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the of lived in the middle colonies. So, too, did a sizable number of African slaves, at least during the early years. Unlike solidly Puritan New England, the middle colonies were home to an assortment of religious groups, including Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, Calvinists and Presbyterians. The cities of New York and Philadelphia grew at a fantastic rate. They gave rise to brilliant thinkers, such as Benjamin Franklin. who earned respect on both sides of the Atlantic. In contrast to New England, where the rocky soil made large-scale agriculture difficult, the middle colonies were fertile. Wheat and corn from local farms helped lèed all the American colonies, Southern Colonies While New England’s development centered on trade, and the middle colonies fed America. the Southern colonies turned to cash crops. The two most important were tobacco and cotton. Virginia was the first successful Southern colony. Immediately to its north was Maiyland. In both colonies, tobacco became the most important crop. To the south lay the Carolinas, and in the Deep South was Georgia, the last of the original 13 colonies. The South’sfocus on growing cash crops led to the development of a slave labor force that was largely unknown north of Maryland. Slaves were present in the North but were much more important to the South. They were the backbone of the Southern economy. Wealthy Southern plantation owners built elaborate mansions that recreated the great estates of the English nobility. Many enjoyed a lifestyle they would never have been able to achieve in the old country. Compare/Contrast: Label each circle with a colony from early America. List evidence from the passage to explain how the colonies were similar and different. Article 2: Settlement: Jamestown and the Founding of English America Shortly before Christmas in 1606, three small ships left England for North America. The plan was to set up England’s first permanent colony there. The fleet commander was Captain Christopher Newport, who had made many voyages to the Caribbean and knew as much about American waters as any Englishman alive. The largest of the ships was the Susan Constant, which carried 71 passengers and crew. The Godspeed followed with 52 men on board. while the smallest ship, Discovery, with 21 men, ferried supplies and messages between the larger ships. This expedition was not the first attempt to establish a colony in America. Sir Walter Raleigh set up three voyages between 1584 and 1587. His half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, led the first attempt but failed. The next attempt landed on Roanoke Island in 1585. In the winter of 1586, a small group searched the Chesapeake Bay areas for deeper harbors. England was at war with Spain and needed places for attacking Spanish treasure ships crossing the Atlantic. But problems with Native Americans and the harsh winter forced their return to England. The third attempt, made in 1587. was led by John White. It ended in failure with the disappearance of 117 men, women and children. This became known as the Lost Colony of Roanoke. King James wanted to colonize North America In 1604, King James I of England signed a peace treaty with Spain and no longer needed ports for attacking Spanish ships. Yet he still wanted to claim land in North America, search for gold or silver mines, find a passage to the Pacific Ocean and trade with Native American peoples. On April 10, 1606, the king granted a charter to the Virginia Company to create two colonies. One was on lands that today would be between North Carolina and New York. The other stretched up through Maine. The Virginia Company of London sponsored the southern colony and created a local council with an elected president. The settlers arrived off the Virginia coast on April 26. Along the James River, the council selected a site on a peninsula about 50 miles from the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. They named the settlement Jamestown for their king. The English had settled in a region ruled by a powerful Indian chief named Powhatan, the father of Pocahontas. The Native Americans called the area Tsenacoinmacah and it included more than 30 tribes. The colonists tried to establish friendships to encourage trade. An attack on the English settlement by several hundred warriors in May changed things, however. The colonists quickly built a triangular fort facing the James River. Jamestown struggled until more colonists and supplies arrived Early explorations found that the area was rich in natural resources. The Indians hinted at great wealth in the mountains to the west. The colonists felt safe in their fort. Flowever. after Captain Newport returned to London in June 1607, disease, Native American attacks, polluted drinking water and bad food killed about two-thirds of the men. Jamestown was dying. More colonists and fresh supplies caine in 1608. Captain John Smith led two explorations west but found no gold and no river to the Pacific Ocean. His new plan was for the colony to produce goods that could be sent back to England. Meanwhile, the Virginia Company of London wanted more money from the colonists. The colony manufactured more goods and the search for gold started again. Efforts were also made for the Powhatans to become Christians. More colonists led to more problems Hundreds of colonists arrived between 1608 and 1609, which led to more problems with the Powhatans. In the winter of 1609, the Powhatans trapped the colonists, cutting off food supplies to Jamestown Island. During “the starving time,” the colony’s numbers dropped from about 280 to 90. Only the arrival of Sir Thomas Gates, Lord Delaware, and hundreds of new settlers in the spring of 1610 saved the settlement. These men set up new laws. The people had to go to church twice a day. No one could swear, and words of treason against the leaders, stealing company goods and trading with the Indians without pennission could be punished by death. A person could be whipped for other minor wrong-doings. By the early 1620s, the colony was booming and the white population had risen to well over 1,000. As tobacco exports increased, planters sought more workers, so between 1618 and early 1622, about 3,000 new settlers arrived. Yet the spread of English settlements and taking of Indians’ lands brought misery and bitterness to the native peoples. Led by Opechancanough, who became chief after the death of his brother, Powhatan, the Native American warriors attacked settlements all along the James River on March 22, 1622, killing about 350 settlers. Virginia Company Of London went out of business The uprising and further losses of life and property were devastating blows to the Virginia Company of London, and it went out of business. King James took control of Virginia, which became England’s first royal colony in America. The war with the Powhatans continued, but colonists quickly rebuilt plantations to keep up with the demand for tobacco. The success of tobacco farming and the final defeat of the Powhatans brought success to Jamestown after 1625. The English learned hard lessons about what a colony must do to survive. Jamestown presents two sides of the American story. England’s New World offered opportunities for advancement unthinkable at home, yet colonization unleashed powerful forces that were catastrophic for the Native American peoples, whose lands were taken by colonists so the country could grow and become rich. Choose any subject from the article and complete the graphic organizer from their point of view.

