pat Feeder Subdivision. Dera Murad Jamali is irrigated by the Pat Feeder Canal from water releasedfrom the GudduBarage on the Indus River. Irrigable farmlandextends south from Dera Murad Jamali to Jacobabadand Suklur in Upper Sind Province. TubewelUsand more traditionalmethods of irrigation sucb as Persian wheels and springs are prevalent in the Nasirabadand JacobabadDistricts. In the vicinit of the project site, farmrs use shallowwells to collect runoff from irrigatedfields south of the Pat Feeder Canal. The source of thuiswater is irigation water beneatnthe root zone. Wbile
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tubeweiis can be found in areas where there has been irrigation, they do not occur at the project site which has never been irrigated.
Pakistan's major export product is cotton. Sugarcane.low-quality rice for domesticconsumption, and high-qualityrice for export are cultivatedin a fertile agriculturalbelt that runs from the northeast outside of Lahore in PUnjabintO the southeastof Sind. BetweenDera Murad Jamali, the nearest town to the site, and Jacobabad.the principal crop grown is rice, while some areas also grow wheat and barley as a secondarycrop. The area around Dera Murad Jamali is being encouragedto grow sugarcaneand coton. No major cash crops are grown north of the Pat Feeder Canal. The most recent official agriculturalstatistics (1980-1981)for some major crops in NasirabadDistrict are providedin Table 3.3-1.
3.33.1 Romm"raphy BaluchistanProvince bas quadrupledits populationsince the 1951 census. The populationwas 4,332,000 in 1981 (the most recent official statistics)compared to 1.167,000 in 1951, resulting in alnost a 300 percent increase(PCO, 1984c). The area, population.and density of Baluchistanis provided in Table 3.3-2. lbe Nasirabad district was formed after the 1972 Census. It consistsof Jhat Pat and Usta MuhammadTebsils transferred firomthe old Sibi District. and Chattarand Tamboo Tehsils of old the former Kachhi district. It is boundedon the north by Kohlu Agency,on the south and east bv Larkana and Jacobabad Districtsin Sind Province, and on the west by Kachhi. The total area of Nasirabad District is 5,832 kmn2 (2,246 mFi)of which 104 km2 (40 mf) is proposed as the potentall project area.
The total populationof NasirabadDistrict was 394.454 in 1981as comparedto 223,874 in 1972. It rivals QuemaDistrict for the maximumpopulation and populationdensity per sqrare kilometer (67.6) in BaluchistanProvince. More recent populadonfigures for the three principal urban localitiesand the village level in NasirabadDistrict have not yet been procured from the Provincial Governmentof Baluchisun. Nevertheless.the power plant site is unpopulated,with the nearest populationcluster approximately5 kmnfrom the site.
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Table 3.3-1. AgriculturalStatistics fbr Major Crops in Nasirabad District, 1980w1981
Crop Area (ectares) Production(tonnes)
Wheat 62,400 120,800 Rice 39,500 104,200 Jawar 28,300 21,200 Sugarcane 600 19,300 Gram 10,100 7,500 Rape Seed and Mustard 20,800 8,300 Sesamum(Sesame) 12,000 6,050
Source: AgriculturalStatistics of Pakistan, 1981, Food and AgricultureDivision, lslamabad.
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Table 3.3-2. Growth,Density and Distrihution of Population
Annual Population Urban Population Population -_Densivy Population Growth Rate Household Area (in thaus2nd) 1972 1981 (Percentag) (Percentage) Size Province (kn) 1972 1981 Units Units 1972 1981 1972-81 1972 1981
Pakistan 796,095 65,309 84,253 82 106 25,4 28.3 3.1 6.4 6.7 (100%) (100%) (100%)
PIunjab 205,344 37,610 47,292 183 230 24.4 27.5 2.7 6.4 6.4 (25.8%) (57.6%) (56.1%)
Sind 140,914 14,156 19,029 100 135 40.4 43.3 3.6 6.2 7.0 (17.7%) (21.7%) (22.6%)
BI3luchisuan 347,190 2,429 4,332 7 12 16.5 15.6 7.1 6.3 7.3 (43.6%) (3.7%) (5.1%)
Now: Data for the North-WestFrontier Provinceare not available.
Source: PakistanCensus Organization, 1984. 13130sIi-3S 04124/95
3.33.2 EnmnlomI_netand Economv Currently, no economicor employmentconditions exist on-sitesince the project site is unpopulated. Dera Murad Jamali bad an approximae populationof 40.000 at the time of the 1981 census.
Major economicactivities in Dera Murad iamaliinclude rice millingand small retail businesse. At present, there are 3 rice huskingmills in Dera Murad Jamali, and a sugar mill has been sanctionedfor the area. An industrialestate spread over 50 acres is now approvedfor Dera Murad Jamali and is locatedsouth of the Pat Feeder Canal. The labor force at Dera Murad Jamali consistsprimarily of unskilledand agriculturallabor.
AlthougixDera Murad Jamali is located outside the project area, the town is noted in this section because it may benefit from positive secondary impacs of the facility through the increased goods and services required by the facility and its employees.
3.3.33 Transpor2ttion The National Highway links Karachiwith Quetta via Dadu, Jacobabad,Dera Murad Jamali. and Sibi. The NationalHighway runs from Hyderabadto Sukkur up the east bank of the Indus. This highway is joined by traffic from the GhulamMohammad Barrage and the Super Highway from Karachi.
Estimated traveling distnces between selectedpoints on the Super (National)Highway are: Karachi to Hyderabad in Sindh Province(175 km); Hyderabadto Sukkur in Sindh Province (315 kin); Sukkur to Multan in PunjabProvince (454 km); Sukkur to Shikarpur in Sindh Province (41 kn); Shikarpurto Jacobabad(44 kIn); and Jacobabadto Dera Murad Jamali in Baluchistan. Province (39 km).
The Saudi Fund for Developmentpro-vided a loan of 50 millionrivals (Rs. 291 million; US$ 11.6 milion) to assist in financingof the 359-kn Sibi-Raklniroad project to make the northeastern part of Baluchistan more accessible for development. A sum of Rs. 650 million (USS26 million) has been allocatedfor the development rehabilitation,and improvementof national highways in Baluchistan(Pakistan Yearbook, 1991).
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Motorizedtransport involvesbuses, vans. trucks, cars. tractors, and motorcycles. Non-motorized modes of transport includea varietyof large domesticanimals (i.e., horses, camels, oxen, and donkeys)that are either ridden or pull to- and four-wheeledcarts carrvingpassengers andlor goods.
Poor oad conditionsand the mixingof motorizedand animal traffic on the same roadway are very hazardous. Poor driver educationand vehicle quality are chronicproblems in many mral developingarea.
Weigbts and dimensionsof itemsof heavy equipment(over 50 tons) that will be broughtup from Karachi are (dimensionsand weightsare approximate): 1. Gas turbines[8.7 x 4.3 x 4.7 meters (28.5 x 14 x 15.5 feet)] with the largest piece weighingabout 255 tons will be hauled on a specially-designedflated trailer; 2. HRSGModules 1 [tl x 3.4 x 4.3 meters (59 x 11 x 14 feet)] at 150 tons; 3. HRSG Modules2 [18x 3.4 x4.3 (59 x II x 14 feet)] at 140 tons; 4. HRSGModules 3 [18 x 3.4 x 2.8 (59 x I Ix 9.25 feet)] at 104 tons; 5. High-presstw steam drum generators [7.9 x 43 x 3.7 (26 x 14 x 12 feet)] at 236 tons; and, 6. Remainingequipment and accessoriesare transported in pieces and weigh less than 50 tons.
The Guddu power projecteffectively shipped such equipmentfrom Karachiduring construction.
The Sukker Airportwas linked into the computerizedreservations system of Pakistan Intenational Airways in late April 1988. Ihis is a smallyet strategicallylocated airport with 39 scheduled flights per week. Fokkers, Twin Otters, and Boeing737s are the usual modesof transport at this airport High security is maintainedon a 24-hour basis.
Jacobalad has an airport served by three flights weeldy from Karachi and is connectedby rail with the rest of the country. Rail service is providedvia a single line, broad gauge, Pakistan Railways track that runs paralel tO the Sukkur-KarachiRoad, with several station stops.
Between Jacobabadand Dera Murad Jamali. within a two kilometerwide corridor, there exist railroad tracks and a roadwaywhich serve Quetta from Sukkur. The roadwayis currently being
3-36 *13130C13-37 04/24/95
improvedwith an additionalbase course and road surface. This improvementshould allow transportationof the largest loads which the power plant could require. The power plant will includea road connectingwith this major highway.
The existing road and port facilitieshave handledsimilar heavy loads in the past and are considered to be adequateto handle anticipatedmovement of materials and workers betweenthe Karachi and the site. Improvementsto bring the Indus Highway up to NationalSuper Highway standardswould greatly benefittransportation logistics for the area. Access to the pmposed Uch site, however, is not conftingenton these improvemems.
Physicalaccessibilitv tD the project area is enhancedby the qualityof the overland transportation in and out of Nsirabad District. The District headquarters.Dera Murad Jamali, is situatedon the main Jacobabad-SibiRoad and the railuwayline.
333.A Facirities and Services There is no local capacity for facilitiesand services close enoughto benefit the proposed project; therefore, the project will develop the infrastrucre required at the site to provide health care. living quarters, emergency response, recreation, and religiousservices. These are discussed in more detail in Section 4.3.3.
There will be trained paramedicson site at all times. In addition, there is a clinic in Dera Murad Jamali and a hospital in Jacobabad,approximately 45 km away. Tbere are private aircraft in Pakisn that are used as flying ambulances:however, there are no helicoptersavaable. It is assumedthat anyone needinghospitalization will be taken to Jacobabadby automobile.
33.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES 3.3.4.1 Cultural Diversity and Ethnicity The traditions and cultureof Pakistanhave roots going back thousandsof years to the Dravidian- based Indus Valley Civilization. That foundationhas been modifiedby Aryan, Turk, Greek, Persian, Afghan, Arab, Moghul,British, and tribal influencesover the centuries. Althoughthere is a commonalityof principlesguiding social behaviorand Islamizationis being implemented througbout the county, ethnic diversity and separatenessamong the four major groups (Baluchis, Pathans, Punjabis, and Sindhis) is very prominent
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People ranked on the higher level maintaina separatenessfrom those lower than themselvesand when interactiondoes taie place it is governed by stict social norms, based on the concepts of separationand hierarchy. Separatenessis demonstratedby the fact that ethnic groups prefer living in resident areas with their own kind. Within these larger groups, caste and kin groups tend to duster.
3.3.42 Historiwl and ArchaeologicalResources Pakistanenjoys a high internationalposition in the history of past achievementsby virtue of possessingthe greatest vestigesof the fhrstthree mature civilizationsof the world. Traces of the Indus Valley Civilizationcan be found in the ruins of Moen-jo-Daro.Amrl (on the right bank of the Indus in Sind, Kot Diji (on the left bank) and further up in the plains of the Punjab (near the city of Sahiwal),the remainsof Harappa Other evidenceof organizedcivil life and thriving cities is borne out by the ruins of Taxila in the Haro Valley, some 30 kilometerswest of Islanabad. The rock carvingsof Hunzahave been acclaimedworldwide.
There are no known archaeologicalresources on or near the site. A letter from the GOP Departmentof Archaeologyand Museumsstating this is atched as AppendixC.
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4.0 ENVIRONNMENTALIMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES
4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.1.1 AIR QUALITY 4.1.1.1 General MIodelingAnalysis Air quality impactsfrom the proposedgas turbine combinedcyde (GTCC) unit configuration were predictedusing U.S. EnvironmentalProteton Agency(EPA) approvedair dispersion models. The selectionof a model was based on its applicabilityto simulate impactsin areas surrounding the plant. Within 10 kn of the proposed power plant site, the terrain can be described as 'simple" terrair. i.e, flat to gently rolling. As defined in the EPA modeling guidelines(EPA, 1987b), simple terrain is consideredto be an area whereterrain features are all lower in elevationthan the top of the stack(s)under evaluation.
