1 the Zones of War 2 from the Trenches

Notes

1 The Zones of War

1. The widely used term ‘trench journal’ implies that these works were diaries or private records of some sort, while the exact opposite is the case. Nevertheless, as the term is widely used in Britain and ex-dominion countries, it is employed throughout the book synonymously with ‘soldiers’ press,’ ‘soldier/trench journalism’ and similar constructions. 2. See Audoin-Rouzeau, S., Men at War 1914–1918: National Sentiment and Trench Journalism in France During World War I, Berg, Providence RI, 1992, which uses French trench journals as sources of evidence for a discussion on national sentiment. 3. Fuller, J., Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies, 1914–1918, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991, p. 4. 4. Taylor, M., ‘The Open Exhaust and some other trench journals of World War I’ in the Imperial War Museum Review, vol. 5, 1990, p. 24. See also Pegum, J., ‘British Army Trench Journals and a Geography of Identity’ and Laugesen, A., ‘Australian Soldiers and the World of Print During the Great War,’ both in Hammond, M. and Towheed, S. (eds.), Publishing in World War I: Essays in Book History, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire/New York, 2007, pp. 93–109 and pp. 129–147 and Nelson R., German Soldier Newspapers of the Great War, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011. 5. See Roper, Michael, The Secret Battle: Emotional Survival in the Great War, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009, who, among other insights derived from his psychological approach, recognises that ‘home and trenches were structurally connected and interdependent,’ p. 6. 6. Audoin-Rouzeau, p. 34. 7. Scott, James, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts,Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1990.

2 From the Trenches

1. See Beresford, C., the Fifth Gloucester Gazette: A Chronicle, Serious and Humorous, of the Battalion while serving with the British Expeditionary Force, Sutton, Stroud, 1993. This was one of the longest-serving trench journals, publishing from April 1915 to January 1919. 2. Although they are known collectively as the Wipers Times, this title actu- ally covers a number of continuations of the same trench newspaper edited by Captain F. J. Roberts and sub-edited by Lieutenant J. H. Pearson of the 12th Battalion Sherwood Foresters. The periodical began in Febru- ary 1916 as the Wipers Times. From April 17 it became the New Church

224 Notes 225

Times,theKemmel Times on July 3 (one issue only), the Somme Times on July 31 (again, only one issue) and the BEF Times from December 1. The journal was published under this title until November 1918, when it became the Better Times, reflecting the end of the war. The second and last number of the Better Times was published in December 1918. See Beaver, P. (ed.), the Wipers Times, Peter Davies, London, 1973, Introduction and passim. In most cases the name by which the journal was operating at the time of a source being quoted or given is used throughout this book. If the reference is a more general one, the collective term is used. 3. RMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1, 1916, p. 1; not to be confused with a British trench journal, The Growler, The Organ of the 16th Service Bat. Northumberland Fusiliers, Alnwick. 4. See Kent, D., From Trench and Troopship: The Experience of the Australian Imperial Force 1914–1919, Hale & Iremonger, Alexandria, NSW, 1999, pp. 113–15, for an account of problems faced by Australian publications. 5. This would seem to be a point of difference, one of several, in relation to the editors of German trench journals, see Nelson, R., German Soldier Newspapers of the Great War, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011, pp. 22–7. 6. Beach Rumours no 1, January 1916, np (1). A no 2 was issued the same month but there seem to have been no further editions. 7. RMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1, 1916, p. 1. 8. Wipers Times vol 1, no 2, February 26, 1916. The New Year Souvenir of the Welsh Division Royal Welch Fusiliers 1918 contained even more elaborate advertisements for non-existent entertainments, as did issues of The Sling. 9. New Church Times vol 1, no 1, April 17, 1916. 10. The Lead-Swinger no 5, November 27, 1915, p. 21. 11. Direct Hit vol 1, no 1, September 1916, pp. 1–2. 12. Schlesinger, A., ‘The Khaki Journalists, 1917–1919,’ The Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol 6, no 3, December 1919, pp. 350–59. 13. BEF Times no 1 vol 2 August 15, 1917. 14. Direct Hit vol 1, no 2, October–November 1916, p. 6. 15. Dead Horse Corner Gazette no 3, June 1916 np. 16. New York Times, May 5, 1915. 17. Direct Hit vol 1, no 3, December 1916, p. 13. 18. Direct Hit vol 1, no 1, September 1916, p. 1, though this opinion is prob- ably inaccurate, as the New Zealanders and Australians were also prolific producers of these periodicals. 19. Iodine Chronicle, August 1917, p. 9. 20. The handwritten The Wormlet of July 20, 1918, for instance, seems to have appeared on only one occasion, its foundation and final editorial simply signed ‘the Editor.’ 21. Spit and Polish vol 1, no 1, St David’s Day, 1916. 22. Spit and Polish vol 1, no 2, March 23, 1916. 23. The Mudhook no 1, September 1917, p. 2. 24. Listening Post no 6, October 20, 1915. 226 Notes

25. Brophy, John and Eric Partridge, Songs and Slang of the British Soldier, 1914– 1918, The Scholartis Press, London, 1930. 26. Honk no 10, September 30, 1915 (AWM S508). 27. Fuller, p. 9, notes that the 7th Manchester Sentry sold 26,000 copies in Egypt, while the Canadian Listening Post sold nearly 20,000 copies on the Western Front. In 1916 and 1917 respectively, The Switchboard and The Outpost were managing 5,000 copies per issue. A copy of The Dagger no 2 of February 1919 in the Liddle Collection, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, includes a typed note pinned to the inside back cover revealing that the usual print run was 10,000 copies but that demobilisation had increased the run by another 2,000. The Buzzer no 5, February 14, 1916, p. 1 (49th Division Signallers), claimed a circulation of 3,500 and by no 7 of May 1916 included in its masthead the statement ‘Largest circulation of any trench paper in the world.’ 718 of ASCMT 718 WT Company printed 1,000 copies of its initial edition in September 1916, and sold out with a 30-franc profit. The Open Exhaust reached a circulation of 1,500 per issue by the time of its ninth and final number, see Taylor, ‘The Open Exhaust,’ p. 25. The AIF 7th Field Artillery Brigade duplicated about 1,200 copies of Yandoo per issue, while Aussie, despite its trench character effectively an official publication, though one that captured the tone and mood of its readers to perfection, quickly got to 100,000 copies per edition, see Kent, From Trench and Troopship, pp. 115, 122, and Fuller, p. 173. 28. Standard of C Company, July 1918, p. 2. 29. Silent 60th vol 1, no 1, November 13, 1915. This inaugural edition was published aboard HMT Scandinavian. By the second edition, appearing in June the following year, the magazine was published ‘Somewhere in Flanders.’ 30. London Scottish Regimental Gazette, March 1915, p. 52. 31. London Scottish Regimental Gazette, April 1916, p. 83. This poem turns up in many different versions throughout the trench press and was still being recycled, with appropriate updates, in World War II and the Korean War. 32. The Dagger, November 1918, p. 33. 33. BEF Times vol 2, no 2, September 8, 1917; vol 2, no 3, November 1, 1917; vol 2 no 4 December 25, 1917; The Hobocob Christmas 1918, p. 27; M+D no 5, May 1919 (Peace Number), pp. 17–18. 34. Both Aussie and Kia-Ora Cooee have been reprinted for a general reader- ship, Aussie in 1985 and Kia-Ora Cooee in 1981. 35. Digger, a publication of the Australian Base Depots, France (AWM SI86); Rising Sun (AWM S508). 36. The Devil-Dog vol 1, no 14, April 26, 1919, p. 3. 37. The Spiker claimed, almost certainly accurately, to have been the earliest American soldier publication of the war, Cornbise, A., Ranks and Columns: Armed Forces Newspapers in American Wars, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1993, pp. 82 and 180 fn 80. 38. For a discussion of AEF publications see Cornbise, Ranks and Columns, pp. 65–99. 39. The Devil-Dog vol 1, no 4, February 8, 1919, p. 2. Notes 227

40. As in the poem ‘Mustaches Still Bloom,’ The Devil-Dog vol 1, no 4, February 8, 1919, p. 3. 41. The Devil-Dog Extra March 23, 1919. 42. Cornbise, Ranks and Columns, pp. 65–99. 43. Cornbise, Ranks and Columns, p. 82. 44. Cornbise, Ranks and Columns, pp. 81–2. 45. For instance, The Jab April 7, 1916, p. 7, and the Fifth Gloster Gazette November 21, 1917, p. 6 (a Shakespeare parody). 46. See Giddings, Robert, The War Poets: The Lives and Writings of Rupert Brooke, Robert Graves, Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Edmund Blunden, and the Other Great Poets of the 1914–1918 War, Orion Books, New York, 1988, p. 8. 47. Trench Echo 1917 (apparently published only at Easter and Christmas, ﬁrstly? in 1915), ‘Oh Mars’ (by O’Markham at the Front). 48. Dennis was also popular with Canadians, as segments of his work were often reproduced in their publications and Canadian soldiers also produced their own efforts in the same style. 49. The Dump vol 2, Xmas 1916. 50. Standard of C Company July 1918, p. 10. 51. Sub Rosa, June 1917, np. 52. RMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1, 1916, p. 3. 53. Dead Horse Corner Gazette no 1, October 1915. 54. Trench Echo 1917. 55. The Incinerator vol 1, no 1, May 1916, p. 1. 56. Chronicles of the NZEF March 14, 1917. 57. Emergency Ration, Christmas 1916, p.14. 58. There is a considerable literature on this folkloric genre, summarised in the introduction to Seal, G., The Bare Fax, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, NSW, 1996. 59. Te Huia no 1, February 1918, p. 19. 60. Stars and Stripes website, Library of Congress, accessed May 2006. 61. Stars and Stripes website, Library of Congress, accessed May 2006. See Cornbise, Alfred, The Stars and Stripes: Doughboy Journalism in World War I, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1984. 62. Zeiger, Susan, In Uncle Sam’s Service : Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Force, 1917–1919, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1999. 63. The American YMCA in partnership with a number of commercial press proprietors also published a newspaper for men in home front training camps. Trench and Camp ran from late 1918 until 1919. As well as news, information, morale-boosting messages from the President and the like, its various editions, customised to some extent for each camp, also carried a good deal of soldier verse, see Rives, T., ‘The Work of Soldier Poetry in Kansas, 1917–1919,’ New Directions in Folklore, 7, 2003. 64. Such as the Codford Wheeze from No 3 New Zealand General Hospital, Codford; The Fourth, magazine of the Fourth London General Hospital, 1916–17, and Fragments: The Wounded Soldiers’ Magazine, published at Heywood Auxiliary Hospital, Lancashire, 1917–18. 228 Notes

