January 29, 2021 | Coventry, United Kingdom | Collection of scientific papers «SCIENTIA» . Olena Stasyuk Ph.D., doc.of the Department of Architecture and Conservation " Polytechnic" National University,

MODERN CONDITION AND RESTORATION CHALLENGES OF THE PIDKAMIN HISTORICAL CEMETERIES

INTRODUCTION Pidkamin is an ancient and historical town. It is famous for its historical, cultural and architectural monuments. Historic cemeteries are an integral part of the cultural landscape of every city and town. They are a valuable source of historical information, as well as a unique, very peculiar gallery of works of art. Unfortunately, these monuments are very vulnerable to destruction - physical, chemical and biological factors, as well as the human factor, such as ordinary vandalism or ordinary incompetence in the fulfilling of repair or finishing work. In order to successfully create and implement a program to preserve historic cemeteries, it is necessary to carefully research, document, inventory, and carefully study the material from which these monuments are made. THEORY Pidkamin was once a city, and now an urban-type settlement, district, Lviv region, Ukraine. Pidkamin is located at the junction of Volyn Uplands and Podilsky Tovtry on the watershed between the Dnieper and Dniester basins. Due to the successful geographical location, favorable for human habitation and rich in water, fertile soils, and wildlife of the landscape, the territory of modern Pidkamin has attracted people since ancient times. The ancient settlement was located at the foot of the famous 16-meter stone remains, popularly called "Kamin". Various legends and scientific hypotheses are connected with this stone, and first of all the very name of the settlement is Pidkamin. The written history of Pidkamin dates back more than five and a half centuries. According to written sources, 1441 is considered the first mention of the "city under the Stone". The document was found in the funds of the Department of Ancient Acts of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv. They were about the transfer of the private property of Pidkamin to the nobleman Peter Tsebrovsky from Zhabokruk. Document also noted the majestic buildings of Tsebrovsky Castle and the church built on a hill above a steep rocky cliff [ 1 ]. It was Tsebrovsky who invited the Dominicans to the village to develop their spiritual life here. From then until the beginning of the 17-th century. the monastery was ravaged several times by the Tatars. During the next attack, the castle was burned to the ground, and a monastery was built on the site of the castle - a defensive monastery, a kind of fortress. It was the Dominican Roman Catholic monastery of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, the Cross of the Lord, the Apostles Peter and Paul and All Saints. The founder of the construction was the Zetner family. Historian Sadok Baronch writes that defensive walls were built during the 17-yh century simultaneously with the church and cells [ 2 ]. In the 18-th century the monastery fortifications were modernized. The exact date of construction completion date is unknown. The heyday of the Pidkamin monastery dates back to the 18-th century. In 1746 it was possible to obtain a higher theological education at the monastery, as well as to master various crafts. But the greatest glory of the monastery was brought by the proclamation of the Holy Virgin icon - miraculous, and the Rozhanitsa mountain – holy [ 3 ]. The monastery had a rich library and archive, which burned down completely during the First World War. During the Second World War the monastery suffered significant losses and in 1945 was eliminated. In 1946, the Soviet authorities organized a concentration camp for the Ukrainian clergy here. Subsequently, a closed psychoneurological