For simple terraiD, the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model can be used to predict maximum air qualityconcentr7tions due to proposedsources. The ISC model (Version93109) (EPA, 1993) is a Gaussianplume model which can be used to assess the air quality impactof emissionsfrom a wide variety of sources associatedwith an industrialfacility. The model is containedin EPA's User's Network fbr AppliedModeling of Air Pollution(UNAMAP), Version6 (EPA, 1988).
Major features of the ISC model are presentedin Table 4.1-1. The ISC model has rural and urban options which affect the wind speed profile exponent law, dispersionrates, and mixing- height formulationsused in calculatinggrund level concentrations. Based on the land use in the vicinitv of the proposed project, the rural option was used in the modelinganalysis.
For modelinganalyses that will undergoregulatory review, the followingmodel features are recommendedby EPA (1987b) and are referred tO as the regulatoryoptions in the Industrial Source ComplexLong-Term (ISCLT) model: 1. Final plume rise at all receptorlocations, 2. Stack-tipdownwash, 3. Buoyancy-induceddispersion. 4. Default wind speed profile coefficientsfor rural or urban option, 5. Default vertical potentialtemperature gradients, 6- Calm wind processing,and 7. A decay half-life of 4 hours for SO. concentrationcalculations in urban areas.
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Table 4.1-1. Major Features of the ISC Model
* Polar or Cartesiancoordinate systems for receptor locations
* Rural or one of three urban options at affet wind speed profile exponent, dispersion rates, and mbing height calculations
* Plume rise as a result of momentumand buoyancy as a function of downwinddistance for stack emissions Briggs, 1969, 1971, 1972, and 1975)
* Proceduressuggested by Huber and Snyder (1976); Huber (1977); Schulmannand Hanna (1986);and Schulmannand Scire (1980) for evaluatingbuilding wake effects
* Direction-specificbuilding heights and projected widthsfor all sources for which downwashis considered.
* Proceduressuggested by Briggs (1974)for evaluatingstack-ip downwash
* Separationof multiple-pointsources
* Considerationof the effects of gravitationalsettling and dry depositionon ambient particulateconcenions
* lCaPabiityof simlating point, line, volume, and area sources
* Capabilityto calculatedry deposition
3 V ariation of wind speed with height (wind speed-profileexponent law)
X Concentmrionestmates for 1-hourto annual average
- Terrain-adjustmentprocedures for eevated terain, includinga terrain truncation algorithm
* Receptors.located above local terrain (i.e., flagpoleHreceptors)
* Considerationof time-4ependentexponential decay of pollutn
* The method of Pasquill (1976) to accountfor buoyancy-induceddispesion
* A regulatorydefault option to set various model options and parameters to EPA recommendedvalues (see text for regulatoryoptions used)
Source: EPA. 1992b.
4-2 13130C14-3 04/13/95
The ISC model consistsof two computercodes which are used to calculateshort- and long- term ground level concentrations. The main differencesbetween the two codes are the input format of the meteorologicaldata and the method of estimatingthe plume's horizontaldispersion. The ISC short-term model (ISCST2)is designedto calculatehour-by-hour concentrations or deposition values and to provide averagesfor time periods of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours. If used with a year of sequentialhourly meteorologicaldata, the ISCST2model can also calculateannual concentrationor depositionvalues. The ISC long-termmodel (ISCLT2)is a sector-aveaged model that uses statisticalwind frequenciesto calculateseasonal (quarterly) andfor annual ground- level concentrationor depositionvalues. Both ISCL1Zand ISCSI2 use either a polar or a Cartesian receptorgrid.
Because annual wind frequencydata were availablefrom a nearbymeteorological weather station. the ISCLT2model was used to predict annual average conditions. Since actual hourly meteorologicaldata were not availableto produce short-termimpacts. the SCREEN2model, based on the ISCST model, was used to predict maximum1-hour ambient concentrationlevels. The SCREEN2model produces 1-hourconcentrations using a range of generic meteorological combinationsreconmended by the EPA to produce conservativeresults. A maximum24-hour average concentation was then calculatedby applyinga multiplyingfactor to the maximum 1-hour impactspredicted by the SCREEN2model. Basedon the ScreeningProcedures for Estimatingdte Air Quality Impactof StationarySources, Revised(EPA, 1992), the predicted 1- hour concentrationswere multipliedby a factor of 0.4 to calculateworst-case 24-hour concentrations.
4.1.1.2 Source Data The source informationused in the modelinganalysis includes both stack cbaracteristicsand emissiondata These data are presented for the proposedGE turbines in Tables 4.1-2 and 4.1-3.
As discussed in Section 3.1.i.3, the proposed turbines will have the capabilityof burning either high-speeddiesel oil or naturalgas. The primary fuel will be natral gas from the Uch gas field. High-speeddiesel oil will be used for startup, shutdown,and emergencybackup for the GE turbines.
The design ifformationand stackparameters for the proposed turbinesoperating at base load are presented in Table 4.1 -2a. Design infornmaionis providedfor base load operations at
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Table 41-2a DesignInfonnazion and Stack Parametersfor Uch Power Project-GE. Low-BtuNaUWal Gas and Oil
Gas Turbine Gas Turbin Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Data Nahtal Gas Natural Gas Fucl Oil Fuel Oil (PerTurbine) 59"F 11O0F 59OF 1O10F
General: Power (OM 130,110.0 119,810.0 128,470.0 111,190.0 Heat Rate (Bul/kwh) 10,010.0 10,210.0 10,472.5 10,766.6 Heat Input (mmBtu/hr) 1,302.4 1223.3 1.345.4 1,197.1 Fuel (lbhr) 269,983.6 253,578.0 77,500.3 64.510.5 (cbbr) 3.400,702.6 3,194,057.4 NA NA
Fuel: Heat Content - (Btallb), LIlY 4,824.0 4,824.0 18,557.3 18,557.3 (BtuJcf),LHV 383.0 383.0 NA NA Sulfir 800 ppm 80Dppm 0.05% 0.05%
Cr Exhaust: VolumeFlow (acfin) 2,091,498 2,014.900 2,086,970 1,946,521 VolumeFlow (stn)' 760,545 723,227 757.333 692.656 mass Flow (lb/br) 3.424.000 3.,232OW 3,3692 3,062,745 TeM emure(OF) 992 1,011 995 1,024 Moisure(5C Vol.) 7.18 9.08 7.67 9.15 Oxygen (% Vol.) 12.79 12.44 13.15 13.01 MolecularWeight 28.92 28.70 28.57 28.40 WaWtInjected lb/hr) 0 0 45,048 30,605
StGsack: VolumeFlow (acfm) 979.489 931,429 975.353 892057 Tempemture(F) 22D 220 220 220 Dianeter (ft) 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 Velocity (ftksec) 71.9 68.4 71.6 655 Stack Height (fh) IS0 150 10 150
corectedto 681F
Source: Tecaska. 1993;KBN, 1993.
4-4 13130C 0311719s
Table 4.1-2b. Critical Load Design Informationand -Stack Parameters for Uch Power Project GE, Natural Gas and Oil; 85%for Gas Fired,t50% fbr Oil Fired Data Gas Turbine Natural Gas Gas Turbine Fuel Oil General: Power (OM) 101,770.0 55,120.0 Heat Rate (Btukwh) 10,560.0 13,166.6 Heat lnput (mmBtu/hr) 1,074.7 725.7 Fuel (lb/lr) 222,780.1 39,108.2 (cf7hr) 2,806,128.8 NA
Fuel: Heat Content- (Btulb), LHV 4,824.0 18,557.3 (Bru/cO,LHV 383.0 NA Sulfur 800 ppm 0.05%
Cr Exa: Volme Flow (acfm) 1,802,650 1,400,624 Volume Flow (scfm) 632,425 539,645 Mass Flow (lblhr) 2,836.000.0 2,403,450 Temperature( 0 F) 1,045.0 910 Moisture (% Vol.) 8.21 6.35 Oxygen (% Vol.) 12.63 15.03 MolecularWeight 28.80 28.61 Water Injected Ob/hr) - 10,913
HRSG Stack: Volume Flow (acfi) 814,486 756,321 Temperature( 0 F) 220.0 280 Diameter (ft) 17.0 17.0 Velocity (ftlsec) 59.8 55.5 Stack Height (ft) 150 150
Note: Design informationfor these loads producesthe minimumHRSG stack exit velocityamong all loads and temperaturesfor both fuels. The minimumvelocity is appliedin the disprsion modelinganalysis to produceworst-case air qualityimpacs. The fuel oil operationreflects a representativefiring load during start-upand shutdownperiods. Source: Tenaskm,1993. KBN, 1993. 45 13130C 04117)95
Table 4.1-3. MtaximumPollutant Emissions for Uch Power Project-GE.- Natual Gas and Oil
Gas Turbine Gas Twbine Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Natural Gas NaturalGas Fuel Oil Fuel Oil PEPA PoDutant 59F . 110-F 59gF 110F Guideline
Parfiawa Basis Manufacrer Manfactur Manuficturer Manufaciur IbAhr 7.00 7.00 14.00 14.00 - ngWNmd 2.6 2.8 5.3 5.8 300 TPY' 30.66 30.66 61.3 61.3 -
Sulfir Dioxide: Basis (sufur) 800 ppm 800 ppm 0.05% 0.05% lb/hr 430.3 406.6 72.50 64.51 - mgn/Ni 162.1 161.1 27.4 26.7 400 TPY' 1884.6 1781.1 317.6 282.6 -
NitrogenOxides: Basis Sppm50 50 pp 75 ppe 75 pW lb/br 305.1 288.1 423.8 377.0 - mg/Nm&d 115.0 114.2 160.4 156.0 400 TPYC 1336.3 1261.9 1856.2 1651.2 - ppm 50.0 50.0 75.0 75.0 -
Carbo Monoxide: Basis 30 ppm& 30 ppeb to ppmi 10ppxw lb/hr 92.3 86.0 30.5 27.4 - mg/Nm43 34.8 34.1 11.5 IIA 800 TpYC 404.3 376.7 133.6 120.0 - ppm 30.0 30.0 10.0 10.0 - vOCs Basis 7 ppm 7 ppm 10 ppm IO ppm lb/hr 9.23 8.60 13.06 11.76 - UMINVYd 35 34 4.9 4.9 - TPY' 40.4 37.7 57.2 51. - ppm 7.0 7.0 10.0 10.0 -
CO_.: Basis 2Z6 Ib.!MMBtu 226 lb/MNfBtu 164 b(MMBtu 164 lb/MMBtu - lb/hr 294,342 276,466 220.646 196,324 - IPY 1.29x[0' l.21xA06 9.66x0l. 8.60x10' -
Not: PEPA = PakistanEnvironmental Protection Agency.
corrected to 15% 02 dry conditions. corrcted to dry conditions. c based on 8,760 hours per year. d4 y.mte to 01C.
4-6 1313WC/4.7 04/17/95
temperues of 59°F and I lO0F for both naturalgas and high-speeddiesel oil. Design informationfor lower load operations are.providedfor both natural gas and high-speeddiesel oil in Table 4.1-2b. These lower load operatingconditions represent the worst-caseconditions for dispersionmodeling. The maximumpollutant emissions for each GE turbine occur under base load and are provided in Table 4.1-3 for both operatingtemperatures and both types of fuel. The maximum emissionrates shown are much lower than maximum emissionlimits establishedby the Pakistm EnvironmentalProtection Agency(PEPA) (Refer to AppendixB).