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On March 5, 1770. a mob of about 60 angry townspeople began hurling rocks and snowballs at soldiers. The British fired, taking the lives of five men, including Crispus Attucks, a former slave. Boycott on tea Patriots told people not to buy tea, but many went further. British ships carrying tea were met with threats of violence in almost all American ports. Most ships turned around. The Boston Tea Party In Boston in 1773, Governor Thomas Hutchinson allowed three ships carrying tea to enter the harbor. On a cold December night, townspeople disguised themselves as Native Americans and stormed the ships. tossing 342 chests of tea into the water. If that amount of tea was sold today it would be worth about $750,000. The Intolerable Act Parliament was utterly led up with the Colonies. It passed the Intolerable Act, which closed Boston Harbor until the owners of the tea were compensated for their loss. Town meetings were banned, and the power of the royal governor was increased. it was under these tense circumstances that the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. It was the first time the Colonies came together to oppose the British.

Create a Postcard from the Past:

1 The front of the post card should include a colored image or illustration from something you would have seen during this time period or something to represent independence. 2. The back should describe what it was like to be a colonist using specific details from the text. 3. It should also explain the colonist’s opinion about independence. 4. This should be written to a family member or friend who is unsure about which side to support.

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cj \ : Week 1: Day 4: Causes of the American Revolution Article: A Spectacular Ride Directions. Asyou read, identify (use two dfferent colors, underline/circle/star, etc.) 1. the struggles the main character faces and 2. the different ways the main character overcomes these struggles. The evening sky that appeared on April 26, 1777, was not natural. The red glow was in the east, not in the west where the sun was setting. Sixteen-year-old Sybil, the eldest of eight children in the Ludington family, could see the worry in her mother’s eyes. Would her husband, Henry Ludington, have to go away again? Henry was the colonel and commander of the only Colonial militia regiment between Danbury, Connecticut, and Peekskill, New York.

Thudding hooves in the yard abruptly ended the family’s evening meal. Henry went to the door as Sybil and her sister Rebecca got up and began to clear the table. The girls were washing dishes when their father came back into the room with the courier at his side. “Here” said the colonel, “sit you down and have some supper.” Sybil glanced over her shoulder and saw that the weary messenger was no older than she. Across the room, her parents were talking together in low tones. Her father’s voice rose.

“Sybil, leave the dishes and come here,” he said. Obeying quickly, she overheard her father as he again spoke to her mother. “Abigail, she is a skilled rider. It is Sybil who has trained Star, and the horse will obey her like no other.” Turning to his daughter, Colonel Ludington said, “That red glow in the sky is from

Danbury. British soldiers are burning it. There are about 2,000 soldiers, and they’re heading for

Ridgefield. I must stay here to organize and prepare for the battle that comes, but someone must alert our men. They will have to leave their families and crops again. The lull in fighting is over.”

“I’llgo! Star and I can do it!” Sybil exclaimed. She faced her mother. “Star is sure of foot and will carry me safely.” “There are dangers other than slippery paths,” her mother said. “Outlaws or deserters or even British soldiers may be on the road. You must be wary in a way that Star cannot.”

“I can do it,” Sybil declared. Without another word, Abigail turned to fetch a woolen cape to protect her daughter from the wind and rain. One of the boys was sent to saddle Star, and Sybil soon swung up onto her sturdy horse. The colonel placed a stick into her hand. As though reciting an oath, she repeated her father’s directions: “Go south by the river, then along Horse Pound Road to Mahopac Pond. From there, turn right to Red Mills, then go north to Stormville.” And then she was off. As Sybil approached the first few isolated houses, windows or doors flew open. The

sound of a galloping horse at that time of night put people on alert. She shouted her message and rode on. As she neared a small hamlet, she could see many small houses at the edge of Shaw’s Road, but everyone was in bed. Lights had not flared up at the sound of Star’shoofbeats, and

Sybil pulled the horse to a halt. Then she rode up to one cottage after another and beat on each door with her stick. “Look at the sky!” she shouted. “Danbury’sburning! All men muster at Ludington’s!”

At each village or cluster of houses, she repeated a similar cry. When lights began to shine and people were yelling and moving about, she spurred her horse onward. Sometimes, the paths Sybil rode on were slippery with mud and wet stones, and the terrain was often hilly and wooded. Sybil’sears strained for sounds of other riders who might try to steal her horse or stop her mission. Twice she pulled Star off the path while unknown riders passed within a few feet. By the time they reached Stormville, Sybil’svoice was almost gone. But the town’s call to arms was sounding as horse and rider turned homeward.

Covered with mud and tired beyond belief, Sybil could barely stay on Star’sback as they rode into their own yard close to dawn. She had ridden nearly 40 miles that night. Several hundred men were milling about. She had roused them in time, and Ludington’s regiment marched out to join the Connecticut militia. They helped rout the British at Ridgefield, driving them back to their ships on Long Island Sound. Afterward, General George Washington gave his personal thanks to Sybil for her courageous deed. Today, visitors to Putnam County, New York, can follow roadside markers that retrace Sybil’sroute. A statue of Sybil on horseback stands at Lake Gleneida in Carmel, New York. And in 1978, a commemorative postage stamp was issued in her honor, bringing national attention to the heroic young girl who rode for independence.