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The driving force of science and trends in its development | Volume 5 . boarding school was established in the monastery walls. The temple was turned into a stable, and later into a garage. In 1997, the sacred buildings and part of the cells were handed over to the monks Studite rule UGCC, who founded the Monastery of the Origin of the Tree of the Holy Cross here. In the same year, the reconstruction of the building began [ 4 ]. Today Pidkamin is a well-developed village with a good asphalt road. There is a school, kindergarten, training and rehabilitation center, hospital, fire department, post office, people's house, library, art school, music school. Pidkamin is famous for its monuments - it is an architectural monument of the 17-18-th centuries monastery complex and natural monument Stone itself. Perhaps to existing monuments should be added a new ones - historical cemeteries of Pidkamin. There are currently three such facilities in Pidkamen. Consider them chronologically. Various legends and scientific hypotheses are connected with the natural monument Stone. Such hypotheses in particular say that in the period of the Galicia-Volyn principality the church of defensive character was constructed. on the Stone [6]. Stone crosses and tombstones have been preserved on the western side of the Stone. In fact, this is the oldest of the existing cemeteries in Pidkamin (Fig.1). The cemetery is not active. It is just a picturesque addition to the monument, freely integrated into the natural landscape. This object can be called a cemetery very conditionally. It has no boundaries - neither fence nor a bulwark or ditch. . So it has no form. Crosses and slabs are placed at the top of the mountain without any order but they are not devoid of orientation. That is, the traditional for later and today's cemeteries orientation of east-west burials can be said to be present here. Some crosses and slabs are turned in different directions. It is difficult to understand the order and logic of object placement. There are no inscriptions and dates on the slabs and crosses. They may simply not have survived because of the age of these monuments. On several slabs and several crosses you can see something like scratched (or carved) solar signs. If you look closely at other objects, you can suspect the remains of a similar carvings that was destroyed by time. On several slabs and crosses you can see a relief image of the cross. It's just a cross without any images on or around it. All objects are made of stone. Part of limestone and part of sandstone (Fig. 2, 3). Probably crosses and slabs are made of local stone. To the northeast of Stone, in the depths of Rozhanytska Hill, where the monastery is located, there are two caves with traces of human activity. The caves are also ancient quarries. There were two types of quarries here - one developed limestone, and the other sandstone.

Fig. 2. Ancient cemetery around the Stone. Photo by the author

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January 29, 2021 | Coventry, United Kingdom | Collection of scientific papers «SCIENTIA» . The stone was extracted by cutting it with saws and chipping it with iron and wooden wedges. Both of these stones can be extracted simultaneously. Limestone is a softer and easier stone to process. On the slopes of Mount Rozhanitsa it is found in a cold whitish grayish color. Sandstone is harder, possibly stronger and on the slopes of Mount Rozhanitsa it is found in warm yellowish-pink color. We have inspected the ancient quarries and it can be said that the ancient cemetery around Stone is made of local raw materials.

Fig. 2. Sandstone cross from the ancient Fig.3. Limestone cross from the ancient cemetery near Stone with solar signs. Photo cemetery near Stone with a relief of a by the author cross. Photo by the author

In 2008, the cemetery almost suffered from the vandalism of some guests of the festival "Pidkamin", which took place in July of that year. Some young people behaved blasphemously in the ancient cemetery, littering, climbing graves and crosses. In August of the same year. Polish restorers from the “Magurich” Society renovated the cemetery within a week. After the completion of the works, a memorial service was held at the cemetery and a candle was lit on each grave [7]. Today the condition of crosses and slabs of the ancient cemetery is satisfactory. Without exception, traces of geological destruction of the stone can be seen on each object and each of them is covered with biological plaques - fungi, lichens, mosses. Biodamages are very characteristic of carbonate rocks, which are an excellent substrate for biology. When talking about the preservation of monuments, we must remember and take this into account. In June 2019, archaeologists conducted preliminary archaeological research in the courtyard of the former Dominican monastery of the XV-XVIII centuries. in Pidkamen. The main result was the discovery of a cemetery in the eastern part of the courtyard, within the inner defensive walls of the monastery (Fig. In June 2019, archaeologists conducted preliminary archaeological research in the courtyard of the former Dominican monastery of the 15-18-th centuries in Pidkamin. The main result was the discovery of a cemetery in the eastern part of the courtyard, within the inner defensive walls of the monastery (Fig. 4).

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Fig.4 Archaeological excavations in the courtyard of the former Dominican monastery in Pidkamin. Photo by the author