To predict maximum impacts,operating parameters from several loads were analyzed. The modelinganalysis was completedwith maximumemissions and minimumexit velocitiesfor both fuel and operatingtemperature scenarios.
4.1.13 R The receptor grid used in the ISCLT2model consistedof 432 receptors locatedin a radial grid centered on one of the proposed GTCC units. Receptors were locatedalong 36 radials, separated by 10-degreeincrements, at distnces of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5. 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0 km from the grid center. Becausethis area is flat, no terrain elevationswere includedin the modeling. Property boundaryreceptors were not included. Maximumpredicted impacts presented includeboth on-propertyand off-propertylocations.
The receptor distancesused in the SCREEN2model for short-term average concentration calculationswere identicalto the distancesused in the ISCL27 modelingreceptor grids (Receptors are located downwindalong the winddirection centerline).
4.1.1.4 Meteorologi!calData Meteorologicaldata needed to perform air dispersionmodeling consist of the followingfive meteorologicalparameters: 1. Wind direction-determinesthe transport directions toward whichthe plume will travel and potentially affect receptorsdownwind of the plant; 2. Wind speed-determines the amount of dilution of plume concenrltion and height to which the plume will rise; 3. Temperature-affectsthe height to whichthe plume will rise and also is used in estimatingafternoon mixingheights;
4-7 13130C144 04113195
4. Atmosphericstability-determines the extent of plume spread or dispersionin the vertical and horizontaldirections; 5. Mixingheight-determines the maximumvertical extent or volume of air in which the plume can disperse.
These parameters can be measureddirectly or inferred from other measured parameters.
Meteorologicaldata collectedby the PakistaniMeteorological Service (PMS) Stationat Jacobabad and Multan was used for this analysis. Jacobabad is approximately40 km southeastof the proposed facility and is the closest PMS stationto the site. The collected data includefirequency distnrbutionsfor wind speedand wind directionfor Jacobabadfor direct use in the ISCLT2 model ThlePMS stationat Multan is locatedapproximately 500 km northeast of the proposed facility and provideddata used for mixingheight calculation.
Atmosphericstability frequencies were calculatedbased upon published information[National Oceanicand AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA), 1976]from collectedmeteorological data by the NationalClimatic Data Center at Asheville,North Carolina, USA. A climatdoogicalanalysis of stabilitycategories from meteorologicalstations at a similar latitude and elevationas the Uch site was performed. From these data, the atmosphericstability at Uch was assumedto be unstable (Stabity ClassesA and C) 30 percent of the time, neutral (Stability Class D) 30 percent of the time, and stable (Stabiity Classes E and F) 40 percent of the time. Basedon the occurrenceof very light wind speeds (0 to 3 knots) nearly 70 percent of the year, all unstable stabilitywas assumedas Class A, very unstable, and all stable stability was assumedto be Class F, stable.
After a review of the radiosondedata from Multan, the maximumafternoon mixingheight was assumedto be 1,500 m for all stability classesfor every day in order to be conservativein estimatingmaximum predicted concentrations.
Tempeature data for the JacobabadPMS station were incorporatedinto the ISCLUDmodel. An annual average tempemure of 27°C was used. SCREEN2modeling was also performedusing an averagetemperature of 27°C.
4-8 13130C14-9 04113195
4.1.1.S Building Wake Eftects The ISCL1; model includes algorithmsused to estimatethe effects of buildingwakes on effluent dispersion. The wak-eeffectalgorithms may be applied to any stack on, or adjacentto, a building. Under moderate to strong wind speed conditions,the effluent emanatingfrom a stack or buildingmay not totally escape the aerodynamicwake region on the downwindedge of the building. This results in a downwashcondition where the effluents are mixed intDthe wake region. Buildingshape and orientationof the buildingto the wind affect the dimensionsof the turbulent wake and the intensityof the downwash. The stack height, buildingheight and width. horizontal wind speed, plume exit velocity, and plume buoyancydetermine which portion of the plume, if any, will remain above dhewake of a struufre.
The criteria used to determinewhether buildingdownwash can occur are based on EPA recommendations(EPA, 1985)for determininggood engineeringpractice (GEP) stack height. Based on that criteria, if the stack height is less than GEP, then atmosphericdownwash, eddies, and wakes created by nearby structures will influencethe stack plume, causing high ground-level concentrationsvery close to the stack. In the United States, a GEP stack height has been defined as follows:
GEP= H + 1.5 L where: H is the heigbt of a nearbybuilding or structure; and L is the lesser dimensionof the beight or pmjected width of the nearby structure.
A structure is defined as nearby if its distanceis: 1) less than or equal to 5 times the lesser of the height or maximumprojected width (i.e., diagonal)of the structure; and 2) not greater han 0.8 kanfrom the stack.
For each source determinedto be affectedby a nearby structure, the user must supply the model with direction-specificbuilding heightf and widthsfbr each 10 degree wind direction sector for input to the *SCLTmodel.
From a review of the buildings and structuresat the proposedfacility and the locationsof the proposed sources, the proposed HRSGcontrol structurewas determinedto have the greatest potential for producingbuilding uwake effects. The proposed buildingand structure dimensions for the HRSG control buildingwere obtainedfrm Tenaskm,Inc.
4-9 13130C4-1O 04r-"s
4.1.1.6 Resulta Presented in Table 4.1-4 are the results of the modeling.analysis-of dhreeproposed GE turbine units for worst-case gas-fired and high-speed diesel oil-fired conditions. Tbe maximum predicted impacts for PM were 2 and 0.2 uglm? on a 24-hour and amual average, respectively. The maximum predicted impacts for SO2 were 76 and 9.5 jug/m' on a 24-hour and annual average, respectively. For CO. the maximum predicted impacts were 16 and 2 pg/rn on a 24-hour and annual average, resectively. The maximm predicted impactsfor NO, were 64 and 7 ygJIe on a 24-hour and annual average, respectively. For total hydrocarbons,the maximumpredicted impactswere 2 and 0.2 pglm' on a 24-hour and annual average, respectively.
Each of the predicted concentrationsis well below the applicableWorld Bank air quality guidelines(World Bank, 1988b)and the environmentalguidelines of the IFC (WorldBank, 1994).
4.1.1.7 Enissionsof reenhouse Gases The Islamic Republicof Pakisn ratified the United NationsFramework on ClimateChange in January 1994 and is a party to other international agreements conceming climate change. In September 1994, the United Statesand Pakistan signed a stment of intentregarding exchange of informationand consultationon this issue and sustinable energy development.
Emissionsof CO., methane, and other gases have been implicatedin global atmosphericwarming by the results of predictive modelingand other evidence. Internationalpolicy developmenton this issue has produced commitmentsby developingnations to stabilizeemissions of these gases and to encouragecoopertion among govemmentsand private parties to reduce emissions,share technical information,and excbangetechnology.
The amount of CO. emissionsfrom the Uch Power Plant are estimatd to be about 2,990,00 TPY (three units burning gas II month per year and burning high-speed diesel fuel for one month) excludingCO emissions. This calculation.which is based on using standard EPA emission factors for 925 turbines found in AP-42 (Compilationof Air PollutantEmission Factors, Volume 1: StationaryPoint and Area Sources), is summarizedin Table 4.1-3.
However, it shouldbe recognizedthat CO emissionsresult from the combustionof any fossil fuel. A relevant ator in evaluationof CO2 emissionsis the overallefficiency of the power cycle for a gas turbine when firing fossil fuel relatve to that for alternativesystems. The Uch Power
4-10 1313C
Tabile4.1-4. Maximuni1mpacIs foir Prom~edJ4U.h Power Faci1I!y.__..______-____ ~~~~~~~~~.T.a.c4. lm 4Max.,...... umpa!fr*roez,U,ch,PwFcl ...... ,,,, WorldBank MaximumPredicted Impact Environmental USEPA IFC Envlronmcnial J(img.. _ I~uldelne NAAIQSg/j _ . G.uidelLg/mu')s Pollutanis -hour 24-hour Annual 24-hour Annual 24-hourAnnual 1-hour 24-hour__Annual QliJElred Particulatc Matter 5 2 -S- 50 100 ISO SO( -- I11 70 Sulfur DiodO 27 lI - - 500 1(10 365 80 350 125 50 CarbonMonoxide 12 5 ------NitrogenDioxide 161 64 ------1(11Ot 400 150 - TotalHydroarbons 5 2 ------_ _ _ _-
,,a,s F,r.ed ParticlllateMatler 1 1 0.2 5U0 11X) ISO 50 -- 11 7( SulfurDioxide 189 76 9.5 S(K) t00 365 80 350 125 5( Carbon Monoxide 40 16 2 ------NitrogenDioxide 133 53 7 -- ICX __ 1(X) 4(0) 150 __ ...... 4 2 0- --...... _ ...... - ...... _.( _-. ..-.-.... Sourecs:World Bank, 1988b; 1'Y)4; USEPA, 1993. 13130C141' 01124/95 r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Or49
Project will burn natural gas as the primarv fuel with higb-speeddiesel fuel used primarily during gas field and pipelinemaintenance and outages. CO emissionsfrom the Uch Power Project can be comparedto projects burning alternativefuels. A conventionalboiler burning No. 6 fuel oil will have the potential to emit 1.70 lb CA per kWh of electricity produced. A conventional fluidized bed boiler burning coal will have the potenial to emit 2.03 lb CQ per kWh. In contrast, the Uch Power Project will have the potential to emit 1.66 lb CQ per kWh. The proposed project has a high thermaLefficiency relative to alternativesystems and will produce lower CQ emissionsper kilowattof electricgeneration produced. These data indicate that the Uch Power Project can comparefavorably with generationsources burningNo. 6 fuel oil and would have much lower emissionsof greenhousegases than coal-firedgeneration units typical in developedcountries.
There are no generally accepted methodsfor the mitigationof CO. emissions. However, two possiblemitigation strategies were given considerationfor the project These were: (1) CO2 removal from the fuel gas at the gas field with reinjectionof the CO. and (2) carbon sequestation by planting trees near the site.
The CO2 removaland reinjectionoption was determinednot to be economnicallyviable for the project for several reasons. The capital and operatingcosts of the Ca: removaland reinjection system would increasethe cost of the gas to where the project would no longer be economical.
Further. and most significant, is that reinjectionof the CO2 into the gas field would dilute the gas to a point where it wold eventuallybe uneconomicalfor any use.
As the plant site is in a semi-aridarea with only 4 to 5 inches of rainfallper year, carbon sequestrationby plantingtrees near the plant site was determined not to be viable because the trees would have to be continuallyirrigated to sustaingrowth. To have any significant impactof CO. sequestration,a large area would have to be planted with trees thus requiring large volumes of water for irrigation. These large volumesof water required for the trees would have a significantimpact on water resources and the economicviability of agricultttrein the area.
4.1.2 NOISE The projected noise levels due to the operationof Uch power project were predictedusing the NOISECALCmodel (NtYSDPS,1986). This model was developedtD assist with noise calculationsdue to major power projects. Noise levels are entered as octave band sound pressure
4-12 '13130C14-13 01-24195
Jel levels (SPLs). Total and A-weightedSPLs are calculated. Backgroundnoise levels can be incorporatedinto the program and are used to calculateoverall SPLs. The predictedimpacts due to the proposed units were developedby taking into accountattenuation due to hemispherical spreading and atmosphericmolecular absorption.
Sound propagatesthrough the atmospherein sphericalwaves, above the ground surface (referred to as hemisphericalspreading). Since the surface area of a spbere is proportionalto its radius squared, each doublingof the radius increasesthe surface area by a factor of four. Likewise, as the distance from a sound source is doubled. the intensityof its radiated sound energy is decreasedby a fiaor of four.