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In into Article 2: Expansion and Reform: The Indian Removal Act

In the early 1800s, white settlers were making their place in the West. But true power was still in the hands of the Native Americans. There were more of them than the whites. They knew how to live oil the land. Problems grew for the tribes when the U.S. government started to take their land. The government forced Native Americans in the East to move to the West. In the I830s, the West was called “Indian Country. It included all of the land west of the Mississippi River. The moving around increased problems among the tribes. They started fighting over land and food. More trade between people There was also a rise in trade. This connected Native people to the world outside. Native Americans gave animal skins to white traders. The whites gave the Indians different goods. They gave them guns, cattle, food, tools, and more. This had a downside, though. Because the Native Americans relied on these things, they became more tied to the white people. In the East. the U.S. government was trying to win more land. It wanted the Native Americans to move out. Earlier, the U.S. government had agreed to let the Native Americans keep their land. But, soon, white people demanded it. They wanted to settle there. Live like whites or give up the land President Thomas Jefferson tried to change the Native Americans’ way of life, lie wanted them to live like white people. Those who would not had to give up their land. In 1830, the U.S. government passed the Indian Removal Act. The law made the Native Americans leave their land in the East. It created an Indian Territory for them in the West. The U.S. Army forced the tribes to leave their homes. Their journey to the new Indian land is called the “Trail of Tears.” Many Native Americans died on the trip. Some said that moving the Native Americans would make peace. But what happened in the East was starting to happen in the West, too. The U.S. government would soon take away that land as well.

Journal Entry: Write a journal entry from the perspective of a Native American living in North America 100+ years ago. Describe how you would feel about the U.S. government and explain why they feel that way. Use details in the text to support your writing. Article 3: Time Machine (1845): The Oregon Trail Edi1ors Note: The Oregon Trail was a wagon road. II stretched iiore than 2,000 milesfrom the Missouri River to the Wi/lamette Valleyin Oregon. It was citrail across prairie, desert and mountains. ]‘roiii the 18-lOsthrough the 1880s, thousands ofpeop/e followed the trails to CalUörnici and other nearby states. These were pioneers who left their homes in search of a better life. They carried only afew belongings and things they needed for thejourney They made the trip in covered wagons. Theyforever changed the American West. This story first appeared in an Illinois newspapei It caine out on June 13, 1845. It describes a group of people on the frail who stopped in Kaw Village, Kansas. The Kaw Indians i’ho lived there were also called the Kansa. Kansas is named after them. EMIGRANTS CAMP. Kaw Village, May 15, 1845 — We have traveled 100 miles from Independence. That is a city in Missouri. Now I am seeing one of the most amazing scenes! The Oregon emigrants are meeting in the center of a beautiful prairie. It is also the home of the Kaw Indian village. The emigrants have left their homes in search of a better life. They are making plans for the journey. One hundred-four covered wagons are arranged in a circle. They are linked together with ox chains. They form a ring to keep the cattle and horses inside. One hundred more wagons are waiting nearby. Some emigrants herd the animals that are eating the thick grass. It is a scene full of activity, sunshine and excitement, A New Government To Help Them On Their Way The emigrants have been busy making rules for their government. They are deciding who the leaders will be. They are divided into four groups. They might travel separately or they might travel together. I made a count of all the people and animals: Males 421 Females 138 Total of adult persons 559 Children— Boys 240 Girls 209 Total of Children 449 Cattle 2,261 Wagons 233

Horses 182 The group is smart hut worried. Their trip west will sometimes be unsafe. It will also be tiring. Luckily, they have enough food and guns. They have many animals and guides who can show them where to go. Their wagons form a line that is 2 miles long. It is wonderful to see. This morning there was an announcement from England. The country said it wanted to take over the West, too. We hope England fails and we win. We give thanks to the people who are heading west. They are doing something great for this country. They will stop the British from being out West. They will build new states. Brave Pioneers! We Wish You Great Success! Other emigrants have already begun their journey. We do not know how many there are. They are doing a wonderful thing and will be excited. Oregon offers adventures for young people. It also has healthy weather. We hope the people who have traveled west have success! We hope people who go in the future have success too! We think more and more people will go each year. People will learn how important Oregon and California are. We cheer the brave people who are leaving now. Assignment: Choose Option A LOption B

Option A: If you have internet access, play the Oregon Trail. Go to: littps://classicreload.comftlie—orcgon4rail—deluxei 992JitmI

Member Names:

What members (if any) died and how?

What members survived the whole way?

Option B: What preparations did the emigrants take before leaving Missouri? What potential dangers might they face? How do they hope to benefit the country by the end of their journey on the Oregon Trail?

