A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History Of

aﬁnmell atta ivm it iltm g

BOUGHT W ITH THE I N COM E FR OM T HE SA GE E N D OW M E N T FU N D THE GIFT

i l e u m W . S a g e

1891 Corn e ll Un iv e rsit y Lib ra ry

NA 5460 . H5 1901

The ca t he dra l ch urch of He re ford; a de scr

T HE CAT H ED RAL C H URC H O F

A D ESC RI PT IO N OF IT S FABRIC AND A BRI EF H I STO RY OF % THE E PI SC O PAL SEE

E. H S R A . R . A . UG H EI H E ,

WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS

LON DON GEORGE BEL L SONS 190 1

GE N E R A L PR E FA CE .

T HIS series of monographs has b e e n pla n n e d t o supply visitors t o the great E n g lish Cathedrals with accurate and well illus

t ra t e d - T h guide books at a popular price . e aim of each writer has b e e n to produce a work compiled with sufﬁcient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of A rchaeology

r and History, and yet not too technical in l anguage fo the use

of an ordinary visitor or tourist . T o specify all the authorities which have b e e n made use

ca se wou l of in each d be difﬁcult a n d tedious in this place . But amongst the general sources of information which have

been almo st invariably found useful are : 1) the great e e county histories, the valu of which, specially in questions of o 2 genealogy and local records, is generally rec gnised , ( ) the numerous papers by experts which appear from time t o time in the T ransactions of the An tiquarian and Archaeological

S o o ocieties , (3) the imp rtant d cuments made accessible in the series issued by the Master of the R olls ; (4) the well known works of Britton and Willis on the E nglish Cathedrals and (5) th e very excellent seri es of Handbooks to the

o t o Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr . J hn Murray 5 which

f for the reader may in most cases be re erred fuller detail, especially in reference to the histories of the respective sees . UT H R ’ PR A O S E FA C E .

I N addition t o the well- known books mentioned in t he

f t he C General Pre ace, Monastic hronicles and many

o o h other w rks named in the text, s me dealing especially wit

Hereford have been of valuable assistance t o me in preparing

o f this little book . Am ngst these are the various care ul studies

’ of R e v F Ha v r a l D M r t h r . c e e e we e s the ran is g , ean exhaustive

Statement of the Condition and Circumstances of the

“ C C of H f 18 1 T h e athedral hurch ere ord in the Year 4 , and

D f H f R v W o H . . o . o e . i cese ere ord , by the Phill tt

My best thanks are also due t o the Photochrom Company for their excellent photographs .

H H I UG F SHE R . A .

I N o o for n o revising this m n graph a seco d editi n , my task

f r . o D R . S has been made easier by the kindness . G inclair W and several other correspondents . hile thanking them for

o e I o a the tr uble they ha ve tak n , w uld at the s me time venture

to hope that any remaining errors may be pointed out . C ON T E N T S .

- A R I . His CH PTE tory of t he Bu ildin g — CHAPTER I L E xte rior T he Ce n tra l T owe r ’ Bish op Booth s Porch T he North T r a n se pt T he L a dy Cha pe l ’ T he Bish ops Cloiste rs T he Cha pte r-House ’ T he Vica rs Cloiste rs

HA T I I I — I n e i C P ER . t r or T he N a v e T he Scre e n T he Ce n tra l T owe r T he N orth T ra n se pt T he Sou th T ra n se pt ' T h e Bish ops Cloiste rs T he Sou th -E a st T ra n se pt T he L a dy Ch a pe l T he Au dle y Ch a n try T he Crypt ’ T he Vica rs Cloiste rs T he N orth -E a st T r a n se pt T he Choir T he Ch oir St a lls T he Ca the dra l L ib ra ry R e liqu a ry of St T h om a s of Ca n te rb u ry An cie n t Gold R i n g s T he Sta in e d Gla ss

V — H f t he Se e CHAPTER I . istor y o D im e n sion s of t he Ca the dr a l I L L US T R A T IO N S .

PA GE

' ‘ He r e f r o d from th e Wye F r on t zspze ce Arm s of He re for d

He e for Ca h e ra f om t he u - 2 r d t d l , r So th E a s t Ga o e s i n th e C ois e s 1 10 8 10 rg yl l t r 3, 93, , 9 T h e Au dle y Cha pe l 16

T he We s Fr on t f om a n o ld 1 t , r pr i n t 9 T he Na v e a fte r t h e fa l l of t h e We st E n d 2 I T h e Ca h e r a f om t he N o r h a t t he e v e n e e n h t d l , r t , S t t

’ Bishop Booth s Porch a n d Nort h T ra n se pt Ge n e a ie w f om t he W e s r l V , r t E x t e r i or of t h e L a dy Cha pe l ’ T h e C o is e s wi h t he L a ie r b u r l t r , t d s A o T he No r t h Por ch T he Na v e

T h e Ch o i r Scre e n

Se ct io n th rou g h T ow e r a n d T r a n se pts f or th ch o Ce n t r a l T o we r sh owi n a n e r e c a b u 1 20 N Ar , g M so ry te d o t 3 T he N or th T r a n se pt T h e Ca n t ilu pe Shr i n e E a st Wa ll of t h e Sou t h T ra n se pt T he L a dy Ch a pe l Se cti on th r ou g h L a dy Cha pe l a n d Cr ypt Arch discov e re d a t E n tr a n ce of L a dy CI h a pe l Se a l of J oh a n n a de B oh u n T h e Crypt V e b e hin t h e a oo in Nor h i w d Alt r, l k g t Com pa rtm e n t of Ch 0 1r E x t e r ior Nor th Side

o m a m e n o f Ch 0 1r I n t e ri or o h Si e C p rt t , N rt d E a st E n d of th e Ch oir i n 184 1 E a rly E n g lish Wi n dow Mou ldin g T h e R e re dos An cie n t R e liqu a r y i n t h e Ca th e dra l M on u m e n t a l Cr och e t E a rly E n g lish Ba se m e n t Mou ldi n g ‘ Ch a e on T o m b of Bi sh op T h os. rl t e r e e Ga e f om a n old r in By St t t , r p t

PLAN

R FO RD C AT D RA H E E H E L .

C H A P T E R I .

T HE H ISTORY O F T HE BUI L D I N G.

T HE of o f early history Heref rd , like that o the majority of cathedral churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful t o specula ion and shadowy traditi n . Although the see had f o m t y n o ill existed r the sixth cen ur , it is t t much later that o o we have any informati n c ncerning the cathedral itself. From 7 55 to 7 94 there reigned in Mercia one of the most f t of — ff power ul and impor ant rulers those times, King O a . C He was a contemporary of harles the Great, and more than o f once these two s vereigns exchanged gi ts and letters . Under o Offa Mercia became the ﬁrst power in Britain , and in additi n t o W much ﬁghting with the est Saxons and the , Kentish men he wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn W f of from the elsh, took the chie town the district which S S was afterwards called hrewsbury, and like another everus made a great dyke from the mouth of the Wye to that o f the D e e which became henceforth the boundary between Wales fe w and E ngland, a position it has held with changes to the n ff o f n o present day . I church history O a is less importance for f E than in secular, as the most power ul King in ngland he seems to have determ ined that ecclesiastical affairs in this

% country should be more under his control , or at least super h vision, than they could possibly be with the Mercian churc I n 86 f subject to the A rchbishop of Canterbury . 7 , there ore, o L i hﬁ l he persuaded the Pope t o create the A rchbish pric of c e d. 4 HE R E FOR D CATHEDRAL.

' ’ Al though Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Ofla s death when L ichfi e ld was shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired for ff honours, the position gained the latter see by O a , though temporary in itself, must have had lasting and important ff influence . O a is generally held responsible for the murder, o E t h e lbe rht K o f E A n le s who ab ut 7 93, of , ing the ast g , had

i ZE t hélt h r th . been promised h s daughter, y , in marriage Ha d fE t he lbe rht been gifted with a knowledge of future events (which would n ot have been a m ore wonderful attribute than many of the virtues which were ascribed afterwar ds to a his dead body), he could h rdly have desired a more glorious a for w fate. His murder g ined him martyrdom ith its immortal glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier ’ f auspices . Visiting a king s residence to etch his bride he died by the order of a man whose memory is sullied by no other m a n of stain, a renowned in war, a maker of laws for the good o who his people, and eminent in an ign rant age as one encoura ged learning . L egend and tradition have so obscured this event that beyond the bare fact of the murder n othing ca n be positively of A -S C asserted, and the brief statement the nglo axon hronicle, ' 2 ﬂa o f 7 9 . This year O , King the Mercians, commanded the ” h e lb e rh t off head of King ZE t to be struck , contains all that we m a y b e ce r ta in of. k One writer spea s of a hired assassin, and others lay the ' ’ n e th r t h Ofla s crime at the door of Cy y , Queen, who is said to have insinuated that the marriage was only sought as a pretext ’ t o o . F ccupy the, Mercian throne inding her lord s courage not f t equal to the occasion, she hersel arranged the end of E hel T - b e rht . here is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping chamber o of and a chair arranged there ver, which , with an appearance f t o luxurious com ort, lured him his fate . The body was, a of according to one writer, privately buried on the b nk the “ L fo . river ugg, near Here rd

On the night of his burial , says the Monkish A nnalist, a o c lumn of light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven and t hree nights afterwards the ﬁ gure (or ghost) o f King i E th e lbe rht Br it hfrid appeared to , a nobleman, and commanded ” him to convey the body to a place called Stratus Waye, and t o o inter it near the monastery there. Guided by an ther o Br it hfrid c lumn of light, , having placed the body and the

6 H E RE FORD CAT HE D R AL .

A f o o fo o . their l ng spears and sw rds , ll wed helter skelter ter ﬁ v E lf a r ff t o killing some e hundred, g and Gru ydd turned Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athel T h stan had caused t o be built . here they met wit a spirited resistance : am ongst other victims seven of the canons were t o o of killed in an attempt h ld the great door the minster but,

o . ultimately, the church and t wn were burned E H o son of E f t oo arl ar ld, arl Godwin , himsel , when it was f of H f d late, came with hal his army to ere or , and with his usual predilection for peace (notwithstanding his valour) soon f f [E lf a r a ter removed the outlawry rom g , and quiet was restored . I n 10 6 t he f n o 5 , year ollowi g this disaster, the worthy Bish p H r Athelstan died at Bosbury . e had been blind fo thirteen

fo W for . years be re his death, and a elsh bishop had acted him His body was interred in the church which he had built from ” fo f the undations , and we may there ore suppose that the “ ” n o minster was t entirely destroyed . I n 10 on h of E R F so 57 , the deat arl alph, the renchman, H f o W important was ere ordshire, thr ugh its position on the elsh H o d borders, and, since it had been strengthened by ar l , such o o wa s o f H fo an imp rtant military p st the town ere rd, that it of became part his earldom . From 10 55 t o 10 79 the minster is said t o have been in ruins . At the latter date Bishop L oz in g (R obert de L osin g a ) began to rebuild the cathedral, and there are vague accounts that it was in the form of a round church in imitation of a basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at Aix-Ia

Chapelle between 7 74 and 7 95. If such a form ev er existed it m must have been co pletely destroyed, as the work of the Norman period that remains is clea rly E nglish both in treatment and in ’ . If o t o L oz in s o detail this c uld be proved be g w rk, then it had t o t he R o no similarity man style . The building begun by him on B o R a n e lm wh o 10 was carried by ish p y , held the see from 1 7 t o 1 1 1 on 5, and placed a more regular basis the establishment of n o ca ns living under a rule . T hese prebendaries or canons did n ot live in common like the monks but in separate houses W , near the church . hether he completed the building or n ot , R a n e lm Bishop . y undoubtedly made many additions and alterations . We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of T HE T OF T HE HIS ORY BUILDING . 7

the cathedral treasurer, which were probably settled about

this time . They throw a curious and suggestive light on the c “ “ t h e . A t H W o eremonies of period ereford, says alc tt, he found all the lights ; three burning day and night before the b m high altar ; two urning there at matins daily, and at ass, and

the chief hours on festivals three burning perpetually, viz . , in ’ - the chapter house, the second before S . Mary s altar, and the third before the cross in the rood-loft four before t he “ II/{ high altar, and altar on n us and ﬁve tapers in o bas ns, on principles , and doubles, at mass, prime, and f second vespers, our tapers before the high altar, ﬁve in the v basons, thirteen on the beam , and se en in the candelabra ; o b for the paschal and p rta le tapers processions . He kept the of e v keys the treasury, c pes, palls, estments, ornaments, and b e the plate, of which rendered a yearly account to the dean

and chapter . He found three clerks to ring the bells, light

the candles, and suspend the palls and curtains on solemn H f days . e ound hay at Christmas to strew the chdir and - E chapter house, which at aster was sprinkled with ivy leaves ; ’ ” 1 and on A ll Saints day he provided mats . T h e next great changes were made under Bishop William de 1 186— 1 His of o Vere ( work was transiti nal character, and bears much resemblance to the beautiful transitio nal work at

Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman apsidal termina u tions at the east end and do bled the presbytery aisles, thus

making two side chapels in each transept, which have since

been replaced by the L ady Chapel with its vestibule . o A ae I 18 I n a paper read bef re the rch ological nstitute in 7 7 ,

Sir G . G . Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay

beyond the sides ; but this is merely conjecture . A curious ’ feature in D e Vere s work was his putting columns in the middle It of the central arch . is probable that the part of the presby t e ry we now have was but the beg inning of a larger scheme

never carried out, which included building the presbytery and dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at

L ichﬁ e ld and E xeter . S ’ E E A ccording to Sir Gilbert cott s theory, the arly nglish L ady Chapel was an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere x of 1t s it is especially interesting, and an unusual e ample date in being raised upon a crypt . 1 ’ m l za . . Ca t/zed , p 59 L 8 HE R E FORD CAT HE D R A .

At the Bishop’ s palace was a splendid hall of which it seems D — a t n likely e Vere was the builder, any rate he must have bee o It the ﬁrst or second ccupier. was of noble dimensions, 11 o 2 bre a d being 0 feet in length, c nsisting of a nave 3 feet ,

16 . s with aisles feet wide, independently of the columns Thi was divided in to ﬁve bays by pillars supportin g timber arches f oa k formed of two pieces o curved . Nearly the whole of the ’ present Bishop s palace is include d wi thi n the Space occupied

by this gran d hall. I n 1 188 when A rchbishop Baldwin m ade pilg rimage into a l Wales on be half of the crusade, he was entert ined in this hal of e d by Bishop de Vere, and doubtless some thos who devote th e H f themselves to e work wer ere ord men . a a a The centr l tower of the cathedral was built by, or t n y e o of Bra ose 12 0 0 rate during th episc pate , Giles de ( I a n ardent opponent of King John . t appears to have been o partly rebuilt, with its fine dec rated details and profusion of -flowe r ball ornament, about a century later, by Bishop A dam Orleton ( 13 16 The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner north porch (as distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth) f - and what remains of the beauti ully designed chapter house, a n n decago in plan, each side except the o e occupied by the o ' entrance being subdivided int five sea s . D uring the term of office of Bishop Foliot ( 12 19 a t e e th . E t he lb e rht o a of St , wh se rem ins had been almost entirely [Elf a r Gru ffu t h 10 destroyed by g and in 55, was given to the of o cathedral . The donor this preci us relic was Philip de Fa u con b e r C of H A e a n g , anon ereford and rchd con of Hu tingdon . — , R M a de n st a n 12 12 The next Bishop alph de y , , 34 39, pre - o t o sented some service bo ks the cathedral .

I n 12 0 I I I . f 4 Henry , with his wonted pre erence for foreigners, f o appointed to the Here ord bish pric, Peter of Savoy, generally A f o A a known as Bishop quablanca, r m qua Bell , his birthplace,

’

C e . near hamb ry He it was who rebuilt the north transept. in E He was one of the best hated men ngland, and not con be n e ﬁ ce s tent with showering upon his relations, he perpetrated one of the gr eatest frauds in history in order to raise money to x I IV aid the anne ation schemes of Popes nnocent . and A lex ander IV. I o While he was absent in reland c llecting tithes, attended T HE T OF T HE HIS ORY BUILDING. 9

E by a guard of soldiers, Prince dward, coming to Hereford to 5 1 of L W fo re st the encroachments lewellyn, King of ales, und n e l t h e r there bishop, dean, nor canons resident . For this they earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the Bishop r e

. S f w n turned to Hereford hortly a ter, he was seized ithi the L ’ cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of eicester s party, together with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations) . E They were carried to ardisley Castle, where the spoil they had I n j ust brought from reland was divided amo g the insurgents . i A f v 12 68 B shop quablanca died soon a ter these e ents, in .

He was endowed with a character full of contradictions, extreme i n aggress veness, mi gled with remarkable tact . W n h e of t h e f he got the better Hereford citizens, a ter their o hi s o o n e attempt to encroach up n episc pal rights, he remitted full half of their fi n e and devo ted the other to the cathedral 1 o l bu lding . While he was sh wing in his life a disgraceful examp e e to the clergy of the country, at the same time h gave liberally to the cathedral foundation i n books, ornaments, money, and oo m land, left a rich legacy to the p r, and a lasting monu ent in f the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itsel . W h x of it the e ception of the arches, leading into the aisles the o f o nave and choir, the Norman work the transept was alt gether a o h demolished, n d replaced by an ther consisting of two bays wit a an e stern aisle . Over the latter was built a story now used as w the cathedral library, hich is approached from the north aisle of of the presbyt ery by a staircase turret . His tomb is one the of finest in the cathedral . Under it, together with those his - a D H fo i nephew, ean of ere rd, are his own rema ns, except the ha d heart , which, as he wished, was carried to his own country of Savoy . he o I n 12 7 5 the Chapter of Hereford elected to t bish pric a n tilu e of ha s Tho mas de C p , one the greatest men who ever o held that office, a man wh se life was in almost every way a A remarkable contrast to that of his predecessor, Bishop qua o blanca. I t is said that the Bish p of Worcester, his great

t o , uncle, asked him as a child as his choice of a profession and tha t he answered he would like to be a soldier. Then, ” “ sweet hear t, his uncle is said to have exclaimed, thou shalt be f un a soldier to serve the King o Kings, and ﬁght der the ” T . R banner of the glorious martyr, St . homas egular attendance Be th f at mass was his custom from earliest years . at Ox ord 10 H E R E FOR D CATHEDRAL .

M A . m f . and Paris he distinguished hi sel , gaining his degree of S of at the orbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of f of the university Ox ord and with the consent the King, the I n o office of chancellor . this capacity he sh wed singular courage and determination in repressing a brawl between the o o o f southern sch lars and th se the north , in which we are told he escaped with a whole skin , but not with a whole coat . He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of E ngland under Simon de Montfort, at whose death, however, he was I t f deprived of the office . was some years a ter this that he H C became Bishop of ereford, and was consecrated at anterbury,

8 12 . W September th, 7 5 No elsh bishop attended the con secration . After he became a bishop he still wore his hair- shirt and showed ever intense devotion in his celebration of divine f service . He was remarkable in the stead astness and ability he displayed in maintaining the rights of the see . Gilbert de “ ” E of o Clare, arl Gl ucester, claiming a certain chace near ’ Fo m f Malvern rest, whence ca e the Bishop s supply ofgame, ound o a relentless oppo nent in Bishop Ca n t ilu pe . The Bish p was “ ” prepared with the customary pugil or champion (who

65 . 8d. his n ot received per annum), though services were E required . The arl was excommunicated, and appealing to the law in a trial Bishop Ca n t ilu pe eloquently m aintained his “ doe right to capture buck , , fawn, wild cat , hare, and all ” birds pertaining thereto, and as a result of the verdict being in his favour, caused a long trench to be dug on the crest of

H o . the Malvern ills as a b undary line, which is still traceable L of W lewellyn , King ales, was made to restore three manors of which he had obtained unlawful possession ; and L ord ' ’ liﬂor d for - f m C , cattle li ting and altreating the Bishop s tenants, was compelled to walk barefoot to the high altar in the cathedral , while the Bishop personally chastised him with a rod .