Meteorologicalcharacteristics of the atmosphereresult in 'attenuation' of sound (i.e., a resultant decrease in the sound pressre level). When a direct path from the sound sourceto the observer does not exist, as in the case of a solid barrier, additionalattenuation results from sound wave refraction arond the obstacle.
Sound pressure levels associatedwith specificnoise sources to be constructedas part of the proposed project were estimated from data obtainedfrom the combustion turine manufactrer, a noise source survey conductedat the Guddusite, and from data containedin the Electric Power Plant Enviromental Noise Guide (EEL, 1984). Listed in Table 4-1-5 are the typicalnoise sources and estimatedoctave band levels associatedwith the equipmentfor the project. Sound power levels were estimatedfrom on-site measurementsat the exin Guddu installation,literature sources, and manufacturer'sspecifications. The levels would still be consideredgenerally representativeof a combinedcvcle plant for conditionssinilar to Uch. For other sources, data from the EnvironmentalNoise Guide were used.
Ambientsound levels due to the project only were then estimated. Backgroundsound levels are assumedto be low since there is no developmentin the area. For modelingpurposes, a backgroundlevel of 45 dBA was used. Several simplifying,conservative assumptions were made in arriving at the predicted levels. All noise sources, except those associatedwith the cooling water system, were assumedto be co-locatedat the approximatecenter of the combustionturbine site. The cooling tower and pumphouse were modeledat a location representingthe center of the cooling tower bank. All sources were also assumedto operate continuously24 hours per day. In addition, attenuationdue to barriers, trees or other obstacleswas not considered. The equivalent
4-13 T'abe4.1 -5. &muwayo(&mmw Imput DAIS for eho Noise 1mW Analyds(i the.2kb PowerI'ro1wi
MoMeed . LAXAIJcaScafjJ)sSwce Amnv () 3t ~ " Wr)(a2 2551 K "k, 4K S-4irC 1 (dl) (dNA)X
03asTulwilneI -26.70 -11M.00 5.00 121.50 117.5 1111.50 98.5 94.0 96.543 99310 1100JI0 96.5 92.5 12335 104.39
(asslW11*h2 26.70 '-12.00 5310 121.50 11750 11111.50991.50 91.50 W96. 99,50 100.50' 915 92.50 1233.15 2116.9
CJasTu(bblnc3 7.5.00 -1I25.0l 3.00 ULM,5 II7.50 111.50 98.0 94.50 96.5 99.50 100.50 98.5 92.50 1213.5 106.39 (IeniwudceI 0.00 -12.00 SAD 9.10 111350 96.10 100.70 89.90 68.o 83.40 78.3 I9AO 58.90 112.24 95.651 (7enwruor2 504.00 .-12SM0 5.00 99,to 111.50 %4.10 100.70 69.90 51.6 61.40 78.30 69.40 58.90 12234 93.45 klencrig(w3 ~~100.00-125.030 S.A0 99.110 111.5 6.1 100.I0 89.90 88.9 8340 781.30 6944 58.90 112.24 95.65 S2aICAMUbine 133.30) -12.00 SM) 97.40 99.5 92310 81.213 6730o 5.40 tALM 77.30 72.5 63.30 102.57 90.155
(IRSOI1-6.30 -91.70 3.0 111A5) 107.50 100.50 92.50 18.50 89.5 79.50 7440 48.5 52.50 11 3.95 99.90 IIRSf. a 11.70 -91.70 SAO1 112304 10730 100.50 92,50 65.30 8530 79.50 75930 48.5 52.50 113.9%1 91.901 I Aq 91K.701 "9(.70 S(9 11124t0 101)1 100.50O 9230 51.5 653 79.50 76.50 68.50 52.50 113.9 91390 I)Aru(LIflIwr1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4.J3 -016330 Six0 101.5 105.00 101(11 103.90 94,40 90.701 63.40 77.70 694.0 03.442 109.49 98.70 'fl'sn,Ioniaer2 ~~~41.70-193.34) MA.0 0 11.30 1054.00 101.00 1013.90 94.402 90.70 93140 77.10 68.0 42.40 1109.26 98.7 91. .*h ~~~flamk.tmeri~~~91.703 -183.30 5.)0 101.50 101.00 101.00 103.90 96.40 9117t) MA.4 77.70 48.0 6i.40 309.461 CooingrruaIlos. 1e -22.00 133M0 5.00 91.411 87.40 W1.20 85.20 86.40 88.50 71.90 76.00 64.40 56.8 951.90 033 (C0ooIinUAv~rColl I -119.09 1322.9 10.00 7J..00 (051.00 93.010 94.00 93100 9,13 96.00 96.0 96.00 8949) 107.34 102.47 Coo101n1cmerCeII2 -102.65 122.57 twO 72(1l 105.0 92,00 q9&0 93.119) 91.010 WO.0 96,00 9619) 69900 107.36 102.4? Coc1iti 1w.r Cell 3 -91.11 125.14) 10.00 74.00 10.1.00 92.0 kw0 93.00 94.00 94.00 114Jo 961)0 69.00 (107.36 102.47 Cao1IiiTaAvrCgdI4 -7±30 L25..7 10(11 M4.0 1050 92.00 96.0 93A)0 94AX0 9400 94.00 96130 A9.00 107.36 102.47 CbWInSTa.rorCeIIS -554.09 129.79 10.00 74.00 103.00 9gi0 96,00 93.00 94.00 94.00 96.0 9400 69.00 107.36 101-47
C004iI¶g'km@tC4II i -37.7d 131.69 10.00 14.00 1034.00 92.00 94,0 93,0 94.0 9Mi00 96.00 9641 69.00 107.36 M1024 Cod1nATa.'terCeI17 -16.21 132.01 10.0 74.00 I05.00 92.00 96400 93.0 9.00 9go0 96.00 96.00 693)10 107.36 (02.47 "oIIqTG,rmColl A 0.00 130.00 M0.M 74.00 1034.00 924) "Al1 93.00 94.00 94.00 96.0 94I11 69.0 107.36 102.47 ColI1ngIiA&rCtII9 2310 130,98 low0 74.00 10541 9.00 96.0 93.00 94.00 96.00 96.010 94.00 69.00 207.36 102.47 Cooiq Toswr elI 10 37.74 131.69 10.00 74.010 105.00 92.00 94.00) 93.00 94.00 9402 96.00 ij 940 69.00) 107.36 102.47 CocxiIllgb-Arcetli 314.70 12W8 lOAD 74.00 1115.00 92.00 Wo2) 95.00 94.00 9600 9400 90.00 69.00 107.36 102.47 (?oollaSToWuCMIll KW7519 129.901 10.0 74,3k) 105,00 92.00 96,00 93.00 94.00 96.00 96410 94.00 69.00 237.34 (02.47 -...... - .. . -...... -...... - . ....-... . .- ...... --...... -...... ~...... 13130C/4-S Mr14195
24-hour sound level [L.424)J in dBA. and day-nightaverage sound level (L) in dBA were estimated. The L4,,24)and L1, sound levels were estimatedby assumingthe morning noise level (Ld) and the eveningnoise level (a*,)were the same. The L424) and Id are then given by the followingformulas fall sound levels in dB(A)]:
24~~~ La, = 10 I g1 115 X 10"11 + 9 x 10('J""
The predictedL,, and L* noise levels (dB.) due to the project are shown in Figure 4.1-1.
Review of Figure 4.1-1 shows that there are no areas outside of the power plant facilities predicted to exceed the ,O dBA World Bank guidelineto protect against hearing loss (see Table 1.34) nor is the 55 Ld. noise guidelineexceeded at the plant's worker colony. The actual L= noise levels for the as-built facility are expectedto be less than those predictedby the model, which are based on conservativeassumptions.
4.1.3 WATER RESOURCES 4.13.1 Water Withdrav_lsandlor ConsumptiveUses Water needs for the proposedcombined cycle power plant include condensercooling water, cooling tower makeup, boiler feed water, plant and colony service water, and potablewater. The source will be the lidus River via the Pat Feeder Canal. Discharge facilitiesand related impacts are discussed in the followingsections.
Average wat demandfor the proposed 584-MWfacility is 0.18 cubic meter per second (mes).3 Average Pat Feeder Canal flow near the project site during the period of May 1989 througb September 1992 was 39.7 mnNs(Black & Veatch, 1992). The canal is shut down for mainteace purposes and during low flow periods for approximately2 monthsper year. Lined water storage ponds will be used for water supply duringperiods of low flow in the Pat Feeder Canal. The ponds will be fenced with 6-ft high, chain link fence with three strands of barbed wire on the top. Access will be controled by a locked gate.
4-15 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~5IUS2! U!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
sstsEEIl, j_ "n'tE1ii5 II I
* Ps 13130C1417 04124195
Diversionof the required plant water demand represents approximately0.5 percent of the average annual flow in the canal. This figure accountsfor additionalwithdrawals necessary to store water during low flow conditions. Use of this water for cooling and other purposeswill have no adverse impact on local or regionalwater availability. Since water will be withdrawn duringhigh or averageflow conditions,and the maintenanceperiods for the canal occur during the low-flow periods, water will not be withdrawnduring periods of low flow. Table 4.1-6 provides estimates of canal water flow and proposed power plant withdrawalsunder current flow conditions. Highest demands on the canal as a supply source will be during the monthsof March, November, and December.
Potable water treatmentwill includecoagulation and sedimentationfollowed by filtration, chlorination, and storage. The water will be disinfectedwith sodiumhypochlorite with applika-ionrates determinedby measuringthe chlorine residual in the clear well and the distributionsystem.
Sodiumhypochlorite will be stored in a storage room specificallydesignated for that purpose. This chemnicalis hazardousif inhaled; therefore, the OperatingProcedures Manual will include requirementsthat water plant operatorswill wear respiratorswhen working with the powder. The specific respirator will be selectedby the Industrial Hygienistwho will also have the responsibility of training the personnel to properlywear and maintaintheir respirators.
4.1.3.2 Cooline Water and Plant Waste Water Dischares The proposed power plant will use an unlined evaporationpond for treatuent and disposalof cooling tower blowdownand other facility waste waters. The evaporationponds will be fenced with a stock tight fence and the gate will be secured with a padlock. A summary of potential waste water qtities for the proposed facility is provridedon Table 1.3-2. Low-volumewaste waters will be recycled to the cooling tower (boiler blowdown)or receive treatment(plant drains and demineralizerwastes) prior to discharge to the evaporationpond. No hazardous chemicals will be discharged in any off-site waste stream from the proposedfacility.
Power plant low-volumewastes includefloor drain wastes, boiler blowdown,softener regenerationbrines, and filter backwash. The physical and chemicalcomposition of liquidwaste materials associated with power plant operationis determinedby several factors, including:
4-17 13130C2 02118/94
Table 4.1-6. Estimatesof Canal Flow and Proposed Power Plant W-ithdrawal
Pat Feeder Maximum Proposed Canal Flow Proposed Use as at Project Water Use Percent of (1989-92) (584 MW) Flow Month (nM/s) (rnlIs (%)
January is 0.2 1L1 February 21 0.2 1.0 March 12 0.2 1.7 April 0 0.0 May 0 0.0 June 25 0.2 0.8 July 71 0.2 0.3 August 85 0.2 0.2 September 100 0.2 0.2 OctDber 72 0.2 0.3 November 15 0.2 1.3 December 14 0.2 1.4 Average 36 0.2 0.6 a Includes added flow for storage need.
4-18 * 13130C;4-19 041r4195
1. Chemicaland physical properties of the fuel burned, 2. Type of power plant, 3. Waste treatmentprior to disposal. and 4. Circulationtreuseof water.
These processes are plant-specificand vary significantlyfrom plant to plant. As a result, chemical constituentspresent in the waste materials. and hence the final qualityof the waste streams, are also plant specific.