65. Allied prisoners of the Turks produced the Belemedik Bugger in early 1916. Originally handmade, when the prisoners approached their captors for permission to print it on the camp equipment the contents were not to the liking of the Turks and their German allies. The paper was suppressed. Brenchley, F & E., Stoker’s Submarine, HarperCollins, Sydney, 2001, p. 159. The sophisticated and multi-lingual Doeberitz Gazette ran for at least three numbers in 1916. Generally, the present study does not consider these publications, as the concerns of their producers and readers were mostly quite different to those of soldiers remaining in the zones of war. 66. The Royal Navy Air Station at Chingford published the Chingﬂier through 1916–17 and the Grey Brigade was published weekly at Dorking. US Air Service units also produced their own periodicals in France, though these have been excluded from this study owing to the very different circum- stances of the pilots’ experiences compared with those of the infantry, see Cornbise, Ranks and Columns, pp. 102–10. 67. The Link was produced by the New Zealand Expeditionary Force aboard a troopship in 1918. Others included The Ascanian, May–July 1917, The Wasp, 1917 and The Reveille, published aboard the troopship Euripides in 1916. Successive shiploads of reinforcements often published papers of the same title. 68. Kent, D., From Trench and Troopship, and Kent, D., ‘Troopship literature: “A life on the ocean wave”, 1914–19,’ Journal of the Australian War Memo- rial no 10, April 1987, pp. 3–10. See also Seal, G., Inventing Anzac: The Digger and National Mythology, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 2004, and Seal, G., Echoes of Anzac: The Voice of Australians at War, Lothian, South Melbourne, VIC, 2005. 69. Bean, C. E. W. (ed.), The Anzac Book, Cassell & Co, London, 1916. See also Kent, D., ‘The Anzac Book and the Anzac Legend: C. E. W. Bean as Editor and Image-maker’, Australian Historical Studies vol 21, no 84, April 1985, pp. 376–90. 70. Audoin-Rouzeau, 1992, p. ix.

3 We’re Here Because We’re Here

1. Fuller, J. G., Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914–1918, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990, p. 155. 2. Palmer, Roy. ‘What a Lovely War’: British Soldiers’ Songs from the Boer War to the Present Day, Michael Joseph, London, 1990, p. 100. 3. Inchkeith Lyre vol 1, no 5, November 11, 1914, p. 4. 4. These and other legends of the war are discussed by various writers, including Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford Univer- sity Press, New York and London, 1975, mainly Chapter 4, and Hayward, J., Myths and Legends of World War I, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2002. 5. There had been soldier newspapers in previous conﬂicts, including the South African, or ‘Boer,’ war of 1899–1902 and the American Civil War, as well as earlier American conﬂicts, see Cornbise, Alfred Emile, Ranks and Notes 229

Columns: Armed Forces Newspapers in American Wars, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1993. The scale and the extent of the trench press of 1914–18 was, however, quite new. 6. Begbie, H., OntheSideoftheAngels, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1915; Campbell, P., Back of the Front Line, Newnes, London [1915]. 7. See Clarke, D., The Angel of Mons: Phantom Soldiers and Ghostly Guardians, Wiley, England, 2004. 8. See Hayward, J., Myths and Legends of World War I, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2002, for an investigation of these rumours and legends. 9. Terraine, J., The Smoke and the Fire: The Myths and Anti-Myths of War, 1861–1945, Pen & Sword Books, London, 1980, Chapter. 2. 10. Fussell, p. 120. 11. Fussell, p. 122–3. 12. Fussell, p. 120. 13. Fussell, pp. 121–2. 14. Fussell, pp. 123–4, 131–5. See also the legend of The Golden Virgin, a ruined statue of the Virgin and Child atop the Basilica at Albert, also discussed by Fussell. 15. Fussell, pp. 117–20. 16. Forty-Niner vol 1, no 3, 1915, pp. 26–7. Another Canadian concert, of a more reﬁned nature perhaps because it took place in England, was described in The Jab no 1, April 7, 1916, p. 9, and another in the Listening Post no 3, September 12, 1915. See also Fuller 94–110 and Appendix B. 17. Sassoon, S., The Complete Memories of George Sherston, Faber and Faber, London, 1937, p. 605. 18. The Gasper no 14, February 28, 1916, np. 19. For more on estaminets see Fuller, pp. 74–5, and Stanley, Peter, Bad Char- acters: Sex, Crime, Mutiny, Murder and the Australian Imperial Force, pier 9, Sydney, 2010, pp. 88–90, 123. 20. See Fuller, pp. 85–94, for a discussion of the popularity of sport. 21. The BEF Times vol 2, no 3, November 1, 1917. 22. ‘Football News,’ The Dud, June 1916, p. 3; ‘Football,’ 718 vol 1, no 3, March 1917, p. 67. 23. The usual example given is the partly documented account of Captain W. P. Nevill, 8th Bn East Surry Regiment, providing a number of footballs for his men to kick over no-man’s-land at Montauban in July 1916. 24. Whizz-Bang vol 1, no 7, July–August 1916, p. 13. 25. Listening Post Christmas special 1917, p. 14. 26. Now and Then no 1, December 1915, p. 7. There were numerous versions of this ditty. 27. See the incident quoted in Stanley, p. 184. 28. Dunn, p. 195. 29. Dunn, pp. 310–11. 30. The Dump vol II, Xmas 1916, p. 29. 31. Pulham Patrol no 5, February 1918, p. 182. See also 718 no 3, March 1917, pp. 54–5 for ‘Section 2’s Christmas.’ 230 Notes

32. Behind the Lines, December–January 1916–17 (inside back cover). 33. The Jackdaw vol 1, no 12, December 1917. 34. RMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1, 1916, p. 7. Another mock Christmas menu in the Splint Record, December 1915, np (4). 35. Pte A E Lemmon of the 5th Lochiel Camerons provided a substantial illus- tration of the soldier’s life in celebration of the season, although it did not appear until the April edition of the 79th News no 134, April 1916. 36. RMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1, 1916, p. 5. 37. Dunn, pp. 449–50. 38. Still observed today, see http://www.suffolkregiment.org/Menu.html, accessed May 2012. 39. The Devil-Dog April 5, 1919, p. 4. 40. Canadian Sapper no 2, March 1918, p. 41. 41. London Scottish Regimental Gazette, December 1916, p. 256. Although not at the front, the nurses at the Ontario Military Hospital, Orpington, celebrated Halloween with a masked party – no males allowed. Ontario Stretcher no 6, November 1916, p. 7. 42. See Cuttriss, G. P., ‘Over the Top’ with the Third Australian Division, Charles H Kelly, London, nd (1918), pp. 49ff. 43. See Linton, R., ‘Totemism and the AEF,’ in Lessa, William A. and Vogt, Evon Z. (eds.), Reader in Comparative Religion, 2nd edn., Harper and Row, New York, Evanston, IL, London, 1965 and Oring, E., ‘Totemism in the AEF,’ Southern Folklore Quarterly, vol 41, nos 1–2, 1977. This story is recounted in ‘Digger’s Diary,’ Western Mail, May 1, 1930. The incident allegedly took place at Armentieres, in this version, in B Co, 44Bn. For the quantity and variety of mascots at Gallipoli, see also Gallishaw, J., Trenching at Gallipoli, A L Burt, New York, 1916, pp. 31–2. 44. Silent 60th vol 1, no 1, November 13, 1915, p. 3 (aboard HMT Scandina- vian). 45. See Leed, E., No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War One, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (England), 1979, p. 128; pp. 127, 129, 144–5, and Fussell, Chapter 4, esp. pp. 124–35. 46. Cuttriss, pp. 56–7. 47. The Spud August 27, 1918. 48. Dunn, 419. 49. ‘Digger’s Diary,’ Western Mail December 5, 1929, refers to the persistence of this folk belief among Australian returned soldiers. 50. Dunn 148–49. Derived from a tradition traceable to at least the nine- teenth century, see Opie, I. and Tatem, M. (eds.), A Dictionary of Superstitions, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, 1989, pp. 55, 82. 51. MacGill, P., The Great Push: An Episode of the War,HerbertJenkins, London 1916: at http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Soldier_Songs_of_ World_War_I, accessed November 2010. 52. From the diary of 1st Lieut. Elmer Hess, 15th Field Artillery, about the march to May-en-Multien on May 31, 1918: at http://www.landscaper. net/ww1memoirs.htm, June 16, 2005. Notes 231

53. See Brophy, John and Eric Partridge. The Long Trail. London: Andre Deutsch, 1965 (ﬁrst published in 1930), p. 66, and Seal, G., Digger Folksong and Verse of World War I: An Annotated Anthology, Antipodes Press, Perth, WA, 1991, p. 31. 54. MacGill http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Soldier_Songs_of_World_War_ I, accessed November 2010. 55. Dunn, p. 379. 56. Dunn, p. 427. 57. Quoted in Dickson, P., War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases from the Civil War to the Gulf War, Pocket Books, New York, 1994, p. 48. 58. Cooper, A. H. (comp.), Character Glimpses: Australians on the Somme, Sydney, nd, p. 5 (pagination imperfect). A similar yarn in Honk no 9, August 29, 1915, p. 2. 59. Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 10. 60. Mencken, H. L., ‘War Slang,’ in his The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States (1919), Knopf, New York, 1921. 61. ‘Vocabulary of the A. E. F.,’ compiled by E. A. Hecker and Edmund Wilson, Jr, unpublished as of 1921. 62. Middlesex Yeomanry Magazine vol 1, no 3, February 1918, p. 20. 63. By way of contrast, the German trench press was profoundly concerned with comradeship, see in particular Chapters 3 and 4 of Nelson, R., German Soldier Newspapers of World War I, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011. 64. The Dud vol 1, no 1, November 1916, p. 1.