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all as Courts declare that slaves are property Defenders of slavery turned to the courts, who had ruled that all blacks — not just slaves — had no legal standing as persons in our courts. The courts declared that they were property, and the Constitution protected slave-holders’ rights to their property. Defenders of slavery argued that the institution brought Christianity to “heathens.” Slavery was, according to this argument, a good thing for the enslaved. John C. Calhoun, a politician from South Carolina who served as vice president, said: “Never before has the black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually.” Moving the country toward the Civil War Defenders of slavery argued that slaves were better cared for than the poor of Europe and workers in Northern states. Southerners said that owners protected and helped their slaves when they were sick and old. If a worker was fired, he or she was left to fend helplessly for themselves. When a society forms around any institution, as the South did around slavery, it will comes up with a set of arguments to support it. The Southerners held ever firmer to their arguments as political tensions brought the country closer to the Civil War. Write a Letter to the Past: Directions: Write a letter to the people of the South who supported slavery, It is your job to convince them that slavery is bad, and that slavery should be abolished immediately. Support your claim with details from this article and from what you have read about Fredrick Douglass.

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or in competitiveness, steel prices continued to fall, reaching less than $20 in the late 1890s. Bythen, the United States led the world in steel production. Carnegie controlled each step for steel Carnegie’ssteel plants stood at one end of a long chain of operations that he owned or controlled: iron ore mines, ships that transported iron ore across the Great Lakes, railway lines, coal lands, and plants for turning iron ore into iron and steel. Bringing together all these operations under one company is called vertical integration. It was something new to American manufacturing. Control over the sources and transportation of raw materials guaranteed a reliable flowof all-important supplies at predictable prices. While Carnegie Steel sold steel mostly to other large companies, Standard Oil sold mostly to the general population. Standard Oil was run by John D. Rockefeller, who revolutionized the oil industry. By i88i, Rockefeller controlled about 40 oil refineries in which oil was refined, or made usable as fuel. Together those refineries accounted for 90 percent of the nation’s refining capacity, givingStandard Oil a monopoly over refining. The word monopoly means “one seller.” Monopolizingone step in the manufacturing process is also called horizontal integration. Rockefeller dominated oil industry In the i88os, Standard also achieved vertical integration. It gained control of oil fields and built its own transportation systems, including pipelines and tanker ships for transporting oil across oceans. Bythe early 1890s, Standard Oil dominated the American oil industry almost completely. Other ambitious businessmen followed in Carnegie’s and Rockefeller’sfootsteps. Few managed to achieve a monopoly, hut dozens created huge businesses. For example, the meatpacking industry was dominated by a small number of powerful companies. Law was passed to break up monopolies As these new business empires emerged, some Americans began to worry about their great power. The new corporate giants were accused of taking advantage of those who depended on them, including smaller businesses. However, most attempts to check the power of big business went nowhere. In 1890, Congress passed a law called the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies. But not until the early 1900S did the federal government begin to regulate big business and break up monopolies. Eventually, Standard Oil was broken up into 34 different companies, including Exxon, Mobil and Chevron. Americans disagreed over the accomplishments of the corporate empire-builders. Some hailed them for contributing to the growth of the nation. Others agreed with the journalist E. L. Godkin, who compared one railroad tycoon to a robber baron from the Middle Ages. Robber barons were noble landowners who demanded payment from all travelers who passed through their lands. Many corporate empire-builders of the late i800s were indeed cold-hearted and greedy. However,they also helped make the U.S. what it is today. In the process of building their individual empires, they made the United States the most powerful nation in the world.

Homework: If possible, play Monopoly with your family. Explain the importance of breaking up monopolies.

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Schlieffen take its U.S. enters the war and Russia gets out The Allies needed help and they were hoping that the United States, with its vast resources of men and materials, would join on their side. However, for years, the U.S. had tried to stay out of other countries’ problems. Plus, the U.S.just didn’t want to be involved in a war that seemed so far away and that didn’t seem to affect them much. However, two major events changed American public opinion about the war. The first occurred in 1915, when a German submarine torpedoed and sunk the British ocean liner the Lusitania. The Lusitania, which was nearly the size of the Titanic, was traveling from New York to England with 1,900 passengers. The boat had 159 Americans on it, and most of them were innocent passengers, not soldiers. More than i,ioo passengers perished, including more than 120 Americans. The second happened in early 1917, when Germany sent Mexico a coded message asking Mexico to join World War I against the United States. In return, Germany would help Mexico take back land in the U.S. that had once been part of Mexico. Germany was offering Mexico money to reconquer its lost territories of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. The message — known as the Zimmerman telegram because German officialArthur Zimmermann sent it — was intercepted by Britain and shown to the United States, giving it more reason to join the war. On April 6, 1917, the United States officiallydeclared war on Germany.

GIST:

The Russians opt out As the United States was entering World War I, Russia was getting ready to get out. In 1917, Russia became swept up in revolution that removed its czar, or king, from power. The new communist government wanted to focus on problems at home, so it removed Russia from World War I on March 3, 1918. With the war in the east ended, Germany was able to divert those troops to the west in order to face the new American soldiers. Armistice and the Versailles Treaty While the European troops were tired from years of war, the new Americans entering the war were enthusiastic. Soon the Germans were retreating and the Allies were advancing. The end of the war was near. At the end of 1918, a peace was finally agreed upon. The fighting was to end on the iith hour of iith day of iith month — 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918. For the next several months, diplomats came together to write up the Versailles Treaty. It would divide up land and end World War I. However, Germany felt that the terms of the treaty were unfair and that it had to pay too much money to other countries. Germany became poorer after the treaty. This treaty would later lead Germany to start World War II. Bythe end of the WATI,an estimated 10 million soldiers had died. That averages to about 6,500 deaths a day, every day. Plus, millions of civilians were also killed. World War I is remembered for being one of the bloodiest wars in history. Read the followingsentences from the article.