Cooling tower and boiler blowdownserves to maintainspecified design limitationsfor dissolved and suspendedsolids. Primary sources of impuritiesin the blowdownare internal corrosionand chemicals used to the circulatingwater and boiler systemsto control scale formation,corrosion, pH, and solidsdeposition. Products of corrosionare solublespecies of iron, copper, and other metals. Chemicaladditives representative of the types likelyto be used for the proposed power plant are listed in Table 4.1-7. Boiler blowdownwill be routed to the waste water recovery basin along with water recoveredfrom the oil separator system and blowdownfrom the evaporative cooler. These waste streamswill be reused as makeupto the coolingtower. In general, boiler blowdown is uswm!lyof high quality.
Demineralizerwaste regenerantswill be routed initiallyto the neutralizationbasin and then to the waste water pond. This waste stream consistsof aMaline and acidic solutions containingthe chemicalspeces removedfrom the intakewater. The waste stream is usually characterizedby wide variations in pH (<2 to > 10), high dissolvedsolids (2,000 to lI ,O00mg/L), and suspendedsolids concentrationsranging from < 5 to about 300 mg/L. Solidsconcentrations are dependenton the characteristicsof the influentstream.
4.1.3.3 Domestic Waste Water From the Uch Colony The proposed power plant includes a worker colonyand, therefore,a domesticwaste water source. An additionaldomestic waste water sourcewill be the power plant facility itself.
Total sewage treatmentflow is expected to be approximate.y150 liters per minute and will be treated in a mechanicaltreatment plant with the effluentrouted to the evaporationpond for treatment and disposal.
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Table 4.1.7. Water TreatrnentChemicals Point of Proprietary Chemical Application' Purpose Nalco Chemicals AZ Lite 98 CT alkalinezinc/phosphatelpolymer (non-chromate) for corrosioninhibitor 8103 RW polyelectrolytefor filtering enhancement 002 (Elimin-0) BW O scavengerlmetalspassivation 7208 BW liquid alkalinephosphate for pH control 356 BW neutralizingamine for corrosion inhibitor
Betz Chemicals Cor-trol 778-P BW O scavenger/metalspassivation BalancedPolymer 5488 BW corrosioninhibitor/anti-scalant Opti-meen BW corrosion inhibitor Continuum29000 CW corrosioninhibitor/anti-scalant Corr-Shield736 CW corrosioninhibitor (non-chromate) Bio-trol 88P CW microbial control SlimicideC-31 CW microbialcontrol Opti-trol 999 BW Q: scavenger Polymer 1192 RW coagulantfor potablewater treatment Sulfite 3 BW O. scavenger Foam-trol CMT WW foam control Dianodic II CW corrosion inhibitor/anti-scalant
Other H2SO. CW, Demin. pH control, demineralizeracid NaOCI CT. CW microorganismcontrol NaOH Demin. demineralizercaustic
Note: BW = boiler water. RW = raw water pretreatment. CT = cooling tower. WW = wastewater. CW = cooling water.
Only water treatmentchemicals meeting the guidelinesof the World Health OrganizatioLn will be used for potablewater. 4-20 13130Ccri1 04/24195
Disposal of the treated waste water will be via an unlined evaporationpond. Inflowsto this pond will include power plant discharges(i.e., coolingtower blowdownand low volume waste waters) as well as the treated sewageeffluent from the mechanicaltreatment plant. The evaporationpond will cover 21.4 hectares (52.8 acres) and have 3.0-m berm (2.0 m of working depth with 1.0 m of freeboard). The water level in the evaporationpond typically will be between 0.0 to 0.137 m (see Table 1.3-3).
4.13.4 Site Runoff Given the extremely low rainfall in the region, there is very little potential for the generationof any significantquantities of site runoff. Becausethe site will be confinedwithin a wall, stormwater in and around the power island will be directed to a sumppit and pumped to the water storage ponds. Due to characteristicsof the soils at the site, there is expectedto be litde potential for any adverse impactdue to stormwaterrunoff.
4.1.3.5 Oil Sil P tion. Containment. and Control All plant personnelwill receive training in spill control and containment.This will includeformal classroomtraining with emphasison stoppingspills safely and then initiatingcleanup in accordancewith recommendedprocedures. Materialsused in spill containmentwill be pre- positionedin the areas most likely to experiencespills.
The oil truck unloading station will be curbed and surfacedwith area drains leadingto an oil/water separator.
The fuel oil tanks will be located within a dike sized to contain the full contentsof the largest tank plus 30 cm (1 ft) of freeboard. An imperviouslining will be placed withinthe dike area to prevent oil from entering the soil. The contaimmentarea will be slopedto a single point so that precipitationcan be drained from the area. There will be a locked valve on the drain pipe to prevent unauthorizedpersons from draining the containmentarea. Prior to draining the area, the operator will determine if there is oil on the water. If oil is present, the effluentwill be directed to an oil/water separator. If oil is not present, the effluentwill be directed to the water storage pond.
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4.1.3.6 Grounduwter Resources Groundwaterresources are not widelyused at the present; given the highly mineralizednature of the groundwater, no large-scalefuture use is anticipated. The brine water in the evaporationwill have a TDS in the 100,000mgJL range. At these high concentrations,the 'free' water will tend to be chemicallybound to the minerals 7inthe form of hydrated salts) and thus have extremely limitedmobility. As such, dischargeof cooling water and other liquidwaste streams to the unlined basin is not expectedto have an impacton groundwaterquality in light of existing groundwatermineralization.
The proposed plant is not expectedto have a significantimpact on the regional problemsof waterloggingand salinization.
The preliminary resultsof the soils investigationat the site showedthat the permeabilityof the soils is very low. While there is some variation, the permeabilitywas always less than 104 cm/sec which is equivalentto 0.0003 inch per day or approximately0.1 inch per year.
4.13.7 Geolo.r and Seismologvy The proposed site is located in an area susceptibleto an earthquakedamage potential ranging from minor to moderate. In accordancewith the seismic zoning at the site establishedby the Pakistan GeologicalService, all structureswill be constructedto Zone 2 buildingspecifications. Moreover, this requirementhas been includedin the Engineering,Procurement, Construction (EPC) contract.
There will be no other significantimpacts to geology due tD the proposed power plant constructionor operation.
4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT/BIODIVERSITY The ecologicalenvironment of the region is dominatedby the prevailingclimatic conditionsand topography at the site. Low rainfalland dry stream bed conditionshave created a conditionof very dry flat areas of saline clay, almostdevoid of vegetationand wildlife. Patchy areas of herbaceous and limitedshrub vegetationexist along channelareas around the site. In areas closer to the Pat Feeder Canal, farmers plant opportunisticcrops after heavy rains. Because of the lack of significant ecologicalresources onsite, significantadverse impactsto regional and local ecologicalrescurces are not anticipated.
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43 SOCIAL AND CULTURALENVIRONMTAENTIDEMANDS ON PRIMARY AN1D SECONDARYINFRASTRUCTURE 4.3.1 LAND USE IMPACTS Power generationprojects in SouthAsia are high prioritiessince most country Five-YearPlans mandate expansionof rural electrification. Load-sheddingin most areas of Pakistanis indicative of power shortages. For these reasons, among others, the GOP encouragesenvironmentally sound power plant sitings. Land acquisitionfor developmentprojects such as Uch are typically facilitatedby federal and provincialauthorities. particularly if the land is publiclyheld.
Land use impacts during constructionof the Uch power plant will includeincreased vehicular traffic, constructionof temporaryhousing for constructionworkers, and an increasein ambient particulatematter and noise due to on-site constructionactivities. Once constructionis complete, the construction-relatedimpacts will abate.
43.2 DEMOGRAPIC IMPACTS 43.2.1 Population and EmploymentPatterns There are no foreseeableproblems in the acquisition,supervision, and transportationof the labor forces(s) during the constructionand operationphases of the facilities. In general, there will be no significantdetrimental long-termchanges in the demnographic,employment, and economic patterns as a result of the facilitiesinstallation. However, temporaryincreases in labor will be required during constructionand a small work force will be required to operate the facility.
The constructionand operationof the project will require skilledand unskilledworkers. Constructionof the project will require about 1.200 personnelbased on previousprojects. A majority of these will come from other areas in Pakistan. Operationof the power plant would also require about 160 employees.
During the constructionand operation,most managementand technicaladvisors would have to be relocated to the site. Similarly,skilled operations and maintenancestaff would also have to be relocated to the site. Unskilledworkers would likely come from the rural districtpopuiation.
4.32.2 Economic Patterns This district and surroundingdistricts in eastern Baluchistan,Upper Sind, and Lower Punjab have gained economicimportance agriculturally since the constructionof the Sukkur Barrage in 1932 and the Guddu Irrigation Barrage in 1963. Electrificationof tubewellirrigation systems will
4-23 1313OC/4-4 04r4ts95 increasecropping frequency, intensity,and duration as well as potential acreage (hectare) expansionof cash crops. The constituenciesof provincialand district authoritieswill opportunisticallyperceive the facilityto be an issue of direct and indirect economicimprovement. In addition, providers of goods and services to the facility and its workers will be positively affected by the project. The ;'icrease in needsfor goods, services,and equipmentand the increasein electricity generationwill produce a multipliereffect in local industriesand commerce.
43.3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARYINFRASTRUCTURE The proposed project workers' colonywill be designedand built using Pakistanpractices and proceduresfor layout and construction. The constructionpersonnel will be housed in temporary facilities. Initially,waste water will be collectedand disposedoff site in an environmentallysound manner. Very early in the constructionsequence. a facultativewaste water lagoonor a mechanical waste water treatmentplant will be constructed.Until the sanitarysewer systemis finished, waste water will be piped to the lagoonin sealed pipes routed on the surfaceof the ground.
Dust will be controlled on site by sprinklingwith water and/or the applicationof dust suppression chemicals.
433.1 Transportation The project will have temporary,local impactsto transportationpatterns during constructionas equipmentand materials are movedto and from the site. Impactsafter constructionare expected to be minimal.
Roads inside the compoundwalls will be located to facilitateexpected traffic patterns within the compound. Pavementin the residentialarea will consistof a 6-inch crushedstone base, topped with 2 inches of asphaltic concrete. Pavementin the plant area will consistof a 6-inch crushed stone base, topped with 4 inchesof asphalticconcrete.
The road connectingthe plant site to the highwaywi!i be approximately0.5 km long and 24 feet wide. The pavement will be a six-inchcrushed stone base topped with 4-inchesof asphaltic concrete. Culverts will be installedunder the road for local drainage.The land is presently unpopulatedso no resettlementis required. Land acquisitionfbr the access road has been included in the site acquisitionnegotiations.
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433.2 Houing Housing and support facilities (the Colony)will be constructedonsite to accommodate approximately160 persons living in bachelor type quarters. The Colony will be consistentwith the remotenessof the site and shall indude all facilitiesrequired to allow the Plant to be generally self-sufficient. Male bachelor quarters are generallyplanned; however, the quarters will be designedso that they can be readily modifiedto accommodatefemale personnel.