4 Things We Want to Know

1. ‘Bowyang,’ Bill (Vennard/Reid), ‘Furphies,’ Kia-Ora Cooee, September 15, 1918, p. 17. The Ofﬁcial Organ of the 6th City of London Riﬂes, The Castironical, published an article by J. H. Lowe on the relevance of rumours about imminent moves in Fovant Camp, vol 1 no 2, April 1916, p. 4. 2. Allport, Floyd H. and Postman, Leo, The Psychology of Rumour, Russell & Russell, New York, 1947; Fine, Gary Alan, Campion-Vincent, Véronique, and Heath, Chip (eds.), Rumor Mills: the Social Impact of Rumor and Legend, Transaction Publishers, New York, 2005. 3. Degh, L. and Vazsonyi, A., ‘The Hypothesis of Multi-Conduit Transmis- sion in Folklore,’ in Ben-Amos, Dan and Goldstein, Kenneth S. (eds.), Folklore: Performance and Communication, Mouton, The Hague, 1975, pp. 207–54. 4. See Sanders, M. L. and Taylor, P. M., British Propaganda During World War I, 1914–1918, Macmillan, London, 1982, pp. 156–7. 5. Fussell, P., The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1975, pp. 117–20. 6. Graves, R., Goodbye To All That, 1929, p. 182ff. 232 Notes

7. Montague, C. E., Disenchantment, MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1968. 8. The Fifth Gloucester Gazette sometimes devoted several of its usual 20 to 25 pages to these nuggets of rumour, gossip and questioning, as in no 19, June 1917, pp. 6–9; no 17, February 1917, pp. 10–12. 9. Somme Times vol, no 1, July 31, 1916. Staff ofﬁcers wore red tabs on their uniforms, hence the reference to ‘encarnadine.’ 10. Twentieth Gazette vol II, no 3, December 1916, pp. 21–2. 11. Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 15. 12. The Whizz-Bang 13. Bean, June 7, 1915, in K. Fewster (ed.), Gallipoli Correspondent: The Frontline Diary of C E W Bean, Unwin Hyman, Sydney, 1983, p. 126. 14. Dinkum Oil, nos 1–7, 1915. Handwritten, drawn and stencilled on one side of a foolscap sheet (AWM 419/46/30 Acc. 21435). As a journalist and close observer of the Australian and New Zealand soldiers and their culture, Bean would go on to found and edit another trench journal in France, the Rising Sun. 15. Carry On no 3, February 1916, p. 18. 16. The Pow-Wow November 18, 1914, p. 2. Many of these concerns were echoed in another contribution on the same page under the seemingly obscure title ‘Poached Eggs’ and dealing with rumours. 17. The Pow-Wow no 17, March 26, 1915. 18. The Gasper no 15, March 15, 1916 (Double number). 19. Listening Post 8, November 25, 1915, p. 36. 20. Battery Herald vol 1, no 1, 25 September, nd (1916). 21. The Devil-Dog vol 1, no 10, March 29, 1919, p. 2. The Devil-Dog also fea- tured an occasional column titled ‘Things We’d Like to Know,’ as in vol 1, no 16, May 31, 1919, p. 2. 22. Northants Yeomanry Magazine vol 1, no 6, February 1916, pp. 8–12. 23. Chronicles of the NZEF March 14, 1917. 24. The Dagger The 1st Battalion London Riﬂe Brigade Souvenir. Old Doings, of Spring 1918 included a three-page ‘Chronicle of Our Wanderings’ by Capt. A Gordon, pp. 5–7. 25. The Dud vol 1, no 1, November 1916, pp. 5–7 (Unusually for a trench paper editor, Mackie was an academic who later became Professor of History at Glasgow University.) 26. The Dud vol 1, no 1, November 1916, p. 24. 27. Other chronicle examples in The Mudlark vol 1, no 2, May 1916, pp. 10–12 and The Dud vol 1, no 1, 1916, pp. 5–7. 28. See Winter, Jay, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: the Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. Alex King, Memorials of the Great War in Britain: The Symbolism and Politics of Remem- brance, Berg, Oxford, 1998; Bart Ziino, A Distant Grief: Australian War Graves and the Great War, University of Western Australia Press, Crawley, Western Australia, 2007, for study of the Australian situation in this regard. 29. Behind the Lines no 5, December 1916–January 1917 (p. 1). 30. See Direct Hit vol 1, no 2, October–November 1916, p. 59–60. Notes 233

31. 6th King’s Shropshire Light Infantry News, which noted: ‘This magazine has been censored and passed for publication by the General Censor – BEF,’ c. August 1917 (nd), p. 27. 32. Hangar Happenings of the Royal Engineers and Army Service Corps, a printed but relatively modest eight-page effort that appears to have run only from vol 1, no 1–no 4, June–December 1917, claimed to be ‘passed by the censor.’ Likewise the Con Camp Chronicle, an AIF publication which also boasted the permission of Lt Col. H. W. Norrington. Unusually, this was edited by a Church of England Reverend, H. F. S. Collier, and Private William Farrow, AIF. Based in a convalescent camp, the paper bore some evidence of Christian good works. 33. Kamp Knews Christmas 1917, p. 1. 34. The Kookaburra vol 2, July 1917. 35. Minden Magazine no 2, December 1915, pp. 1–2. 36. Taylor, ‘The Open Exhaust,’ p. 25. 37. The Mudguard vol 2, no 2, 1916, p. 1. This also had implications for the development and demise of this title, as discussed elsewhere. 38. The Rag vol 3, no 154, August 8, 1918. 39. The Dud vol 1, no 1, November 1916, p. 1. 40. The Jab vol 1, no 1, April 7, 1916, p. 3. 41. The Forty-Niner vol 1, no 6, December 1916, p. 14. 42. A similar approach was taken in the first issue of the Don Lokalanzeiger of D Co. 1/6th South Staffordshire Regiment vol 1, no 1, October 1916, which included on its front cover a note that the ‘Contents have been submittedtoLtCol.F.J.TrumpOC... and he takes no exception to any- thing herein.’ This magazine proclaimed that it was ‘Published at irregular intervals without permission of the “Daily Mail” ’ and that it was ‘Not registered at the GPO as a Newspaper.’ 43. Other Canadian efforts, such as the Trench Echo of the 27th City of Winnipeg Battalion, published ‘at the front’ each Easter, Whitsun and Christmas in 1915–16, noted that it was ‘Officially censored by General Staff,’ as did the Shell Hole Advance vol 1, no 1, February 22, 1917, p. 3, which was said to be published with permission of the Brigadier-General; the Twentieth Gazette, which was ‘censored regimentally,’ and the Listen- ing Post of the 7th Canadian Infantry Division, which was also printed with permission of the officer commanding; NYD wascensoredbythe Chief Censor 1st Canadian Division and printed by kind permission of Col A. E. Ross. The British Somme Times (and War Zone Chronicle) no 5, March 10, 1917, p. 4 noted that it was safe for readers to send copies home as each issue was ‘censored by the military authorities.’ 44. Fuller, p. 19, concludes likewise. 45. A rare exception was La Vie Canadienne, though this was published at the General Headquarters and edited by a Lieutenant and so may have required no further censorship. 46. Nelson, pp. 36ff. 47. David A Kent, ‘The Anzac book and the Anzac legend: C. E. W. Bean as editor and image-maker,’ Australian Historical Studies, vol. 21, no.x84, April 1985, pp. 376–90. 234 Notes

48. The Incinerator vol 1, no 1, May 1916, p. 11. 49. Chronicles of the NZEF, May 30, 1917, np. 50. Chronicles of the NZEF, November 29, 1916, p. 160. 51. The Golden Horseshoe, Cassell & Co, London, 1919, p. 20. 52. The Lead-Swinger vol 2, no 9, March 1, 1919, pp. 500–1. 53. Listening Post no 32, Christmas 1918. 54. Direct Hit vol 1, no 3, December 1916, p. 5. 55. Apparently an early title, possibly optimistic, for the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF). 56. WRAAF on the Rhine no 3, September 1919, pp. 18–9. 57. The Dagger no 2, February 1919, p. 34. 58. New Year Souvenir Welsh Division 1918, p. 2. 59. Aussie – The Cheerful Monthly (AWM 840). 60. A peacetime newspaper rather than a trench production, though one that espoused the values and attitudes of returned soldiers and sympathised with their problems. It was known colloquially as ‘the diggers’ Bible.’ 61. Such as Queensland Digger, published by the Queensland branch of the RSSlLA and which contained numerous complaints and dissatisfactions. 62. Patches, Australian Army Medical Corps interstate reunion, Adelaide 1938, souvenir booklet, pp. 153–4 and throughout (AWM R940.47594 Al12). 63. Delly Mel, 21 April 1938 (AWM S(n) 56/2). 64. Pennington Press no 7, October 13, 1916, p. 12.

5 In the Pink

1. See Brophy, J. and Partridge, E. (eds.), Songs and Slang of the British Soldier 1914–1918, Scholartis Press, London, 1930. First published in a limited edition under this title and subsequently in numerous revised editions, usually under the title The Long Trail. 2. Dead Horse Corner Gazette, 4th Battalion, 1st Canadian Contingent, BEF, no 1, October 1916. 3. Poison Gas (The Unofficial Organ of the 3rd Battalion Queen Victoria’s Rifles) vol 1, no 1, February 1916, p. 10. 4. Continuing long past the Great War, see Cleveland, Les, ‘Songs of the Vietnam War: An Occupational Folklore Tradition,’ 1986 at http://faculty. buffalostate.edu/fishlm/folksongs/les02.htm, accessed November 4, 2010. 5. The Kit-Bag vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 27. 6. Twentieth Gazette vol 2, no 3, December 1916, p. 21. 7. Stars and Stripes April 26, 1918, p. 4, col. 3. See also ‘The Rise of the Lice’ in Linseed Lance vol 1, no 5, 1917, p. 50. 8. Honk, no 9, August 29, 1915, p. 1. 9. The Devil-Dog vol 1, no 16, May 31, 1919, p. 4. 10. See also ‘Hints on Field Cooking,’ in Chronicles of the White Horse no 2, April 1917, p. 9. 11. London Scottish Regimental Gazette, December 1916, p. 256. Notes 235