Many cases did he ﬁght out successfully, but his greatest struggle was on a question of testamentary j urisdiction with of C w Peckham , Archbishop anterbury, by hom he was ulti mately excommunicated and obliged to leave the country,

win ﬁ e ld f . attended by S , his faith ul chaplain V H o I . e obtained a decree in his favour fr m Pope Martin ,

A a th 12 82 . but died on the homeward journey on ugust 5 , T HE T OF T HE I I HIS ORY BUILDING .

of . S He was buried in the church St everus, near Florence but f his bones having been divided rom the ﬂesh by boiling, were later carried to E ng land and solemnly placed in the L ady

C . I t E hapel of the cathedral is said that the arl of Gloucester, with whom Bishop Ca n t ilu pe had had the dispute about the h chace, attended the ceremony, and t at blood began to ﬂow from the bones when he approached the casket containing t hem upon which the E arl immediately restored the property

he had ta ken unjustly from the church . F t il u I t orty years later Bishop Ca n pe was canonised . is

said, amongst other evidences of his saintliness, that he never

all owed his sister to kiss him . Three hundred sick people are n la ce said to have bee cured at the p of his interment, and so many candles were presented by the crowds of visitors t hat L uke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral , had a dispute with wa x - the prebendaries as to the value of the , two thirds being ﬁnally assign ed to the treasurer and one-third to the pre

be n da rie s. ’ A fter ﬁve years Bishop Ca n t ilu pe s bones were removed to

- t h ha l . o e C e of St Katherine, in the n rth west transept, on ‘ p A 6t h 12 8 n n Maundy Thursday, pril , 7 , in prese ce of Ki g x E dward I . They were again twice moved in the si teenth cen tury to the L ady Chapel and back again to the n orth-west transept. The building of the chapter- house m a y have spread over ’ a n il s some part of C t u pe episcopate, and probably part of the

cloisters were erected about this time.

t of . The miracles said to have been wrough at the shrine , St -six Ca n tilupe are both many and various . More than sixty ’ dead people are sa id to have been restored to life. The saint s inter vention appears to have been extended even to animals, as we ﬁ n d that King E dward I . twice sent sick falcons to be wa s cured at this tomb. So great the reverence for the saint that the Se c of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change of a n t ilu e its armorial be arings for the arms C p , which all its bishops have since borne . b Bishop Ca n t ilu pe was succeeded y his devoted chaplain ,

R ichard Swin fi e ld, an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable win fi e ld n manners . Bishop S , like his predecessor, stoutly vi di of ca t e d the rights and discipline his diocese, once against be n e fi ce a layman for takin g forcible possession of a vacant , 12 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL . ano ther time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman of in her castle on a false charge, and also against the people L o i n udlow for vi lating the right of sanctuary, and many cases C against abuses o f all sorts . On one occasion Pontius de ors, of A f a nephew Bishop quablanca, who had obtained rom the i Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton , nterrupted the installation of R obert de Shelving appo inted by Bish op Swin fi e ld o , gained admission to the cathedral with an acc mplice, and was formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance f of d o the Chapter . He held his place by force arms uring that day and the next, but later submitted to the Bishop . Bishop Swi n fi e ld was probably the builder of the nave - aisles T and of the two easternmost transepts . his amounted to a of remodelling of the work of D e Vere . The bases his piers n and responds were retained and may still be see , and upon the former octagonal columns were erected to carry the vaulting . It T h e windows were altered throughout . was in his time that “ ” M a er M a n di o of the pp , the curi us map the world designed by R f Ha ldin ha m f ichard o g o Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of o 1 0 Heref rd in 3 5, now preserved in the cathedral , came into possession of the Chapter . R Ha ldin ha m wa s f o Swin fi e ld ichard g a great riend of Bish p , and when it was n ecessary for him t o send representatives to a 1 1 Ha ldin ha m L o A D . provincial Council in ndon, . 3 3 , g was h A of t o deputed to attend wit dam Orleton, a place belonging - f H f the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north east o ere ordshire . Three years later on the death of Bishop Swin fi e ld A of at his chief residence, Bosbury, dam Orleton succeeded him in the bishopric . f King E dward I I . was not jubilant over the appointment o a f R t o o o f riend of oger Mortimer this imp rtant p sition , and, ailing to persuade Adam to decline the bishopric, he appealed to the

Pope , begging him to cancel the appointment, but with no of of H fo more success . The fortunes the Bishop ere rd became f identiﬁed with the Queen, whom he joined on her return rom H f F son . I t rance with her eldest was at ere ord that this youth , f of then ourteen years age, was appointed guardian of the kingdom under the direction of his mother. T h e King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at A Neath bbey, and the great seal taken from him by Bishop n H D A dam Orleton , while the Cha cellor, ugh espenser. was con

I 4 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.

f restorer, was even at this early date showing signs o dilapida I o f XXI . tion, and Bishop Orlet n obtained rom Pope John a grant of the great tithes of She n yn g fe ld (Swin fi e ld) and Swale Swa llowfi e ld in fo ow feld ( ) Berkshire, in answer to the ll ing “ — T o of o o f petition hat they , being desir us rebuilding a porti n f of C of H f the abric the hurch ere ord, had caused much super of u o f structure sumptuo s work to be built, to the adornment H o o f the use of God, up n an ancient oundation which in the of f judgment masons or architects, who were considered skil ul t o fi r m of in their art, was thought be and sound, at the cost m a r e s of sterling and more, and that on account the of f o w weakness the a oresaid foundati n, the building, hich was n ow placed upon it , threatened such ruin, that by a similar judgment no other remedy could be applied short of an entire of f o fo — o renovation the abric fr m the undation , which , on acc unt of the expenses incurred in prosecution of the canonisation of T Ca n t ilu e H f of homas de p , Bishop of ere ord, blessed memory, “ ” T he o they were unable to undertake . sumptuous w rk alluded to was evidently the central tower and the north o fo transept which latter had been built, as menti ned be re, r of a n t ilu fo the remains and shrine Bishop C pe . ‘

R . W . e a r s a o hen Mr Biddulph Phillips, some sixty y g , was examining t he confused and unsorted mass of charters and o of grants in the possessi n the cathedral, he found a parchment (which bore the two beautiful episcopal seals of Bishop R oger le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton o f Hereford) that acknowledged and conﬁrmed this grant of tithes t o the of sustentation the fabric of the cathedral , which still forms I n 1 2 8 the backbone of the fabric fund . 3 Bishop Orleto n was W translated t o orcester. F D uring the ensuing war with rance, the church walls ech oed ’ - o with prayers for the King s success, and, while the war cl ud still o f darkened the political sky, orisons louder and m re heart elt I t “ ” ﬁlled the cathedral . is said that when the Black D eath 1 i ts t h e reached Hereford in 349, to retard progress in the city t ilu e Ca n o . shrine of St . Thomas de p was carried in processi n

A bout this time, and possibly not unconnected with the f l T rille ck calamity o this terrible p ague, Bishop issued a “ mandate prohibiting the performance of theatrical plays and i n f interludes churches as contrary to the practice o religion . of t he The exact character these performances is doubtful, and T HE HISTORY OF T HE BUILDING. 15

m a o of m prohibition y have referred to s me kind secular umming. ’ T he mystery play survived long after Bishop T r ille ck s time i n an annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi D a t o of y, assist in which some the city guilds were obliged by

the rules of their incorporation . The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about s of f his right jurisdiction continued with more or less requency . I t must certainly have been irritating to good Bishop T rille ck “ r a ms r ude m i n s g , p , p , as the mutilated inscription on his f him W f e ﬁgy describes , when one illiam Corbet orced his way n o i to the palace, carried away the porter b dily, shut him in the oo city gaol, and t k away the keys of the palace . o of D 1 6 1— 2 On the sec nd visitation the Black eath, 3 , it is said that the city market was removed from Hereford to a place a m t he m bout a ile on west of the town, still arked by a cross “ W C called the hite Cross bearing the arms of Bishop harleton . If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of f T T r n E I I . o e v e a n t King dward , a later Bish p of Here ord, homas , o 1 8 who was app inted in 3 9 by papal provision , was no less

R I I . active in the deposition of King ichard , and was sent to H IV the Pope with the A rchbishop of York by enry . to explain

his title to the Crown and announce his accession . I n 1 6 of 39 , during the episcopate Bishop Gilbert, the priest vicars of the cathedral were formed into a college by R oyal a ut os Charter, and the ﬁrst warden or was appointed by the King to show that the right of appointment was vested in the T h e Crown . college was to have a common seal , and to o exercise the right of acquiring and h lding property, but to be subject to the D ean and Chapter of the cathedral It s members were the priests of the chantry chapels in the

- cathedral , at this time apparently twenty seven in number. I n 14 7 5 the college was m oved from Castle Street to its m o f present site, so that the vicars should be able re com ortably A n o to attend the night services . order was also made ab ut this time concerni ng the celebration of mass at the altar of St .

John Baptist i n the cathedral, an arrangement which shows that own then as now the parish of St . John had no church of its outside the cathedral walls . ’ 18 t he A bout 14 , the cloister connecting Bishop s palace with L the cathedral was begun by Bishop acy, who took great interest h It in the cathedral although e never visited his diocese . was 16 A T HE D R HEREFORD C AL .

' upon this work of the cloisters that 2 80 0 marks were e xpended S off 1 2 1— 1 8 by Bishop p ord , 4 44 , in whose time the great l Vil o lia m L o . west window was erected by chard , the precent r T he of S richly panelled and vaulted chapel Bishop tanbury, f o of approached r m the north aisle the presbytery, was added 1 between 4 53 and 147 4. I n 1 2 E A of R o 49 dmund udley, the Bishop chester, was f o translated to Here ord, and during his episc pate founded the two - storied chantry chapel south of the L ady Chapel and

f a n t ilu . T h o near the shrine of St . Thomas o C pe e upper st ry was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop f o himsel . Bish p Audley also presented

to the cathedral a silver shrine . T h e next important alteratio n was the lengthening of the great north p orch which bears the date 15 19 and the shields of Bishop Booth and his

. It predecessor, Bishop Mayo is a of o very ﬁne piece Perpendicular w rk , somewhat similar in design to the porch in the m iddle of the west front o f

Peterborough Cathedral . At his death Bishop Booth left various books t o the cathedral library and some tapestry for o the high altar, t gether with silver and gold ornaments for the Ca n t ilu pe T H E AUD L Y CHA L E PE Shrine . The tapestry displayed the H story of D avid and Nabal . e also o o o bequeathed , am ngst ther things to his successor, the g ld n o ring with which he was co secrated , but n twithstanding his forethought in specifying that these articles were not to be o of o taken away with such success r in case his translati n, they L o o have disappeared. ittle could Bish p B oth have imagined, in the enthusiasm of his building operations, the changes to f w ollo so closely upon his death . Yet the papal supremacy b o o 1 had een ab lished in this c untry in 534, and though the church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had m 2 1 . S 6t h been published On epte ber , 53 5, was consecrated at “ W t o of fo of o x inchester, the See Here rd, one the m st e cellent ” o f R f E w F instruments the e ormation , d ard oxe, and in the following year the suppression of the monasteries began in T HE OF T H HISTORY E BUILDING . [7

serious earnest . Still the chant ry chapels were to be spared f for some time . O these chantries and chapels there were

- then no less than twenty one in the cathedral . I n 1 v 553 , commissioners were appointed to isit the churches, f t h ki m chapels, guilds, and raternities all over e n g do and take _ inventories of their treasures, leaving to each parish church or chapel “ one or two chalices according to the m ultitude of

. I n f o people Here ord Cathedral, amongst other valuable rna a 2 2 oz . ments, was a ch lice of gold weighing lbs . 9% , two

10 2 oz . f basins weighing , and an enamelled pastoral sta f in ﬁve

1 . wt s. . I pieces of silver gilt weighing 1 lbs 7 oz . 3 d troy t is n o t possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the cathedral alone , but the jewels and plate of the whole country 860 12 1 I S d. were estimated at 4 } ounces, in value about 3 , . 3 A 2 2 n d or 2 t h 16 2 R S On ugust s , 4 , the oyal tandard was set R up at Nottingham , and the clouds of the Great ebellion burst H over the country . Bishop Coke of ereford had been one of the twelv e churchmen most active against the Bill for excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons 16 1 of in May 4 , and was one the ten bishops committed to the Tower by the joint sentence of the L ords and Commons on charge of treason . “ The popishly in clined county of Hereford was at one for L S with its Bishop, but so unprepared war that ord tamford , r f with two troops of caval y and a single in antry regiment, e ntered Hereford under the orders of the E arl of E ssex and ’ quartered himself in the Bishop s palace . Here he remained D 1 till ecember 4th without, however, any serious plundering

. I n A 16 for in the town itself pril 43 , Waller took the city the second time, and again without much resistance, a condition of the surrender being t h e immunity of the Bishop and cathedral clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his leaving H R o ereford the place was retaken by the yalists, and became

for f R C . So an asylum ugitive oman atholics it went on , being t he I n held ﬁrst by one side and then by other. the autumn of 164 5 Hereford was besieged by L ord L even with the off Scottish army, who were driven by Colonel Barnabas

Scudamore with heavy loss . T he cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury during the siege . The defenders used the lead from the - o a n d chapter house ro f to cover the keep of the castle, possibly C 18 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL .

o t o . F on D e 18t h als make bullets inally, ec mber , through of B o of H the treachery Colonel irch, the govern r the city, ere f o o ord was nce m re taken , and this time the whole place was overrun by a rabble of plundering soldiery . N o doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral R f o of during the e ormati n, but despite the protests an antiquarian S T captain, one ilas aylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated “ T he in this military loot . storied windows richly dight

were smashed to bits, monumental brasses torn up, the

MSS . o library plundered of most valuable , and rich rnaments o st len . S f R ome while a ter the estoration, an appeal was made by

the cathedral clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires, and gentry of the county for help towards restoring the cathe o dral, th ugh it is not known with what welcome the appeal was received . Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm t o f was done the cathedral by the zeal o Bishop Bisse, one of those irritating people who mean well but act abominably . e He sp nt much , both on the palace and the cathedral , employin g in the alterations of the former the stones of the - o n ot chapter h use, which had been doubtless much injured but n f of irreparably so . I the cathedral itsel he erected a mass t o masonry intended support the central tower, which was, o I n however, n thing but a hideous architectural blunder . itself it was ugly to behold, and actually weakened by lateral pressure that which it was intended to support . He also presented an elaborate altar- piece and Grecian oak screen with o scenic decoration above, b ards painted to represent curtains, and wooden imitations of tassels which hung immediately over the heads of the ministering priests as they stood at the altar . These were found later on to be hung on rusty nails by twine

little better than pack thread .

of . H E o 1 2 D uring the episcopate the Hon enry ge rt n , 7 3 1 6 of 7 4 , an ancient building early Norman date used as a chapel for the palace was pulled down . It consisted of an

o - St upper and a l wer portion , the lower a chapel dedicated to .

Katherine and the upper one to St . Mary Magdalene . Part of . It on one wall still remains was during the next episcopate, 1 86 — E aster Monday 7 , that a terrible calamity occurred, the fall D of the great western tower. irectly and indirectly this was N 11111 WEST FR O T ( FROM A N OL D PRI NT).

2 2 HEREFORD CATH EDRAL .

of I lines for adhesion the plaster still remain . nside the west front may also still be seen large spa ce s of wall painted to of n o so represent blocks stone, but more in reality than the

wall of any stucco residence . I t f should not be orgotten, while condemning the meaning less ’ of W u insipidity yatt s work, that it was enth siastically approved

in his own day, and that the public generally were as much to

blame as himself. T he old o f o ow spire was taken d wn r m the central t er, and in order to give it apparent height the roofs of both nave and

choir were lowered in pitch, its parapet was raised, and some

pinnacles were added . At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new - o burying gr unds provided for the city elsewhere .

I n 18 D r . T Se e 3 7 , homas Musgrave was promoted to the of H H e m a n f ereford . was a o sound j udgment and of much o practical ability, and it was during his episc pacy that a serious competent and thorough repair of the cathedral was at last undertaken at a cost of to which n o on e devoted more loving care or more untiring energy than D ean

Merewether. I s m for ou O w it ti e y , ye , to d ell in your ceiled houses ” and this house lie waste P he quotes i n the beginning of his “ exhaustive Statement of the condition and circumstances of the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the year I n this

% statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in the of L of eastern end the ady Chapel, the bulging its walls and on o f the dangerous fissures, which, the rem val o whitewash la st e r soffi f f and p , became visible in the t o each o the window arches . I n early times the walls were very much thicker, compo sed o of e a sin of hewn st ne, making a kind g at each side, called o ashlar, the interval being filled with rubble mas nry cemented with lime and loam . This stuffing having deteriora ted the o wa ll f weight above had split the uter , though most ortunately f the interior face was per ectly sound and upright . T o o trace the cracks th roughly, it was necessary to remove n o the oak panelli g fitted to the wall below the wind ws , and the heavy bookcases filling up a great pa rt of the area were taken away with the lath and plaster partition from the sides of of the pillar at the west end the chapel .

2 4 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.

By t his clearing the beauty Of the chapel so lon g obscure d became again manifest : its symmetrical proportions , the remains t wo of its ancient painting, the disclosure of most interesting o m numents , two aumbries, a double piscina, the chapel of o t wo Bish p Audley, but more important than all, of the most o beautiful specimens of tra nsition arches t be found anywhere, E E fo sofﬁ t s arly nglish in rm, but ornamented in their with o the Norman moulding and the zigzag decorati n, corre spon din g with the remarkable union of the Norman inter se ct in g arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed characteristics .

T he further examination by D ean Merewether and Mr. C ottingham , the architect, showed that the great central tower of f of the cathedral was in imminent danger alling, and might o at any m ment entirely collapse . Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were of o o n s struck by the traces N rman m uldi gs, whilst on traver ing the clerestory gallery the remains of Norman ornaments were r t o f f eve ywhere be ound, the gallery itsel being still existent at each side, returned behind the wooden coverings, up to the splays of the eastern windows . T he whole incongruous covering of the east end Of the choir n a n d ff show on p . 7 7 was then removed, the change e ected ‘ w m I t f o a s; ost striking. was evident that long be ore the intr ' in 1 1 o duction of the Grecian screen 7 7 , the riginal arrangement ‘ ha d bee n b of distur ed by the insertion a Perpendicular window, t o supp ort which the low circular arch in the centre had been constructed ; on either side of this window were now to be ‘ seen t h e mouldings and featherings of the original early d a decorate lights, on level with the lateral clerestory range ; o t e t he o a of bel w h se N rm n arcade, based upon a string course nebule ornaments . ” “ D of But below, says ean Merewether, the beauty beauties — . c n of Of was to be tra ed, the thick ess that part the wall is 8 side of 2 f ; , 4 , feet on either l the arch eet in span were of o portions shafts, corresponding with the pair of N rman shafts exposed to view seven years ago . The bases of these t (standing on a sort of plin h, which was continued through o th se already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most o f curi us detail, were per ect, and upon them were visible as far as the level of the window above, the remaining stones which T HE OF T HE HISTORY BUILDING . 2 5

of e o f formed the architecture the ext ri r arch , rom which it wa s evident that its crown must have risen to t h e height of 30 f . of eet By cautious examination the parts walled up, it was f discovered that the capitals were all per ect, and that this exquisite and grand construction , the mutilation and conceal

“ of o for ment which it is utterly impossible to acc unt , was, in f act, made up of ﬁve arches, the interior and smallest supported t wo - of by the semi columns already described, and each the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon f f of square and circular sha ts alternately, the aces each arch being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments .

Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not only s hidden by the oak panelling of the creen, but were also , like l the two others, closed up with lath and p aster, as the central arch ; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious f o e fect produced , rendered m re solemn and impressive by the of R e n e lm appearance the ancient monuments of Bishops y , Ma e w y , Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these f massive arches, of which, together with the noble tri orium fo above, be re the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the o founder, and the f rmer of those j ust mentioned, the completer and restorer after that era . o Under Mr . Cottingham many impr vements were made, though it canno t be said that all the work he did was good T h e f of either in design or execution . beauti ul lantern the o fi ft - f central t wer, with its y six shafts, was satis actorily A t of strengthened and thrown Open to view . the time ’ D ean Me r e we t h e r s death in 1850 much still remained t o be 18 f o done, and in 57 a urther scheme was set g ing under the f R a D financial management o D ean ich rd awes, and the archi Sir o wh o o Mr . t e ct u ra l directi n of , afterwards Gilbert, Sc tt, o restored the north transepts, the n rth porch , the choir, and ‘ a n d L ady Chapel . He also erected the large metal screen

ﬁtted up the L ady Chapel as a church for the parish of St .

John the Baptist . 0 0 0 A ltogether in these two works of repair about J£4 5, was a n n expended, d the cathedral was ope ed for service on June 6 ot h 18 . 3 , 3 H T E R I I C A P .

T HE ATH E D RAL — E XTE RI OR C .