The architecturaldesign of the Colonyshall be. for the most part. based on local aesthetic and ethnic standards, functionalbuildings, and spatial requirements. The buildingswill feature high- quality, low-maintenancematerials and constructionwhich are compatiblewith local conditions and customs. The design and layout of the housing,mosque, security, recreational,health care and commons facilitiesshall create a favorableworking, living, and social enviromnent. The conmnonfacilities and infrastructureshall be designedto accommodatefuture expansionof the Project
Personnelhousing is divided into three clusters with each cluster consistingof buildingswith similar qualityrequirements for housing personnelin groups with common characteristics. The general concepts that will be used are summarizedbelow:
Cluster-! Cluster-I housingwill accommodateguests, expatriates, and local senior-levelmanagers. Cluster- I housing includestwo bungalows,three semi-detachedtownhouses, attached townhouses, and a related common club facility. The buildingsshall be air-conditionedwith the finishes and fixtures of the highest quality. * Visiting VIP Bungalowwill have three bedrooms,each with an attached, western stylelstandarddress/bathroom and fixtures. A foyer, lounge, drawingroom, large dining room, studyloffice,kitchen, box room, and a private, but open to the sky, courtyard will be included. The total covered area of the bungalowwill be approximately3,300 square feet (306 square meters). A three-vehiclecovered carport will be provided. * Visiting ExpatriateBungalow will have six bedrooms, each with an attachedwestern stylelstandarddress/bathroom and fixtures. A central corridorwill provide access to the bedroom units. A foyer, lounge, large dining room, study/office,kitchen, box room, and a private, but open to the sky. courtyardwill be provided. The total
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covered area of the bungalowwill be approximately3.300 square feet (306 square meters). A six-vehiclecovered carport will be provided. Plant Manager Bungalowwill consistof two bedrooms, each with an attachedwestern stylelstandarddress/bathroom and fixtures. A foyer, lounge, dining room, study/office,kitchen, box room, and private, but open to the sky, courtyardwill be provided. The coveredarea of the bungalowwill be approximately1,800 square feet (167 square meters). A coveredcarport for two vehicleswill be provided. * PermanentExpatriate Semi-DetachedTownhouses will consistof one bedroomwith an attached westernstyle/standard dresslbathroom and fixtures, dining room, study/office,kitchen, box room for one occupant, and a private, but open to the sky, courtyard will provided. Each of the three semi-detachedtownhouses will be approximately1,500 square feet (140 square meters). A covered carport will be providedfor three vehicles. D Lcal Senior Manager Townhousewill consist of six suites, each with a bedroom, westernstyle/standard dress/bathroom, fixtures, and a sitting area. The suites will be accessiblethrough a central corridor, and the townhousewill have a central lounge, study/office,large dining room, kitchen, box room, and a private, but open to the .. sky, courtyard. The total coveredarea will be approximately3,600 square feet (335 square meters). A six-vehiclecovered carport will be provided.
aClub facility will consistof a large dining area, kitchen, TV lounge, entertainment room, toileis, and a laundry/utilityroom. The totamlareaof the Club facility will be approximately4,000 square feet (372 square meters).
Cluster-IT Cluster-Utype housing accommodateslocal professionalsand local supervisors. The Cluster-lE includestwo similar hostels connectedto a common canteen/entertaimnentbuilding described below. All the Cluster-Ubuildings will be air-conditioned. The finishesand fixtures will be of high quality. * Local Professional/EngineerHostel will consist of 14 bedroomswith attached bathrooms and a central hallway with a common kitchenette. The total area of the building will be approximately4,900 square feet (455 square meters).
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* Local SupervisorsHostel will consist of 14 bedroomswith attached bathroomsand a central hallway with a comunonkitchenette. The total area of the buildingwill be approximately4,900 square feet (455 square meters). * Canteen/EntertainmentBuilding will include a large dining area, kitchen,TV lounge, entertainmentroom, toilets, and laundry/utilityroom. The total area of the Canteen/EntertainmentBuilding will be approximately2.000 square feet (186 square meters). An open courtyardshall be provided or this cluster of buildings.
ClMuter-m Cluster-M accommodatestechnicians and trainees. There will be two similar dormitories connectedto a common mess/recreationalarea. The buildingswill be air conditioned,and the finishes and fixtures will of good quality. * Local TechniciansDormitory will consistof a two-storydormitory blockof 28 rooms per floor with communalbath/toilet at each end of the central corridor on each floor. Each room is to be shared by two persons. The total area of the buildingwill be approximately11,000 squarefeet (1,022 square meters). * Local Trainees Dormnitorywill consistof dormitory block of 10 rooms with a communalbath/toilet at the end of the central corridor. Each room is to be shared by four persons. The total covered area of the buildingshall be approximately4,000 square feet (372 square meters). - Mess/RecreationalBuilding will consistof a communalmessing area, lounge area, kitchen, laundrylutilityarea, and toilets/washfacilities. The total area of the Mess/RecreationBuilding will be approximately3,000 square feet (279 square meters).
A courtyard will be providedfor this cluster of buildings.
CommonFacilities The common facilities includea clinic, mosque,recreational facilities, and an administration building. The finishes and fixturesof all the buildingsshall be of good quality. * Clinic and MedicalDispensary will includean entrance/waitingarea, a pharmacy, two treatment rooms, two consultingrooms/offices a treatmnentarea, and toilets. Facilities will be provided to deal with general employeehealth screening, accidentsand
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emergencies and to provide a general practice. The total covered area will approximately3,000 square feet (279 square meters). * Administration/UtilityBuilding will include administrativeoffice space, post office, bank, a few shops for grocery supplies and sundries, central laundry facility. and common storage shed. The total covered area will be approximately4,000 square feet (372 square meters). The Clinic and AdministrationBuilding may be combinedinto a comnmonstructure. * Mosque will be provided for the use of the plant personnel. The coveredarea of the mosque is to be approximately3.000 square feet (279 square meters) with a courtyard of equal size. * RecreationalFacilities will includea soccer field. cricket field, and a recreational buiding. ihe recreationalbuilding will be approximately6,000 square feet (557 square meters) and will includea large assemblyroom with a raised stage, billiard room, library, kitchen, and locker rooms with showersand toilets. The assemblyroom shall be sized to accommodateapproximately 250 persons with moveablechairs and, in addition.be useable for other recreationalactivities. * Security will be furnishedusing constructionfeatures, equipment,and a security staff. A wall with controlledaccess point(s)will be constructedaround the complex. A security systemconsisting of a closed-circuittelevision system with motiondetectors and alarms and a central control console will be furnished.
Warehouseand Vehicle MaintenanceFacilities A single-storywarehouse of approximately5.000 ft' is anticipatedbeing needed for all four phases. Warehousing,as appropriate,will be constructedfor this project (Phase 1).
A vehicle maintenancefacility of approximately8,000 ff. consistingof three service bays, one training bay, two training classrooms.and storage is anticipatedbeing required for the full four- phase facility. A vehicle maintenancefacility will bc appropriatelysized and provided for Phase I.
The high-speeddiesel fuel oil for use as startup/shutdownand backupfuel supplyto the natural gas will be delivered to the power plant site via tanker trucks.
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The existingpublic facilitiesprovide an adequatelevel of infrastructuralsupport to the proposed gas turbine facilities. An exampleof the overallsuccess and sustainabilityof worker colony life can be found at the WAPDA Colony in Guddu.
4.3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES 43.4.1 Local Support One of the primary criteria for selectingthe site was the opennessof the local people and their leadershipto area development. Since the local populationresiding in the vicinitiesof all of the prospectivesites are organizedsocietally as tribal units with hereditary chiefs (Sardars), it was importantto determinethe attitude of the varioustribes and tribal leaders toward development projects such as the Uch Power Project. Throughconsultation with various governmentand former governmentofficials who had served in or near the prospectivesites, it was learnedthat the Jamali tribe (the predominanttribe residing along the highwayand railroad line from Jacobabadto the site that was finallyselected north of Dera Murad Jamali)are a peacefulpeople who are favorably inclinedto progress, education,and development.
At the provinciallevel, close contact was establishedand maintainedwith the Chief Secretaryand other key departnent heads, especiallythe Secretaryof the Home and Tribal Affairs Departrnent (and his successors),who confirmedthe preliminaryjudgment that the Jamali tribe and its leadershipwould be pleased by the selectionof the Dera Murad Jamali site as the locationof the Uch Power Project. The entire ProvincialGovernment has continuedto cooperate,providing advice and guidancein local customsand affairs, and making the good offices of the local provincialrepresentative, the AssistantDistrict Commissioner,available to us.
As expected,the Project was welcomedby the Sardar of the Jamali tribe and his people. The Sardar designatedhis son to serve as the coordinatorfor the tribe in all local matters pertainingto the Uch Power Project. Ever since the initialmeetings, the project has receivedthe full support and cooperationof the local people and their leaders. The Project Companyhas establisheda budget to support social uplift programs in the vicinity of the complex. Specificprojects will be undertaken in consultationwith the local populaceand its leaders. Basedon preliminary discussions,educational facilities and water projects are the most pressing local needs. The Project Companywill also initiallyrequire its O&M Contractor to hire local people for unskilled jobs insofar as that is possible. For the longer term, training programswill be establishedto
4-29 13130C/4-30 04,25,95 enable the upgradingof localskills, thus increasingthe size of the local labor pool for future employmentin the complex.
4.3.4.2 Cultur-l Patterns and Values Becauseof the remote nature of the site, there are no apparent disruptionsof social values and mores as a result of the project.
4.3A3 Historicaland ArchaeologicalResources There are no knownarchaeological sites or historic structures on the proposed site or adjacent parcels. Documentationof such potential sites and structures, as well as chancefinds, is provided by the GOP Departmentof Archaeologyand Museumsin AppendixC.
4.3.5 OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETY This section discussesthe occupationaland safety impactsof the constructionand operationof gas turbine power generatingunits. Majorsafety topics discussedbelow include: electricalhazards; confined space entry; machineguarding; guard rails; eye, face, and foot protection;fire and explosionhazards; and housekeepingissues. Occupationalhealth program issues includechemical exposure, noise, medical monitoring,temperature and humidity, and respiratory protection. Training and record keeping issuescover both health and safety areas. Recommendationsare made for each safety and health area (World Bank, 1988a).
4.3.5.1 Safety Electrical hazardsconstitute a major threat to employeesat a power generationfacility. Care will be taken to properly ground and insulateall equipment. Maintenanceactivities around electrical equipmentwill utilize written proceduresto deenergizecircuits that will be impactedby the repair activity. Tools shall also be the type that will not conduct electricity if circuits cannotbe deenergized.
Employeeswill be required to periodicallyinspect and maintain combustionturbine equipment. Proceduresshall be developedand implementedto protect those workers from exposureto toxicl explosivegases as well as other hazards associatedwith sach inspectionsand maintenance.
Standard proceduresfor confinedspace entries will be in written form and includeelectrical lockout, air testingbefbre and during entry, proper respiratory protection if required, standby
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help (buddysystem), and piping systemdisconnect. Hazardousair conditionsthat may be encounteredare oxygen deficiencyand toxic gases such as aromatichydrocarbons.
Proper machineguarding, which is critical for the preventionof injuriesto workers by isolating them from moving machinery,will be provided. Examplesof critical guardingpoints are fan belts and movinggears. Guard railing is necessaryto minimizefalls from elevated walkwayson equipmentsuch as fuel storage tanks and will be provided.
Head protectionwill be worn in appropriateplant areas, i.e., power block and productionareas. Open-toedshoes will be prohibited. Eye protectionwill be required during all maintenance activities involvingdust exposureor the productionof particles from sandingor grinding activities.
Explosionand fire are a risk from flame out, electrical fault, or equipmentoverheating. Firefightingequipment will be availablein the form of ABC fire extinguishersas a minimum,and A;- their locationswill be clearly marked. Exits from work places will be well marked and visible in Ji dim light Fire water will be locatedthroughout the plant in well-markedpiping. Diesel engines will be provided to assure the system has power for fire protection. Portable fire extinguishers will be located in appropriateareas for use by employees.
Housekeepingwill be frequent and thoroughto prevent slips, trips, and falls. Problem areas include aisles and roadways that are often oily from machineryleakage. Visibilitywill be clear at pathway intersectionsto prevent employeeinjury and equipmentdamage.
A lockout/tagoutprogran will be imp:emented.