12. The Swell, ‘The Regimental Rag of the 13th Battalion the King’s Liverpool Regiment,’ no 2, January 1916, p. 5. 13. The Mudhook no 1, September 1917 np 14. Trench Echo (‘published every little while’), 1917. 15. Listening Post 26, July 20, 1917, p. 176. 16. The Devil-Dog vol 1, no 9, March 15, 1919, p. 4. 17. Direct Hit vol 1, no 2, October–November 1916, pp. 20–5 (letters R–Z were to be continued in a later edition). 18. ‘The Atkins Alphabet,’ The Gasper 18, June 5, 1916 np. 19. ‘The Atkins Alphabet,’ The Gasper 18, June 5, 1916 np. 20. 718 vol 1, no 3, March 1917, p. 66. 21. The Dud vol 1, no 1, November 1916, p. 17 (authored by ‘P J D’) 22. La Vie Canadienne vol 1, no 7, 1917 (Parisienne Number), p. 31. 23. The Dud vol 1, no 1, November 1916, p. 17. 24. Writing home to Australia from Gallipoli in July, 1915, a sapper in the AIF observed: ‘Opposite to us is the island of Imbros. A newspaper is printed there daily. It is called ‘The Peninsula Press’ and we sometimes get news how the fighting is going on, but not much, as it is pretty well censored before we get it. We get good news of the fighting in France.’ Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld.), August 28, 1915, p. 9. 25. Beach Rumours no 1, January 1916 np (1). (National Army Museum, UK) 26. Bruce in Khaki vol 1, no 6, 1917, article on home newspapers titled ‘Slandering the Soldiers,’ pp. 93–4. 27. Chronicles of the NZEF September 29, 1916, p. 72. 28. See Linder, A., ‘Magical Slang: Ritual, Language and Trench Slang of the Western Front,’ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/slang.htm, accessed July 06. 29. Twentieth Gazette vol 2, no 1, May 1916, p. 6. 30. New Church Times, May 29, 1916. 31. Inchkeith Lyre vol 1, no 3, 1914, p. 2 32. Morning Rire nos 5 and 6, 1916. 33. Dead Horse Corner Gazette no 3, June 1916. 34. Canada, An Illustrated Weekly Journal for all Those Interested in the Dominion June 3, 1916, p. 271, discussed the Listening Post,theBrazier, NYD and the Forty-Niner. 35. Taylor, M., ‘The Open Exhaust and some other trench journals of World War I,’ in the Imperial War Museum Review, no 5, 1990, quoted from Murray, Capt. W., ‘The Trench Magazine,’ Canadian Defence Quarterly vol V, no 3, April 1928, p. 329. 36. Linseed Lance vol 1, no 5, p. 64. 37. Examples in Australia include: the Sydney Morning Herald of October 2, 1915, p. 9 on The Dinkum Oil and other trench newspapers and the Brisbane Courier August 23, 1915, p. 6 on the Peninsula Press and Dinkum Oil. Also a range of Canadian periodicals mentioned in Canada June 3, 1916, p. 270. 38. Hayward, J., Myths and Legends of World War I, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2002, pp. 6–7. 236 Notes

39. In addition to Fussell and the works on propaganda, rumours are treated in Terraine, Chapters 1 and 2; Graves, R., Goodbye to All That,Cape, London, 1929; Ponsonby, A., Falsehood in War-Time, G Allen & Unwin, London, 1928, and Bonaparte, M., Myths of War, Imago, London, 1947. 40. Sanders, M. L. and Taylor, P. M., British Propaganda During World War I, 1914–1918, Macmillan, London, 1982, pp. 146–7, 156–7. 41. Most commentators since have dismissed these ﬁndings as unreliable, motivated by political needs, see Buitenhuis, P., The Great War of Words: Literature as Propaganda 1914–18 and After, Batsford, London, 1989, p. 27. Also Read, J. M., Atrocity Propaganda: 1914–1919, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1941; Sanders & Taylor; Vaughn, S., Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism and the Committee for Public Informa- tion, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC, 1980 for the American propaganda effort and Knightley, P., The First Casualty: From the Crimea to Vietnam: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist and Myth Maker, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1975. 42. See Sanders and Taylor, pp. 156–57 and below. 43. Fifth Gloucester Gazette no 3, June 15, 1915, p. 2. 44. An example in Now and Then no 3, June 15, 1916, p. 7. 45. Fussell, p. 116. 46. Salut Poilu vol 1, no 7, July 1916, p. 80. 47. Pennington Pennon no 12, November 1916. 48. Nelson, pp. 43–4, 48–9 and passim. 49. The Lead-Swinger vol 11, no 3, May 14, 1916. 50. Splint Record Dec 1915, p. 5. 51. Twentieth Gazette vol 2, no 1, May 1916, p. 7. See also ‘The Shirkers’ in Canadian Hospital News Christmas 1916, p. 13 and ‘To the Slacker’ by ‘Incog’ and ‘The Shirker’ by ‘Notonrofem’ in the Minden Magazine no 2, January 1916, pp. 5, 13 and the unequivocal poem ‘To the Slackers at Home’ in The Lead-Swinger September 18, 1915, p. 2 52. The Gasper no 19, June 26, 1916, p. 2, among many other such. 53. This version from Remnants from Randwick no 2, 1919, p. 27, a repa- triation hospital publication. Earlier versions in Aussie no 7, September 1918, p. 10, and another on the homeward bound troopship journal, Our Homeward Stunt, 1919:

Your hat should be turned up at the side like mine, Your boots, I might state, are in want of a shine, Your puttees are falling away from your calf; Said the cold footed b∗∗∗∗∗∗s of Horseferry staff. The soldier gave him a murderous glance, Remember I’m just home from the trenches in France. Where shrapnel is ﬂying and comforts are few, Where the soldiers are ﬁghting for b∗∗∗∗∗∗s like you!

54. The Mudlark vol 1, no 2, May 1916. Notes 237

55. Fifth Gloucester Gazette No 18, April 1917. 56. At the Back of the Front (No 18 ASP Magazine), No. 1, 1917, np (p. 3) 57. Twentieth Gazette vol 2, no 1, May 1916, p. 2. An item in Carry On no 3, February, 1916, p. 18, titled ‘A Little Fable,’ refers to an ofﬁcer as ‘a certain fob,’ a reference that would presumably be understood by the publication’s readers. 58. The Gasper no 15, March 15, 1916 (p. 5) 59. The Gasper no 16, April 6, 1916, p. 4. 60. The Gasper no 17, April 29, 1916, p. 3. 61. The Lead-Swinger vol 2, no 1, March 19, 1916, p. 3; also ‘The Cult of the Red-Tabs,’ in vol 2, no 5, October 1916, p. 282. 62. Another version in Lines November 17, 1917, another in The Lead-Swinger no 3, October 16, 1915, p. 8 and a variation on the theme in the Base Horse Transport Depot’s BHTD Summer Annual 1916,p.4 63. Kamp Knews no 22, December 25, 1917. 64. Banker’s Draft vol 1, no 2, July 1916, p. 4. 65. On complaints about food and their signiﬁcance see Rachel Duffett, ‘Beyond the Ration: Sharing and Scrounging on the Western Front, Twentieth Century British History online, September 15, 2011, and Rachel Duffett ,The Stomach for Fighting: Food and the Soldiers of the Great War, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2012. 66. New York Times May 5, 1916.

6TheWar

1. See Bull, S. (ed.), An Ofﬁcer’s Manual of the Western Front, 1914–1918, especially Chapter 2, which is a reprint of the 1914 British Army Manual of Field Engineering. 2. See Holmes, Richard, Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front, 1914–1918, HarperCollins, London, 2004, pp. 245–72. 3. The Dump vol 2, Christmas 1916, p. 22. 4. Linseed Lance vol 1, no 5, May 1917, pp. 60–1. 5. The Incinerator vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 23. Attributed to Capt C. W. Blackall who also contributed the poem ‘Attack’ to the Direct Hit vol 1, no 2, September 1916, p. 9. ‘Their Dug-out’ also appeared, without attribution, in the London Scottish Regimental Gazette, April 1916, p. 83. 6. Four Whistles April 1918, p. 26. Also ‘My Dug-Out,’ the Silent 60th vol 1, no 1, November 13, 1915, p. 11 (aboard HMT Scandinavian). 7. Aussie no 3, March 1918, p. 3. Also in British and Canadian versions. 8. Dunn, pp. 328–29. 9. Dunn, p. 171. 10. The Gasper no 15, March 15, 1916, np (9). 11. Lines no 1, November 1917 np. 12. The Mudhook no 1, September 1917 np. 13. Twentieth Gazette vol 2, no 1, May 1916, p. 7. 14. Chronicles of the NZEF, March 14, 1917, p. 38. 238 Notes

15. The Whippet vol 1, no 1, December 1918. 16. Direct Hit vol 1, no 4, July 1917, p. 10. 17. Red Feather vol 1, no 2, February 1915, pp. 26–7. 18. Old Doings, Spring 1918, p. 31. 19. Golden Horseshoe, Cassell & Co, London, 1919, p. 69. This publication seems to be have been an attempt to capitalise on the trench journal genre. 20. Dug Out Despatch (with which is incorporated ‘The French Times,’ ‘The Boyeau Chronicle’ and the ‘Weekly Warren’), vol 1, no 1, p. 1. This publication is not dated, but was published some time after April 1915. 21. The Dagger no 1, Dec 1918, p. 6. 22. The Dump vol 3, Christmas 1917, p. 1. 23. The Dump vol 1, no 1, Christmas 1915, p. 26. 24. Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 9. 25. The Jackdaw vol 1, no 12, December 1917 np. 26. Major Neil Fraser-Tytler, DSO, RHA, With Lancashire Lads and Field Guns in France, 1915–1918, privately published in Shefﬁeld, 1922. 27. For example, Minden Magazine no 2, December 1915, p. 3, ‘Diary of a Day in the Trenches’ (By ‘Subaltern’). 28. Cartoon of soldier being hit by a large, sharp shell in Direct Hit vol 1, no 2, October–November 1916. 29. The Swell no 2, January 1916, p. 4. Another for Corpl D. A. Black MM, in the Iodine Chronicle September 1917, p. 9. This was followed directly with a two-stanza memorial poem on the conventional theme of ‘Supreme Sacriﬁce’ and ‘the great cause Liberty!’. 30. The Incinerator vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 18. The same issue contained ‘The Passing of a Man,’ an appreciation of 2nd Lt J. L. Walker by ‘SMH’ on p. 34 and a list of those killed since the unit’s arrival in France, p. 33. See also The Dud vol 1, no 1, November 1916 for a posthumous appreciation of 2nd Lt Gavin Boyd. 31. The Mudlark no 1, April 1916, p. 11. 32. Fifth Gloucester Gazette no 14, September 1916, np (2). 33. See Boden, A., F. W. Harvey: Soldier, Poet, Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1988. 34. The Jackdaw vol 1, nos 9–11, September–October–November 1917 unpag- inated (1). 35. Reported in Emanuel, W., ‘The Humor of T. Atkins,’ in War Illustrated, March 6, 1915. 36. The Swell no 2, January 1916, np. (4). 37. Now and Then no 1, December 1915, p. 2. 38. As with the Fifth Gloucester Gazette after the May 1916 issue, see Taylor, ‘The Open Exhaust,’ p. 26. 39. Winter, Jay, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning : The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. 40. The Sling, January 1917, p. 28. For other versions of this song see Seal, G., Digger Folksong and Verse of World War I: An Annotated Anthology, Antipodes Press, Perth, WA, 1991. 41. Fifth Gloucester Gazette no 14, September 1916 np (2). Notes 239

42. Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 8. 43. Pennington Press no 12, November 17, 1916, np. See also ‘From a Dug-Out’ in Dead Horse Corner Gazette no 1, October 1915 by ‘CWC’ (reprinted from London Opinion). 44. Morning Rire (2nd Irish Guards), 2nd edn. Xmas 1915, np (2). 45. Kamp Knews no 22, December 25, 1917. 46. The Switchboard no 2, August 1916, p. 9. 47. Rising Sun, no.13, February 8, 1917, p. 3. For other examples see Rising Sun, no.12, February 5, 1917, p. 3, and The Anzac Book. 48. Grey Brigade (and Richmond Camp News) no 32, December 11, 1915, p. 3. This poem owes a little to a number of trench ditties, including ‘I Want to Go Home’ and ‘Far, far from Ypres.’

7 Identities

1. Jansen, William, ‘The Esoteric-Exoteric Factor in Folklore,’ Fabula: Journal of Folktale Studies, vol 2, 1959, pp. 205–11. 2. Listening Post August 10, 1917 (second anniversary number), np. 3. The Gasper no 14, February 28, 1916. A cartoon on a similar theme in Golden Horseshoe 1919, p. 33. 4. The Veteran vol 1, no 8, July 1918. Another item on Scots miserliness in Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 5. 5. One example of many such jokes in RMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1916, p. 11. 6. Twentieth Gazette vol 2, no 1, May 1916, p. 8. It is most unlikely that this event took place, given the misuse of the British ‘Tommy’ appellation for the Australians and the relative reﬁnement of the Australian’s language. 7. The Anzac Book,p.95.SeealsoRMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1916, p. 11 ‘The Australian’ by ‘W.H.O.,’ constructed around the remark allegedly made by a British ofﬁcer that Australians were ‘The bravest thing God ever made.’ 8. The Sling no 2, October 1917, p. 21. 9. An example in Red Tape,p.7. 10. ‘Satan’s Appointment’ in Canadian Hospital News vol 4, no 13, 1915, p. 3. Also ‘The Kaiser’s Dream’ in The Forty-Niner vol 1, no 4, 1916, p. 32. 11. Canadian Scottish (Stray Papers by a Private), Rosemount Press, Aberdeen, 1915, p. 34. Not itself a trench journal, but apparently a collection of items from these publications. 12. Kai Takai, October 1915, p. 199. 13. Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 6. 14. The Dagger no 1, November 1916, p. 16. 15. Fuller pp. 42–3. 16. The Devil-Dog vol 1, no 13, April 19, 1919, p. 2. 17. Though see Ivelaw-Chapman, The Riddles of Wipers, for a determined attempt. 18. Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, pp. 4–5, original emphasis. 240 Notes

19. Though was an issue in the French situation Audoin-Rouzeau, 20ff. 20. Fuller 181–5. 21. Northern Mudguard, vol 2, no 1, October 1916, p. 1. 22. This may or may not have been the last edition of the title; no other editions have been located. 23. See discussion in Holmes, Richard, Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front, 1914–1918, HarperCollins, London, 2004, pp. 193–223, 573ff, 580. 24. Old Doings, Spring 1918, pp. 14–15. Another poem, on a different theme, also identiﬁed the occupations of the Royal Naval Division in The Mudhook no 2, November 1917, np. 25. Minden Magazine no 3, February 1916, p. 14. 26. ’Tchun, December 15, 1917, p. 9. 27. Morning Rire no 6, 1916 np. 28. The Digger August 4, 1918. 29. Third Battalion Magazine, August 1918, p. 10. 30. Fifth Gloucester Gazette no 1, April 12, 1915, p. 3. 31. Dunn, p. 174. 32. On the prevalence and intricacies of this underculture system see Ashworth, T., Trench Warfare, 1914–18: The Live and Let Live System,Pan Grand Strategy, London, 1980. 33. Dunn, p. 376. 34. London Scottish Regimental Gazette, Christmas 1916. 35. RMR Growler vol 1, no 1, January 1, 1916, p. 3. 36. Splint Record no 2, January 1916, p. 4. 37. Listening Post August 10, 1917 (2nd anniversary number). 38. Meyer, Jessica, Men of War: Masculinity and World War I in Britain, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingtsoke, 2009. Meyer’s suggestion that the war produced both domestic and heroic identities among British servicemen high- lights the complexities of the gender issues involved when male citizens suddenly became warriors. 39. See Gibson, Craig, ‘Sex and Soldiering in France and Flanders: The British Expeditionary Force Along the Western Front,’ International History Review, vol 3, September 2001, pp. 535–79. On the Australian situation in this respect, see Stanley, P., Bad Characters: Sex, Crime, Mutiny, Murder and the Australian Imperial Force, Pier 9, Sydney, 2010. 40. Chronicles of the NZEF May 16, 1917, p. 137, June 13, 1917 np; July 25, 1917, p. 253; humorous poem ‘To a Sister’ by J. A. Hart, November 29, 1916, p. 163. 41. The Pennon vol 1, no 1, September 1918, p. 4. 42. An observation also made by David Kent in his survey of Australian trench journals, From Trench and Troopship,p.61. 43. Spit and Polish vol 1, no 1, 1916 np (1). The same technique in the ‘Things We Want to Know’ column was used in the September 1915 edition of the Australian Honk. 44. Wipers Times vol 1, no 1, February 12, 1916, p. 5. Presumably a reference to what Gilbert Frankau referred to as ‘Kirchner’s naughtiest chromo’ in Notes 241

his poem ‘Urgent or Ordinary,’ see Ivelaw-Chapman The Riddles of Wipers, p. 52 and ff. 45. The Lead-Swinger, September 18, 1915, p. 2. 46. Quoted in Nelson, p. 169. 47. Standard of C Company July 1918, p. 10. 48. Minden Magazine no 7, August 1916, p. 14. 49. Pulham Patrol no 10, June–November 1918, p. 274, included a spoof article titled ‘Mary Pulham, WRAF’ by ‘Pinkie.’ 50. Silent 60th vol 1, no 2, June 1916, p. 9. 51. Sparklets vol 1, no 3, July 1916, p. 5. 52. The Switchboard no 2, August 1916, p. 9. 53. The Sportsman May 1917. 54. In Edward Arthur Dolph, Sound Off, 1929 and in oral tradition at http:// chrispatonscotland.tripod.com/id47.html, accessed November 24, 2010. 55. 718 April–May 1917, p. 77. 56. Devil-Dog March 1, 1919. 57. Kent, From Trench and Troopship, p. 128. 58. Stanley, Bad Characters, 192–94. 59. Sub Rosa 1 (of the 55th West Lancashire Division), June 1917, np. 60. Sub Rosa, June 1917 np. 61. The Dud, November 1916, p. 4. 62. A cartoon on similar theme in The Dump, Christmas 1915 – the caption reads: ‘WHEN ON LEAVE – From the First Line Trenches to the First Line Wenches.’ 63. Direct Hit vol 1, no 2, October–November 1916, p. 10. 64. Sub Rosa 2, June 1918, np. 65. From The Dump Christmas 1915. 66. AAC vol 1, no 2, June 1917, p. 58. 67. The GOCB vol 2, no 1, February 1918, np. 68. The Salient Christmas 1915 np p. 10. 69. RMR Growler January 1, 1916, p. 6. 70. RMR Growler January 1, 1916, p. 8. See also ‘The Angels’ Furlough’ in Behind the Lines no 2, June–July 1916 np (10). 71. Fuller, p. 106. 72. Third Battalion Magazine August 1918, p. 8. 73. See Das ‘Kiss Me, Hardy: Intimacy, Gender and Gesture in World War 1 Trench Literature,’ MODERNISM/modernity 9:1, 2002, pp. 51–2, and passim. Also a letter quoted in Tony Mathews, Crosses: Australian Soldiers in the Great War 1914–1918, Brisbane, 1987, p. 80, and another in Cochrane, P., SimpsonandtheDonkey:TheMakingofaLegend, Melbourne, 1992, p. 111; Stanley, Bad Characters, p. 142. Nelson also discusses ‘softness,’ mainly in the context of masculine ‘friendship,’ especially pp. 98–102. He makes the useful comparative point that French and German trench journals tended to such evocations more than the allied trench press, though a number of examples provided in other contexts throughout this book could also be considered to be articulations of intimacy, including ‘It’s 242 Notes

Chrismas day terday, Bill’ in The Dump vol II, Xmas 1916, p. 29, quoted elsewhere. 74. Quoted in Das, S., ‘An Ode to Human Ingenuity,’ The Guardian, Novem- ber 10, 2008. 75. In discussing Australian trench journals, for example, David Kent refers to their ‘blatantly sentimental verse and prose,’ Kent, From Trench and Troopship, p. 119. 76. Te Huia no 1, February 1918, p. 19. 77. Listening Post 26, July 20, 1917, p. 170. From Hemminger G L, ‘Tobacco’ in Penn State Froth magazine, 1915. 78. The Anzac Book, pp. 142–3 by H G Garland, a journalist before the war. 79. The Mudguard vol 2, no 5, March 1917, p. 15. 80. www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/American_Magazines/Leslies_00. htm, accessed November 24, 2010. 81. Direct Hit vol 1, no 3, December 1916, back cover.