A RTI STIC unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of f C f Here ord athedral, but it is doubt ul whether the absence of that quality dear to a purist is not more than compensated f r of ff o by the fine examples di erent periods, which make the massive pile as a whole a valuable record of historical pr o A n d gress . surely it is more fitting that a great ecclesiastical fi o o edi ce sh uld gr w with the successive ages it outlasts, and bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through which it has passed . A lmost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass Of the c o cathedral building reposes in a secluded l se, from which the T h e i s best general view is Obtained . close entered either

' o S t h e f C fr m Broad treet, near west window, or rom astle Street ; the whole of the building lying on the south side of T h e the close between the path and the river . space between ’ the Wye and the cathedral is ﬁlled by the Bishop s Palace and f o the college o the Vicars Ch ral . ca st o of On the are the foundati ns the castle, which was f of on W ormerly one the strongest the elsh marches . T he cathedral is especially rich in a rchitecture of the E E E D Norman, arly nglish, and arly ecorated periods . T h e of f work the Norman builders, ound chieﬂy in the “ ” interior, survives in the exterior aspect rather in the sturdy quality remaining through the subsequent building being im l o T h e posed upon the O d foundati ns . side apses of the original triple eastern termination were converted into the re su lt f present eastern transept an Operation , the o which helps to produce an intricate outline already irregular through f t he projections o the porch of Bishop Booth . T HE CA T H — E X EDRAL TERIOR . 27

Ce n t ra l T ow e r The , a splendid example of D ecorated

a b ov e . t h e of work, is of two stages ro s, with buttresses at the

n - . It ﬂowe r a gles is covered with a profusion of ball ornament,

d t Phoni c/t r a m Ca , L . , Pho oJ

’ B SHO BOOTH S O CH A N D NO TH T ANS T I P P R R R EP .

x which, e cept in the south nave aisle of Gloucester Cathedral, is nowhere e lse so freely used . ot fa r f Pershore A bbey is n rom Hereford, and from the disposition of the upper windows of the central tower and the 2 8 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL . style and position of the dividing pilasters and bands of n of or ament, it seems likely that the earlier lantern Pershore is for partly responsible its design . I n old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which I t o o formerly existed is shown . was a timber erecti n , c vered W f with lead . hen this was taken down at the time o the of great repairs and rebuilding the west end, a stunted, squat I n 18 0 appearance was given to t h e building . the year 3 Canon R ussell presented a sum of m oney to the D ean and C o o hapter to build f ur appr priate pinnacles at the angles . T h e tower which formerly stood at t h e west end was similar t o t h e on e in design central , but rose only one stage above se e m s t o b the leads of the nave . This have een used as a ' f o bel ry whereas the central t wer was a lantern . o 1 0 The large projecting N ort h P or ch , c mpleted in 53 by o o Bish p B oth, is Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles, of though it is later in date, the porch in the centre the west f T he o ront at Peterborough . fr nt entrance archway has highly enriched spandrels and t wo la teral octagonal staircase buttress T turrets at the angles . hese have glazed windows in the o T upper p rtions, forming a picturesque lantern to each . his o of t wo outer porch c nsists stories, the lower of which is f o o ormed by three wide, Open arches, springing fr m f ur piers of t at the extreme angles, two which are united with the s air o Of T h e case turrets, the thers with the ends the old porch . on upper story, containing an apartment, is, sustained a vaulted o f o and gr ined roo , and has three large windows, with elab rate tracery . I n the north transept t h e massive buttresses with bevelled ‘ of h angles, whic those at the angles are turreted, with spiral o o cappings, the remarkable wind ws, tall without trans ms, and o of g rising nearly the wh le height the buildin , show to great T h e o advantage . clerestory windows, like th se in the outer of f W wall the tri orium in the nave of estminster, are triangular n o the exterior. e of On the east rn side this transept, which has an aisle, is f T h e f an unusual architectural eature . windows o the tri for iu m - have semi circular arched mouldings, enclosing a of of - window three lights lancet shaped arches . Beneath the o oo aisle wind w is a pointed arched d rway, which was probably Ca n t ilu e an original approach to the shrine of p .

30 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL.

T h e C o on . The Audley hapel pr jects the south side angular,

embattled parapet at the end is a modern addition . T h e south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by of the public, being shut within the walls a garden between the ’ ’ Bishop s and the Vicars Cloisters . ’ T h e Bi h s l i of or s op C o st e r s consist two walks only, on covered corridors, though that the west, which was pulled VI f r down in the reign of E dward . to make room o a pile t o S o of brick building appropriated the Grammar ch ol, and 8 6 n w 1 o of . in its turn demolished in 3 , is in course restoration It does not appear that the cloisters eve r had a walk on the

north side against the cathedral . T hese cloisters are of Perpendicular. date, and between a of f o continued series buttresses are windows o large dimensi ns, i w th mullions and tracery . The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed o o of c m uldings, at the intersecti ns which are shields harged T with sculptured ﬁgures, foliage, arms, etc . hese ribs spring from slender pillars between the windows and corbels heads on the other side : over the exterior of the windows are carved o T h e grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrati ns th e I S south walk of cloisters the more richly groined . At the south east corner is a square turreted tower contai ning a small

chamber, which has been carefully and completely restored . “ ” It L a d e o n o has always been called the y Arbour, alth ugh one has been able to discover the ori gin of this name or the use to which the chamber was put m any antiquarians suggest a possible reference to the Virgin . T h e entrance doorway to t he Ch a pt e r - h ou se from the east I t of walk still remains, but is walled up . consists a pointed f arch under a lo ty, richly ornamented pedimental moulding,

“ f on f having clustered sha ts the sides, with oliated capitals . T h e archway is divided by a slender pillar into t wo smaller T h e r - Openings . once elegant chapte room to which this f doorway communicated, whether or not they ell, as Britton “ f Of asserts, beneath the anatic frenzy the Cromwellian soldiers, was certainly neglected ; and then , as long as any f o material could be got rom it, treated as a st ne quarry by

o T % Bishop Bisse and his success rs . his chapter house appears to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich D ecorated It period . was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress

32 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL .

E on e at each angle . ach side, except the occupied by the - R entrance, was sub divided into ﬁve panels or seats . emains Of three sides only are left, and these only as far as the

- window sills . o Against the south wall of the cl isters, towards its east end,

o of o o . are s me remains two N rman chapels, one ab ve the other t o T he lower was dedicated to St . Katherine and the upper

St . Mary Magdalene . “ T he form, excepting a portico and choir chancel) was f an exact square our pillars in the middle, with arches every o f o of way, supported the r o ; the p rtico was composed a of succession arches retiring inwards, and had a grandeur in imitation of R oman works ; two pillars on each side consisted T of t o of single stones . here was a descent a few steps the o l wer chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made of o a d o f single st nes, n an octagonal cup la on the our m iddle T he of pillars . walls were much painted, and the arched ro

was turned with great skill, and resembled the architecture which prevailed during the declension of the R oman E mpire ” S Ha v e r a l (see tukeley, g , Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small ’ o o TIze P t u n windows in the remaining n rth wall, the auth r of zc ' ' ' “ a rg u e A n t zg u zt ze s of He r efor d proce e ds t o say : These are ‘

extremely interesting, as they pertained to an ediﬁce which o o of once sto d on the s uth side this wall, and is believed to

St . f have been the original church of Mary, the patron saint o o o of Of St E the cathedral bef re the translati n the body . thelbert .

It St . was the parish church of Mary, to which the residences o T in the cathedral cl se belonged . ranscripts of registers of marriages there solemnised so late as the year 17 3 0 are existent ’ ” in the D ean s archives . ’ o o Vica r A sec nd cloister, kn wn as the s Cloi st e r , connects ’ - T h the Vicars College with the south east transept . e arrange of ment here may be compared with that Chichester, as showing the most probable plan of the latter before the destruction of the south walk and its connection with the cloister of the

Vicars Choral . ’ I n the area of the Bishop s Cloister was formerly a preaching f o cross, which ell int a decayed state during the latter part of

the last century . Beneath it was a dome of masonry which t o Of closed the aperture a well considerable depth, which had H — T E CAT HEDRAL EXT ERIOR . 33

f a w been ormed with great ex ctness . This ell still exist s A beneath a plain square stone . nother well was (according

to Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green , w e ith a handsom stone arch ove r it .

P . hot och r om Co. , L d. , P koéo 1

, LO ST S W TH T HE AD S A BOU HE L . T C I ER , I IE R R

di i n fo Buil ng operations are still progress at Here rd, and it ’ was proposed to mark the year of H e r Majesty s Jubilee by a ia spec l restoration , dealing principally with the west end and

central tower. C H A P T E R I I I .

T HE N T R OR OF T H ATH D RAL I E I E C E .

T HE Cathedral is usually entered from the n orth- west through f T h the beauti ul parvise porch of Bishop B ooth . e lower stage Of this porch is formed by three arches with octagonal turrets at their outer angles . These turrets are each capped by a h lantern . T e second stage has three ﬁne Perpendicular

. T he o o h windows d orway, which actually pens into the c urch, o T he belongs to a smaller p rch within this outer one . inner f D o porch is o the ecorated period . There is s me particularly o - - f go d iron work on the doors , made by Messrs Potter rom

. o o . desig ns by Mr C ttingham , j uni r Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other t wo f sister cathedrals, being only eet in extent . T h e v fr N a e , which is separated om the aisles by eight a Of t h e h massive Norman piers (p rt original c urch), Of which of o ff the capitals are worthy n tice, has somewhat su ered by T h f o of W . e rest rations at the hand yatt tri orium, the cleres t he f tory, the vaulting of roo and the western wall and door way are all his work ; and it must not be forgotten that he ' W sh ortened the original nave b y on e entire bay . alking to the ' o n e r a l v i e w t o west end, fr m which the best g e is be obtained, on e is impre ssed by the striking effect of the great Norman f T piers and arches and the gloom o the choir beyond . hrough ob the n le circular arches, which support the central tower and o f the modern screen on the eastern side it, we see the eastern of o wall the ch ir, pierced above by three lancet windows and - o below by a wide circular arch receding in many rders . A central pillar divides this lower arch, two pointed arches f springing rom its capital and leaving a spandrel between them , I n which is covered with modern sculpture . the far distance NO O C THE RTH P R H . 36 HERE FORD CAT HEDRAL .

may be distinguished the east wall of the L ady Chapel and l its brilliant lancet ights . Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable for the richness of its ornament as compared with other bu ild

of E l . ings the same date, such as Peterborough or y T h e main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet of and other beautiful mouldings, and the capitals both piers f T h e and sha ts are also elaborately decorated . double half shafts set against the north and south fronts of the huge circular

piers are in the greater part restorations . Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated f E T rom the arly E nglish of Salisbury. hey are divided by

e . sl nder pillars, but there is no triforium passage D uring the L ate D ecorated period the nave-aisles were

practically rebuilt, the existing walls and windows being erected of wa lls for upon the bases the Norman , which were retained a f T o of e w feet above the foundations . h e vaulting of the ro fs the nave-aisles and the roof Of the n ave itself were coloured

o of o . under the directi n Mr . C ttingham T h Of n e F on t , late Norman desig , probably twelfth century,

is in the second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west. T he 2 circular basin is 3 inches in diameter, large enough for the total i mmersion of children . Beneath arches round T the basin are ﬁgures of the twelve Apostles . hese, however, T h e o with one exception, have been much broken . m st curious feature Of this interesting font is the base with four - riﬂi n s o T he demi g or lions pr jecting therefrom . whole is

protected by a mosaic platform . M on u m e n t s i n t h e N a v e — T h e first monument on the south side as we walk from the western end is the fine effigy in alabaster of Sir R ichard Pembridge in plate and mail armour

with his greyhound . This monument was formerly at the F h S u re s Black riars Monastery, but was removed ere at the pp ir sion . S R ichard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter ( 53rd f o o of E I I I . that rder) at the time dward , and was present at H . 1 o Poitiers e died in 3 7 5. There are still traces of col ur on this m onument and gold remains on the points of the cap on to which the camail is fastened, as also the jewelled sword

belt . A sheaf of green coloured feathers is separated from the he lm e t tilting , on which the head rests , by a coronet of open f on roses . When the e ﬁgy was brought here it had but e leg

E R E F RD H E D R L g s H O CAT A . S

- o copies of earlier work in the same position . The iron w rk of t A f o the door itself is m odern by Pot er . lo ty N rman arch leads from this aisle into the south transept .

T he north aisle of the nave is similar in style t o the south . It contains six memorial windows to Can on Clutton and his

f o f St . o wi e, with subjects by Warrenton fr m the li e of J hn the

Baptist . I n the sixth bay from the west of the n or th wall of the nave is the effigy and tomb under which is buried Bishop Booth ( 1 53 the builder of the large projecting porch which T he of 1s f bears his name . recumbent figure the Bishop ully r a r t H vested with a m zt p e zosa with pendent fillets . e wears a o f cassock , amice, alb, st le, ringed tunic and dalmatic, and chasuble with orfrays in front On his feet are broad- toed sandals ; hi s hands are gloved a crozier (the head of which has been broken) is veiled on the right . At this side is a

f . T h e o o o eathered angel riginal inscription , cut int st ne and f ﬁxed above the e ﬁgy, remains uninjured

Ca r o u s ooth e isco u s I‘Ie re forde n sis cu m 18a mmos m e n se s e t l B , p p , 5 o i e m i e s E cc e siae h u ic cu m a u e r e fu isse t u i n o die M a n I de t t d d l l d p , q t 53 5 h m l a fu n ctu s su b oc tu u lo se pu t u s j ce t .

T he iron -work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in C o the athedral which has not been disturbed, alth ugh Mr , “ H a v e rg a l says most of our large ancient monuments were

i . I t o a protected by ron railings is divided int six squ re panels , having shields and heraldic ornaments . T he f o beauti ul wr ught iron S cr e e n , an elaborate example of

- artistic metal work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skid of C Sir S o more oventry, from designs by Gilbert c tt, stands of between the eastern piers the central tower, a little towards m - f the nave . The first great piece of etal work o this kind executed in E n gland in modern times was the choir screen at L i chfi e ld , designed and carried out by the same artists as the Hereford screen though the lat ter and subsequent production of L ichfi e ld f transcends that , both in cra tsmanship and beauty . I t has five main arches, each subdivided into two Su b T h arches by a slender shaft . e central arch is larger and higher than the others, is gabled and surmounted by a richly

. T m on jewelled cross his for s the entrance, and either side, to of f a height 4 eet, the lower part of the arches are ﬁlled with T H E I N T E RI R O OF T HE CAT H E D R A L . 39

T h tracery in panels . e spandrels between the heads of the l o l arches are enriched with e aborate ornament in ﬂowing ut ine . A variety of foliage and ﬂowers has been worked in thin of n plates copper and hammered iron , in imitation of atural io f specimens, and throughout the screen the pass n lower is

P h ot och r om Ca , L d . Pla n /0 . 1 E N T HE CHOI R SCR E .

I t o of . prominent in the decoration . is c mposed lbs of o 0 0 0 . o of iron, 5 lbs of c pper and brass , pieces vitre us o o and other mineral substances in the m saic panels , and ab ut o o 30 0 cut and p olished stones . There are als seven br nze f th e o . O figures , three single fig ures , and two gr ups these “ 2 186 2 : h Ti m es, May 9, , well said T ese figures are perfect 40 HE R E FOR D CAT HE D R AL

studies in themselves . E very one can understand them at a f o o of glance, and r m the centre ﬁgure of Our Saviour to th se f m m a f the praying Angels, the ulness of their eaning y be elt without the aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet t o set ” fo rth who or what they are .

E U H E A N D E P S CTION THRO G TOW R TRANS TS .

T h of u e eastern side the screen, though witho t statuary, is ' no less worthy of inspection . Over the gates the large oval

I . H space is ﬁlled with the sacred monogram . C . The base T h e consists of polished D evonshire marble . diversity of tint f o o the metals used is in itself a source of c lour, but the whole of the hammered iron-work of the foliage has been T H E I N T E R I OR OF T HE C T HE D R A L A . 4 1

o of o painted with xides iron and c pper, while the colour h scheme is furt er carried out in the mosaics . T he ff a n d whole e ect is certainly beautiful, the screen is perhaps the best example of this kind of work produced in

. o of 0 0 0 modern times The c st the screen was 3 , though the su m paid by the Chapter in accordance with their agree 1 0 0 ment was only 5 . The same ﬁrm , the Skidmore A r t C wh o ompany, made it, also supplied the large corona and a sﬁ t in g t g s. A brass eagle presented by the Misses R u sh or t to the C o - of athedral, is placed near the s uth west corner the screen ;

it was designed by Cottingham . — T h e Ce n t r a l T ow e r . Immediately above the four great a of o rches the central tower, the interi r walls are, says Pro “ fe ssor W o C illis in his rep rt on the athedral, Of a very singu lar construction ; twelve piers of compact masonry on each a of 2 6 ft . side, beside angle piers , are c rried up to the height , f- o o of and connected hal way up by a h rizontal c urse stone, in

long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all ro und im m e di

ately under this bonding course . Upon these gigantic stone I o gratings, if may be allowed the expressi n , the interior wall of c the tower rests, and they also arry the entire weight of the

- bell chamber and bells . The whole space is now completely Open from the ﬂoor of

C oo of - h b the athedral to the wooden ﬂ r the bell c am er, which F o oo is painted underneath in b lue and gold . r m this ﬂ r hangs

the handsome corona of wrought iron . ’ ot t i n h a m s o 8 . C o 1 Before Mr g rest ration was c mmenced in 43, of however, the whole appearance the central tower was f ‘ dif erent, and the beautiful lantern with its many shafts was w l of f o hidden from vie by a vau t the ﬁ teenth century, which r se above the great arches and co mpletely concealed the upper

portion of the tower. I n his specific report of the conditio n of the central tower a s i in particular, which he w nstructed to deliver in writing, Mr . Cottingham said To enable m e to form the opinion which I have n ow the I v honour of reporting, ha e carefully examined the construction of the four great piers which support the tower ; they are of f in Norman workmanship, and su ficient bulk to carry a much greater weight than the present tower, had the masonry been HE R E FOR D C T HE D R L 42 A A . more carefully constructed 5 they consist of a series of semi circular columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which sur rounds the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled o o o with a rubble core, c mp sed of br ken stones, loam a n d lime groutin g ; this was u ndoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Nor E E man tower, but when the great arly nglish shaft was a dded on the top of this work the pressure beca me too great for such T h e - kind of masonry to bear. ashlar and semi columns, not being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores,

o for . split and bulged, and the c res, want of a proper proportion of lime, diminished and crushed to pieces . To remedy these of defects, a second facing ashlar has been attached to the piers, th e in some places by cutting out a part of old ashlar, and in others by merely ﬁxing long slips of st one round the pier With — o iron plugs, run in with lead, these m st unsightly e xcre sce n ces have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without adding T h e any strength to the masonry. same unskilful hands blocked o up all the original N rman arches , except one, connected with the tower piers and communicating with the aisles, choir, and

- transepts, leaving only a small passage way in each. “ The ﬁrst triforium arches in the choir and east side of the i n o south transept, abutt ng agai st the t wer, have also been closed up with masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich work which lies concealed behind it. These injudicious per for m a n ce s have tended to weaken instead of strengthen the o tower. The interior walls ab ve the main arches of the tower, ﬁ ft - t wo up to the bases of the y pillars, which surround the bell ’ a ringers chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly t the four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction, u for t o i h — h have been made large eno gh a man creep , t ese unaccountable holes have tended very much to increase the o danger, as all the masonry c nnected with them is drawn off its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces by the o T h e - o enormous pressure ab ve . stone w rk, also, above the

- pilla rs, is drawn off at the angles just below the timber work of I the bell ﬂoor. On the whole, never witnessed a more awful monument of the fallibility of human skill than the tower of m Hereford Cathedral at this oment prese n ts . I n addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed f themselves, on recommendation of the Bishop, o the opinion

C . T of Profe ssor Willis, of ambridge his gentleman, after the T HE I N T E R I OR OF T HE C T HE D A R AL . 43

most minute scrutiny and indefatigable labour, produced his - elaborate and well known report . He essentially corroborated

, the architect especially as to the general state of the tower and, o D under the strenu us exertions of ean Merewether , the great o f T h work restoration was commenced . e tower contains a of ﬁne peal ten bells in the key of C . A new Clock was erected 186 1 in , which strikes the — hours and quarter hours . T h e N ort h T r a n se pt . — Passing through t h e n orth arch of the tower we co me into some of the most interesting parts of T the Cathedral . he tran sept beyond was entirely rebuilt for the reception of the shrine of Bish op Canti lupe, when his body was removed fro m the L ady C 12 8 f hapel in 7 , a ter the miracles reported at ‘ his tomb had already largely increased the revenues of the Cathedral . The u m usual shape of the arches and the ﬁne and effective windows o f this transept render it on e of the m ost distinguished E nglish speci mens of the style . i s a win d w On the north o N O H CH OF CE N L O E RT AR TRA T W R , With triple lights on each SHOWI N G M A SO N RY E RE C TE D ‘ B U 1 2 0 side of a group of banded A O T 3 . shafts, the tracery above f T h being ormed of Circles enclosing trefoils . e heads of the lights are sharply pointed . The west side ha s two lofty windows recessed inside

- triang ular headed arches, which completely ﬁll the two bays . T hey have three lights each , and are exactly similar to the f windows on the north side o the transept . Surrounded by a lternate shafts of sandstone and dark HE R E FOR D C T HE D R L 44 A A .

marble, a clustered pier divides the eastern aisle of the

o . fo transept int two bays These shafts have liated capitals , of f and the bases have knots oliage between them . With the exception of one string of dog- tooth ornament the f mouldings o the main arches are plain . Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the Norman arch Opening to the Choir-aisle beyond the transept f T h itsel . here are in each bay two pointed arches, eac con taining three smaller arches with foiled headings surmounted T he by three Open quatrefoils . spandrels between the arches f f fa r are diapered in low relie with lea ornament . Above, back f in the clerestory arches, are octo oil windows with sills of over o lapping courses, which incline forward to the string c urse above the triforium . T h e f of o sha ts all the wind ws are ringed at the angles, and of the triangular arches are an unusual stilted shape, similar to those in the clerestory of Worcester Cathedral on the south

t he . T of side of nave hese are, however, later date, and may have been imitated by the Worcester architect . h o of ir T e S . restorati n the north transept by G G. Scott was f ou t satis actorily carried , and certainly improves the general ff e ect. M on u m e n t s in t h e N ort h T r a n se pt — The great north stained-glass window by Hardman was placed there as a L F wh o 186 memorial to Archdeacon ane reer died in 3 . s w Underneath thi windo , which is described later on in the o f of section dev ted to stained glass, is the stone e ﬁgy Bishop We st fa lin T h e y g (died canopy was removed by Wyatt, f and the e ﬁgy is now leaning on its side against the wall . T here is an undoubted original half- length portrait of this H f xf o . T bishop in the all Jesus College, O ord here are m onuments t o other members of the family in the church at

R oss . I n the pavement near the choir-aisle is a brass to John ’ Tlze S le n did Skilli n of C d e r Philips, the author of p g and y , a His poem endearing him to Herefordshire . family belonged f i n f to this county, although he himsel was born Ox ordshire ’ T 15 m 1n C W here a lso a onument to Philips Poets orner, est die d in 1 0 8 of 2 A . minster bbey He _ 7 , at the early age 3 . The next monument in the north transept is the efﬁgy o f f E 1 2 C o . T Bishop Thomas harlton, treasurer ngland, 3 9 his

T HE IN T E R I OR O F T HE C T HE D R A AL . 47 efﬁgy and its richly decorated alcove or canopy was most n ot W luckily touched by yatt .

