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Proquest Dissertations TEMAGAMI'S TANGLED WILD: RACE, GENDER AND THE MAKING OF CANADIAN NATURE JOCELYN THORPE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO APRIL 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-39056-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-39056-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Abstract Drawing upon and bringing together the insights of social nature scholarship and feminist and anti-racist scholarship on the nation, this thesis examines the social and historical processes and relationships of power through which Temagami, Ontario, came to exist as a site of Canadian wilderness. In it, I argue that the Temagami region is not "naturally" a national wilderness space, but rather that it has been created as such over time through a number of power-infused discourses, practices and events, including: the setting aside and regulation of the Temagami Forest Reserve in the early 1900s; Temagami tourism and travel writing at approximately the same time; a controversy that unfolded in the 1930s after the provincial government demanded the payment of rent from members of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai, the Aboriginal inhabitants of the Temagami region; and a court battle over legal title to the Temagami area that took place between Ontario and the Teme-Augama Anishnabai during the 1980s. Although it appears on the surface that forest policy, travel writing, the reserve controversy and the court case merely regulated, described or contested a pre-existing place, I show how these discursive practices in fact constituted the region as a site of Canadian wilderness while at the same time rendering invisible this active construction. The making of Temagami as a wild Canadian space worked to evict the Teme-Augama Anishnabai from the territory that they have always known as n'Daki Menan rather than Temagami, and to open the region up to resource extraction and tourism for the benefit of non-Native governments and citizens. By iv uncovering the cultural processes through which Temagami came to appear self-evidently natural and national, I reveal the operation of power, often racialized and gendered, in the making of Canadian wilderness. In so doing, I aim not only to demonstrate that nature is constructed alongside other social categories like race, gender and nation, but also to create space for a more just Temagami to emerge, one that includes recognition of and respect for Teme-Augama Anishnabai rights and responsibilities toward n'Daki Menan. v Acknowledgements When I began this endeavour, I had no idea how much work it would be for the people around me. I am sure that many of them had no idea either. But when they figured it out, they neither stopped talking to me nor suggested that I should choose another path. Instead, they walked this one with me, and for this I am more grateful than I can express. I have truly come to understand how a dissertation is a collective effort, and I hope that I have done my part as well as have those without whom this dissertation would not exist. Dr. L. Anders Sandberg, Dr. Catriona Mortimer-Sandilands and Dr. Enakshi Dua have guided this project since its inception, and I could not have imagined or asked for a stronger supervisory committee. All three members have generously devoted much time and energy to building this dissertation. Anders, assigned long ago as my interim advisor, has been stuck with me ever since. His unwavering support of and confidence in both me and this project have provided me with the determination to get on with it and the strength to believe that it was worth the effort. His consistent insistence that I say more clearly what I mean has led to the strengthening of those parts of the thesis where, as he knew, I was not at first quite sure what I meant. Cate suggested that I focus my research on Temagami. Had this been her only contribution, it would have been invaluable, for I can think of no other topic more appropriate than the "wilderness" place I first visited over fifteen years ago. But this suggestion was only one of Cate's many significant contributions, an early indication that she knew better than I the shape of the dissertation vi to come. Indeed, her brilliant insights and thorough comments profoundly influenced the thesis as a whole, challenging me to work harder, think more deeply and write more carefully. Ena's work on race, gender and the Canadian nation led me to pursue graduate studies in the first place, and she has taught me over the years, in her kind and encouraging way, that I still have much to learn. Her timely phone calls often prevented crises she could not have predicted, and her practical advice to stay on track, to remember the questions I set out to answer, helped me to negotiate what sometimes felt like a daunting task. I am so very lucky to have family and friends who make life not just manageable, but exciting, funny, challenging and wonderful. They have also both read and made possible this dissertation. Wendy and John Thorpe gave my sisters and me a love for reading, writing and thinking right from the beginning, and they have continued to support us far above and beyond the call of parental duty. Hilary and I have grappled together with how to balance PhD work and the rest of our lives, while our sister Dinah has kept us in check, reminding us regularly that we are both nuts. Else Knudsen, Sarah Lamon, Tyler Peet, JJ Sheppard and Julie Sinden have long provided friendship and support, but through this process they have also fed me confidence and cupcakes, given me a healthy dose of perspective, and paused with me to celebrate the small accomplishments along the way. Stephanie Rutherford and I began our PhDs together, bonded over grandmother tales and back-up plans, convinced each other that we could make it, and ensured that we never had to do it alone. And Deborah McPhail loved me vii and put up with me every single day. She made me dinner far too often, listened as I read out loud, knew that I could do it, even when I did not. Members of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai welcomed me onto their territory, gave me a place to stay, put me to work, allowed me to sit in on meetings, let me have access to records, taught me about their land claim, and shared with me food, laughter and stories. I will never forget this generosity and nor will I forget that, for the Teme- Augama Anishnabai, the history of their land claim is far more than a dissertation: it is their lives and the lives of their ancestors and descendants. I am particularly indebted to Victoria Grant, who took me on as a student and as a friend, and whose wisdom about life's complexities has very much informed the thinking behind and writing of this thesis. I owe thanks as well to Chief Alex Paul, Chief John McKenzie and the Joint Council for making me feel welcome and allowing me to observe council and negotiations meetings. Great thanks also to Betty Ann Turner, Joe Katt, Mary Katt, Holly Charyna, Marie Paul, Doug Friday, Fabian Grant, Flo and Monty, Deb Charyna, Leanna Farr and Peter McKenzie for sharing with me their perspectives and stories. I also appreciate the insights offered to me by the First Nation's negotiator, Ian Johnson, and lawyer, Alan Pratt. I acknowledge the financial support for this project from SSHRC, OGS and York University. Adriel Weaver came through with court documents and support at a crucial moment. Numerous archivists and librarians worked hard to track down files. Mariko Obokata worked wonders on my endnotes and bibliography, and Rajiv Rawat created the beautiful maps that accompany this text.
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