8 Suffering Cheerfulness

1. Somme Times vol 1, no 1, July 30, 1916. 2. Fuller, J., Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies, 1914–1918, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991, p. 53. 3. Fuller, p. 52. Sources, Select References and Credits

Sources for material referred to and/or quoted from are given in the relevant endnotes. This section consists of a select bibliography of relevant works that assisted with the research for this book, together with the locations of the major trench journal collections around the world and a list of the titles that were able to be located for this project.

Selected works

Anon., ‘Tommy’s Songs,’ The Literary Digest, December 1, 1917: 36. Anon., Yanks: A. E. F. Verse. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1920. Audoin-Rouzeau, S., Men at War 1914–1918: National Sentiment and Trench Journalism in France During the First World War, Berg, Providence RI, 1992. trans. Helen McPhail. (First published in France, 1986). Bean, C. E. W. (comp.), The Anzac Book, Cassell, London, 1916. Beaver Patrick (ed) The Wipers Times: A Complete Facsimile of the Famous World War One Trench Newspaper, Davies, London, 1973. Beresford, Christine, The Fifth Gloucester Gazette: A Chronicle, Serious and Humorous, of the Battalion while Serving with the British Expeditionary Force, Sutton, Stroud, 1993. Boatner, Mark Mayo, Military Customs and Traditions, Greenwood Press, Westport, CN, 1976. Boden, A., F. W. Harvey: Soldier, Poet, Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1988. Bowman, Kent. ‘Echoes of Shot and Shell: Songs of the Great War,’ Studies in Popular Culture, vol 10, no 1 (1987): 28–41. Brophy, John and Partridge, Eric, The Long Trail, Andre Deutsch, London, 1965. (First published in 1930). Cleveland, Les, ‘Military Folklore: Additional References,’ New York Folklore, vol 14, no. 1–2 (Winter-Spring, 1988): 143–46. Cleveland, Les, ‘Soldiers’ Songs: The Folklore of the Powerless,’ New York Folklore, vol 11 (1985): 79–97. Cleveland, Les, Dark Laughter: War in Song and Popular Culture, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, 1994. Cornbise, Alfred, The Stars and Stripes: Doughboy Journalism in World War 1, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1984. Cornbise, Alfred, Ranks and Columns: Armed Forces Newspapers in American Wars, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1993. Das, Santanu, Touch and Intimacy in First World War Literature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.

243 244 Sources, Select References and Credits

Degh, Linda and Vazsonyi, Andrew, ‘The Hypothesis of Multi-Conduit Transmission in Folklore,’ in Dan Ben-Amos and Kenneth S. Goldstein (eds.), Folklore: Performance and Communication, Mouton, The Hague, 1975, pp. 207–54. Dickson, P., War Slang: American Fighting Words and Phrases from the Civil War to the Gulf War, Pocket Books, New York, 1994. Dolph, Edward Arthur, Sound Off! Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, New York, 1929. Dunn, Capt. J C., The War the Infantry Knew 1914–1919, (1938), Bacaus, London, 1994 edn. Fewster, K. (ed.), Gallipoli Correspondent: The Frontline Diary of C E W Bean, George Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1983. Fraser, Edward and Gibbons, John. Soldier and Sailor Words and Phrases.Soldier and sailor words and phrases; including slang of the trenches and the air force; British and American war-words and service terms and expressions in everyday use; nicknames, sobriquets, and titles of regiments, with their origins; the battle-honours of the Great War awarded to the British Army, Routledge and Sons, London, 1925. Reprinted, Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1968. Fuller, J., Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies, 1914–1918, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. Fussell, P., The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford University Press, New York/London, 1975. Fussell, P., Wartime: Understanding and Behaviour in the Second World War. Oxford University Press, New York, 1989. Goldstein, Joshua S., War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. Harris, Corporal J. J. ‘Army Slang’ Trench and Camp 8 December 1917. Hayward, J., Myths and Legends of the First World War, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2002. Hench, Atcheson, ‘Communal Composition in the A.E.F.,’ Journal of American Folklore, 34 (1921): 386–87. Holmes, R., Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front 1914–1918, HarperCollins, London, 2004. Hynes, Samuel, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture, Atheneum, New York, 1991. Ivelaw-Chaplain, J., The Riddles of Wipers: An Appreciation of the Wipers Times, A Journal of the Trenches, Leo Cooper, London, 1997. Kent, D., From Trench and Troopship: The Experience of the Australian Imperial Force 1914–1919, Hale & Iremonger, Alexandria, NSW, 1999. Laugesen, A., ‘Australian Soldiers and the World of Print During the Great War’ in M. Hammond and S. Towheed (eds.), Publishing in the First World War: Essays in Book History, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire/New York, 2007, pp. 93–109. Linton, R., ‘Totemism and the AEF,’ in William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt (eds.), Reader in Comparative Religion, 2nd edn., Harper & Row, New York/Evanston, IL/London, 1965. Sources, Select References and Credits 245

MacCallum-Stewart, E., ‘Satirical Magazines of the First World War: Punch and the Wipers Times’ www.ﬁrstworldwar.com/features/satirical.htm, accessed July 2010. MacGill, Patrick, The Great Push: An Episode of the War, Naval and Military Press, London, 1917. Nelson, Robert L, ‘Soldier Newspapers: A Useful Source in the Social and Cul- tural History of the First World War and Beyond,’ War In History, vol 17, no, 2 (2010, April): 167–91. Nelson, Robert L., German Soldier Newspapers of the Great War, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011. Nettleinghame, Frederick Thomas. Tommy’s Tunes. A Comprehensive Collec- tion of Soldiers’ Songs, Marching Melodies, Rude Rhymes, and Popular Paro- dies, Composed, Collected and Arranged on Active Service with the B.E.F., by F. T. Nettleingham [sic], 2nd Lt. R.F.C., Erskine MacDonald, Ltd., London, 1917. Nettleinghame, Frederick Thomas. More Tommy’s Tunes, Erskine MacDonald, Ltd, London, 1919. Oring, E., ‘Totemism in the AEF,’ Southern Folklore Quarterly, vol 41, nos 1–2 (1977): 93–109. Palmer, Roy. ‘What a Lovely War’: British Soldiers’ Songs from the Boer War to the Present Day, Michael Joseph, London, 1990. Pearce, T. M. ‘What is a Folk Poet?’ Western Folklore, 12 (1953): 242–48. Pegum, J., ‘British Army Trench Journals and a Geography of Identity’ in M. Hammond and S. Towheed (eds.), Publishing in the First World War: Essays in Book History, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire/New York, 2007, pp. 129–47. Rives, T., ‘The Work of Soldier Poetry in Kansas, 1917–1919,’ New Directions in Folklore, vol 7 (2003). E-journal. Roberts, Lieut-Col F. J. (ed.), The Wipers Times: Including for the First Time in One Volume a Facsimile Reproduction of the Complete Series of the Famous Wartime Trench Magazines, Eveleigh Nash and Grayson, London, 1930. Roper, Michael, The Secret Battle: Emotional Survival in the Great War, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2009. Sandels, Robert. ‘The Doughboy: Formation of a Military Folk,’ American Studies, vol 24 (1983): 69–88. Schlesinger, A., ‘The Khaki Journalists, 1917–1919,’ The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol 6, no 3 (1919, December): 350–59. Scott, James C., Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts,Yale University Press, New Haven, CT/London, 1990. Seal, G., ‘Written in the Trenches: Trench Newspapers of the First World War,’ Journal of the Australian War Memorial, no 16 (1990, April): 30–8. Seal, G., Digger Folksong and Verse of World War 1: An Annotated Anthology, Antipodes Press, Perth, WA, 1990. Seal, G., Inventing Anzac: The Digger and National Mythology,Universityof Queensland Press, St Lucia, 2004. Stephen, Martin. The Price of Pity: Poetry, History and Myth in the Great War, Leo Cooper, London, 1996. 246 Sources, Select References and Credits

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The trench press

According to Nelson (52), ‘A total of 107 British and Dominion soldier newspaper titles have survived ...’ This is certainly an underestimate, based on the figure given by Fuller. Even without going to the level of identifying the often numerous titles that different iterations of the same unit’s newspaper(s) went under, as well as POW camp and home front hospital publications, there are at least 200 extant. The lower number is derived from titles held by Cambridge University Library, the British Library and the Imperial War Museum, but there are also significant collections of trench newspapers in other archives, as indicated below. There may well be further collections, or perhaps only single titles, in other archives, public and private. The main collections and holdings of trench publications – some small but significant – are found in various libraries, museums and archives around the world, including:

Australian War Memorial, Canberra British Library, London Cambridge University Library, UK (also available in microﬁlm) Canadian War Museum, Ottawa Dunedin Public Libraries, New Zealand Imperial War Museum, London John Johnson Collection in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (some online at http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit/collections/publications Library of Congress, Washington Liddle Collection, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds National Army Museum, London

As well as periodicals that rendered the trench experience, there were many other troop publications. These included newspapers published on outbound troopships, those of units stationed in India, those produced in prisoner of war camps and those produced by a host of military or military-related organisa- tions such as charities, church groups, ﬂying schools and the like. While it is Sources, Select References and Credits 247

usually difﬁcult to make hard and fast distinction between these publications, those selected for this study have tended to be those of the infantry, engineers, signallers and other groups and units involved in frontline combat, or containing items produced by individuals who were. The ﬁeld of soldier publications is a broad one that has been relatively little researched and awaits the interest of future generations of scholars.

Picture credits

The illustrations for this book were supplied by the British Library, the Australian War Memorial and Special Collections, Brotherton Library, Uni- versity of Leeds. Index

Note: The letter ‘n’ following the locators refer to notes.