Tombstones and the remains of 28 burials were discovered. This was reported in the media "Rescue Archaeological Service" of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. This monastery cemetery has existed since the beginning of the 17-th century, and only later the local population was buried here. It was planned to restore part of the cemetery after the completion of the works and to expose the discovered tombstones [ 8 ]. This could be the second ancient cemetery in Pidkamen, a kind of lapidary of tombstones. In July 2019, during the restoration of the monastery church and the bell tower in Pidkamen, the construction organization ignored the archaeological research and destroyed the found ancient burials [9]. This fact was commented by the director of the Rescue Archaeological Service Center. Oleg Osaulchuk. He noted that out of 17 slabs, archaeologists recorded 7, 11 were extracted by builders without archaeologists, but where, at what depth, in what place is not clear. From the point of view of science, they have lost value. Archaeologists have established the fact of the presence of burials, which lay quite densely. It was an ancient monastery cemetery, there were tombstones, human remains. We were lucky enough to visit Pidkamin in June 2019 and find archeological works in the monastery cemetery. We saw several slabs that had been excavated but not yet removed from the ground. In shape, size and appearance this slabs were very similar to the slabs in the ancient cemetery near the Stone. Relief crosses were also very clearly read on them. Regarding safety. Archaeological finds have no biological raids. The danger here may be the presence of salts and mechanical damage during archaeological work. I hope the slabs are not completely lost and we will be able to save the monastery cemetery. The current cemetery was founded in the 18th century on the south-eastern outskirts of the village. Locals call it a new cemetery. A brick chapel in the Baroque style was built in the middle of the cemetery, it dates from 1796-1797.This chapel is the tomb of the Zetner family and was restored and rededicated in 1861. The cemetery has a brick fence and a gate. The cemetery is quite regular in shape in the form of an elongated rectangle that stretches from east to west. A straight road leads from the gate to the chapel and divides the cemetery into two halves (Fig. 5).

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January 29, 2021 | Coventry, United Kingdom | Collection of scientific papers «SCIENTIA» .

Fig. 5 New cemetery in Pidkamin - central alley, Zetner chapel. Photo by the author

The road bypasses the chapel and goes on just as straight to the end of the cemetery. The older graves are located at the beginning of the cemetery. The graves of monks and fathers from the Dominican monastery are located on the west side of the Zetner chapel. The general trend is that the farther from the entrance of the cemetery the newer the burials. Because the cemetery is functioning, new burials occur everywhere. The history of the settlement, and especially the history of the XX century, is clearly visible in the historical cemetery. Chronologically – Some individual graves of the riflemen of the are preserved in the cemetery. There is a small memorial to the soldiers of the Soviet army built in the 50s of the 20-th century from reinforced concrete. There is a memorial to the , who died in the 1940-s, erected a few years ago. It is made of granite. The new cemetery in Pidkamen is 90 percent formed by stone monuments. There are a small number of metal crosses. There are many figures in the cemetery - the figure of the Virgin, other saints, many angels in various poses. The most typical is the figure of the Virgin. Crosses with crucifixes on various pedestals and with various ornaments are very popular. Decorations are such as wreaths, garlands, stars, etc. There is no single stonemason school in this cemetery, nor is there a uniformity of stone material. Even in the oldest part of the cemetery, unlike the cemetery around Stone, we cannot say that all the stone material is of local origin. It is another one, we have not seen in local quarries. Since the middle of the twentieth century, we have been dealing with reinforced concrete and so-called marble crumb, and for the last 20 years it has been dealing with natural and artificial granite. Regarding the memorial sculpture itself. Some of the ancient tombstones are made by professional masters at a high artistic level. Some of the figures are completely unique (Fig. 6). Tombstones with crosses, such as the tombstones of Dominican brothers and fathers, are made absolutely professionally, but also absolutely standardized. A composition that is repeated several times and probably not only in this cemetery. Here we can see several tombstones, very similar to the tombstones around the Stone and in the courtyard of the monastery - a cross and sometimes inscriptions. The inscriptions are very destroyed. Here you can also see monuments made by folk artists (Fig. 7). Such examples date back to the twentieth century. The monuments of the last twenty years are made mostly of granite and are also quite standardized. On these monuments you can study not so much the hand of the master, but rather the fashion trends.

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Fig. 6 Tombstones in the new cemetery in Pidkamen. Photo by the author

A B Fig. 7. Tombstones in the new cemetery in Pidkamin. A The monument made by a professional sculptor B The monument made by a folk master Photo by the author

I can't say that the existing cemetery in Pidkamen is in an abandoned state, but it is not fully maintained. It requires simple mowing of grass, care of trees. The monuments of the cemetery are