- w Here are stained glass indows to Captain Arkwright, lost m C . R e v . H an avalanche aptain Kempson , and S Clark , ead of master Battersea College . I n a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the m ost o — v i z . important m nument in the north transept, the pedestal T 1 of St . o Ca n t ilu e 2 82 of the celebrated shrine h mas de p , , C n F on his t o who died at ivita Vecchia, ear lorence, way R A 2 t h 12 82 . ome, ugust 5 , His heart was sent to Ashridge i of in Buck nghamshire, part the body was buried near Orvieto and the bones were brought to Herefo rd and deposited in the L ady Chapel . T he o pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram , narr wer at

. I t a n d o of t wo the lower end is of Purbeck marble, c nsists o C f stages, the l wer having a series of inque oiled niches and fourteen ﬁgures of T emplars in Chain armour in different for o Ca n t ilu e f attitudes , Bish p p was Provincial Grand Master o

the Knights Templars in E ngland . A ll the figures are sea ted with various m onsters under their T h feet . e filling of the spandrels between these niches and that of the spandrels between the arches of the upper stage is i I t t o D espec ally noteworthy . belongs the first ecorated period, n o ff and while the arra gement is still s mewhat sti or formal , the

forms are evidently directly copied from nature . t h e The slab inside open arcade, which forms the upper stage, still bears the matrix of the brass of an episcopal ﬁgure having

traces of the arms of the Se e the arms of Ca n t ilu pe ) . By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop Ca n t ilu pe was avoided the secondary part which his shrine must ha ve played if it had been placed in the usual post of honour f t E o S . at the back of the high altar . The shrine thelbert was

probably already there , and wisely enough a distinguished position was specially Created by rebuilding the n orth transept f r of f o the purpose . There is a similar state af airs at Oxford Fr ide swide i n o of . Cathedral with the shrine St , and the s uth of St R ' transept of Chichester Cathedral with that . ichard de la VV h yC . D Fr owce st e r 1 2 We note also a brass to ean , 5 9 and another to R ichard D elamare and his wife Isabella Near the Ca n t ilu pe shrine i s a bust of Bishop F1eld (died 48 HE R E FOR D CAT H E D R AL .

’ n oo f of D A c u a bla n ca and o the fl r is an e figy John q , a D ean of Hereford (died and nephew of Bishop ’ ' D A c u a bla n ca o f o C o t o q , wh se beauti ul m nument is l se it, between the north choir- aisle and the eastern aisle of t he of o transept. Beholding the exquisite grace this t mb we are reminded of the more elaborate and equally beautiful Chantry of the same period ( 12 6 2 ) in the south Choir transept of Salis bury to Bishop Giles de Bridport . e fi i of Over the g y, which is a most interesting example f of minute ecclesiastical costume, delicate sha ts Purbeck marble support a gabled canopy, each gable of which is sur mounted by a finial in the form of a flor ia t e d cross . T o o 186 1 his m nument once glowed with rich col ur, and in a feeble attempt was made to restore it, which was, however, o A v ha d not carried out . Bish p quablanca, Peter of Sa oy, of u W of S v been steward the ho sehold to his relative, illiam a oy, ’ f o t the Queen s uncle . His pre erment was one of the n tewor hy ’

H I l I . s f f of instances of enry love o oreigners, and as Bishop H him ereford he was especially unpopular. The King made his o on f treasurer and c nsulted him all matters o state . At his 1 “ H . W R e v . . He death, says the Phillott, was probably little C f regretted in his cathedral ity, whose Citizens he had de eated o in an attempt to encr ach on his episcopal rights . But he f l used his victory with moderation, for he orgave them one ha f of their ﬁne and devoted the other half to the fabric of , the f o of cathedral, probably that noble and grace ul p rtion it, the - f north west transept, which contains the exquisitely beauti ul o f shrine, pr bably erected by himsel , under which repose the o D of H f remains of his nephew, J hn, ean ere ord , as well as his own , his heart excepted, which, with a pathetic yearning of - home sickness, he desired should be carried to the Church f — which he had ounded in his own sunny land at Aigue Belle,

S o . o in av y Yet, though his mem ry has received no mercy at of - his the hands historians and song writers of day, though his example did much to swell the tide of ill-repute in which Of C for many the lergy of all ranks were held ( the laity, says

- the song writer, are apt to pay less attention t o the doctrine of than to the life their teachers), we ought not to leave out of f of sight that he did much to improve the abric the Cathedral, f o and bequeathed liberal gi ts to its foundati n in money, books, L The D i oce s r W i e He e or d H . h o qf f , . P ll tt.

T HE I N T E R I OR OF T HE CAT HE D R AL . 5 1

o m rnaments, and land, and also a handso e legacy to the poor of the diocese . I n o the north transept is a doorway leading to the t wer . S ou t h T r a n se pt — Crossing the Cathedral in front of the Skidmore screen it is a relief to turn from the nave with its sham triforium to the south transept with its ﬁne three stage

. n r Norman east side The groini g, although incong uous, is still f ’ beauti ul, and does not irritate in the same way as Wyatt s

abominations in the nave . This transept contains several o d t disputed architectural points , and pinions are ivided as o whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the “ 1 “ C . . athedral At any rate, says G Phillips Bevan, this transept seems to have been the happy huntin g- ground of of - successive races builders, who have left the side walls in

admired confusi on . T hough it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular T h period much of the Norman work remains . e east wall is

in the best preservation, and is certainly entirely Norman with of I t of the exception the g ro ining. is covered with ﬁve series a I n arc des, which may be divided into three stages . the middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very short l of o Norman arches . A l the other ranges arcades, except th se at the level of the clerestory, are blocked . On this side the transept is lighted from the clerestory by two Norman windows . I n both east and west walls there is a very ﬁne Norman moulded double arch . I n the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the

Norman work, and a large Perpendicular window nearly ﬁlls the south wall with panelling round it of the same period . M on u m e n t s in t h e S ou t h T r a n se pt — T here is an - A D 1 6 of interesting altar tomb of Sir lexander enton , 57 ,

Co . E s . Hillesden , Bucks, q , and his lady and a child in - n swaddling clothes, toward the south east a gle of the transept . e fﬁ s e The g ie are in alabaster, and retain considerabl traces of o colour. T hey are in full proporti n , and the knight wears a T he D double chain and holds a cross in his hands. entons

n ow E of L . were ancestors of the Coke family, arls eicester 1t s T h e swaddled body of the child lies to the left of mother,

1 hi i s Gu ide 10 t il e PVy e a n d i t s by the la te G. P ll p

e v a n F. S S B , . . HE R E F R D C T HE L 52 O A D R A .

o o its head resting on a little d uble pill w by her knee, and a part of the red cloth on which sh e lies wraps over the lower part of the babe .

To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the hi s or composition, lie two gauntlets mail gloves, which have

been much scratched with names .

The head of the knight rests upon his helmet . R ound the verge of the tomb is this inscription

H l e x a n e D e n on of Hi e s e n in th e Coun of u e re lie th A d r t , ll d , ty B ckin g ha m d n n e his ife D ow h t e r a n d He of R icha Will son of , a n A w , g yr rd y Sug g e r we sh in t he Cou n t i e of He re ford which An n e de ce a se d t he 29th of ” 8th e e of h e r A e t h e 2 rd of his O b e A D . 1 66 th e 1 A e . cto r, . 5 y r g , 3 g

“ W cae n ot a h But, says Browne illis, this was but a p , for A x D f le ander enton , the husband , who lived some years a ter, ’ ’ m a rr d b u r d and y another lady, was y with her at Hillesden , 18 Co . Bucks where he died January the th, Under the south window is an efﬁgy of Bishop T re v e n a n t ( 1389 the builder of the Perpen dicular alterations f in this transept . The e ﬁgy is unfortunately headless and has lost its hands . The feet are resting on a lion .

T . There is a brass to Smith , organist of the Cathedral 187 7) The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the west side of the south tra nsept . They consist of a recta ngular recess wit h chimney vault wa s n behind . This doubtless cut away when the Perpe dicular window wa s placed above on this side. From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the lantern arches. n r a The Org a , which occupies the fi st rchway on the south t he R e n a t us side of choir, was originally built by Harris in 1686 i L , and was a present from K ng Charles I I . ater on Byfi e ld added the choir organ ; and the i nstrument afterwards L a n E underwent repairs by Green, Avery, incoln, d by lliott, 180 6 a who in put ped ls and pedal pipes ; and by Bishop , who n 1862 introduced a swell . I many alterations and addition s D 18 were made by Messrs Gray avidson , and in 7 9 more o alterations and additions, including the s lo organ , were made 8: So of L 1 2 by Messrs Henry Willis ns, ondon . In 89 the

T HE I N T E R I OR F T H O E CAT HE D R AL . 55

organ underwen t a complete rebuilding by the last-n amed

ﬁrm . The whole of the action is pneumatic, and the i bellows are blown by ﬁve hydraulic eng nes . The organ has 16 t n 1 grea orga stops, 4 swell, 9 choir, 3 solo , 7 echo, 8 1 pedal, and 4 accessory stops. Altogether it con t ain s

3455 spe a king pipes . I n the south wall of the south choir- aisle a re four D ecorated d f e fﬁ ie s arche recesses containing our g of bishops, belonging to

t h e . se e ﬂi ie s Perpendicular period The g have been attributed,

n n R . 116 beg i ing from the west, to de Melun, 7 R obert D e a F Bethune , (died the l st Norman builder ; Hugh oliot (died 12 34) or R obert Foliot (died and Will iam D e Vere (died On the north wall under an arch Opening to the choir is the tomb of Bishop D e L orraine or L osin g a (died who superin tended the buildi ng of the ﬁne west front of the f T f cathedral so un ortunately destroyed . his e ﬁgy also belongs

- to the Perpendicular period . The large size of the ball hower a n d ﬁne wood-carving Of the D ecorated period on these tombs

i s n oticeable . Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine e fi i g y 1 0 and brass to Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College ( 5 4 ffi a n The e gy is wearing a mitre, d is fully vested . In

front of the monument are panels filled with figures of saints, a n f ha s d over the e figy is an elaborate canopy, which been

restored . In the last bay t o west of the south choir aisle a door gives m access to two Nor an rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms, h a to enter w ich you pass bene th the bellows of the organ . E xhibited in cases in one of these rooms are some of th e C t reasures of the cathedral, ancient opies of the Scriptures; in cha li ces, r gs, etc. , described in detail towards the close of A - this sect ion . two storied eastern chamber was added to the c a Norma n work in the Perpendi ul r period, and was used as the ca the dral treasury. Before leaving the south choir a i sle the old sta ined glass e W windows with ﬁg ur s restored by arrington should be noticed, and the celebrated M a p of t he W or ld is well worth some A ’ study . I t was discovered under the ﬂoor of Bishop udley s n Chapel during the last century, and appears from i ternal e viden ce t o have been probably designed about 13 14 by a HE R E FOR D CAT H E D R AL . certain R ichard of Ha ldin g ha m and of L a ffor d (Holdingham fo a n d Slea rd in L incolnshire) .

T u z ki ce st e st ori e ou t On o r on t o lu ron t ou v e r on t y , y , , Pr ie n t a Jh e su e n d e y t é D e R icha r d de Ha ldi n g h a m e de L a ffo rd e yt pite ’ [ Ki l a t fe t e com pa ssé K oi e e ce l li se i on e e j n t d .

“ Prebendary Ha v e rg a l says : I t i s believed t o be on e of the a o if n ot o f very oldest m ps in the w rld, the ldest, and it is ull I t f o o of the deepest interest . is ounded on the c sm graphical of treatises the time, which generally commence by stating that C ae o o N ich odoxu s Augustus sar sent out three p hil s phers, , T o o Polict it u s t o he d tus, and , measure and survey the world, I n and that all geographical knowledge was the result . the left hand corner of the map the E mperor is delivering to the o ae phil sophers written orders, confirmed by a handsome medi val T h o o . e o seal w rld is , here represented as r und, surr unded A t t o of by the ocean . the p the map is represented Paradise, with its rivers and trees also the eating of the forbidden fruit and the expulsion of ou r first parents . A bove is a remarkable o of D a of representati n the y Judgment, with the Virgin Mary for f f f o interceding the aith ul, who are seen rising r m their o graves and being led within the walls f heaven . T h e m a f o H o o p is chiefly filled with ideas taken r m er d tus, Solin u s I o T s . , sidore, Pliny, and ther ancient historian here of are numerous figures towns, animals, birds, and fish, with o o m e dimv a l gr tesque cust ms, such as the geographers believed t o exist in different parts of the world ; Babylon with its famous R of tower ; ome, the capital the world, bearing the inscription ‘ ’ R om a e a u t m u n di i e zze t or bis r e n a r a t a n di , p , f and Troy as ‘ ’ ci it a s b llieoszk i m a I n B o of v e s . Great ritain m st the cathedrals are m entioned ; but of I reland the author seems to have known very little . “ Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of H L n of C E ercules, the abyri th rete, the pyramids in gypt, the o of o o of C of I h use b ndage, the j urneys the hildren srael, the R e d Se a o S of o , M unt inai, with a figure Moses and his supp sed of oe o place burial, the Ph nician Jews w rshipping the molten L ’ f image, ot s wi e, etc . ’ - A t Bish op s Cloist e r s . the eastern end of the south T HE I N T E R I OR OF HE T E L T CA H D R A . 57

nave aisle a doo r o pens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral I n o with the episcopal palace . the cl ister is placed a monu o C of o ment and inscripti n to olonel John Matthews Belm nt, “ H h o 1 2 w 8 6 . f o near ereford, died The subj ect, Grie c nsoled A C by an ngel, is carved in aen stone . — E z . D D Other monuments are one to the Hon dward Grey, . . , o f 18 2 18 He formerly Bish p of Here ord, 3 to 37 . died July ’ 18 o o 3 7 , and is buried beneath the bishop s thr ne . A m nument I Hu n t in for d D 181 18 2 e D . to Bishop Georg saac g , , 5 to 3 He - A 18 2 died in his eighty fourth year, pril 3 , and was buried W D r C m . at o pton, near inchester. Also a monument to Clarke

Whitfield, an organist of the cathedral . f i f The ollowing nscription, on an ancient brass, a fixed to a o gravest ne near the west part of the cathedral, which, being off for o taken , was kept in the city tolsey or hall s me time until it was finally fastened to a freesto ne on the west side of the Bishop ’ s Cloisters

Good Chr ist e yn Pe ople of you r Ch a rite T ha h e e a b i e i n his t ra n i t or e ife t r d t s y l , For t h e sou s of R ich a r hi i s a e l d P l p pr y y , A n d a so of n n e h is e e be ov e ife l A d r l d w , \Vhich h e re t og e de r con tin u e d withou t st ryfe I n th is W orshipfu l City c a lle d He re ford by Na m e He b e i n g 7 tim e s Ma ye r a n d R u le r of t he sa m e Fu r t h e t o e c a e of his o a n d fa m e r, d l r p rt , h e m h a e e i n w oe His piti e a n d com pa ssion of t t t w r , t i a e e n o hi n a m e T o do works of ch a r i ie h s h n ds w r t g l , T h r ou g h e him a ll pe ople he re m a y fre e ly com e a n d g oe

W t h ou a i n of Cu s om T o or o h e W oe . i t p y g t , ll , t r d L a n T h e w hich T hi n g s t o r e de m e h e le ft b oth Hou se a n d For tha t in te n t e r pe t u a lly t o re m a i n a n d sta n d . h a h u t t o h e r Ha n An n e a lso th a t odly e w om a n t p d , ’ r o h e r Hu sb a n s c e a n d e n a in t h e sa m e App vi n g d A t , l rg g , i s b a n Whych e Be n e ﬁ ts con sid e re d a ll this Con t t y d a m e E n tir e ly t o pra y for th e m or e llis it we re t o b l . for u s a ll a ssi on a n e a n d Sh a m e N ow Chri ste th a t su ffe re d P , P y , , m on h a lor iou se Com a n Gra n t th e m th e ir R e wa rd i n He v yn a g t t g p y, h e m e t e r n a T h e re t o r e ig n e i n Joy a n d Blyss with t lly Am e n .

- - T h e S ou t h e a st T ra n se pt , lying between the retro choir - it is in and the Chapter house, into which opens, the main D ecorated, though its window tracery is perhaps somewhat I t later, being almost ﬂamboyant in character. was altered

from the original Norman apse, and in the walls bases of the 58 HE R E FOR D CAT HE D R AL .

It earlier work remain . has an eastern aisle, separated from it o a by a single ct gonal pillar . Before the aisles were added the now open window looking into the L ady Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the T f chapel, and was glazed . here is a lovely view rom this I n L C . transept, looking slantwise into the ady hapel this

of e % transept are a number fragments of brass s, mouldings, T he f o L stone, etc . chie monument is that to Bish p ewis 1 6 His fﬁ Charleton, 3 9. e gy lies under the wall dividing the transept from the vestibule of the L ady Chapel . Above it 18 o C is a ﬁne monument, restored in 7 5, to Bish p oke, died 6 T Sir Co S of 164 . his bishop was brother to John ke, ecretary

His . St ate t o Charles I . coloured shield is borne by two angels

A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the spot where the remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on E v e 186 of Christmas , 7 , in presence the dean, archdeacon, ra e ce n t or for and p , in a vault specially prepared them ; and D D I . . there is a small brass on the wall . Gilbert ronside, , W of C xf - C of arden Wadham ollege, O ord, was Vice hancellor 168 I I o the University in 7 , when James . seized up n the venerable foundation of Magdalen College and sent his com t o f t o missioners Ox ord expel the Fellows . I n D r . I his replies to the king, ronside showed a ﬁrm and f xf His f resolute spirit in defence of the rights o O ord . re usal to dine with the commissioners on the day of the Magdalen I ” expulsion is described thus by Macaulay am not, he ’ Ke rke s I m said, of Colonel mind . cannot eat my eals with ” appetite under a gallows . T he brave old Warden of Wadham was n ot left to eat his ” f W meals much longer in his beauti ul college hall . illiam

II I . f , almost immediately a ter his accession, made him Bishop t o H fo of Bristol, whence he was translated ere rd, and, dying 1 0 1 L f f H f in 7 at the ondon residence o the Bishops o ere ord,

f St . o S . in the parish Mary omerset, was buried in that church I t was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of Wadham Colleg e that the D ean and Chapter of Hereford con sented to the proposal that the remains and marble slab should be removed to the precincts of their cathedral . T S St . Mary Somerset, hames treet, was the ﬁrst church ’ L n ce s A ct closed under the Bishop of ondon s Union of Be e ﬁ , and when it was dismantled and the dead removed from the ir T HE I N T E R I OR OF T HE C T HE D R A AL . 59

186 vaults in the autumn of 7 , the remains of Bisho p I ronside were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in the vault having been previously removed or stolen . For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened “ ” t h e Ha v e r a l by Burial Board authorities, and, says Mr. g , “ f s t so per ect were the remains that the kin was n o broken, and the fe atu res of the placid- looking bishop were u h I n a disturbed . square recess on the east wall is a bust ow which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, C

per, Garrick, and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr . f James Thomas, a citizen of Here ord, who is buried near this

. Sir R D e la b e re 1 1 place Under it is a brass to ichard , 5 4, his two wi ves and twenty -one children ; the inscription is as follows Ch a r it ie of R D e la b e r e Of your pray for the Soul Sir ichard , e of Cou n ti e f of Knight, lat the of Here ord Anne, daughter the L o A E of rd udley, and lizabeth, daughter William Mores, late VI I w v e s Si r sergeant of the hall to King Henry . , y of the said R wh ch e de ce sse d 2 0 t h of A D 1 1 ichard, y the day July, . . 5 3, on ” m e rc e A whose souls Jesu have y . men . T he n orth - east window contains stained glass to the memory of n f Old f B ishop Hu n t i g or d. There is also an e ﬁgy supposed t o represent St . John the Baptist . — T he f T h e L a dy Ch a pe l . elaborate and beauti ul E arly E f of nglish work of this chapel, which dates from the ﬁrst hal t he 12 2 0 thirteenth century, about , was twice under the ’ f restorers hands, the eastern end and roo having been rebuilt Sir i n A C . by Cott gham and the porch and udley hapel by G G .