4.3.5.2 Occunational Health Chemical exposureduring operationof the power plant is a possibility. Toxic gases that may be encounteredare listed in Table 4.3-1. Workers need to be trained in the potential health effects of these chemicals and the job categories in which exposureis most likely to occur. Some compounds,such as carbon monoxide,sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen may be presentat times at very low concentrations. These compoundsare products of combustion,and high levels are anticipatedonly during process upsets. Low sulfur fuel oil will be used to reduce sulfur
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Table 4.3-1. Toxic Gases Associated With Power Production (Natural Gas or Diesel Fuel)
Compound Exposure Limitse Target Organs
Sulfur Dioxide ACGIHINIOSHIOSHA-2 ppm Respiratory system, skin, eyes
Carbon Monoxide NIOSHIOSHA-35 ppm Lungs. blood. cental nervous ACGIH-25 ppm system
Nitngen Dioxide NIOSH/OSHA-I ppm Respiratory system, ACGIH-3 ppm cardiovascular system
Note: ACGIH = American Conference of GovemnmentalIndustrial Hygienists. NIOSH = National Instiute for Occupational Safety and Health. OSHA = Occupational Health and Safety Administmtion, part of the U.S. Department of Labor. ppm = parts per million in air.
Exposure limits are expressed as S-hour time-weighted averages.
4-32 13130C/4-33 04r5195 dioxide emissions. Some chemicalsare likelyto be encounteredonly during periodicmaintenance activities and proper precautionswill be taken to minimizeemployee risk. Respirator usage is likely in some situationsand trainingwill be providedprior to employeeuse.
Based on the combinedcycle equipmenttypically utilized for a projectof this size, noise levels above 90 A-weighteddecibels (dBA) may be encounteredin certain workplaces. Measurements of noise exposurewill be made for all job categoriesas soon as the new equipmentis fully operational. Employeeexposure above 90 dBA requires engineeringor administrativecontrols to reduce exposurewherever feasible. If noise reductionis not feasible,personal protective equipment must be worn fbr thosejob categories with exposuresover 90 dBA. In addition, a hearing-conservationprogram is recommendedfor all employeeexposure over 85 dBA. The hearing-conservationprogram should includeaudiometry, training in the use of hearing protection (ear muffs, plugs, canal caps), identificationof areas that have high (85 dBA or above) sound levels, and discussionof the effectsof noise exposure. Table 4.3-2 depicts the permissiblenoise exposures as a functionof time.
Medical monitoringis importantfor all facility workers. Pre-employmentmedical examinations will be utilized to developa baselineset of data for each worker which can be comparedto future data developedduring periodicexaminations. The contentof the examinationswill be left to the discretion of the attendingphysician but will includea general physicaland a medicalhistory.
Ambient temperaturesare often in the 40°C (104°F) range in this portion of Pakistan. This fact coupled with the heat generatedfrom the equipmentindicates that heat-relatedstress must be monitoredat the facility. Heat-relatedillnesses include: heat stroke (ife threateningcollapse of the body's cooling mechanisms),heat exhaustion(profuse sweating, headache, nausea, dizziness), and heat rash (dermatitisfrom clogged pores). These illnessesare usually preventablethrough the use of the proper work/restcycle and increasedintake of fluids. Guidancefor work-stress regimens to prevent heat stress is provided in Table 4.3-3.
Respirator usage may be required during maintenanceactivities. All respirator usage requiresthe implementationof a respirator protectionprogram which includes a written documentthat will be regularly updatedto reflect new plant equipmentor new chemicalusage, respirator selection, training, respirator storageand cleaning,surveillance of work place conditions,medical surveillance to determineif employeesare able to wear respirators, and NationalInstitutes for
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Table 4.3-2. PermissibleNoise Exposures
Duration in Hours Sound Level (dBA)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 or less 115 S,;
Source: 29 CFR 1910.95,Table G-16 (OSHA).
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Table 4.3-3. Examplesof PermissibleHeat Exposure Threshold Limit Values[Values are given in °C and (°F) Wet-BulbGlobe Temperature (WBGT)r Work Load Work-RestRegimen Light Moderate Heavy ContinuousWork 30.0 (86) 26.7 (80) 25.0 (77)
75% Work - 25% Rest (each hour) 30.6 (87) 28.0 (82) 25.9 (78)
50% Wcrk - 50% Rest (each hour) 31.4 (89) 29.4 (85) 27.9 (82)
259%Work - 75% Rest (each hour) 32.2 (90) 31.1 (88) 30.0 (86)
Note: Calculationof WBGP 1. Outdoorswith solar load: WBGT = 0.7 NWB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB 2. Indoors or outdoors with no solar load: WBGT = 0.7 NWB + 0.3 GT where: WBGT = wet-bulbglobe temperatureindex. NWB = natural wet-bulbtemperature. DB = dry-bulb temperature. GT = globe temperature.
The determinationof WBGT requires the use of a black globe thermometer,a natural (static) wet- brlb thermometer,and a dry-bulb therinomneter.
Higher heat exposures than those shown are permissibleif the workers have been undergoing medical surveillanceand it has been establishedthat they are more tolerant to work in heat than the average worker. Workers shouldnot be permitted to continue their work when their deep body temperatureexceeds 38°C (100.4IF). a As workloadincreases, the heat stress impacton an unacclimatizedworker is exacerbated. For unacclimatizedworkers performinga moderatelevel of work, the permissibleheat exposure TLV should be reduced by approximately2.5°C.
Source: ACGIH, 1993.-
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OccupationalHealth and Safety (NIOSH)approved respirators for employeeuse. An effective respiratory protectionprogram as outlinedis essentialto employeehealth.
4.3.6 INDUSTRIALHAZARD ASSESSMENT The World Bank requiresevaluation of the hazard that a developmentmight represent to the people and the environment. A hazard analysis identifiesthe materials that are potentially hazardousand the eventsthat might lead to their release. Potentiallyhazardous materials include those that are toxic, flammable,or explosive. If the analysis indicatesthat aspects of the developmentrepresent an unacceptablerisk, there will be changesto the facility, which may include: process changes, site layout modification,improving secondary containment, or altering site managementto reduce risk.
The structure of a hazard analysisof a major facility is generally as follows: 1. Identifypotential failures; 2. Calculatethe quantityof hazardousmaterials released in each failure; and 3. Calculatethe impact of each release on the plant equipment,people, the environment, and property.
ibis is usually completedin a 14-stepprocess if a major hazard analysis is required by the World Bank guidelines. AppendixU of Techniquesfor AssessingIndustrial Hazards (World Bank/Technica,1988) provides a listingof chemicalsand situationsthat require major hazard assessments. Basedon the informationcontained in World Bank guidelines,a major hazard analysis will not likelybe required for the project.
The only substantialstorage of chemicalsat the facility will be in the form of the fuel oil. The flash point of the fuel oil to be used rangesfrom 125°F to 190°F. The World Bank requires a major hazard assessmentfor fuels with flash points below70°F. Ihis means that the risk of major off-site hazard is minimalin the event of a fire associatedwith this fuel source. However, on-site damage and risk to personnelare still possiblein the event of a major release of fuel and subsequentfire.
As discussed in the previousparagraph, a major hazard assessmentis not required for the fuel storage tanks due to the high flash point of the diesel fuel oil. The probabilityof the oil spilling from the storage tanksto the containmentarea is very low because it would require a catastrophic
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event such as a direct puncture to the wall of the storage tank to release its contents. Also. the probabilityof fire hazard followingsuch a spill is very unlikelybecause it would require direct flame contact to ignite the diesel oil. The assessmentof the proposed fuel tank area has indicated that both vehicular traffic and spark-inducedactivity will be kept away from the contaiment area.
A potential catastrophicaccident associatedwith a naturalgas pipeline is the rupture of the pipeline and release of natural gas into the atmosphere. The rupture would produce a continuous release of naturalgas at the point of rupture, and the resultantplume would move downwindand disperse accordingto meteorologicalconditions. Since the pipelinewill be buried, the risk of rupture from collisionor other physicalcontact is minimal.
The primary constituentsof the natural gas to be used at Uch are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen, with minor amountsof hydrogensulfide, ethane, propane and butane, and other inert gases. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen are not considereda toxic air pollutant. However, natural gas is consideredan asphyxiant,i.e., if present in sufficientconcentrations, and it can A... result in oxygenconcentrations of less than 18 percentby volume, thereby posing a suffocation hazard to people.
The hazard analysis evaluatedthe potentialfor a natural gas pipeline rupture to produce a plume containingan oxygenconcentration of less than 18 percent by volume (180,000ppm). Consideringthe normal oxygen contentof the atmosphereto be 20 percentby volume, the natural gas concentrationin the plume would need to be greater than 138,000ppm in order to reduce the overall oxygen level to 18 percentor less. Based on a pipeline rupture releasing3,000,000 scfh of natural gas, the hazard analysis indicatesthat such a level of natural gas concentrationwould not exist downwindof the rupture, due to normal atmosphericdilution and dispersion. At a distance of 25 m from the rupture, the predicted maximumgas concentrationis only 8,000 ppm under the most adversemeteorological co-Jitions. As a result, there appears to be low potential for a natural gas rupture to cause a hazard downwindof the rupture due to the concentratedplume of gas.
A secondhazard associatedwith a naturalgas pipeline rupture is that of fire. Such a rupture, if ignited, would producea jet fire. The resulting radiationfrom the fire would have the potential to cause damageor casualties. The hazard analysisfocused on estimatingthe heat intensityof the
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fire and the resultingdamage area. The methodologyused was that prescribed in the World Bank's Manualof Industrial Hazard AssessmentTechniques.
As in the case of the gas pipeline rupture, the gas flow from the rupture was assumedto equal the maximumgas consumptionof the proposed584-MW facility. The predicted area of lethality (i.e., potential casualties)is a 50 m radius surroundingthe rupture point. Beyond50 m and out to 100 m radius, no casualtiesare expected,but other injuriessuch as burns are likely. Within a 50 m radius from the fire, 100 percent lethalityis predicted. Damageto process equipmentmay occur within 17 m from the fire, and meltingof plastic tubing may occur within a 30 m radius.
Adequate fire protection and firefightingequipment will be maintainedat the facilityto respond quickly and effectivelyin case of a fire.
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5.0 MMGATION, MONITORING, AND TRAINING PROGRAMS
5.1 MMTIGATION 5.1.1 AIR
By utilizingnatural gas as the primary fuel source, PM and SO2 emissionswill be extremely low and well under World Bank guidelines. PM and SO emissionsresulting from firing the secondaryfuel source are also well under World Bankguidelines. Therefore, no additional mitigation,other than that realized by the project as designed, is required. Additionally,the high percentageof CO2 in the fuel results in a lower peak flame temperatureand, as a result, reduces NO. emissionsto belowWorld Bank guidelines. Water injectionwill be utilized to reduce NO. emissionsin the unlikely event that fuel oil must be fired over extendedperiods.
The most effective mitigationfor impactsassociated with emissionsfrom the facility is rigo:ous monitoringof the plant's overall operation. This will be achievedthrough regular perfcrmance evaluationsthat will be conductedto ensure facility efficiency. The performancestandards of the facility, required by the organizationsfinancing the project, are more than adequateto ensure that emissionsfrom the facility are kept to prescribedlimits.
5.1.2 WATER Impacts associatedwith water use at the facility will be mitigatedby the withdrawalof water from the Pat Feeder Canal only during periodsof averageor high flows. The fact that the canal maintenanceperiods, during which the canal is closed, coincidewith these low-flowperiods reinforcesthis strategy. Twenty-sevenmillion cubic feet of water (7.7 x 105ni 3) (60 days at maximumflow rate) will be stored onsite to providewater for the facility duringthese periods. Documentationand backgrounddocuments reviewed by the ESSA team did not indicatethat the Pat Feeder Canal had run dry over the life of the canal; however, if the canal does run dry, UPL will use the water stored on site until water is returnedto the canal.