1. Neither side could force the other to move from its trenches, so each side’s trenches became increasingly elaborate. 2. With so many soldiers being killeddaily, eventually the side with the most men would win the war. 3. Plus, the U.S. just didn’twant to be involved in a war that seemed so far away and that didn’t seem to affect them much. 4. While the European troops were tired from years of war, the new Americans entering the war were enthusiastic.

Which two sentences taken together provide the BEST evidence to support the idea that World

War Iwas an exhausting and devastating war?

A. land3 B. 2and4 C. 2and3 D. land4

Read the section “The Russians opt out.” What is the MOST LIKELYreason for including the description of the revolution in Russia?

Read the followingsentence from the section “Armistice and the Versailles Treaty.”

However, Germany felt that the terms of the treaty were unfair and that it had to pay too much money to other countries.

How does this sentence contribute to the entire article? Week 2: Day5

Article 1: The German U-boat came close to changing the course of World War I Before the atomic bomb, the most powerful weapon in the world was the U-boat, a German submarine. The name “U-boat” comes from an abbreviated form of the German word “unterseeboot,” which means “undersea boat.” For a while, the U-boat threatened to win World War I all by itself. A T. Rex On The Seas Since the i600s, great gun ships had ruled the world’s navies. Recognized as the Tyrannosaurus rex of the seas, these massive battleships had thick, strong, steel armor and giant guns to destroy anything afloat. Simply put, the more guns, the bigger the guns, the more powerful the ship was. But, in 1914, when World War I broke out, that dominance was soon to end — and this end would come quickly. Primitive U-boats or submarines had been around since the 1700s. Scientists experimented with weighing down a barrel so it floated just below the surface. Inside were pedals that allowed the person inside to move forward and breathing tubes that let oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. The First Submarine In the i8oos, John Holland of the United States pioneered the first modern submarine. Allfuture models, including nuclear ones, have continued to follow Holland’s basic design. The way it works seems simple now, but it was a great innovation at the time. Every submarine is equipped with large empty tanks all around it. To submerge, the captain floods these with seawater, making the boat sink. To surface, compressed air forces out the seawater, letting the ship rise. As miraculous as this was, by modern standards these vessels had very limited capabilities. The submarine used during World War I was powered by a diesel engine, and like all such engines, needed oxygen to work. As long as the submarine stayed on the surface, it could travel great distances—just like any other ship. Virtually Unstoppable When submerged, it used battery power to turn the propellers. But then, as now, battery’ power was limited (the same reason your iPhone has to be recharged). As a result, it could stay under water for only a relatively short period of time. Nevertheless, when it was submerged, it was virtually unstoppable. Navies knew how to sink ships that rode the surface of the water, but they had never thought about how they might stop an undersea boat. The U-boat could destroy anything that floated, even giant battleships. It did so unseen and under the water — nothing could stop it. This promised to be a game-changer. While most countries had spent a fortune on huge, expensive gun ships, a fleet of cheap U-boats could sink many of these enormous warships without losing many of its own. A “Miserable” Place Life aboard these early submarines was very uncomfortable. Everything was crowded into a very small space. As a result, sailors often had to sleep wedged in on their sides and could not stretch out on their backs. The smell was also terrible, a stench that consisted of oil fumes, cooking smells, rotting food, and above all, lots of human sweat. Johannes Speiss, First Watch Officer on U-9, commented in 1914, “From a hygienic standpoint, the sleeping arrangements left much to be desired; one awoke in the morning with considerable mucus in the nostrils and a so-called oil head.” Torpedoes Coming! These subs attacked in a number of ways. If their target was an unarmed freighter, they actually advanced while still on the surface, using a deck gun to sink the enemy. Often they gave a warning notice, thereby saving lives since they allowed the crew to escape. But more often, they fired torpedoes from underwater, with no warning. This was devastating. Even heavily armored ships had no plating below the water line and were terribly vulnerable. The large ship sank fast, with horrendous loss of life. The best-known single ship incident of World War I was the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, which went down on May 7, 1915. It was a passenger vessel, an ocean liner, and, for a while, the world’slargest ship. Despite its size, it went to the bottom 18 minutes after being struck by a torpedo, clearly demonstrating the power of the new weapon. Among the dead were a number ofAmericans. The death toll reached 1,198—morethan a third of the casualties in the 2001 World Trade Center attacks. An international uproar followed. The Germans then agreed to curtail U-boat warfare and kept their promise for two years. When they reneged on their pledge in 1917, the United States, already angered by the Lusitania incident, declared war. No Stopping It Still, over the course of the war, the U-boat almost defeated the Allies all by itself. Nothing could stop it, and the losses were catastrophic. As early as September 1914, the small U-boat U-g sank three British cruisers in less than one hour. The death total reached 1,400 sailors. In 1915, U-boats destroyed 755 Allied ships; that number doubled to 1,516 ships in 1916. In 1917, a staggering 3,720 ships were lost to U-boats. These figures are much higher even than in World War II. The greatest loss in that conflict, despite far more advanced subs, was only 1,321 ships in 1942! An island nation, England depended — and continues to depend — on imports to feed its people and keep the factories going. If the German U-boat’s killing pace had continued, the English would have had to surrender or face starving to death. Instead, the Allies developed new weapons and strategies. Among these were the depth charge and the convoy system. Depth charge refers to an antisubmarine weapon that consists essentially of a barrel filled with explosives. It is dropped near a target and descends to a predetermined depth where it explodes. A COflV0 system is a military strategy whereby a group of merchant vessels sail together, with or without naval escort, for mutual security and protection. Usingboth of these tactics, the Allieswere able to slow the rate of sinking, build more ships, and win the war on land. Still, even though the U-boat could no longer win all by itself, it remained a powerful weapon of war.