S It 2 . cott . is 4 by 4 5 feet in extent and has three bays On o the north side each of these bays contains two large wind ws, and on the south side two of the bays contain each t wo win

A C . dows, while the third is filled by the udley hapel I n 184 1 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by of Professor Willis to be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding this port ion was one of the first works undertaken by Mr. ir S C t S . . ot ingham . G G cott completed the pavement and o ther restorations . T h e glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets C f recessed within arches supported by lustered sha ts, the wall

fo . of above being perforated with ﬁve quatre il openings, which the outside ones are circular and the centre three are oval . 6o HE R E FOR D H CAT E D R AL .

F 1 “ erg usson remarks : Nowhere on the Continent are such - Com b m a t i on s b e F o to found as the ive Sisters at Y rk, the east of E l or end y, such a group as that which terminates the east ” of H fo end ere rd . Of the beautie s and interesting features which were developed of L C . m D by the clearing the ady hapel by Mr Cottingha , ean Merewether wrote I t s symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt the remnants of its ancient painting, which were traceable be n eath

t /r r P /l o oc om Co. , L ri . ,

T HE LAD Y CHAPE L. the whitewash ; the fair disclosure of the monum ents of J oanna

Kil e c f t o e diﬁ ce . n d de p , a bene actress this very , a Humphry o de B hun , her husband , both of exceeding interest ; the o discovery of two aumbries, b th walled up, but one with the o iscin a o st nes composing it reversed the double q p on the s uth of o of side, the chapel Bish p Audley ; but especially two the most beautiful specimens of transition arches which can be fo n t h e E E fo f und in any ediﬁce , beari g arly nglish rm, the sha ts

- and capitals and the lancet shaped arch above, but ornamented 1 ' Hist or o A r c/z zl e e t u r e i 8 y f , i . 3 .

' 6 2 HE R E FOR D CA T HE D R AL . the adjoinin g vaults opened in reducing the ﬂoor to its original level. t o D It was as a memorial ean Merewether, to whom the m cathedral owes so uch, that the sta in ed glass designed by Cotting ha m was placed in the east windows in the narrow lancets that he It t e loved so dearly. presents scenes in the early life of the Virgin a n d the life of Christ ; the last bein g th e sup per in the house of I n Mary and Martha. the side windows the visitor should especially notice the rich clustered

shafts and arches, the

E arly E nglish capitals, and the ornamentati on A of the arches . bove

these windows, corre spon din g to the open ings above the east

window, a quatrefoil Openin g enclosed by a ci rcle pierces the wall . The quadr ipartite vault ing springs from slender ft sha s, which descend upon a slightly raised

base. ARCH D I SCOVE RE D AT E NTRAN CE OF The double piscin a L D Y C H PE L A A . a n d aumbry sout h of the altar a re re st ora a d in tions necessit ted by the dilapi ated state of the orig als . M on u m e n t s i n t h e L a dy Ch a pe L - Oi great beauty and interest is -the Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the of L a d- C north side the y hapel, in which is the recumbent T HE I N T E R I OR OF T HE C T HE D R L A A . 63 efﬁ gy which tradition has assigned without evidence to E of H f Humphrey de Bohun, arl ere ord, who died in the 46t h h n E d I I 1 t e I . 2 year of reig of ward , 3 7 . He was, however, in A buried in the north side of the Presbytery Walden bbey,

E ssex. Fr Ha v e r a l The R e v . ancis g considers this to be the monu a r Gra n disson 1 8 ment of Peter, B on de , who died 3 5 . I n any a n f c se, the knight was probably one of the Bohu amily, a n d husba nd of the lady whose e ﬂig y lies under an arch in the wall n of a r adjoini g . The costume is the e lier part of the fourteenth x c cla century full armour, and covered (a rare e ample) by a y ss, ' o in E I II ’ a close linen shirt w rn over the armour dward . s reign . This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer u behind . The visitor sho ld also notice the frin ged poleyns at the knees .

- The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle work, n ow containing a series of ﬁg ures representing the crowning of V on E a n the irgin ; one side are ﬁgures of King thelbert d St . on a John the Baptist, and the other St . Thomas Becket (with

a n d T Ca n t ilu e . Of double crozier) Bishop homas de p these, however, only the two central carvings are in their original n b positions, the others having bee discovered y Mr . Cottingham

- when the oak choir screen was removed . I n the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of C f 1 2 Joanna de Bohun, ountess of Here ord, 3 7 . To quote “ D : T h e fﬁ from ean Merewether e gy of the lady, there can ‘ a D be scarcely doubt, represents Johanna de Bohun, omina ’ Kil e c -of A Plon kn e t t de p . She was the sist er and heiress lan

' Plu e n e t of Kil e c n or g p , in the county of Hereford, a ame distinguished in the annals of his times ; and of his posses n 1 E II sions, his sister doi g her homage, had livery 9 dward . “ I n 13 2 7 Johanna de Bohun gave to the D ean and Cha pter of L u wa rd n e t he a of Hereford, the church g y , with ch pels of W n a rds He n thla n d n . a L la ngarre , St y and , with all the small o r chapels belongin g to them, which d nation was conﬁ med by the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de a A Ch ndos, rchdeacon of Hereford ; and the Bishop of Here D C ‘ ford further conﬁrmed it to the ean and hapter by deed,

L u wa s 2 2 n d 1 1 R e ist . . a dated g , July, 33 (ex g MS Thom e h rle t n A n d r D n C o o , afte wards the Bishop, ea and Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to t he service peculiar “ HE R E FOR D C T HE D R L . 64 A A ‘ C E to the Virgin Mary, because in other hurches in ngland the Mother of God had better and more serious service, but ’ in the Church of Hereford the L a dye s sustenance for her t e t hin n e ou t of prie s was so and small, that their respect they C add this, by their deeds, dated in the hapter at Hereford, 6 f A r ot h . MS . 6 2 o . pril , (Harl 7 , l “ h u n i o i 1 E III . Joha nna de Bo o died W th ut , dward , “ ssue 1 2 L u wa r d n e i i 3 7 , the donation of g y be ng perhaps her dy ng 1 of i bequest . On the 7th October in that year, she const tuted Ba de ssha we t o i t o John de , her attorney, give possess on the L i D ean and Chapter of a n acre of land in ugward ne, and the advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it . Bisse le e This instrument was dated at y , and her seal was f -is appended, o which a sketch pre

served by Taylor, in whose possession this document appears to have been in 16 of 55, and a transcript it will be H 6868 found arl . MS . , f. 77 (see also 6 2 6 f 10 7 , . 9, which last has been ’ ka T o o r a er 1 S w s iz . printed in p g p , 2 80 ) “ I n the tower is preserved the patent E L u 1 E I II . dward , pro cclesia de g warden cum ca pe lli s don a n dis a SE AL OF JOHANNA D E n in v e n ie n du m 8 B U Joha na de Bohun ad OH N . ca pe lla n os e t . 2 dia con os appropri ’ anda (Tanner s N otifier M a ti a s%) The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to explain why the memorial of J ohanna de Boh ou n is found in L C ha d the ady hapel, to which especially she been a bene fa ct r e ss T n of . hey also explain the original orname ts this i r n tomb, the pa nting which was to be seen not many yea s si ce e fli n ow under the arch in which the g y lies, unfortunately of w f concealed by a coat of plaster, hich su ficient has been ’ removed to prove that Gough s description of the origina l sta te ‘T h V ‘ t e c . e r of h painting is corre t He says, irgin is rep esented n in sitting, crowned with a imbus a lady habited a mantle and wimple kneeling on a n embroidered cushion offers to her a — church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire and C a behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve relig ious, hanting de lo ée who gorge p y after the foremost, holds up a book, on T HE I N T E R IO R OF T HE CAT HE D R AL . 65

“ F which are seen musical notes and salve se a parens . leur

- de lys are painted about both within and without this arch, and on the spandrils two shields ; on the left, a bend cotised t L E be ween twelve ioncels (Bohun) and on the right, rmines, ’ 1 86 a bend indented, Gules . This description was published 7 , By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation of the church of L ugwardine was represented ; the eleven or twelve vociferous choristers were the eight Chaplains and two for deacons mentioned in the patent, who were set apart the of L C peculiar service the ady hapel, and provided for from f Boh u n T he the pious bequest o Johanna de o . two shields mentioned by Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter e A A side b aring the arms of Bohun, zure a bend, rgent between or — E two cotises, and six lions rampant, . The other, rmines, fu sil a bend indented, (or y) Gules, which were the bearings of Plu e n e t g , derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons of Kil e c f p , and still borne by the amily of Pye in Herefordshire, I n of whose descent is traced to the same source . the list C a Obits observed in Hereford athedral, Joh nna is called the L L ady Kilpeck, and out of ugwardine was paid yearly for her t ” obit for y pence . T h e efﬁgy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a speci of It s n h n men costume . curious decoratio of uma heads is also noteworthy . of D e Over the grave ean Mereweth r, who is interred at the

- north east angle of the chapel, is a black marble slab with s a brass by Hardman bearing an inscription, which record “ that t o the restoration of the cathedral he devoted the u n wearied energies of his life till its close on the 4t h of A pril ’ 1850 3 T h e next monument to notice is the efﬁgy of D ean Be re w or Beaurieu (died 1462 ) in the south wall of the vestibule . T his is one of the best specimen s of monumental sculpture T h e in the cathedral . face, which is well modelled, and the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are especially o noticeable . There are remains of colour ver the whole I n h - monument . the ollow of the arch moulding are sixteen “ b r oa s with rue leaves in their mouths, forming a rebus of ’ the dean s name . f T o t h e west of this monument is the e ﬁgy of a priest, 1 86 supposed to be Canon de la Barr, 3 . 66 HE R E FOR D CAT HE D R AL .

T h e A u dle y Ch a n t ry — I n the central bay on the south side of the wall is the Audley Chantry— a b eautiful little chapel built by Bishop E dmund Audley ( 1492 with an upper chamber to which access is obtained by a circular stair

t - case a the south west angle . ’ A fter Bishop Audley s translation t o Salisbury in 150 2 he erected a similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he of H f C was buried, so that the object the ere ord hantry as the place for his interment was of course never f ulfilled . T h e following is an extract taken from the calendar of an ’ ” i l e e u n du m m u m t r e or a e m e m ancient m ssa z S f , which “ ” notes a number of obii t s or co mmemorations of bene E I I f of I . . actors, chiefly between the times Henry and dward “ X a i bi t us D om i n i E dm un di A u de i e u a ml a m S a r u m K . O . y , g ’ ’ E isco i u i de dit r eda it u m XX S olidor u m distr ibu e n a or u m p p , g . ' ’ n m e is e le r e i a n e r a r io su e r ese n t ibu s u i ue Ca o t C i s i n m v s p , g g ea pe l/a m n e v a m j u x t a F e r e tr u m S a n d i Til a m re Ca nfe ssor is e ’ u m i o con st r u x i i e t i n e a d e m Cu n t a r i a m e r e t u al %” a m or t i z a v it f , p p , ‘ ’ e t c a m t i fzri t n e m on F e r e zm m a r e n t e u m i n m oa u m E eele si a z . C g f a br i ca t u m a tg ue a li a g u a m plu r i m a lzze ie S a cr e E di eon i u iit ” n ci be efi al . T h e lower chamber is shut off from the L ady Chapel by a

- screen of painted stone with open work panelling in t wo stages . T he chapel is a pentagon in plan, and has two windows, while o L o a third pens into the ady Chapel thr ugh the screen . T he f ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having in ormer

times been elaborately painted . T ﬁ v e here are windows in the upper chamber, and the oof o T he groined r is distinctly g od . boss in the centre o of represents the Virgin crowned in glory . On ther parts the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and those of the D n I T he eanery as well as a shield beari g the letters R . of f L upper part the chantry, which is divided rom the ady C t o h f hapel by the p of the screen w ich serves as a kind o rail, may have been used as an oratory but n o remains of an altar f o o have been ound . On the d or pening on the staircase is ’ - o B A some good iron w rk, and ishop udley s initials may be o n ticed on the lock . Standing by the door of this C hapel the visitor has a lovely o f view westward, two pillars rising in the r o and across the T HE 1 T E R IO R F H E 6 N O T E CAT H D R AL . 7

h top of the reredos, to the right the Norman arches of t e north f transept, and urther on still the nave. L C for The ady hapel was used very many years as a library, 186 2 of of St and after as the church the parish . John the s Bapti t, which surrounds the cathedral, and claimed to hold

its service in some part of the building . T h e Cry pt is entered from the south side of the L ady C hapel where a porch opens to a staircase leading down . i s in - i The porch deeply set, and l ke the crypt itself and the

P h on e /t r a m Co. , L d . , P /wt oJ ’ ‘ T HE C R Y PI .

“ f l L E E . ady Chapel, arly nglish Pro essor Wi lis points out that Hereford is the only E nglish cathedral whose crypt is later in date than the eleventh century ; the well-known a t R examples Canterbury, ochester, Worcester, Winchester, A and Gloucester all belon g ing to earlier times . ﬂight of n ow twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which is light and ’ t o D Me re we the r s dry, although previous ean excavations it was utterly n eglecte d and nearly choked up with rubbish . There is an other approach to it from the interior of the church . 68 E R HE R E FOR D CAT H D AL .

It 0 o of is 5 feet in length, and c nsists a nave and aisles I t marked out by undecorated columns . runs beneath the whole extent of the L ady Chapel. This crypt having been used as a charnel—house i s called the n o Golgotha . I the centre is an altar t mb, upon which is a l large and elaborately decorated alabaster s ab, in a fair state of t An preservation. I bears an incised representation of drew f Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wi e, with an inscription setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497; Scrolls proceed in g from the mouths of the ﬁgures bear the following lines

R m e m t h i fe m a n ot e v e e n u e e b e r y l y r d r , t e l h e e of a r t hou e w T ha t th ou dost hi s f t r t s re .

But a n d hou e v e t h i wi t o o he m e n is cu e t l ll t r r , ” A n d h ou h a v e i t a f e i t is b u t a v e n t u e . t t r, r M P A t t o . . . the back of the reredos is a brass Mr Bailey, fo for the county, whose bust rmerly stood here, but was o o removed to a more ﬁtting p siti n in the county hall . ’ T h e Vica rs Cloist e r s — T h e entrance to the college of

Vicars Choral is from the south side of the L ady Chapel . L eading from the south—east transept of the cathedral to the o o C quadrangle of the c llege is a l ng loister walk . In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its

a f . richly c rved roo may be best seen The western wall, with the exception of a few mortuary tablets, is quite plain . The i - eastern wall s pierced with eight three light wi ndows, between which are the remains of small niches . t Many old vicars are buried within his cloister. The roof is - f d of oak, the wall plates, purlins, and ra ters are richly moulde , and the tie- beams and principals are richly ca rved on both v sides with various patterns and de ices. “ v Ha v e r a — k R e F. l C The . g says The late William oo e acquired an i m mense amount of information relating to the college and the vi cars in olden time . His biographical notices n i of them are most curious and amusi g, g ving a complete ” m o . insight into the anners, traditi ns, and customs of the place ’ He goes on to quo te from the L a n sd ow n e M a n u scr ipt in the

2 1 . British Museum, 3, p . 3 33 “ R of - 16 a elation of a survey twenty six counties in 34, by captain, a lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military i n N or company wich .

E E D R L 70 H R FO R D CAT H E A .

l though near y oblitera ted b y the chisel of the Puritans . The f f o beauti ul vine lea carving at the sides has , h wever, been happily spared ; it is similar t o the leafage on the Ca n t ilu pe h s rine . T h e - o of D D 186 of o altar t mb ean awes, 7 , one the m st active f I t Sir of the modern restorers, is very beauti ul . is by G . G .

S f o . cott, with e ﬁgy by N ble Under the north -east windo w is an altar- tomb of an unknown I t B Godwe n 16 bishop . has been assigned to ishop , 3 3, but is probably much earlier. Old There is also an stained glass window, restored by

W o of SS . C o arringt n , with ﬁgures atherine, Greg ry, Michael, H R e v Thomas, and a modern one, by eaton, to the . J . Goss . I n C the north hoir aisle, which is entered through the o original Norman arch, is an exquisite little chapel kn wn as ’ r I n Bishop St a n b u y s Chantry . style it is late Perpendicular T h e oof oo of fa n - r is a g d specimen vaulting, and the It s walls are panelled with heraldic bearings . dimensions are 8 f 16 f o on eet by eet, and it is lighted by two wind ws the on north side, the entrance being the south . At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of the altar, and the west is covered with shields in panels and tracery . T h e capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by o grotesques, and over the arch on the s uth side are shields

f t St T o t . o S . . S . e with emblems Matthias, h mas, and Bartholom w T h e L o ancaster r se is prominent in the decoration, and there — is much under cutting in the carving . f The stained windows, which orm an interesting collection A of arms and legends, are in memory of rchbishop Musgrave, of H f o o once Bishop ere ord, to wh m there is also an ther window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle above the f h T h e C o 1 1 . hantry, which is nly eet in eight subjects are

f f of . taken rom the li e St . Paul t o R a n a ldu s 1 1 1 of Monument Bishop y , 5, one of the chief f f the Norman builders o Here ord . I n a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to the turret staircase which leads to the archive room and chapter library is an efﬁgy said to be of Bishop Hugh de M 12 A a e n or e 1 . p , 9 bove is a stained g lass window by Clayton of and Bell, placed here as a memorial John Hunt, organist, ' ‘ H E D I G BE HI N D T H E L I LOO I N G N O R . BY VI E W A AR , K T AFT R A RAW N

B E 18 0 . H . w . ARTL TT , 3

T HE I N T E R I OR OF T HE C T HE D R A AL . 7 3

18 2 T who died 4 , and his nephew. here is also a small brass of ow f plate at the side the wind , rom which we learn that the “ of f nephew James died grief three days a ter his uncle . I n the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the s o . monument of , Bi h p Bennett who was buried here o He wears a cl se black cap, and the rochet and his feet are A o resting on a lion . cross his tomb n e gets a ﬁne view of the Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side

of the choir. I n the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the o f of D series arched recesses, ecorated character, with floral f ornament in the mouldings, is an e figy assigned to Bishop Geoff rey de Cliva (died and in the same bay of the ’ o f f choir as Bishop Bennett s t mb is the e fi gy of a bishop, ully o o I t I S vested, h lding the m del of a tower. assigned to Bishop Giles D e Bra ose (died who was erro neously thought t o have been the builder of the western tower (which fell I n f t h e This e figy belongs to Perpendicular period, when a number of o mem rials were erected to earlier bishops . ’ I n the calendar of the ancient missal Se en n on m u su n z ” Her e or de n se n z f o f , previously quoted, occurs the oll wing entry : X i e i ’i i Ka . .D e e m . Ooit n s i e ze m or ie E o e r e a V. p n g d B m HZ’ r or de n sz sc i r ei m n . is E i o u i i n t e ee t e m bon d de a s om n i /n ef p p , g ’ m ole n a i n or u m m a n e r ior n m su or n m Hier or de n si E eei esi e e on t n /it ef , ‘ e i pe r ea r t a m qu a m a D om i n o R eg e j ofza n n e a eg u isi oi t on m e s ' ” ii om i d oe x a cti on ion s iee eom it n n z i ibe r a n t n r zn es su o . I n the easternmost bay on t h e north of the choir is the effigy of S o of E Bishop tanbury, pr vost ton and builder of the chantry It f already described . is a fine alabaster e figy with accompany

T h e . ing figures . bishop wears alb, stole, and chasuble ’ Beyond the entrance to Bishop St a n b u ry s Chantry is a Perpendicular effigy under an arch which is assigned to Bishop R ichard de Capella (died On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop T r ille ck (died I I n the n orth east transept are the following antiquarian r e : —T wo f : mains altar stones, nearly per ect, whereon are placed ffi ie s f o o Six mutilated e g o unkn wn lay persons, pr bably Ch on buried in or near the Magdalen apels, but dug up the ’ A D 182 0 south side of the Bishop s Cloisters, . . , and brought A D 186 2 inside the cathedral . . . 7 4 HE R E FOR D C AT HE D R AL . Two matrices of brasses also a small

one on the wall . The woode n pulpit very late Perpendicular work— from which every canon on - his appoint ment formerly had to preach forty sermons on forty different days in

succession . We may also notice two rich pieces of iron Sir A work from . ’ D enton s tomb : the head of a knight or templar’ s efﬁgy and several heraldic shields from monuments i n the cath edral especially seven in alabaster n ow placed against the east

wall . i T h e Ch o r , with its details of architecture “ and its individual a c ce ssor ie s a , is very be uti

ful, notwithstanding an unusual deﬁciency of

light, caused by the position of the tran

septs, which practically intercept all light except

that from the clerestory . It consists of three lofty Norman bays of three

stages . The middle of the three sta ges has some exquisite dwarfed Norman a rches with no triforium pa ssages ; but

C P E OF CH I X E O O , E I O M ARTM NT R T R R , H ID E NORT S . T HE I N T E R I O R OF T HE C T H E D R L A A . 7 5 there is one in the upper e stag , with slender and graceful E arly E nglish arches and sta ined glass at back . The vaulting l S E E also arly nglish, and dates from about the middle of the thirteenth century . T h e principal arches of the choir are sup ported by massive piers with square bases . The shafts are semi- detached and bear capitals e n riched with foliated and I n grotesque ornament . each bay on the tri for iu m level a wide N orman arch envelops two smaller arches, sup ported by semi - circular piers on each side . A richly carv ed square string course runs along the base of the “ tri f r iu m o . T h e east end of the choir was covered b e fore 184 1 by the “ Grecian screen, a wooden erection placed there by Bishop Bisse 1 1 in 7 7, and above it a D ecorated window con taining a stained glass representation of the L ast Supper after the picture by Benjamin T he West . improve m e nt effected by the

C P E N OF C H I I N E I OM ARTM T O R , T R OR , N H I D E ORT S . 7 6 HE R E FO R D CAT HE D R AL . removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appe n dages wa s T he o o immense . great N rman arch was once m re exposed to of D n ow view ; and, in place the ecorated window, we have f three lancets at the back o the clerestory passage . I n describing the discoveries led up to by t he removal of D “ the old screen, ean Merewether says By cautious examina ti on of the parts walled up it was discovered that the capita ls f o o were all per ect, and that this exquisite and grand c nstructi n, the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly impossible o for of o to acc unt , was in fact made up five arches, the interi r - o and smallest supported by the two semi c lumns, and each of the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon f square and Circular shafts alternately, the aces of each arch being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman orna Of f ments . the our lateral arches, the two first had been not o only hid by the oak panelling of the screen, but were als , t wo like the others, closed up with lath and plaster as the central arch ; and when these incumbrances and desecrat ions were taken away it is impossible to describe adequately the % o ff o glori us e ect pr duced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops R e n e lm Ma e w S y , y , tanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the fo o o C u e st noble tri rium ab ve, bef re the a , Athelstan had fo f of probably been the under, and the ormer those just ” o f menti ned, the completer and restorer a ter that era . T h e o rered s is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed o o by Mr. C ttingham , juni r, as a memorial to Mr . Joseph Bailey, 18 0 5 , who represented the county for several years in Parlia m ent . ’ T h e L sculptorwas Boulton, and the subject is our ord s Passion, in five deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided f wh o by small sha ts supporting angels, carry the instruments f o T h e — o . I the Passi n subjects in the separate panels are .