Advertiser’s Weekly, 22 Aussie, 15, 31, 179, 204 AIF Standard of C Company, 29 Aussie – the Cheerful Monthly, 105 Alecto Argus, 17 alphabets, soldier’s, 118–23 Banker’s Draft, 179 ‘An Antiseptic Alphabet,’ 118 barbed wire, 151–3 from The Anzac Book, 1915, 119 ‘Allemand’ (enemy), 152 expression of discontent, 121–22 cutting or disabling, 152 expressions of war, 119 daisy cutter, 151 in folksongs, 118 difﬁculties, 153, 154 jargon, 120 gooseberries (festoons), 151 metaphor of trench life and death, Hindenburg Line, 151 122 knife-rest, 151 occupational skills, 120 wiring parties, 151–2 reason for ubiquity of, 122 Battery Herald, 88 venting of frustrations, 123 Beach Rumours, 17, 37, 123 The Anzac Book, 45, 95, 175, 211 Bean, C.E.W., 31, 85, 95, 194, Anzac Bulletin, 45 228n69, 232n13, 233n47 Après la Guerre (column), 42, 96–107 Beaver P., 224–5n2 armies of the dead: poems in ‘became a landowner’ (dead and German, 101–103; post-war buried), 169 years, 101 BEF Times, 21, 34–5, 57, 84 companionship during war, Behind the Lines, 61, 91 96–100 Beresford, C., 224n1 disappearance of the trench press, ‘billets’ (accommodation outside 106 barracks), 165–6 reunion publications, 105–6 Blackjack (‘21’ or ‘Pontoon’), 59 sentimental strand in verses, 104 Boden, A., 238n33 verses, examples of, 96–100 ‘Boer’ War, 147, 173 war’s commercial popular songs, Bran Mash, 23, 24 100 The Brazier, 22, 145 aquatic sports, 58 bread and bully, 114–18 artillery shells, 120 cooks: celebration of, 116–17; artistic contributions, 9–10, 14, 33, ﬁghting back, 117; food and, 62, 72, 128, 144 114–15; image of the army, atrocity tales, 130 115–15 At the Back of the Front, 140 diet, monotony of, 115 Audoin-Rouzeau, S., 9, 46, 95, ‘Brighton Camp,’ 50 224n6, 228n70, 240n19 Brophy, J., 226n25, 231n53, 234n1

248 Index 249

Bruce in Khaki (Canada), 15 Christian customs, dominance of, 59 The Buzzer, 15 Christmas Bystander, 128 Canadian repast at, 62 feasts, 60 The Caduceus, Over Here: Official to New Year period, 62 Publication of U.S. Army General Chronicles of the NZEF, 39, 45, 90 Hospital no. 3, 30 chronicling chaos, 89–92 calendar everyday experience of war, 91 observances of military units, 63 lengthy accounts, 90 verses on feasts, 60 mass commemoration, 91 see also year (calendar), trench recital of place and date, 90 campfire, 68, 100 rumour transmission, 91 Canadian Scottish, 185 Cinque Ports Gazette, 179 canon, trench, 15–23 coal box (heavy artillery shell), 16, article on Western Front trench 156 journals, 22 Codford Wheeze, 17 competition among journals, 22–3 colonialism, 6, 182 distribution of, 16 comforts and discomforts, 160–9 duplicating technology, 16 ‘billets’ (accommodation outside journals, life of, 17–19; barracks), 165 contributions, forms of, diaries, 166; post-war 17–19; ‘khaki journalists,’ 21; reminiscence, 166–9 parodies of newspaper column discomforts of trench life, 160 formats, 21; production, 17; Number 9 pills, 160–3 serious verses, 21; spoof rain and war, 164–5 advertisements, 18, 20; ration party, 162–3 unsanctioned status, 17 trench genres, 166 names and titles, 15 Committee on Alleged Atrocities, press in Britain and other allied 130 countries, 21–2; middling and communal voice, 219–20 sophisticated publications, 14th Company Magazine, 15, 28 21–2 comradeship, 48–9, 78–80 professional journalists or printers, attitudes, speech and custom, 78 16 bonds of shared survival of publications, 16 experience/language, 79 censorship fierce antipathy, 78 editorial interference, 95 parodic impulse, 78–9 formal censorship regime in trench speech, 79 German army, 95 concert parties, 55 mouthpieces for official ‘cooties’ or ‘kooties,’ 112 communications, 94 ‘copping a Blighty’ or ‘Blighty one,’ official censorship, 94 169 regulation requiring service Cornbise, A., 226n37, 227n42–44, magazines, 92 228n66 self-censorship, 95 ‘Crucifix Corner,’ 149 ‘chats,’ 108, 112, 149 cubby holes or funk holes, 149 250 Index

The Dagger, 31, 90, 103, 162 enemy, 196–200 Dardanelles Driveller, 24 fraternal incident, 198–200 Das, S., 242n74 policy of live and let live, 196 Dead Horse Corner Gazette, 15, 22, 38, estaminet, 56, 70, 76, 100, 104 109, 128 euphemisms, 43 death, technologies of, 10–11, Evening Star, 21 153–60 Evening Telegram, 22 deadly weaponry, 153 gas mask, 155 Falsehood in War-Time, 130 German artillery, 156–7 Fewster, K., 232n13 grenade, 157 fiction, 33–8 helmets, 159 classic detective story, 34 hipe, foot soldier’s rifle, 159 folkloric forms, 35 humour on gas attack, 154 infantilism, 36 ‘kit,’ soldier’s, 159 jokes, 36 mustard gas, 155 limericks, 35 phonetic logic, 159 nursery rhyme, 35 poison gas, effect of, 153–5 oral culture, 36 tank, 157–8 playlets, 34 Degh, L., 231n3 poems by troops, 34 Delly Mel, 106 poetic forms, 35 depression, 217 rumour and gossip, 36–7 The Detonator, 93 serial inanity, 34 The Devil-Dog, 15, 32, 64, 88–9, 204 short stories, serials and plays, 33 Dickson, P., 231n57 spooneristic parodies, 34 Digger, 31 tales, characters, 33 Dinkum Oil, 37, 85–6, 106, 194 Fifth Gloucester Gazette, 15, 171, 173, Direct Hit, 15, 19, 21–2, 101, 118, 206 179, 195, 196 Disenchantment, 83 First World War, 137, 223 ditties, 5, 36, 50, 68–9, 70–1, 73, 79, folkloric 152, 169, 172–3, 203 forms fictions, 59–60 Dolph, E.A., 241n54 observances, 63–4 The Dud, 91, 93, 121–2, 206 occasions, 59–60 Dug Out Despatch, 15 Forty-Niner, 22, 94 Dug-Out Gossip, 17, 24 The Fourth, 15 The Dump, 60, 148, 162, 179 Four Whistles, 150 Dunn, Capt. J C., 230n50, 237n9, Fraser, E., 238n26 240n31 Fuller, J.G., 2, 48, 191, 194, 208, 220, duplicating technology, 16 224n3, 226n27, 228n1, 233n44, see also canon, trench 239n5, 240n20, 241n71, 242n2 Fussell, P., 228n4, 229n10–15, The Eaglet, 15 230n45, 231n5, 236n45 East Anglian Daily Times, 21 5th East Surrey Magazine, 15 ‘gallows humour,’ 73, 219 Edinburgh Evening News, 128 gas attack, 33, 153, 155, 156 Emergency Ration, 40 gas mask, 155 Index 251

The Gasper, 56, 135, 141, 155, 181 home, 172–7 Gazette, 30–1 elements of military experience, ‘genuine’ trench journal, 222 176–7 German artillery, 156–7 homesickness, 175 Ghutz, 15 irritation of recovering from The Globe, 21 wounds, 173 going west, 169–72 pain of parting, 174 anecdotes, 169–70 ways to get home (war’s end/on cartoons and ditties, 169–70 leave/being wounded), 172–3 cliché hint, 172 Honk, 28, 114 jokey treatment of enemy, 171–2 Honk –theRising Sun, 31 obituary notices, 170 photographic memorials, 170 identities, 10–11, 178–96 terms related to death, 169 Australians: culture, 193–4; verses, 171–2 self-regarding expressions, Golden Horseshoe, 98, 160 182–3 Goodbye to All That, 83 Britain, sense of protecting, 185 gooseberries, 151 Canadians, tongue-in-cheek grenade, 157 boasting, 183–4 Grey Brigade, 175 class: issues, 194; lineaments of grousings, 109–12 class, British ranks, 192 British ‘Fred Karno’s Army,’ 109 colonialism: inter-colonial favourite trench songs, 110 relationships, 182; politics of ‘Grousings’ (column), 109, 111 empire and, 182 just-get-on-and-bear-it approach, communicating with troops, 110 189–90 parodies of a pre-war popular, ethnicity: within the British Isles, 111–12 187; New Zealand experience song form of complaints, 110 of colonisation, 186 The Growler, 17 exoteric and esoteric signiﬁcance, 180–1 Halloween, 64 folk names and stereotypes, 180–1 Hamilton Spectator, 126 French civilians, relations with, ‘Hammerhead,’ 149 181–2 Hangar Herald, 191 ‘infantry journals,’ 191 Harvey, F.W., 170 Irish nationalism, 181–2 Haynes Park Gazetteer, 93 jokes and cartoons, 184 Hayward, J., 228n4, 229n8, national: and ethnic stereotypes, 235n38 181; history of the group, 189; ‘Hello Girls,’ 44 name given to groups, 180; helmets, 159–60 self-aggrandisement in press, ‘hidden transcripts,’ 11–12 184 hipe, foot soldier’s riﬂe, 159 need to get everyone named, The Hobocob, 31 179–80 Holmes, R., 237n2, 240n23 negotiations, 6 252 Index

identities – continued knife-rest, 151 newspapers titles, 179 see also barbed wire occupational and unit identity, The Kookaburra, 92 191–2; organisational unit, 188–9; unit publications as The Lancastrian, 2 morale boosters, 190 Laugesen, A., 224n4 public school graduates, 193 La Vie Marine, 32 references to, 192 The Lead-Swinger, 20, 133, 141, 201 regional identities: assertion and legends, 50, 51–4, 130–2 projection of, 187–8; Angels of Mons legend, 50 communitas or ‘band of atmosphere, start of the war, 52 brothers,’ 188; prejudice, 6 ‘The Comrade in White’/‘Helper religion, 195; religious afﬁliation, in White’, 53 195–6 titles, 194 dark days, 52 troop morale and culture, 191 enemy agents in allied trenches, Inchkeith Lyre, 37, 50, 128 53 The Incinerator, 39, 170, 194 oral discourse of trenches, 54 infantilism, 36 phantasm, 53 ‘in the pink,’ 142–7 printed periodicals, 54 letters, signing off with, 142 refraction of trench experience, 54 literary and artistic genres, 142 revenge stories, 53 pro formas of army life, 143 rumours about ‘free shooters,’ 53 references in journals, 142–3 symptoms of great shock, 54 used by British soldiers, 142 ‘The Bowmen’ (short story), 51 Iodine Chronicle, 17, 22, 179 lice (parasite), 112–14 American view, 114 The Jab, 17, 93 Australian Honk, 114 The Jackdaw, 25, 62, 120 line drawings, 14, 28, 41, 86, 87 Jayhawker in France, 32 Lines, 155 journals, see canon, trench lines, language of, 73–8 Joy Prong: The Ofﬁcial Rumourmonger, Americanisms, 76 37 civilian obscenities, 76 just-get-on-and-bear-it approach, deprecatory terms, 76 110 euphemised talk, 74 see also grousings fascination with new language, 77–8 Kamp Knews, 92, 143 giving names for trenches, 74 Kent, D., 225n4, 228n68, 233n47, language of signallers, 75 241n57, 242n75 offensive and/or vulgar terms, 77 Kia-Ora Cooee, 31 swearing, 76–7 6th King’s Shropshire Light Infantry words from other languages, 75–6 News, 92 Linseed Lance, 126, 128, 148 Kipling, R., 35, 128, 133 Linton, R., 230n43 ‘kit,’ soldier’s, 159 Listening Post, 22, 26, 27, 28, 58, 87, The Kiwi, 15 100, 180 Index 253