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January 29, 2021 | Coventry, United Kingdom | Collection of scientific papers «SCIENTIA» . in satisfactory condition. The natural stone of the historic cemetery, limestone and sandstone, is subject to destruction - shedding, weathering. Such a stone is very quickly covered with biological plaques. The problem of artificial stone is metal, the presence of reinforcement, which provokes cracks and subsequently destroys the material. The most stable stone present in the cemetery is granite. Granite monuments are probably the most durable. SUMMARY Pidkamin is an ancient and historical town. Today there are three historical cemeteries in Pidkamin. Consider them in chronological order. The oldest of the cemeteries is connected with the natural monument Stone or “Kamin”. Stone crosses and tombstones have been preserved on the western side of the Stone. In fact, this is the oldest of the existing cemeteries in Pidkamin. It can be dated to the 16 – 17-th centuries. The second cemetery was discovered by archaeologists in June 2019 during research in the courtyard of a former Dominican convent. This cemetery can be dated to the 17 - early 18-th centuries. Tombstones and the remains of 28 burials were discovered. The third is the existing city cemetery. It was founded in the 18-th century. and still operates. Today the surviving historical cemeteries of Pidkamen are in a satisfactory condition. All cemeteries used local stone material to the maximum. Surprisingly, the oldest cemetery is in the best condition today. This cemetery is built exclusively of local stone. The cemetery has become like a museum and a monument at the same time. And not exactly an architectural monument, but half a natural monument. The cemetery is very small in area. Ten years ago it was completely restored. And today we already see that it is not in good condition, but only in satisfactory condition. The cause of this situation is biodamage. Moss and lichens and other things can look very beautiful and picturesque, but they are very destructive to the stone. Therefore, clearing the stone is not a matter of aesthetic preferences, but a matter of preserving the physical substance of the monument. The fate of the newly opened cemetery in the courtyard of the monastery has not yet been decided. The work is not completed and the final decisions are in the process of discussion. As for the technical condition of the stone material itself, it is too early to talk about it. Judging by the small fragments that were able to inspect the local stone was also used for the construction of this cemetery. We have to wait for the completion of works to fully assess all the findings. The current city cemetery, “new cemetery” is in the most difficult situation. It must be both a monument and a useful object for people. And this is always very difficult. It is very different when it comes to stone material. In addition to local limestone and sandstone, there is also imported stone - and sandstone, and limestone and granite. We are also dealing with the widespread use of artificial stone based on cement. As for the destruction and damage, the situation is not easy. All natural factors of destruction of geological and biological, chemical character work and do not disappear anywhere. When we talk about the existing cemetery, another human factor is added. Unprofessional repair or arrangement of monuments. There are many cases when such actions lead to catastrophic consequences. Inaction can be no less harmful. Both the individual monument and the cemetery as a whole require constant care all the time in order to be in good condition. All Pidkamen cemeteries require the definition and approval of their legal status and the adoption of a concept for their further operation and use. Challenges regarding the method and technique of preservation will apply to each cemetery and will have to be addressed for each cemetery individually.

References: 1. Berest R. Research of the monastery in the village of Pidkamin in the Lviv region // Materials and research on the archeology of Prykarpattia and Volyn. Issue.12 – Lviv 2008 – P.360-367. 2. Barącz S. The news about the monastery WW. OO. Dominikans in Pidkamin. Lviv, 1858 3. Гудима П. Pidkamin: Portrait on a background of centuries. Ternopil, 2004 – P 31-33 4. Androscook О. Pidkamin // Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine: in 10 volumes/ – access

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The driving force of science and trends in its development | Volume 5 . mode: http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Pidkamin_smt 5. // Lviv: Halytska brama — № 1—2 (145—146), 2007 (January February). — 40 p. — P. 20 6. Rozko M. Architecture and defense system of the Ukrainian Carpathians in the princely era. – Lviv: BаК, 2016. –P.154 -158 7. Polish restorers restored the medieval cemetery in Pidkamin Lviv region. – access mode: https://zik.ua/news/2008/08/05/polski_restavratory_vidnovyly_serednovichnyy_tsvyntar_u_pidkame ni_na_146025 8. Archaeologists have discovered a 17th-century cemetery in Pidkame. – access mode: https://dyvys.info/2019/07/03/u-pidkameni-arheology-vyyavyly-tsvyntar-hvii-stolittya/ 9. Ancient burials were destroyed during the restoration of the monastery in Lviv region. – access mode: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30063144.html

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