A 2 . C The gony in the Garden hrist Bearing the Cross 3 . The

C . T h e R T h e W ruciﬁxion 4 esurrection and 5. Three omen at the Sepulchre . Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches springing from a central pier ﬁlls the upper part ' of the Norman T h e e f arch . pi r itsel is old, but the upper part is a restoration ’ in ha m s of . ot t Mr C g . The spandrel is covered with modern

T HE I N T E R I O R OF T H E CAT H E D R AL . 7 9

T h e sculpture, as may be seen in the illustration . subject is S o o the aviour in Majesty, the four evangelists h lding scr lls ; of E and below a ﬁgure King thelbert . A n older representatio n of King E thelbert is the small efﬁgy on a bracket against the easternmo st pier south of the of of o o choir, close to the head the tomb Bish p May , who had E desired in his will t o be buried by the image of King thelbert . I t was dug up about the year 1 7 0 0 at the entrance to the L ady o Chapel, where it had d ubtless been buried in a mutilated con ditio n when the edict went forth for the destruction of shrines and

images . Originally there were other r e f t E presentations o S . thelbert on the tombs of Bishops Canti D Fr owc e st e r lupe and Mayo, ean , o R u dha le Pr ae ce n t or Archdeac n , Porter in colour on the walls of the chapter- house and the tomb of Joanna de Kilpe c in ancient d glass, recently restore , in a windo w in the south aisle of the Choir and in a stone - carving ’ over the door of the Bishop s f f Cloister, and the e ﬁgy ormerly E ARLY E N GL I S H W I N D OW on the west front . I MOULD N G. Opposite the throne a slab of f S marble, rom designs by cott, E marks the Spot, as far as it is known, where thelbert was

buried .

- T h e Ch oi r st a lls are largely ancient, belonging to the

D ecorated period . They have good canopy work, and are i S of m i se r e r es , oth erwise excellent in deta il . ome the are qua nt among them being found several exam ples of the curi ously secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood- carvers

of the period . ’ o of I n addition to the bishop s thr ne, which is the fourteenth riu n on o sa cr a , century, there is, the n rth side of the r a very old i n episcopal Chair, concerning which a tradition rema ns that i i t Stephen sat in it when he visited Hereford . Be th s as

i i , may, the Hereford chair is undoubtedly of very great ant qu ty 80 HE R E F OR D CAT HE D R AL .

o t o and bel ngs , or at least is similar to, the earliest kind T h e o . of furniture used in this country dimensi ns of , the — f f chair are height, 3 eet 9 inches ; breadth, 33 inches ; ront f of t o 2 2 . back, inches The entire chair is ormed 53 pieces, without including the seat of two boards and the two small f Circular heads in ront . T races of ancient colour — vermilion and gold — may still be seen in several of the narrow bands : a complete list of other painted work which has been recorded or still E exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C . . 1 Keyser. — T h e A C T h e Ca t h e dr a l L ib r a ry . rchive hamber, on the of C east side the north transept, is also used as the hapter Sir L T o . . ibrary. his room, which has been rest red by G G

S o . cott, is now appr ached by a winding stone staircase I n earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw bridge o r s ome other movable appliance crossing the great 2 “ L B t ﬁ e ld north window . The ibrary (which o calls a most ” excellent specimen of a genuine monastic library ) contains 2 0 0 0 about volumes, including many rare and interesting manu o E scripts, m st of which are still chained to the shelves . very C f o o hain is r m 3 to 4 feet l ng, with a ring at each end and a swivel T h e on i in the middle . rings are strung ron rods secured by — metal work at one end of the bookcase . There are in this o chamber eighty capacious oak cupb ards , which contain the whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the D ean and C o of hapter, the accumulati n eight centuries . Among the most remarkable printed books are — A series of ’ 1 80 16 0 Ca xt on s L e e n da A u r e a 1 8 Hi Bibles, 4 to 9 ; g , 4 3 ; g ’ BoZ e/zr on ieon C 1 L n de wode S u e r Con den s y , by axton, 495 y , p st it u tion e s P r ov i n ci a le s 1 on iu s D e r o r ie ta te , 47 5 N Marcellus, p p se r m on u m 1 6 , 47 , printed at Venice by Nicolas Jenson and M i r e m oe r C/zr on ie le o 1 the g , c mpleted July 493 . Of the A n ti non a r i u m manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient p , “ H f ” f containing the old ere ord Use . One o the documents “ attached to this volume states : T h e D ean and Chapter of Hereford purchased this book of Mr William Hawes at the

1 L i st o B u i ldi n s i n Gr e a t B r i t a i n a n d l I r e a n d [z eroi n M i r a % e t c. f g g , ,

D e cor a t i on s. L on on D e of Scie n ce a n d t . A r 188 12 8. d pt , 3 , p . 2 Bot ﬁ e ld Ca t he dr a l L i br a r i e s 18 8 W . 1 2 h e n h e t co e e , , 4 , p 7 . sa w h e ll t ion it wa s i n t he L a Ch a e dy p l, P/z ot r oe /t om Co , L 412, Pit a /o % E T H R E R E D OS .

T HE I N T E R I O R OF T HE T HE CA D R AL . 83

I t price of twelve guineas . was b ought by him some years i n D L a L since at a book stall rury ne, ondon, and attracted his notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed ” in it . 12 0 The date of the writing is probably about 7 , the obit of Peter de A quablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the hand of the original scribe and the following obit in another ba n d . The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathe

dral, being certainly one thousand years old at least, is a L atin F A - x C version of the our Gospels written in nglo Sa on haracters . “ R e v F Ha v e r a l . . : The g thus describes it This MS . is written on a n d a x It stout vellum, me sures about 9 7 inches . con 1 a u sists of 35 le ves . Three colo red titl es remain, those to the - St . T w illu m i Gospels of St . Matthew, Mark, and St . John . o n a t e d leaves are missing— those that would follow folio 1 and

. th e n a folio 59 With exception of these two lacu , the MS . F contains the whole of the our Gospels . x No e act date can be assigned, but several eminent authorities agree that it is the work of the eighth or ninth

century. I t does not exactly accord with any of the other well known

MS . of that period, having a peculiar character of its own . From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have

been written in the country, probably in Mercia, and not at any of the great monasteries . - d ff t . a n The text of his MS is ante Hieronymian, o ers a valu “ able example of the Ir ish (or British) recension of the original A x ha s t frican te t. Thus it a large propor ion of readings in St C ’ common with the Cambridge Gospels, . had s Gospels, the D R o . ushworth Gospels, and the Bo k of eir On the concluding leaves of this volume there I S an entry of i n A - i n C a deed nglo Saxon made the reign of anute, of which the following i s a tr an sla tion ’ Note of a Shire -mote held at Ai g e ln ot h s Stone in Hereford f C shire in the reign O King nut, at which were present the A ff [E e l e a rd Bishop thelstan, the Sheri Bruning, and g g of F L frin F rome, and e o e of rome, and Godric of Stoke, and all f r A t E i . the tha n es n Here ordshi e which assembly dwine, son of E n n e a wn e , complained against his mother concerning certain lan ds at We lin t on e and Cyr de sle y. The bishop asked 84 HE R E FOR D CAT HE D R AL .

for T hu rc l W who should answer the mother, which y the hite proffered t o do if he knew the cause of accusation . T hen they Chose three thanes and sent t o the mother to T ask her what the cause of complaint was . hen she declared t o that she had n o land that pertained in o ught her son, and i L e oﬂoe da was very angry w th him, and calling , her relative, t o f r she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed her a te her o o o own death all her lands, m ney, cl thes, and pr perty, and f - o desired them t o in orm the Shire m te of her bequest, and f T h u rc l desir e them to witn ess it . They did so a ter which y W who L e oﬂoe da o the hite ( was husband of ) st od up, and requested t h e thanes to deliver free (or Clean) to his wife all the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did. E ’ f T hu rc l St . And a ter this y rode to thelbert s Minster, and by leave and witn ess of all the folk caused the transaction t o f ” be recorded in a book o the Gospels . A n A n c ie n t Ch a sse or R e liq u a ry is shown among the of o for treasures the cathedral, which was lo ked upon a long f St E o of o . time as a representati n the murder thelbert, but this is only an example of the many traditional tales which modern It study and research are compelled to discard . undoubtedly f t o C . represents the martyrdom of S . Thomas anterbury On the on of lower part is the murder the upper, the entombment the L o of saint, very similar in style to the later im ges work the thirteenth century. F Ha v e r a l o T he R e v . rancis g gives a detailed descripti n, which we have condensed to t he following : T o of f his reliquary c nsists oak, per ectly sound, covered with L It 8 copper plates overlaid with imoges enamel . is & inches o high, 7 l ng and broad . The back Opens on hinges and f astens with a lock and key, and the upper part sloped so as to form an acutely - pointed roof ; above this is a ridge—piece F S : — H the whole rests on four square feet. ront of hrine ere are two compartments the lower one shows on t h e right side of f o an altar, which the south end aces the spectat r ; it is f supported on our legs and has an antependium . Upon the o altar stands a plain cr ss on a pyramidal base, and in front of it f o . a chalice c vered with a paten Be ore, or technically speaking, in the midst of the altar stands a bishop celebrating mass, if having both hands extended towards the chalice, as he were t o He about elevate it . has curly hair and a beard and

86 HE R E FO R D CAT H E D R AL .

On the side of the tomb furthest fro m the specta tor is a bishop or abbot without the mitre looking towar d a ﬁgure on his right, who carries a tablet or open book with some words upon it. A t either extrem ity of this panel stands a ﬁgure censing the corpse with a circular thurible . The border of each compartment is formed by a double in

- v e ct e d pattern of gold and enamel . The ridge piece is of copper perforated with eight keyhole ornaments . The back of the shrine is also divided into two compart

s f . ment , and is decorated with quatre oils I t is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole o on communicating with a l ck the inside . The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female o saint. The left gable is ccupied by the figure of a male saint . A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs t wo round the margins of the ends and four back plates . Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled u gilded, while the colours used in the enamelling are bl e, are - o ol light blue, green, yellow, red, ch c ate, and white . In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate a tt ée l e/zée corresponds, is a cross p fi painted in red upon oak, which oak bears traces of having been stained with blood or some other liquid . The wood at the bottom is evidently a modern . This reliqu ry is said to have been origina lly placed n I t upo the high altar. appears to have been preserved by some ancient R oman Catholic family until it came in to the R possession of the late Canon ussell, and bequeathed by him to the authorities of the cathedral . The art of enamelling metals appears to ha ve been introduced from Byzantium through Venice into Western E urope at the f close of the tenth cent ury . A ter this t ime Greek artists are known to have visited this country, and t o have carried on a f of lucrative trade in the manu acture sacred vessels, shrines, e tc.

A n cie n t Gold R i n s — of g One pure gold, supposed to have been worn by a knight templar, was ploughed up near on Hereford . The device the raised besel is a cross pattée in a square compartment, on each side of which are a crescent a n d - a triple tho n ged scourge . T HE I N T E R I O R OF T HE C T HE D R L 8 A A . 7

Within the hoop is engraved in black - letter character S a n d e D o 1 80 ate ab ut 3 . A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was Ma e w found in the tomb of Bishop y . On each side a bold t a u T cross with a bell is engraved . hese were originally filled “ I v with green enamel . nside is engraved and enamelled A e ” Maria . ’ A St a n b u r s superb ring was also found in Bishop y tomb, I t f on the north side of the altar . contains a fine and per ect f o sapphire, and flowers and foliage are beauti ully w rked in l b ack enamel on each side of the stone . ’ A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop T r ille ck s grave 181 18 8 I t in 3, but was stolen in 3 from the cathedral . was

0 ff . never recovered, though i f3 was o ered as a reward

T h e S t a in e d Gla ss has survived only in a few fragments, scattered about the eastern end of the cathedral . S ome of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date, L is in one of the lancets on the south side of the ady Chapel, of A west the udley Chapel . The subjects are 1 C fo . hrist surrounded by symbols of the ur evangelists ;

2 L . A . . amb and ﬂag ; 3 ngel and Maries at the sepulchre 4

Cruciﬁxion 5. Christ bearing His cross .

- re I n the north east transept is an ancient glass window, re le a de d W of stored and entirely by arrington , at the cost the 1 6 It f D 8 . ean and Chapter, Oct . 4 is a airly good specimen For m of fourteenth century work . any years it was hidden away in old boxes, and was formerly ﬁxed in some of the ‘ windows on the south side of the nave . — 1 St . 2 . . . The ﬁgures represent . Katherine ; St Michael ; 3

St . C . St . Gregory 4 . Thomas of anterbury I n t h e - t of south eas transept, again , is a window ancient

a e . gl ss, erected under the sam circumstances The ﬁgures m

% — t E 2 S . 1 . this case represent . St . Mary Magdalene , thelbert

St A . St . . 3 . . ugustine ; 4 George I n the north aisle of the nave is a two - light window by t 186 2 A L Warrington . I was erected in by rchdeacon ane T h e Freer to the m emory of Canon and Mrs . Clutton . subjects are from the life of St . John the Baptist . I n the north transept is a very ﬁne memorial window to 6 1 1 . A rchdeacon L ane Freer, erected at a cost of £ 3 The t e m win dow is one of the largest of the Geometric period ( p . 88 H E R E FOR D CAT H E D R AL .

E 8 6 E I . dward ) in ngland, the glass being 4 feet inches in o ﬁ v e or si x height by 2 1 feet 6 inches in breadth . Ab ut . shades each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dom i nati ng o l n colours . Plain white glass has als been wisely used the of I t upper part the window . was designed and erected by

Messrs . Hardman . T here is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north o H i Of aisle of the choir t o the memory of J hn unt, organ st — 1 2 T he o . the cathedral . subjects, in eight medalli ns , are ,

D 6 . Z King avid ; 3, 4 . Jubal ; 5, achariah the Jewish Priest ; ’ I n St a n b u r s C I S St C 8. . 7 . . ecilia , Aldhelm Bishop y hapel

MON UM E N TAL E ARLY E N GLI SH BA SE C E E N U D I N C RO K T . M T MO L G .

A Of a memorial window to rchdeacon Musgrave, which the — 1 St - f o S . subjects are . . Paul present at the Martyrdom T h 2 C St . . e A o c n se Stephen ; . onversion of Paul ; 3 p stle o E I n crating Presbyters 4 . lymas smitten with Blindness . the Of i S lower part the w ndow, 5. acriﬁces to Paul and Barnabas 6 St f E L . . at ystra Paul be ore the lders at Jerusalem ; 7 . His 8 i T A . H s rial before grippa ; Martyrdom . The ﬁve eastern windows in the L ady Chapel were designed by Mr . Cottingham , junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the D memory of ean Merewether . A - series of twenty one subjects, in medallions, connected

V C H A P T E R I .

HISTOR Y OF T HE S E E .

T HE true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote antiquity . However, it seems probable from the researches of many antiquarians that when Putta came to preside here in the seventh century the see was re established . v Ha e r a l The R e . Francis v g writes on this matter in the ’ beginning of his Fa si i He r ef on ze n ses. “ The Welsh Claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the A recognised centre of Christianity in this district . rchbishop Usher asserts that it was the seat of a n E piscopal See in the f sixth century, when one o its bishops attended a synod convened L iv es o A . D In by the A rchbishop of Caerleon ( . the f '

W . R 18 tli a B r itt }; a i n t R e v . s S s . , 53) we learn that ( J eeves .

E who . D . 2 Geraint ab rbin , cousin of King Arthur, died A 54 , ' a e rfi a w dd i is said to have founded a church at C y , the anc ent ’ W n i i a I 2 it f I n Co c l . British name for Here ord. ilkin s , 4, is recorded that beyond all doubt a Bisho p of Hereford was pre sen t 60 St . A A . D 1 F r at the conference with ugustine, . . ull pa ticulars are given of the supposed time and place of t his conference. I t is also stated I n se a m rl a a fi zkse per nibe n t ur septa ”: fi i ' Br it a n n ia e isco i l fi r or e n szk T a v e n si l t nsis p p qf d , s a li a s L a n a v e , Pa t er n e n sis B a n c/zor i e n sis C/zir e n sis a lia l is n i a fen sis , , s E im n s , U ' ’ ’ a lia s l a e n szs M or a n e n sis I t S n oa n s I/Vi or , g . is styled y g ’ ‘ ’ n i n e s s S P a m r n n i a m . , or according to pelman, b it a c Nothing whatever is known of the names or of the number of British ” bishops who presided over the earliest church at Hereford . The boundaries Of this diocese in the tenth century are ' defined in A n glo -Saxon in an ancient volume known as the M a n d Gos e ls y p , now in the library of Pembroke College,

Cambridge . HIST OR OF T HE SE E Y . 91

f 2 0 o D . The condition the Church of Hereford (ci r ca 1 9 A . ) gave clea r testimony to t h e liberal piety of its founders by the x e tensiveness of its lands. The diocese itself was richly

n St . endowed by ature, and enviably situated . Those of ' ’ A s L ichfi ld e L la n . D aph, , Worcester, da fl, and St avid s, were n its eighbours . On the north it stretched from wh ere the Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is join ed on the x F t h e south by the influ of the Wye . rom the west to east perhaps its gr eatest width might have been found from a point R o where the latter river, near Hay, leaves the counties of adn r I t and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at Gloucester. t R embraced por ions of the counties of adnor, Montgomery, S alop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of It “ Brecon . included the town of Monmouth , with four parishes in its neighbourhood. The Severn environed its upper part . Al most midway it was tra versed by the Teme, and the Wye pur —a sued its endless windings through the lower district, region altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and beauty, abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures , extensive f I n orests, and noble mountains . several of the finest parts of E it piscopal manors had been allotted, furnishing abundant ” 1 supplies to the occupiers of the see . I n the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries were so vague as to be sca rcel y definable, but one of the earliest of the bishops holding office prior to the landing of A ugusti ne D u bric Br cha n was one , son of y , who established a sort of ‘ n a R a n d a n college at He tl nd, near oss, l ter on removed to a other s r pot on the Wye, nea Madley, his birthplace, being guided thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of piglings in a meadow a Sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba

L onga was pointed out to the pious son of A nchises . 0 D u b r ic probably became a bishop about 4 7 , resigned his

12 A . D . 2 2 . see in 5 , and died in Bardsey Island, 5 I t was this D u bric who is said to ha Ve crown ed Arthur at t o i . D s A . 0 6 . C rence ter, 5 When he became bishop he moved D D r e Caerleon , a n d was succeeded there by ewi, or avid, who ’ D . moved the see to Me n e v ia (St . avid s) The Saxon s were driving the British inhabitants more and x more to the west, and before the close of the si th century they 1 ’ ’ R v VVe bb s R oll o t it s Hou se kold E x e n se s Bislzo S wi n e la , e . J . f p qf p ﬁ xv iii . 92 HE R E F OR D CAT HE D R AL .

f S had ounded the Mercian kingdom , reaching beyond the evern, and in some places beyond the Wye . T he Se e of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of L ich ﬁ e ld Se xwu lf of o H f , as , Bishop that di cese, placed at ere ord of R o o Putta, Bishop chester, when his cathedral was destr yed by the Mercian King E thelred .