literature and art, forms of, 2, 9, 14, Stars and Stripes, 44–5 33–42, 148 tone and attitude, 43–4 fiction, 33–7 trench speech, 43–4 non-fiction, 37–9 unpleasantness of war, 46 parody and play, 40–2 Nelson, R.L., 224n4, 225n5, 231n63 see also individual entries New York Times, 22 live and let live, policy of, 196 non-fiction, 38–40 The Londoner, 15 anecdotes, 39 London in the Line, 31, 90 editorials, 38 London Scottish Halloween of 1916, 64 editors interaction with London Scottish Regimental Gazette, contributors, 38 29, 115, 179, 198 inclusivity and unit identity, 39 Longleat Lyre, 15 memoirs, 39 narratives, 39 MacGill, P., 68–70, 73, 230n51 reminiscences, 39 ‘Mademoiselle from Armentieres,’ tenets of trench culture, 39 56, 70 Northants Yeomanry Magazine, 89–90 Maidstone Magazine, 17 Northern Mudguard, 93, 191–2 Mascots and totems, 65 Now and Then, 17, 22 Men at War 1914–1918, 46 Number 9 pills, 160–1 Middlesex Yeomanry Magazine, 77 NZEF Chronicles, 123 Minden Magazine, 15, 92, 179, 201 Montague, C.E., 83 The Moods of Ginger Mick, 31 The Observer, 21 Morning Advertiser, 21 officers (brass hats), 137–41 Morning Rire, 128, 174, 193 advice to officers, 141 Motor Trader, 22 ‘Divisional Library’ (article), 139 The Mudhook, 15, 17, 24, 25, 156 Great War, 137 mustard gas, 155 high casualty rate, 137 officers as contributors, 137–8 ‘Nap’ (card game), 58 ‘the old contemptibles,’ 110, 132 national days, celebration of, 63 nature of soldiers’ press, 42–6 Old Doings, 159 bad language, 43 Ontario Stretcher, 15 distribution networks, 43–4 OooLaLaTimes,32 euphemisms, 43 Open Exhaust, 17, 179 hospitals and prison camps, 45 oral culture, 10, 27, 36, 43, 48–9, 51, military and government interests, 54, 73, 81–3, 137, 145, 150, 190, 45–6 209, 218 other compilations, 45 Oring, E., 230n43 outward-bound periodicals, 45 Ottawa Free Press, 128 poetry, 44 recurring themes and concerns, 42 sex and gender, 44 Palmer, R., 228n2 shirkers, see shirkers Pandora Piffle, 17 254 Index

parody and play, 40–2 parodying of the children’s corner, folk expression, 40 126–7 Medical History Sheet in reporting, parodied and ridiculed, parodisation form, 40 123–4 parody of official and the significant titles, 3 authorised, 41 propaganda, 4, 132 points of tension, 42 ‘public transcripts,’ 11 satirised genres, 42 Pulham Patrol, 61 styles and skill levels, 41 Partridge, E., 226n25, 231n53, The Radiator, 32 234n1 The Rag, 93 pastimes and pleasures, 54–6 ragtime armies, 68–73 Canadian concert, 55 campfire, 68, 100 celebratory moments, 55 ditties, 69–3; ‘Ally Sloper’s concert parties, 55 Cavalry’(song), 71; ‘The Bells estaminet, 56 of Hell’(song), 71; ‘gallows ‘Mademoiselle from Armentieres,’ humour,’ 73; metaphor of the 56 madness, 71 singing around piano, 54 musical metaphors of their Pegum, J., 224n4 condition, 73 ‘Pelmanism,’ 31 musical mnemonics of the war, 69 singing, 68 Peninsula Press, 123 soldier songs, 70 Pennington Press, 37, 106, 132 trench ballads, 72 phonetic logic, 156 trench songs and others, place of publication, 222–3 difference, 70 poison gas ration party, 162 effect of, 153–4 revetting, 147 humour on gas attack, 155 Rising Sun, 15, 17, 31, 175, 179 Poison Gas, 15, 111, 155 Rives, T., 227n63 policy of live and let live, 196 RMR Growler, 16, 22, 65, 94, 208 possies, 149 Roberts, Lieut-Col F.J., 224–5n2 The Pow-Wow, 86–7 Roper, M., 224n5 press, mainstream, 10, 123–9 rumour, 5–7, 82–9, 130–2 content of, 4 advertising columns, 86 contradictions, 129 alleged incidents, 83 distrust and antagonism towards, Australian journals, 88 125–6 Canadian view, 87–8 diversity and openness, Dame Rumor, 88–9 132–3 documents, 83 editors, role of, 221–2 examples, 85 humour to ridicule, 131 journals as channel for manipulations, 127 communication, 83 open nature, 2 negative effect on troop morale, parodies of newspaper 85 advertisements, 126 outlet for hopes and fears, 83–4 Index 255

rumour-mongering in journals, 82 Sol, 32 trench oral culture, 82–3 Somme Times, 84 unofﬁcial communication, 82 The Spiker, 32 Russian sap, 149 Spit and Polish, 23, 24, 65, 201 Splint Record, 17, 179 The Salient, 206, 207 spoof advertisement, 14–15, 18, 20, Salut Poilu, 132 41, 161, 216–17 sap, 149 sports and games, 56–9 sappers (name for the Engineers), aquatic sports, 58 149 baseball, 57 Schlesinger, A., 21, 225n12 boxing, 57 Scott, J.C., 224n7 competitions, 57–8 Seal, G., 227n58, 228n68, 231n53 dice and card games, 58 sex and gender identities football, 57 anxiety about sexuality, 208 gambling games, 59 female disguise, or cross-dressing, sporting events, 56–7 208 ‘Trench Sports’ (satirical item in feminine, fantasy representation, press), 58 206–7 Sprig of Shillelagh, 15 homosexual behaviour, references The Spud, 67 to, 208–9 spy mania, 130 humorous treatment, 202–4 The Standard of C Company, 35 hybrid variations, 200 The Star, 21 masculinism and chauvinism, Stars and Stripes, 43–4 200–1 Star Weekly, 125 rape violence, 200 Steering Wheel, 32 realms of fantasy, 204 The Strafer, 15 sentimentality, 209 Sub Rosa, 126, 206 sexual relations at the front, 201 suicide club (raiding party), 169 ‘softness’ in form of public sump holes, 149 weeping, 210 superstitions, 65–8 spoof nursery rhymes, 202 amulets, 67 trench ditties, 203 beliefs in omens/charms/symbols, shirkers, 133–7 66–7 anti-authoritarianism, 136 mascots and totems, 65 Canadians on, 135–6 ‘sympathetic magic,’ 65 Kiplingesque mode of slang ‘the third man,’ 68 pronunciation, 133 trench myths, 68 wrong with ofﬁcial overculture, use of magic, ritual, spell, and 136 omen, 66–7 silent death, 169 survival, celebration of, 62 Silent 60th, 29, 74, 84, 186, 189 Sussex Patrol, 15, 93 The Sling, 15, 179, 183 The Switchboard, 203 Smith’s Weekly, 105 Sniper’s Shots, 85 tank, 157–8 Society of Cookhouse Caitiffs, 115 Taylor, M., 2, 224n4, 235n35 256 Index

tenets of trench culture, 39 The Whippet, 158 Third Battalion Magazine, 110, 179, The Whizz-Bang, 15, 22, 34, 58, 85 209 Wiltshire Wangler, 17 ‘the third man,’ 68 Wipers Times, 16, 18, 21–3, 28, 31, tobacco smoking 34, 84, 126, 197, 201 advertisements, 212–13 wiring parties, 151–2 cigarettes in feminised terms, Women’s Air Force (WAF), 201 212–13 Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps connecting zones of war, 213 (WAAC), 200 sensualisation of smoke, 210 Women’s Royal Auxiliary Air Force Trench Echo, 22, 37, 116 (WRAAF), 101 trench speech, 43–4 Women’s Royal Navy Service trench system (WRNS), 201 angled or zigzagged, 148 WRAAF on the Rhine, 101 basic requirements, 147 WylyeWail, 17 design, construction and maintenance, 149 Yandoo, 28 duckboards, 147 year (calender), trench, 59–65 dugouts, accounts of, 149–50 calendar observances of military extensive and intricate system, units, 63 147 Canadian repast at Christmas, 62 frontline trenches, 147–8 Christian customs, dominant, funk holes, 147 59–60 humorous literature and art, 148 Christmas–New Year period, 62 military necessities, 149 feasts of Easter and Christmas, 60 parados, 147 folkloric observances, 63–4 Troop Morale and Popular Culture in folkloric occasions, 59–60 the British and Dominion Armies, Halloween, 64 1914–1918, 2 London Scottish Halloween of Twentieth Gazette, 22, 34, 84, 112, 1916, 64–5 125, 126, 128, 141, 154, 194 menu, in the French of kitchen, 63 St Valentine’s party, 64 national days, celebration of, 63 Vazsonyi, A., 231n3 opportunity for high jinks, 61 The Veteran, 101, 181 photographic evidence, 61 Vic’s Patrol, 22 regional customs, 60 St Valentine’s party, 64 Wadsworth Gas Attack and the Rio survival, celebration of, 62 Grande Rattler, 33 verses on calendar feasts, 60 ‘War News,’ 86 weaponry, 153 Zeiger, S., 227n62 see also death, technologies of Zones of war, 1–11, 219–20, 222