Writing Prompt: Write a short paragraph that explains the central idea of the article. Use at least twodetails from the article to support your response.

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of the Germany, and the German army was moving toward Russia, and in a dozen other different directions. Predicting The Worst War Ever Prinzip’sbullet set all that in motion. It ignited the explosives under Europe, and the fire about to break loose will probably kill a million men. This war may create more destruction than anything else that has ever happened to humanity. Did Prinzip know what he was doing when he pulled the trigger? We cannot know for sure. According to the Serbian government, following the assassination, Prinzip said: “I was not influenced by any other person or persons. The reading of anarchist literature made me believe that there could be nothing finer in the world than to be an assassin. When in Belgrade I read that the Archduke was going to Serajevo, and so I bought a revolver and went there.” A Long And Ancient Quarrel What he said or thought matters little now, though. Europe is not fighting because Prinzip is a murderer. The real reasons for the war have to do with the long and ancient quarrel for “a place in the sun,” a place for each nation to put its feet in the crowded land. This quarrel has suddenly been turned from a contest of words and into a war of nations. Perhaps war was unavoidable. Some jolt would have set off the European explosion, at some time. It just happened that Prinzip’s bullet did it.

How does the author characterize Prinzip’s involvement? Provide details from the text.

Which of the following is the BEST way to explain how all of Europe became pulled into a dispute between two countries? a. After a politically motivated assassination, several countries joined together to fight terrorism and restore peace and safety to Europe. b. After a politically motivated assassination, one country threatened another with war, which dragged in country after country to the conflict because of a series of alliances and general instability. c. One large country was oppressing a small country, which was making several neighboring countries nervous. When the small country decided to fight back by assassinating the large country’s leader, the other countries jumped in the fight to restore balance to the region. d. The assassination divided the European continent into two camps: those who understood the reasons for the assassination and those who thought the assassination was wrong. The countries were pulled into the fight because of their strong beliefs about this issue. Week 3: Day 1: The Roaring 20s Article 1: Progressive Era: The Roaring Twenties The 1920s was when America became modern. There are many symbols of this time in history. Women became more independent. They could vote for the first time in 1920. Movie theaters and radio shows were new. There were big changes in technology. The country became rich. The changes brought problems But some changes caused problems. A racist group called the Ku Klux Klan started meeting again. There was discrimination against people from other countries who were living in America. There were fights about whether science or religion was correct. America was at a crossroads between its new ways and its old ways. The 1920s were an important time for women. The country needed more workers to keep business growing. It became more normal for women to work outside their homes. Machines made it possible for people to work less. People were earning more money. They could buy more things for their homes and could buy cars. Most homes had electricity. Electric refrigerators, freezers, and washing machines became common. Americans could listen to news, music, sports, and more on radios. Presidents and the Great Depression Warren G. Harding was Americas 29th president. He served from 1921 until he died in 1923. Americans liked Harding, even though he was not always honest. Calvin Coolidge was the 30th president and was known as quiet and odd. In 1928, Coolidge announced that he did not want to run again. Herbert Hoover became the 31St president in 1929. The Great Depression began a few months later. People could not find work. Businesses closed. Many did not have food or homes. Hoover did not fix these problems and people disliked him for it. The changes in America didn’t make everyone happy. One example is the Ku Klux Klan. This group became stronger in the 1920s. The Klan believes white people are better than others. Klan members often did violent acts. The group first targeted black people. Then, it targeted Jews, Catholics, Asians, and some women. The rich and the poor Many Americans were living rich lives. But the nation was weak. There was a large gap between the rich and poor. Then, the stock market collapsed in 1929. The stock market is a way for people to buy part of big companies. They own shares of stock in a company. But American companies were not doing so well in the 1920s. Many people lost a lot of money. Businesses closed and people lost jobs and homes. The years of excessive living and great wealth ended as the 1920s were ending. Directions: Fill out the chart providing 3 examples that show progress and lack of progress.