F A D . 668 . rom Bede we learn that in Putta died, and that T orht e r T rht e l e . one y succeeded him , and was followed by Wa hl t s od A . D . 1 , 73 , the next Bishop, is referred to by both F of W W of lorence orcester and illiam Malmsbury, as well as W of wh . e of C o Bede also hear him in the writings uthbert, f ollowed him in 7 36 . Cuthbert relates in some verses that Wa hlst od of began the building a great and magniﬁcent cross, which he, Cuthbert, completed . 8 f Fo A D C A . D . . uthbert died, 7 5 , and was ollowed by dda, . T h 7 46 . e names of these early Bishops cannot all be regarded t o as cer ain , and their dates are, in many cases , only appr ximate . Some of them may have been merely assistants or suffragans to other Bishops of Hereford . o of H o o The remaining Bish ps eref rd, prior to the C nquest, we

“

R v . . W give in the same order as the e H . Phillott in his D s n ioce a .Histor valuable little y .

A . D . 8 H e cca A 8 E l . . D f . 6 a du . 7 5 , 3 , A ldb e r ht 8 8 u t hwu lf 7 7 7 , . 3 , C . 81 E . 866 D r la f 7 , sne , e o . Ce dm a n d o 868 E 793, (d ubt , thelbert . fu l . 888 n e m u n ) , Cy d . 6 E du lf . 8 I 7 9 , 95, Athelstane .

8 . 0 1 E 7 9 , Uttel 9 , dgar . 80 Wu lfh e a rd 0 T idh l 3 , . 93 , e m .

82 Be on n a . Wu lfh e lm 4 , 935, . 82 E a du lf 1 E lfri 5, (doubtful) . 94 , c . 8 G . 66 E t h e lwolf 3 3, edda 9 , . 10 16 A I I “ , thelstane he rebuilt the cathedral from the ” 1 foundations ; but also saw it destroyed in a W I E lf a r raid of the elsh and rish under g . 10 6 L e of a r 5 , g , slain in a ﬁght with the Welsh .

W a l r A D 10 6 1— 0 T t e of L r i n . . 1 he o o r a e , 7 9. di cese had been administered for the last four years by the Bishop of WO1 1 n o-Sa xon h on i A g l C r cle .

HE R E FOR D CAT HE D R AL .

— A . D 110 111 C R e yn e lm , . 7 5, hancellor to Queen Matilda ; on he resigned his appointment as soon as it was conferred, ’ account of the King s quarrel with Anselm on t he questio n of for investiture, was banished six years, and was only consecrated 1 10 o in 7 . He is said to have been the founder of the h spital

f . a o St E thelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedr l begun

by R obert de L osin g a . He regulated the establishment of

prebendaries and canons living under a rule.

A . D . 1 1 1 D Ge offr e y de Cliv e , 5 uring the latter

years of this episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over E r n E wia s the districts of g y g and , which had begun in the o of L previ us century, was revived between the Bishop landaff t ’ and the Bishops of Hereford and S . D avid s . — ’ A . D . 112 0 112 R ich a r d de Ca pe lla , 7 , King s chaplain and f C keeper o the Great Seal under the hancellor. He helped t o f v W e build at Here ord a bridge o er the y . D uring his episcopate the R oyal Charter was granted for the ’ annual holding of a three days fair (increased to nine days of 1 t h of later) commencing on the evening the 9 May, called ’

E a . St . thelbert s D y Nine- tenths of the proﬁts of this fair went to the Bishop a n d of ’ the rest to the Canons the Cathedral . The bishop s bailiff o o held a c urt within the palace precincts, with pillory and st cks. The bishop also had a gaol for the incarceration of offenders

- against his rights during fair time. T of olls were levied at each gate the city . The suspension — of civic authority during fair time was for centuries a source of f A s requent quarrels . late as the eighteenth century a ballad ’ fﬁ singer was punished by the bishop s o cers . “ T h e wreck of the White Ship occurred during this e pisco

. 2 t h ff pate (Nov 5 , and one of the victims was Geo rey,

Archdeacon of Hereford . R be r d B A I 1 1— o t e e t h u n . D 11 8 e . , 3 4 , had become prior of n of F F his monastery at his ative place Bethune, in rench landers, L f and thence had gone to lanthony, a priory in a glen o the Ha t t e ra l E wia s Hills in the disputed district of . When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the C R bitter strug gle for the rown, Bishop obert, who was a ’ o n n pers nal frie d of Henry, Bishop of Wi chester, the King s brother, sided with Stephen . HIST O R OF T HE SE E Y . 95

Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by ff T a le b ot f Geo rey de , and held by him for our o r ﬁve w eeks

E . It for the mpress Matilda was then captured by Stephen , and t h e victory celebrated in the cathedral o n Whitsunday

A . D ( . when the King attended mass wearing his crown , and seated, it is said, in the old chair describ ed in an earlier chapter. ’ I n 1 1 E H fo 39, the mpress s army again attacked ere rd , and h seizing the cat edral, drove out the clergy , fortiﬁed it, and used T h it as a vantage ground from which to attack the castle . e f o tower was used as a platform , rom which missiles were thr wn , and t h e nave as a stable ; while a trench and rampart was carried across the graveyard . Bishop R o bert was present at Winchester when the E mpress wa s t accepted there by the clergy, and returned thence o fo Here rd to purify the cathedral . He died at Chalons of a disease contracted while attending a council of Pope I E ugenius I I . T he Pope decided that his body should be taken t o Here i n f d . ord, and it was enclose the hide of an ox for the journey Both at Canterbury and at L ondon were great d em onstrations of f R grie , which were again repeated at oss, and on a still larger H R scale at ereford . Bishop obert was undoubtedly a great man, and his reputation for ﬁne character, bravery, and ability

was well deserved . 8— 1 16 G A . D . 11 ilb e r t F oli ot , 4 3 , the next Bishop, had been ’

o St . o o consecrated as Abb t of Peter s, Gl ucester, by Bish p R o tr bert, with whom he had con acted an early friendship as 1 1 far back as 3 9. R On the death of Bishop obert, he succeeded him at Here f He a t o f C ord . assisted the consecration Becket at anter f of L o bury, and the next year was trans erred to the See ond n . — r f a e don A . D . 1 16 1 168 He was followed by R ob e t o M l , 3 ,

said t o have b een remarkably wise .

Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury . He

A D . 116 2 1 16 attended the council of Clarendon , . , and in 4 was present at the meeting at Northampton between Becket and

the King . Such was the fury and importance of the Becket contro T wo v e r sy that even distant Hereford was entangled with it .

Hereford Bishops took par t in the quarrel, and it was through D D 96 H E R E FO R CAT HE R AL .

' this that the see contin u ed vacant for six ye a r s after Bish op R ’ obert s death . I o of e II . A . D Notwithstanding the rigorous rder H nry V , . I 8 for o of of o 53 , the destructi n all images and pictures Bish p

Becket, there still existed in the cathedral , till late in the of A seventeenth century, a wall painting the rchbishop, and even yet in the north - east transept there remains a ﬁgure of him in on e of the windows in good preservation . T he ’ C or of enamelled hasse reliquary, with scenes Becket s murder o k f and ent mbment, and its dar but doubt ul stain, has already been described among the treasures of the cathedral . Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still remaining in a well- preserved window of painted glass at Of Credenhill, a part which represents the murdered Becket. T L f o St . astly, the estival of the translati n of homas of Canter

in . bury, July 7 , is still included the cathedral calendar — A D . 1 1 1 186 f R ob e r t F oliot , . 7 4 , had been a riend of ’ ' o o Becket s, and may have had s me share in his educati n . A D 1 186— 1 1 l m r . . W il i a de Ve e , 99, removed the apsidal o o f a terminati n at the east end the c thedral, and is said t o L have erected chapels, since replaced by the ady Chapel and its vestibule . — Gile de Br A . D . 12 0 0 12 1 s a ose , 5, a stubborn opponent of King John . — H u h de M a e n or A . D . 12 16 12 1 a g p , 9, received his p o Of f p intment by the inﬂuence the papal legate, who, a ter King ’ C o John s submission, laimed the right of n mination to all b e n e ﬁ c vacant sees and e s. — Hu h F o ot A . D . 12 1 12 o of g li , 9 34, f unded the Hospital

St . L Katherine at edbury, in which still hangs a p ortrait of

. A oo E him, painted from an older picture t th of St . thelbert He was presented to the cathedral during his episcopacy .

C St . St . endowed the hapels of Mary Magdalene and Katherine, ’ in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop s palace, destroyed u in the eighteenth cent ry . — l h n A . D 12 12 t o R a de M a de t a n . p y s , 34 39, presented F S H L o the see a house in ish treet ill, ond n, as a residence for the bishops when in the m etrop olis . He also made various f s gi ts to the cathedral, the chapter, and the college of vicar T h o o n e of choral . his Bis p was the commissioners to settle

a Of H I I I . E the marri ge enry with leanor of Provence .

98 H E R E FOR D CAT HE D R AL .

Five years later the bones of Bishop Ca n t ilu pe were m oved

- t . o . to the Chapel of S Katherine, in the n rth west transept

Twice more were they moved, ﬁnally resting in the same

of . Chapel St . Katherine — A . D 12 8 1 16 R ich a r d S w in fi e ld . 3 3 , the next Bishop, had been Bishop Ca n t ilu pe s devoted chaplain . He kept wisely o off i h aloof from p litics, but ered a keen resistance to any Se v e ra l i b ou n da r frin g e m e n t on the rights of his diocese . y Swin fi e ld 12 8 — 0 questions were settled by Bishop , and in 9 9 he f t o made a tour through his diocese, o which has come down us a journal of daily expenses. Bishop Swi n fi e ld was the probable builder of the nave- aisles “ o I n M a a and t wo easternm st transepts . his time the pp ” M a n di came into possession of the Chapter . H e worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious a ft e r predecessor, but it was not till four years his death that h Pope Jo n XXI I . granted an act for the purpose . He was buried in the cathedral . A D 1 16— 1 2 f R o A da m O r le t on , . . 3 3 7 , was a riend of ger

o o E II . M rtimer, and c nsequently was opposed to dward T hroughout the struggle of those many miserable years the affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire of civil war . It of f b was the Bishop Here ord who, at Neath Ab ey, took the t o of King, carried him Kenilworth, and deprived him the T h H f Great Seal . e Queen was staying at ere ord , and thither ’ many of the King s adherents were taken with the Chancellor H D T h - and ugh espenser . e last named was hanged in the d town , ecapitated , and quartered . Bishop Ada m Showed much ability in managing the affairs H e f t wo of the cathedral . obtained a grant of revenues o f r for churches from Pope John XXI I . o monies necessary the of Ca n t ilu e dedication the p shrine, and also for repairs in the f b cathedral . He was ollowed on his translation t o Worcester y — T h om h r l A . D . 1 2 8 1 a s C a e t on , 3 343, who was made of E 1 2 I n I I treasurer ngland in 3 9. 33 7 he went to reland as

C . 1 hancellor He died in 343 . A D — D h oh n T r ill . . 1 1 60 J e ck , 3 44 3 . The Black eat f 1 o T r ille ck t o reached Here ordshire in 349, and Bish p is said have kept it at bay in the city by a procession of the shrine of t T H f S . of o the recently canonised homas ere rd . B T rille ck ishop was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass HIST OR OF T H Y E S E E . 99 e fli “ . in s g y was placed on his grave Gratus, prudens , p are among the words which m a y be still read from the mutilated n inscriptio , and they appear to have had more justification than the rhetoric of the average epitaph .

TOMB OF BI H P H CH LE T S O T OS . AR ON .

D 6 1— 1 6 w i A . . 1 L e s Cha rle t on , 3 3 9, was appointed by D e t pa pal provision . The Black ath made a second visi ation in the ﬁrst year of his episcopate, and it was then that t he market was re moved t o some distance from the town on the I OO H E R E FOR D CAT H E D R AL

“ . T he C r west White ross there placed, which bears the a ms Ch t He of Bishop arle on, may mark the spot . bequeathed ' o money and some b oks to the cathedral . l A D 1 0 — 1 o W i a m C ou r n . l i t e a y , . 3 7 3 7 5, was also app inted rov ISi on i o of by papal p , wh ch was necessary in c nsequence his youth . Although he had already held a canonry of York and prebends in E xeter and Wells in addition t o the Chancellorship h e - of Oxford University, was but twenty eight years of age . A f Wicliff f t Ox ord he had, with , opposed the riars, though he fo afterwards turned against his rmer ally . A — 8 b . D . 1 1 Joh n Gil e r t , 3 7 5 3 9, with partial success,

of VI . went to make terms peace with Charles , the French of E 1 86 f ' King . He became treasurer ngland in 3 , an o ﬁce of

which he was deprived by R ichard I I . n ot long before his ’ f translation to St . D avid s . Bishop Gilbert ounded the Cathe

dral Grammar School . 8 - 1 0 m A . D . 1 . T h o a s T r e v e n a n t , 3 9 4 4 An active politician , o of K R I I this Bishop assisted in the depositi n ing ichard . , and was one of the commissioners t o the Pope to announce the accession o f Henry I V — R b r M c l A . D . 1 0 1 16 o e t a s a l , 4 4 4 , was employed as a o o H IV f reign ambassad r by enry . , who also made him his

f . He con essor attended the council of Co nstance in 1414 . — A . D 1 T E dm u n d L a . 1 1 2 0 . t o cy , 4 7 4 his Bishop be gan build the cloister connecting the cathedral with t he E piscopal

palace . — T h om a s P o t on A . . 1 2 0 1 2 1 a l , D 4 4 , was consecr ted at ' t h n x F e e t . lorence, and year was translated to Chichester — ’ h ff r A . D . 1 2 1 1 8 A t T om a s S o o d S . p , 4 44 , bbot of Mary s t o at York, which post he returned on resigning his see in 1 A 448. ccording to a papal bull he laid out marks on of the buildings the cathedral , probably completing the L His cloisters begun by Bishop acy . pension on retiring was 10 0 T h e per annum . great west window of the cathedral W L . was put up in his time by illiam ochard ‘ — i R i h a r d B u ch a m A . D . 1 8 1 0 n of S r c . e a p, 44 45 So W of L h e alter, and grandson ord Beauchamp of Powick , was a da great architect in his y, although his chief work was done o S after his translati n to alisbury, when he was appointed by

E dward IV . to superintend t he works at Windsor which ’ o included the rebuilding of St . Ge rge s Chapel where he was

2 E R E F R D T HE D R L 10 H O CA A .

f St E on He was buried near the e ﬁgy of . thelbert the south

f o t o . side o the choir, where his t mb is still be seen 6— 1 A of h A . D . 1 1 Ch a r le s Boot , 5 53 5, rchdeacon Bucking C o of W f ham , and hancell r the elsh Marches , le t a lasting o o f memorial in the n rth porch the cathedral , which bears

upon it the date of his death . He seems to have been much ’ n o 1 2 0 in the Ki g s favour, and was summ ned in 5 to make one of the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth ’ d H e t o of of Gol . was attached the company Henry s “ f o h dearest wi e, the queen , and was acc mpanied by t irty ” tall perso nages . f oo On his death he le t some b ks to the library, as well as a tapestry for the high altar ; also to his successor a gold ring and other articles which have disappeared . “ — 1 8 T f x A . D . 1 . o E dw a rd F o e , 535 53 his principal pillar ” fo F S the R e rmation, as uller calls him , is said by trype to have “ ” been an excellent instrument in its general progress . o o D A Gl ucestershire worthy, having been b rn at ursley in t o E C that county, he was sent first ton and then to ambridge, ’ 1 2 f o I n 1 1 8 o C . becoming, in 5 , Provost King s llege 53 he A o of L For succeeded Stephen Gardiner as rchdeac n eicester . many years almoner to the King, he was employed in embassies F I m of to rance, taly, and Germany, the ost important these o F 1 2 diplomatic missi ns being in ebruary, 5 7 , when he was sent ’ to R ome with Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry s “ ” separation from his dearest wife . F C K oxe first introduced ranmer to the ing and he, again, wrote the book called Tlze D zfi e r e n re oe iw e e n i /ze Xi n ga ly a n d Me E ccle si a st i ca l P owe r H o , which enry wished pe ple to think f he had partly written himsel , intended , as it was, to make easier his of assumption ecclesiastical supremacy . I n A 1 6 F o ugust, 53 , Bishop oxe began , by deputy, a visitati n of for o of o the diocese the valuati n all church pr perty therein,

d f t . r o D . in accordance with the or er re erred above Coren, o his vicar general , actually carried out the valuati n , and its f i n Of Va lor E erlesza st zon s results are to be ound the pages , R o 180 2 printed by the ec rd Commissioners in . I n 1 —6 March , 535 an Act was passed by Parliament granting t o the King all religious houses possessing a revenue under £ 2 0 0 T o i per annum . here were ab ut e ghteen houses in the diocese, e xclu din t h e f W g cathedral , and of these only the priories o enlock, HIST R OF O Y T HE S E E . 10 3

W L igmore , and eominster possessed revenues exempting them

. F L 1 8 from appropriation Bishop oxe died in ondon in May, 53 , C M n ha l and was buried in the hurch of St . Mary o t t . — h n S k A . D . 1 1 2 T h e o . o o f J ypp, 53 9 55 Archdeac n ’ L E t o t he on F eicester, dmund Bonner, was appointed see oxe s t o L o f o death, but was removed ndon be ore his c nsecration, and o Sk of W o A D J hn ypp, A bbat igm re, rchdeacon of orset, and C o haplain and almoner to Ann B leyn , became the next Bishop . ’ o h C f l He was ass ciated wit ranmer, though, a ter Cromwel s 1 0 execution for high treason in 54 , the Archbishop became H distant towards him . e was the part compiler with Foxe I n st it u ti on o a Cﬁ r isti a n M a n 1 of the f , published in 537 , of ’ ’ E m a iti on Ki n s B ook 1 the or g , published in 543, and was of t h e com m it t e e o probably one , empl yed to draw up the

- f E VI 1 8 o on C o . ﬁrst ommon Prayer Book dward , in 54 , alth ugh , o He its completion, he pr tested against its publication . died 1 2 L in 55 at the episcopal residence in ondon . — h n H r l A . D . 1 1 E Jo a e y , 553 554, was appointed by dward “ ”

t . on s VI . o hold the see during good behaviour He was c e 2 6 1 crated on May , 553 , but only to be deposed in March, 1 S o f 554 . on a ter Mary came to the throne, she appointed a commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during f the reign o her brother . On various charges, and especially “ ” of on that inordinate life (meaning marriage), the bishopric H e of Harley was declared void . is said to have spent the “ remainder of his life wandering about in woods instructing his ﬂock, and administering the sacrament according to the E u order of the nglish book, ntil he died, shortly after his de position , a wretched exile in his own land . — W . f A . D . 1 1 n R ob e r t P a r e w , 554 557 , also k own as harton ’

f St . C was instituted to the Here ord See at Mary s hurch, H A L C . e Southwark, by ord hancellor Gardiner had been bbat ’ o St . of St . Saviour s, Bermondsey, as well as Bish p of Asaph, f E of attended the baptism o Prince dward, and was one those ’ concerned in the production of the B is/zop s B oo/é. On his S 2 2 1 a n d death, eptember , 53 7 , he bequeathed his mitre f C other ornaments t o Here ord athedral , though whether he f T h e was buri ed there or in Mold Church seems doubt ul . T R n o r . D ean of E xeter, D homas ey lds, was appointed to t h e e succeed him , but was imprisoned in Marshals a, on the e n n e a n d accession of E lizabe th, be for he had bee co s crated, R R D C T HE D R L 104 HE E FO A A .