An extensivewater quality samplingprogram of the Pat Feeder Canal has been started. Analyses will be made for many constituentsincluding heavy metals. Basedon the results of this sampling program, a water treatmentplan will be developedthat will produce potablewater- that meets the WHO drinking water criteria.
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The Operating ProceduresManual for the Plant will includea monitoringschedule of the raw and finished potable water that meets or exceedsthe monitoringschedule for the waste water.
The soils investigationfound no groundwateronsite. The extremelylow permeabilityindicates that liners will not be necessaryfor the evaporationpond.
Mitigation for wast-waterdischarge is not required since the proposedde-sign, i.e., the use of evaporationponds fbr plant wastes as well as wastewaterfrom the workers colony, results in a zero discharge to surface water.
To reduce the pollutantconcentration of the waste stream, the project will incorporatea treatment basin to treat low-volumewastes (chemicaldrains and deminineralizerregeneration wastes). Treated low-volumewastes will be dischargedto a wastewaterrecovery basin and allowedto mix with cooling water blowdown.
To mitigate irnpactsfrom the use of hazardouschemicals in the cooling systern,the projectwill specify that chemicalscontaining chromium will not be used in the condensercirculating water svstems.
Threedesign features fbr the facility will be implementedto improve wastewaterbasin performanceand operation. First, inclusionof an oil control baffle (floatingor fixed) near the basin inlet will effectivelycontrol and limit the discharge of any floatingoils which might enter the basin due to routine operations or spills. Second, a sludge sump and associatedflange and valve will facilitatethe routine removalof accumulatedsettleable solids. The sludge from the waste water basin will be disposed of on-site in an environmentallysound manner. Third, the drains from chemicalstorage and handlingareas will be directed to a neutralizationtank where, in the event of spill, any toxic materials can be neutralizedor treated before they enter the low- volume waste water treatmentsystem. The basin will then be cleanedand the pollutantremoved prior to fiurtherdischarge. Each of these features will significantlyimprove the performanceof the wastewatertreatment and disposalsystem.
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.4 5.1.3 NATURALAND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS An emergencyresponse plan will be prepared and implementedto minimizeonsite damageand risk to personnel in the unlikely event of a major releaseof fuel and subsequentfire. To minimizethe potentialfor fires associatedwith direct puncture or ignitionof the fuel oil storage tanks,vehicular traffic and spark-inducedactivities will be kept away from the containmentarea. Explicit rules for weldingprocedures during maintenancewill be includedin the plant training program and OperationsManual. These preventativemeasures will reduce the risk of offsite damage or impactsto a minimum. The proposed model for the emergencyresponse plan is as follows: 1. Responsiblepersonnel; 2. Descriptionof the facility; 3. Past spill experience; 4. Spill prevention-storagearea; S. Spill prevention-transfer operations; 6. Personneland responsibilities;and 7. Futurespill preventionplans.
For small leaks or spills, sorbant materials, pillows, and tools will be readily available. For larger spills, a secondarycontainment area will be constructedaround the fuel storage tank. Mhe project will implementan oil spill contingencyplan to mitigateimpacts in the unlikelyevent that a
substantialvolume of oil is dischargedfrom the containmeiutce! te, T)n: rlv . .. 11 dethe following: I. EmergencyResponse Action Plan-a quick referencesummary of the pertinent informationin the plan; 2. Facility and EmergencyResponse Information-personneland duties, equipment,and contractors; 3. Hazard Evaluation-wherespills mightoccur; 4. Discussionof Tiered Planning Scenarios-small, medium, large; 5. DischargeDetection-alarms, secondarycontaimnent; 6. Plan Implementation; 7. Facility Self-Inspection,Training, and MeetingLogs;
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8. Diagrams-e.g., site plan; and 9. Security.
All required equipmentto implementthe plan will be stored at the site, and employeeswill be properly trained to respond to such spills.
To mitigate the risks associatedwith the potential for earthquakes,all structureswill be built to Zone 2 classification. The power pant will be engineered,designed, and constructedin accordancewith the potential for minor to moderateearthquakes in the area. An emergency response plan will be in place in the unlikely event that a larger than minor earthquakeis experiencedat the projectsite.
The evaporationpond will be bermed to mitigate impactsassociated with flooding. In addition, the entire site will be raised with materialexcavated during constructionof the evaporationand water storage ponds.
5.1.3.1 Process Hazards The principal hazards with any fossil-fueledpower plant are explosionand fire. Generally,such incidentsare the result of an equipmentmalfunction or operator error.
5.13.2 Oil Storage The fuel oil will be stored in an abovegroundatmospheric storage tank. This tank will be sited in a containmentarea as discussedlater in this section.
The tank will be constructedof materialssuitable for the design in accordancewith applicable specificationssuch as API 650, Welded Oil StorageTanks. The tank will be sited with regard to public ways and importantbuildings in accordancewith applicablestandards such as NFPA 30, Flammable and CombustibleLiquids Code. Ventingwill be providedto allow filling and emptyingand changesin atmosphericpressures. Vents will be incorporatedinto the tank design using an acceptablestandard such as API Standard2000, Venting Atmosphericand Low Pressure Storage Tanks. In additionto normal venting, emergencyventing will be installedon the tanks to relieve internal pressure in the event fire occurs around the tank. The emergencyventing may take the form of rupture disks, roof-to-shellseams, floating roofs, or mechanicalvents.
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5.1.3.3 Incidental Safety and Health Hazards Hazards incidentalto process operationsinclude: * Exposureto feedwater chemicals, * Exposureto hot steam lines and equipment.
Additionalsafety and health considerationsthat are part of the operationsof an electrical power plant that will be implementedat the Uch facility includethe following: * Working surfaces (such as floors, platforms, ladders, stairs, etc.), * Emergencyexit placementand maintenance, * High noise exposure, * Chemical exposureCincluding incidental use materialsfor maintenance,etc.), * Exposures to hazards of working in confinedspaces (boilers,vessels, sewers, etc.), e Control of hazardous energy (accidentalstartup of systems and equipment), * Fire preventionand protection, * Materialshandling and storage, j.s. * Machine ard equipmentmechanical guarding, * Biohazards,and * Ergonomicdesign and operationof workstations.
5.1.4 SOLID WASTE The solids accumulatingin the evaporationpond will be neither toxic nor hazardous; therefore, additional mitigation,other than that achievedby the design of the pond, is not required. The minimalconstruction materials, chemicalcontainers, and other wastes generatedduring constructionand operationwill be recycledwhen feasible.
5.1.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTIBIODIVERSITY The project will not result in significantadverse impactsto the biologicalenvironment and biodiversityin Baluchistan;therefore, no mitigationis proposed to reduce impacts to aquatic and terrestrial ecology.
5.1.6 SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL There are no known archaeologicalsites or historic structures on the proposed site o. adjacent parcels. Nevertheless, if artifacts of culturalsignificance are uncoveredduring construction, work
5-5 13130C15-6 04117195 in the immediatevicinity will be temporarilystopped and the proper GOP authoritiesnotified to determine the appropriateaction.
5.1.7 OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETY In accordance with the occupationalhealth and safety measures identifiedin Section 4.3.5, the project will implementthe ibllowingactivities: 1. Maintenanceactivities around electricalequipment will utilize written proceduresto deenergizecircuits that will be impactedby repair activities,and tools will be the type that will not conduct electricityif circuitscannot be deenergized. 2. Standardprocedures for confinedspace entry will be in writing and includeair testing before and during entry, proper respiratoryprotection, standby help, and piping system disconnect. 3. Proper machineguarding and guard railing at elevatedwalkways and criticalpoints such.as fanbeltsand moving gears will be installed. 4. Protective clothingsuch as head, eye, and ear protection and steel-toedshoes will be worn as necessaryby plant workers. 5. Adequate firefightingequipment, handheld fire extinguishersand fire water supplies Vill be available,clearly marked, and tested regularly. 6. Exits from the workplacewill be well marked and visible in dim light. 7. Measurementsof noise exposurewill be made for all job categoriesas soon as new equipmentis operational,and the proper hearing protectionwill be prescribed, includingpersonal protective gear and a hearing conservationprogram. 8. Ongoingmedical monitoringof employeeswill be conductedat the onsite medical clinic. 9. Electrical and stored energy lockout will be implemented.
5.2 MONITORING PROGRAMS The Uch Power Project is implementinga rigorous performanceevaluation program to ensure the efficiencyof the facility. This programis required in the financingagreements and has the added benefit of ensuringthat the measuresbeing recommendedas part of the mitigationof environmentalimpacts are monitored.
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In addition to monitoringconducted as part of the performanceevaluations, wastewaters will be evaluatedquarterly for nine heavy metals(i.e., arsenic, barium, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver, if expected)before discharge to the evaporationpond.
Baselineoccupational air monitoringfor the power plant work areas will be accomplishedduring the first six months of plant operation. Toxic compoundsthat will be includedin the air monitoringstrategy are identifiedin Table 5.2-1. Personal air sampleswill be collected in the -breathingzone of job categorieswith potentialexposure. An industrialhygienist or other experiencedair samplingprofessional will collect initial data. There will be a chromatographon site, and a laboratorytechnician will draw samples for testingand other plant purposes. For subsequentair sampling,plant personnelmay be trained to perform routine air monitoring. An intexnationallytrained and experiencedconsultant, provided by plant management,will be used for gas sampling.
After the initial collectionof personal exposuredata, the data will be comparedto the exposure limits listed in Table 5.2-1. If exposureexceeds the listedvalue, respiratoryprotection will be provided or the time of exposurelimited. Efforts will be made to reduce the exposurethrough engineeringor process changes. If the exposureexceeds the listed standard, additionalair monitoringwill be performed on a quarterlybasis. If the air concentrationsare between one-half and one times the standard, air monitoringwill be performed on a six-monthbasis. If the air concentrationsare below one-halfof the standard, regular air monitoringcan be ended for that compoundor affected group. Air monitoringwill be performed if process changesoccur or additionalcompounds are introducedinto the plant.
Monitoringfor ambient air qualitymay be required although the impactsto air quality from the project fall below World Bank, IFC, and GOP guidelines.
5.3 TRAMNINGREOUIREMENTS As appropriate, plant personnelwill be thoroughlytrained as appropriatein the following areas: I. Use of all safety equipment,including protective clothingand ear, eye, and respiratory protection. 2. Safe levels of exposureto heat, noise, and occupationalair pollutants. 3. Proceduresfor respondingto oil spills and other industrialhazards.
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Table 5.2-1. Toxic CompoundsAssociated With the Combustionof Fuel Oil
Compound ExposureLimits Target Organs
Sulfur Dioxide NIOSHlOSHA-2ppm Respiratorysystem, sldn, eyes Carbon Monoxide NIOSH/OSHA-35ppm Lungs, blood, central nervous system Nitrogen Dioxide NIOSH/OSHA-1ppm Respiratorysystem, cardiovascularsystem
Note: mg/m3 = milligramsper cubic meter of air. NIOSH = NationalInstitute for OccupationalSafety and Health. OSHA = OccupationalHealth and SafetyAdministration. ppm = parts per million in air. Exposurelimits are expressedas 8-hour time-weightedaverages except where noted (see Footnoteb). - Indicatesthat the limit is expressedas a ceiling which cannot be exceededduring any 15-minute period. Source: ArgonneNational Laboratory, 1990.
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4. Proceduresfor respondingto earthquakesand flooding. 5. Samplingprocedures for wastewaterand solids associatedwith the evaporationpond. 6. Gas samplingand routine air monitoring.
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