Progress in the 1920s Lack of progress in the 1920s Article 2: How Prohibition Gave Birth to NASCAR NASCAR organizes car races in the U.S. and Canada. It started in 1947. In 1955, Junior Johnson won five NASCAR racing victories. But he kept going back home in North Carolina to work in his family husiness.Johnson’s family made moonshine. This is a type of homemade whiskey. So many boxes were packed inside his house, he had to climb over stacks of them just to reach his bed. Johnson’s father was arrested for moonshining. The police took more than 7,000 gallons of whiskey. At the time, all alcohol was illegal in the U.S. This was a time about 100 years ago called Prohibition. Getting away from police As a teen, Johnson worked as a moonshine delivery boy. I-Icsaid he learned to drive fast so the police wouldn’t catch him. He was not the only one. Many people in Appalachia were doing the same. This was a very poor area in the east of the U.S. Homemade whiskey helped farmers make some money. Neal Thompson is a writer. He wrote the book, “Driving with the Devil: Southern Moonshine, Detroit Wheels, and the Birth of NASCAR.” Thompson says that, at first, the cars that carried moonshine weren’t fast enough. Then, the Ford V-8 car engine came out. This allowed moonshiners to get away from police, says Thompson. [)uring that time, moonshiners began to race their cars. People would even pay to watch them. Bill France was one of the top drivers. He began finding other people who could race. In 1947, France decided the races needed rules. He gathered car drivers, mechanics and owners in Florida. They began the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). Today, millions of people watch NASCAR races. The first racers came out of the moonshine world. So did many of the team owners. One of them was Raymond Parks. Thompson says that Parks was the first person to put together a racing team. When Parks was 14 years old, he went to work for a moonshiner. He later got very rich by selling moonshine. Parks’ team won the first two NASCAR championships. The money from Parks’moonshine business helped NASCAR grow quickly, Thompson says. Moonshine and NASCAR Moonshine had a big effect on NASCAR. But for a long time, this was forgotten. Thompson says that France wanted to make NASCAR more family friendly. France thought this would make NASCAR more money. This is why France hid the moonshine from the NASCAR story, Thompson says. Now, this history is coming out again. Parks was voted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame. This is a building that honors people who were important for NASCAR. Now it also has an exhibit about moonshine. It includes a moonshine still that Junior Johnson built himself A still is a tool that makes moonshine. Today, his father’s whiskey recipe is sold in stores, It is called ,JuniorJohnson’s Midnight Moon Carolina Moonshine.

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B. Determine the meaning of the following poem.

I, Too by Langston Hughs What does this poem mean? Use evidence to support your answer.

1,too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company conies, But I laugh. And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, Ill be at the table When company comes. Nobodyll dare Say to me, “Eat in the kitchen,” Then. Besides,

They’llsee how beautiful I am And be ashamed— I, too, am America.

C. Listen to music from the I920s. Freewrite your thoughts, feelings, questions, etc. Week 3: Day 2: The Great Depression

Article 1: The Many Causes of the Great Depression Herbert Hoover was the 31St president of the United States. He served just one term in office and it will always be remembered. His presidency was defined by the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression. The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939. It started in the United States and was a problem for the whole world. People lost their jobs. Some could not keep their homes. Many did not have enough food to eat. Most could not afford to buy things that they wanted. Companies could not make goods and farmers had a hard time growing crops. Economists and historians continue today to debate the causes of the Great Depression. There is little doubt that there is a link to World War 1.The fighting had taken a toll on key countries. They included Britain, France and Germany. These countries were the core of the modern world. Bad memories of the conflict left countries feeling at odds with one another. They did not join together to deal with the frail global economy. America turns inward The United States’ role in World War I was minor and only toward the end of the conflict that lasted from July 28, 1914, to November 11, 1918. The country’s participation went against its desire to not involve itself in Europe’s affairs. This resulted in Americans turning their country even more inward during the I920s. The United States disarmed its military forces and war machinery. The U.S. Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles, which was a peace agreement between Germany and the Allied Powers (predominately Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy) to end World War 1.The Senate also rejected membership in the League of Nations, even though it had been promoted by former President Woodrow Wilson. The League was an international group fonned to resolve disputes between countries. It was the precursor to the United Nations. In 1922, Congress passed one of the highest taxes in history on those who sold foreign goods in the U.S., which hurt trading between countries. Meanwhile, the federal government insisted throughout the 10 years after the war that the Europeans must repay all the loans given to them by the U.S. Treasury. This was a hardship for the countries recovering from war. In 1924, America, for the first time in its history, imposed a strict limit on the number of immigrants who could annually enter the country. Millions of people were turned away. Militarily, diplomatically, commercially, financially and morally, Americans seemed to be turning their backs on the outside world. Stocks fall, businesses fail The banking system was unstable and the federal government was weak as the Great Depression began to unfold. In October of 1929, stock prices plunged. Thousands of banks failed. Tens of thousands of businesses collapsed. Millions of people became unemployed. This terrible event is known as the Great Crash. By 1932, about 13 million Americans were out of work. This equaled 1 out of every 4 workers in the country. Many people believed they were witnessing the end of the American way of life. Franklin D. Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was elected president in 1932. He promised “a new deal for the American people.” FDR believed that Americans’ lives could be made more secure. His results transformed the country. FDR held office for more than a dozen years. He was elected president three times. This record was unmatched by previous presidents and forbidden for all future presidents when the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was passed in 1951. The New Deal FDR, like Hoover before him, never did find a remedy for the Great Depression. But the New Deal invented government groups to strengthen the shaky banks, stock markets, and labor. Unemployment pay and retirement money to protect laid-off workers and the elderly were enacted. Achieving secure, stable lives for Americans was the main goal of the New Deal’smany programs. The world the American people tried to shut out after World War I could not be kept at bay, however. Adolf Hitler of Germany came to power within weeks of FDR taking office in 1933. The entire history of Roosevelt’s presidency unfolded under the shadow of Hitler’s dictatorship and the rising threat of Nazism. The story of the Great Depression is not simply the story of the American people during some of the hardest times in its history. It is also part of a larger story of people in every part of the world who were swept up in the enormous hardships of’ the Great Depression and, ultimately, World War II.

1. What is one way that World War I led to the global depression? A. The end of the war hurt factories when countries stopped building new weapons. B. Countries that fought against each other were too angry to cooperate when they needed to. C. The damage to the land caused by the war made farming much more difficult. D. People who left their jobs to go to war and many businesses closed

2. How did US policy hurt the economies of other countries? A. The US charged immigrants from other countries entry fees which made them stop coming. B. When they refused to join the League of Nations, the US accidentally hurt other economies.