1 F Cla i r e/i Hi stor o B r it a in died there in 559. uller, in his y f , “ : remarks I ta ke the Marshalsea to be, in those times, the best 0 ’ for the usage of prisoners, but the misery of God s poor e w a t e A % saints in N g , under lexander the gaoler More cruel than his namesake the coppersmith was to St . Paul ; in ’ ’ C - la L ollard s Tower, the Clink, and Bonner s oal house, a p ce of which minded them of the manner their death, ﬁrst kept ” 1 amongst coals before they were burnt to ashes. A D 1 1 8 Joh n S cory , . . 559 5 5, was translated from o f 1 Chichester . On the accession Mary, 553, he is said to i have done pen ance for his marriage, and generally reconc led

e r . F himself with R ome, then to hav withd awn to riesland and retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the W E E nglish congregation there. hen lizabeth came to the f throne he returned, preached be ore her by appointment in 1 8 L ent, 55 , was restored to Chichester, and later on was elected to Hereford . D uring his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop Scory to surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors t o v x belonging to the see, and recei e in e change advowsons I n and other less valuable possessions . these transactions it is possible he thought more of his own interest than that of his successors ; in any case, serious charges were brought ut t e rﬁ e ld against him in other ways . His steward B drops into f verse on the s ubject. One o his stanzas runs

T e n h om e h e ca m e u n o ou r ue e n e th e f rs e a r of h e r t a i h e h t q , y t y g , A n d b sho wa s of He e for he re h e oth n ow r e m a in e y p r d , w d A n d he e h e e ha h b e n e m e s oft a n d b fa JSe sla n e ous on ue s w r t y y , y d r t g ,

Ha d roub e s e a i hou e se r t o h s oon ti n u a ll wron e s. t l g r t, w t t d t, y g

Bishop Scory was succeeded by Ha rb e r d (or He rbe rt )

- A D . 1 8 160 1 C W e st ph a lin g , . 5 5 , Prebendary of Christ hurch, Oxford : a man remarkable for the immoderate lengt h of his his in speeches, great integrity, and a profound and unsmil g a f A gravity . He married sister of the wi e of rchbishop Parker, ’ and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul s D and ean of Windsor. A We st ha lin ccording to Sir John Harrington, Bishop p g was once preaching in his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow i fell upon the roof from the tower, creating a pan c among the

1 ’ ’ lz r clz i st or o B r it a i n e e s d iv 1 8 Fulle r s C a H y f , Br w r c . , . 9 .

10 6 HE R E FOR D CAT HE D R AL .

6 — 16 D W M n A . D . 1 a t t h e w W r e , 35 3 5, ean of indsor, held l f o m con se cra a sti l brie er episc pate, and in the sa e year as his

tion to Hereford was translated to Norwich . 6 — 16 6 wh o o A D . 1 T h e oph ilu s F i e ld, . 3 5 3 , had been Bish p D ’ f St . of L landaff and of avid s, died a year a ter his translation, and thereby saved the diocese the ill effects of a lo n ger term of

servile and corrupt management . 6— 1 F H k e . D . 16 6 6 Ge or g e C o , A 3 4 , ellow of Pembroke all, of o 16 Cambridge, became Bishop Brist l in 33, and was trans H fo 16 6 . e lated to Here rd in 3 was a grave and studious man, o of and well l ved in his diocese, but in the troubled days the

Civil Wa r was deprived of his see . — f A D . 166 1 166 1 N ich ol a s Mon k , . , who ollowed, was brother f E o H e D of A o o o . to the uke lbemarle, and pr v st t n died in f a a t W the D ecember ollowing his consecr tion , estminster, where

he was buried .

- T h ir H A D . 166 2 16 1 . e S He r b e rt Cr oft , . 7 son of erbert f of f of H fo Cro t, an ancient amily in the county ere rd, he was D St OIn e r brought up at ouai and . as a Jesuit, but was restored o t o the E nglish Church through the inﬂuence of Bishop Mort n, f b of R o D urham . He ecame a determined opponent omanism,

and wrote several treatises against it . About this time there seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of for o the county help t wards restoring the cathedral . Bishop of t o o Cr t was buried in the cathedral , and joined his gravest ne f D o o . is that his intimate friend Ge rge Benson , the ean He of for f for left by his will a sum money the relie of widows, and o C f apprenticing the s ns of lergymen o the diocese . A D 16 1— 1 0 1 W Ir n . . Gilb e r t o side , 9 7 , warden of adham f H f f o He Co . llege, Ox ord, was translated to ere ord rom Brist l L St . died in ondon , and was buried in the church of Mary,

M n t ha lt T h 1 R e v . F o . 86 . his c urch was destroyed in 3 , but the ’ v r a l T . Ha e g succeeded in getting the Bishop s remains and tomb 186 stone removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 7 . — W Hu m h r H m h A . D . 1 0 1 1 12 p e y u p re y s, 7 7 , a elshman , was

translated to Hereford from Bangor. He is said t o have been

a good antiquary . Again, in the early da ys of the eighteenth w century, was the old contest revived bet een citizens and Bishop

t o Of f of E . as his jurisdiction in respect the air St . thelbert T h e episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in form, down 18 8 A ct to 3 , when the privileges were taken away by a special HI ST R F O Y O T HE SE E . 10 7

m of Parliament, and compensation was ade to the Bishop for o n f t o o f the pr ﬁts arisi g rom the fair privileges , the am unt o o f wh e a t ' or o bushels its equivalent in money value, acc rding

t o the price current . This has n ow been transferred to the E C f ’ cclesiastical ommissioners, and the air limited to two days

duration . — ’ A . D . 1 12 1 2 1 D Ph i i B sse o St . l p i , 7 7 , translated fr m avid s, of m u n iﬁ ce n ce of o of was a man great , and the best intenti ns, ” whom it may be said he spent not wisely but too well . He was entirely devoid of any ae sthetic feeling or of architectural f ﬁtness, and in the most religious spirit committed acts o whole

. o of r st ora sale sacrilege He employed, it is said , in the w rk e

of - m tion in the palace , the stones the chapter house , at that ti e

m d . uch inj ure , but certainly by no means ruined He built a hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the d i cathe ral, and as a crown ng act of magniﬁcent liberality, m f presented the church with the ost dread ul , ponderous , and — unsuitable altar piece that could well have been devised . I n

an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues are recorded. It was in t h e time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the three H W l choirs of Gloucester, ereford, and orcester ﬁrst took p ace . — i n H l A . D . 1 2 1 1 2 t ra n sla t e dfr om Be n j a m oa d e y , 7 7 3, Bangor, 2 was again translated to Salisbury early in 1 7 3 . His rule over Hereford was too short for him to have inﬂuenced it for good t o Wi n or evil, and his history belongs rather Salisbury and

Chester. — f n H n r E e r t on A . D . 1 2 1 6 f son o Ho . e y g , 7 3 7 4 , ﬁ th the I f . third E arl o Bridgewater, was chaplain to George He is chieﬂy to be remembered for an attempt to destroy the early ’ t o Norman building adjoining the Bishop s Palace, and thought f t w o St . o o have been the parish church of Mary, each its st ries F Containing a Chantry founded by Bishop Hugh oliot . 6— 1 8 ofC l r k A . D . 1 L or dJa m e s Be a u c e , 7 4 7 7 , grandson harles

I I f . . and Nell Gwynn, a native of Here ord, was the next Bishop E It was during the last year of his episcopate on aster Monday, A 1 1 86 f of pril 7 , 7 , that occurred the all of the western tower w f of n . the cathedral, causing much i jury The est ront the o of wa s church was destroyed, and als a great part the nave o f seriously injured . The Bishop died eighteen m nths a ter this calamity . The see was next occupied for six weeks only by

H . the Hon . J . arley “ I 10 HE R E FOR D CAT HE D R A L .

draw the appointment, and it was eventually carried out in spite of o all remonstrances not, h wever, until the question had been t aken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of Queen ’ s

o . Bench, where the j udges were equally divided in their opini n He A 2 1868 L died pril 3, , in ondon, and was buried at Kensal

t o . Green, close the Princess Sophia His scholastic philosophy was said by Hallam to be the only work of deep metaphysical

research on the subject to be found in the E nglish languag e . — R e a m e At la A . D . 1868 18 J s y , 95, second son of the

BY E E E G TE I N STR T A . FROM AN OL D PR T .

F ’ H l . l A t a . e o C enry y, M A , form rly ellow of St . J hn s ol ege,

C . 181 . ambridge He was born July 3, 7 , graduated at St ’ o C of f F J hn s College, ambridge , which he was a terwards ellow, ’ appointed one of Her Majesty s Preachers at the Chapel R l W 18 L 18 oya , hitehall, 57 ; Vicar of eeds, 59; Canon of R o 186 1 o f d ip n, ; n minated to Here or , May 9, consecrated at W on 2 i n f l estminster June 4, and enthroned Here ord Cathedra , 2 1868 He wa s 1 8 v . July , . succeeded in 95 by the R ight R e l oh n Pe r civ a . J , the present holder of the see

112 HE R E FO D C T H E D R R A AL .

The dimension s of the ca the dral a r e Ft T o a e n h ou si e u t l l g t t d , a bo t T o a e n h in i e 2 t l l g t s d , 3 7 L e n h of N a v e t o Sc e e a e g t r n G t s, L e n th of Ch oi Sc e n o R e e g r re t r dos, 7 5 L e n h of L a Ch a e f om R e e os g t dy p l r r d , 93 e a of N a e s a n of oof 1 Br dth v ( p r ) , 3 e a h of N a e a n d is e s i n e n a l Br dt v A l ( t r l y) , 73 e a h of Ce n a T a 1 6 Br dt tr l r n septs, 4 u 110 Bre a dth of N orth E a st T ra n se pts (e a ch a b o t 35 ft . sq He h f Ch ir 62 ig t o o , He i h a 6 g t of N ve , 4 He i h f L a n e n 6 g t o t r , 9 He i h f T e t o of le a ds 1 0 g t o ow r ( p ) , 4 e t of i n a cle s 16 He ig ht of T ow r ( op p n ), 5 i f ld c n a im be S i e 2 0 He g ht o o e tr l t r p r , 4 s 56 q .

I R N T E R N E H-L A N D CQ M I A N Y, um , P I S, E D I N BUR GH. s t r a S i e r e s.

P r r o u se l I ll u st a t e d . Clot /z cr ow n 87 m 1 n f y , , 5 . 6d. e t e a t /z . W N O R E A D Y . E N GL I H T HE D R L S C S . A n I t in e a a n d D e A A r ry scription . Com pile d

b E . I C H I S G G M . D . R e v i y JAM S L R T , se d a n d e dite d wi t h a n In o u c i on on Ca t h e r a r chit e c t u r b e t he v . R e T . PE I S tr d t d l A y RK N , M . A . , R I H . L . . ST O L . E B By J . J MASS , M . A . C T E R R . H E W N Y I HE . r d E i i on e L S ise . A BU Y By ART T R 3 d t , r v d

R E . K E E . CA L ISL . By C . L Y HE T H E B I A ' ‘ C S E R . C I T . z u d E i ion r e v L S ise . By AR d t , d

D UR H . . E . BY GA T E 2 n d E i i AM By J , d t on . E W L Y . R e v . . D . S E E I N By W T G , M . A . EX C E T E R . E A D D L E S HA W B . Y A . z u d E i i By P R , d t on .

O H . . GL E T E R . . L . A UC S E . . d 2 n E i ion . By J J M SS , M A d t

HE R F R . H H F I R . E E O D . U HE A . . a n d E i i on v G S , e ise . By A R d t , r d

HF E D . . C I N . 2 n L IC I L . d E it ion By A B L FTO d , re vise d .

. F . L IN L . K N D I C B . CO N A . 2n d E it ion e i By A E R K , d , r v se d .

NO R WICH. C . H. . UE N N E L L . 2 n d E i i By B Q d t on .

F R . R e v . E C D E A R M OX O D Y E R . . 2 n d E i ion P , M e ise . By R A d t , r v d

v W . D . E T E R R O H . R e O G . E E I G . S . 2 n d E i P B U By W T N , M A dit on .

HA . R I ON . CE CI E B . A P By L LL T , H A G. . E B. A . 2 n d E R O HE T E R . S i i . C By P LM R, d t on ’

ST . D I D S . HI I P R B N AV By P L O SO , ’ ST . UL S . R e v . HU D I C . . 2n d E i i n PA By ART R MO K . M A d t o . E E N W L I R . G HI E . 2 n d E i t ion v i SA SBU Y By L SO T d , re se d .

O T HWE L L . R e v . H U D I C . . z u d E i S U i on e i e . By ART R MO K , M A d t , r v s d

WE L L S . R e v . E C Y D E A R M E R . . z od E i ion e is By P R , M A d t , r v e d .

W . WINCHE ST E R . . S E E N . 2n d E i ion r e i e By P RG A T d t , v s d .

O D A D F . N E E . W R CE ST E R . By W R STRA G ‘ ’ d it ion r O K. . L UT I ON C . a n E e v ise . Y R By A C BRO K d , d

. . E E R E R . H C C . . I . B H T E . HI S . A e a r / r C C By ORL TT , A [N y e a dy .

W . D . E E ST . L NS . R e v . S I N . . A BA By W T G , M A

T . H a n d NGOR . . . I N I D E B X S ASAP BA By P B RO S A .

L GOW. . C E C H E I . A . G AS By P MA GR GOR ALM RS , ,

HE E I . L L AND AFF. By RB RT PR OR

h R e v . T . E N N HE T E R . t e I . . MA C S By P RK S , M A ,

i t a bo e s. I n t n r m w h v e S r ie s . 6d. e e a r /z U ifo . ’ R H T E R R H C C . v ST . R T IN U R e . N MA S C , AN BU Y By CA ON

ra ion s. R U LE D GE . . F . S . A . 2 I u s O T , M A , 4 ll t t

E H I . N E R . H BE VE R L E Y MI ST By C ARL S ATT 47 I llustra tion s. O E R A N D CH R IST H R H R WIMB R N E M INST C U C P IO R Y . By

R e v . T . E I N . . 6 I u s a ion s. P RK S , M A , 5 ll tr t R H T E WKE E A N D D E E R ST R I OR . SBUR Y ABB Y U P Y By H.

I us ra ion s. . L . . M A ssﬁ . . 4 J J , M A 4 ll t t T H E L E S R E A N D R D FO R D -ON BA ABB Y , MA M BU Y ABB Y, B A

T . E I N . O H. R e v . . AV N CHU R C By P RK S , M A ’ ‘ C H E H I AT I . WE ST MI NST E R ABBE Y . By ARL S

’ ll ks t o C on t i n e n t a l Ch u r ch e Be s Ha n db oo s.

l t/z P r o u l llu t r a t e d Cr ow n 8710 c o 25 . 6d. n e t e a elz. f se y I s . , , p Opin ion s of the Pr e ss.

For the ur ose a t hi ch he a im he a re a m i a b on e a n d p p w t y t y d r ly d , the re a r e fe w v isita n ts t o a n y of ou r n ob le shrin e s who will n ot e n joy the ir v isi t h e b e e r for b e in fu n ish e i h on e of h e se e i h fu b oo s t tt g r d w t t d l g t l k , which ca n b e s i e in t o th e oc e a n d ca rie i h e a se a n d is e t l pp d p k t r d w t , y v n a n e rb u i e xa distin ct a n d le g ible . A olu m e su ch a s th a t o C t ry s ctly wha we a n a n d on r n e x t o h a v e it i h us. It t w t, ou t visit we h ope w t is h o ou h h e fu a n d th e ie s of t h fa i ci a n d it s n ob e ca h e ra t r g ly lp l, v w e r ty l t d l a re b e a u ifu . o h o u m e s m o e ov e i se e m o e h a n a e m o a t l B t v l , r r, w ll rv r t t p r ry ”— u ose a n d a re u fu 1Vot e s a n d u e r i e s. p rp , tr stworthy a s we ll a s de lig ht l . Q “ We ha e so f e ue n in he se co um n s u e th e a n of ch e a v r q tly t l rg d w t p, we - i u s a e a n d e - ri e n ha n oo s t o ou r ca h e ra s t o ll ll tr t d, w ll w tt db k t d l , ta ke th e a ce of th e ou t -of- a e u b ica ion s of oca b oo se e s ha we a re pl d t p l t l l k ll r , t t g la d t o h e a r tha t th e y h a v e b e e n ta ke n in ha n d by Me ssrs Ge org e Be ll — ’ S t . a m e s s Ga z e t t e . Son s. j T h e o u m e s a r e h a n in siz e m o e ra e in r ice e i u s ra e a n d v l dy , d t p , w ll ll t t d , n n T h e his o of ca h e a n d ci i in writte i a schola rly spirit. t ry t dra l ty s t e llig e n t ly se t forth a n d a ccom pa n ie d by a de scriptive su r v e y of t he b u i in in a ll it s e a i . T h e i us ra i on s a r e co iou s a n d e se e c e ld g d t l ll t t p w ll l t d, a n d t h e se rie s bids fa ir t o b e com e a n in dispe n sa ble com pa n ion t o t he ”

Ti m s. ca the dra l tou rist in E n g la n d . e “ T he a r e n ice ro u ce in oo e on oo a e r a n d con a in y ly p d d g d typ , g d p p , t n um e ous i u s r a ion s a re e w r i e n a n d e r ch e a . We sh ou r ll t t , w ll tt , v y p ld im a g in e a rchite cts a n d stu de n ts of a rchite ctu re will b e su re t o bu y t h e ” se ie s a s h e a e a for he con a in in b ie f m u ch a u a b e in fo ma ion . r t y pp r, t y t r v l l r t '

B r i tt s/2 A r e l at e d . ’ ’ e s Ca he a Se ie s so a m i a b e i e is m e h a n a de scr i B ll t dr l r , d r ly d t d, or t p It i b e a v a u a b e hi tion of t h e va riou s E n g lish ca th e dra ls. w ll l l stori ca l re co a n d a or of m u ch se r v ice a so t o t he a chi e c . T h e i u s r a ion s rd , w k l r t t ll t t a r e e se e c e a n d in m a n ca se s n ot m e re b a a chi e c u r a a in s w ll l t d , y ld r t t l dr w g b u t e o u c ion s of e x uisi e s on e fa n cie s ou che in h e i e a m e n b r pr d t q t t , t d t r tr t t y ”— f n n u i e b a r t St a r . a cy a d g d d y . E a ch of the m con ta in s e x a ctly tha t a m ou n t of in form a tion which the i n e i e n isi o wh o is n ot a s e cia is i ish t o ha e . T h e dis t ll g t v t r, p l t, w ll w v osi ion of th e a r iou s a s i s u i ciou s o or ion e a n d th e s e is p t v p rt j d ly pr p t d, tyl v T h e i u s r a ion s su a fu r he r im o a n fe a u e he e ry re a da ble . ll t t pply t p rt t t r ; t y r n r se r ie s hich ca n n o fa i t o b e e com e a e b oth um e ou s a n d g ood . A w t l w l d by a ll who a re in te re ste d in the e ccle sia stica l buildin g s of E n g la n d . la s ow He r a ld G g . T hose wh o e i h e for u ose s of ofe ssion a s u or for a cu u e , t r p rp pr l t dy lt r d ‘ ’ re cr e a ion ﬁ n d it e x e ie n t o do th e E n i sh ca h e a s i e com e t , p d t g l t dr l w ll w l ’ ‘ ’ T i f n t he b e g i n n in g of Be ll s Ca the dra l S e rie s. h s se t o b ooks is a a e m t o con su m o e c ose a n d in e a e e a i h a n t he u su a tt pt lt, r l ly, g r t r d t l t l - u i e b oo s do t h e n e e s of v isi ors t o th e ca h e a o n s. T h e se ie s g d k , d t t dr l t w r n n u v f In e a ch b oo a b usin e ss- i e ca ot b t pro e m a rke dly succe ss u l . k l k de scription is g ive n of th e fa bric of th e chu rch t o whi ch t he volum e

e a e s a n d a n in e re s in his or of th e e a i e ioce se . T he b oo s a re r l t , t t g t y r l t v d k

e n ifu i u s a e a n d a re hu s m a e a a c i e a s e l a s in s uctiv e . pl t lly ll tr t d, t d ttr t v w l tr T he y ca n n ot b u t prove we lcom e t o a ll cla sse s of re a de rs in te re ste d e ithe r ” — E n i h hi i i hi S cot sm a n . in g l sh Churc story or n e ccle sia st ca l a rc te cture . “ T h e y h a v e n othin g in com m on with the a lm ost in va ria bly wre tche d oca ui e s sa v e or a bi i a n d h e i on com e i ors in the ua i a n d l l g d p t l ty, t r ly p t t q l ty ua n i of h e ir con e n s a r e e x e n si e a n d m os a e o s e a ch q t ty t t t v ry e p v tly r r w rk , of a siz e ha u i - a e ha T he t t s g g e sts a pa ck n g ca se r th r t n a coa t ocke t . ’ Ca he a e ie s a r e im or a n com i a ion s con ce rn in i o a rchi t dr l S r p t t p l t g st ry, e u a n d bio a h a n u i e o u a e n u n t ct re , g r p y, d q t p p l r o g h for su ch a s ta ke a y ” — Ske t clz . sin ce re in te re st in the ir subje cts.