C. US citizens took all their money out of other countries’ banks when World War I began. D. High taxes on goods from foreign countries made international trading harder.

3. What was one of the effects of the Depression in the United States? A. Countries started working together. B. America got rid of all its taxes for ten years. C. Many people lost their jobs throughout the country. D. More people became farmers when factories closed.

4. How did President Franklin Roosevelt try to help Americans during the Depression? A. He created many jobs for unemployed people. B. He made food free for everyone in the country. C. He changed the economy from capitalism to socialism. D. He made better trade deals with foreign countries.

Article 2: The Human Toll of the Great Depression The Great Depression began nearly 90 years ago. It was a time when there were not enough jobs. Those hard times remain clear in the minds of Americans. People waited for food in soup kitchens. People were living in whole tos made of shacks. They were known as “Hoovervilles.”They were named after President Herbert Hoover. Men and women with no money sold apples on street corners. Large groups of farmers from states such as Arkansas and Oklahoma left home. They went to look for work in California. Many People Lost Jobs And Homes The Depression affected millions of people. Many lost their jobs. Fewer than 3 million people did not have jobs in 1929. That jumped to 12 1/2 million in 1932. In that year, one-quarter of the nation’s families did not have a single person working in a job. Even those lucky enough to have jobs were hurting. They got big pay cuts and fewer hours of work. only 1 company in 10 did not cut pay. In 1932, three-quarters of all workers were working part-time, They worked just 60 percent of the normal work week. Not having enough jobs was scary. By 1933 the average family made 40 percent less money than in 1929. Times were hard in the Pennsylvania coal fields. Three or four families would crowd together in one-room shacks. In Arkansas, families were found living in caves. In California, whole families lived in huge sewer pipes. Many people became homeless. Lots of families were kicked out of their homes. They could not pay their rent. Free flophouses and missions in Los Angeles helped. They provided beds for 200,000 homeless people. Saving Money Was Very Important Families did many things to save money. They skipped going to the hospital when they were sick. Some saved money by planting gardens and buying old bread. They used cardboard and cotton for shoe soles. Food prices dropped. Many families still could not pay for milk or meat though. In New York City, milk sales dropped a million gallons a day. President Hoover did not understand people’s needs. He said, “Nobody is actually starving.” He said the homeless were better fed than they had ever been before. This was not true. In New York City in 1931, there were 20 known cases of people starving to death. In 1934, there were 110 deaths caused by hunger. The Depression had a huge effect on families. It forced couples to wait longer to get married. People had fewer babies than ever before. Fewer people got divorced, but only because they did not have enough money to pay for it. Instead, spouses left their families behind. By 1940, 1.5 million married women were living apart from their husbands. More than 200,000 homeless children wandered the country. The breakup of their families left them without homes. More Women Looked For Work The I)epression hurt the way that many men saw themselves. They had felt that their jobs made them the center of the family. With no jobs, some men lost the power to make decisions for their families. Large numbers of men lost self-respect. They stopped looking for work. Others became self-destructive or hurt their families. Unlike men, many women had chances to try new things during the Depression. Many families needed more money. Married women got jobs to help out. Most women worked jobs that did not earn them much respect. Still, those jobs helped. Their work gave them more of a say in family decisions. The Great Depression was hard for many. It also drew some families closer together. As one person said: “Many a family has lost its automobile and found its soul.” Families had to come up with plans for getting through hard times together. They shared their money. They moved in with other family members to cut costs. Many Americans no longer believed that problems could be solved by people acting alone. More and more, they looked to the U.S. government for help. Everyone Was Affected Hard times were seen all over the country. Even Harvard graduates were broke. Doctors and lawyers saw their pay fall 40 percent. No groups were hurt more than African-Americans and Mexican-Americans though. A year into the Great Depression, many African-Americans had no jobs. Seventy percent of Charleston’s black population had no jobs. In Memphis, it was 75 percent. Most black families in Macon County, Alabama, lived in homes without wooden floors. They had no windows. The average person there made less than a dollar a day. The l)epression hit Mexican-American families very hard. Mexican- Americans faced serious problems from groups of mostly white workers. These workers did not want to fight for jobs against Mexican workers. Jobs were already hard to find. The government gave into demands from these white workers. They sent more than 400,000 people with Mexican backgrounds away. They had to go across the border to Mexico. That way they could not apply for relief. Many of these people were born in the United States. Others had the right to live in the United States. That meant the deportations did not honor the peoples rights as Americans.

Even charities had it hard in the 1930s. Charities and local governments tried to help the poor. They had a hard time keeping up. In south Texas, the Salvation Army gave a penny to each person each day. In Philadelphia, charities gave out $1 million a month to poor people. This provided families with only $1.50 a week for groceries. In 1932, $317 million was given to the poor. That’s$26 for each of the nation’s 12.5 million jobless.

Directions: Find examples of causes and effects from both texts that led to the Great Depression. Optional Challenge: find a cause that relates to the country as a whole, individuals in cities, and farmers. You need at least three examples of each cause and effect.

Cause Effect

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War of German aggression in Western Europe The United States might never have entered World War 11if Germany, Japan and Italy had stopped after their initial conquests. But the three Axis powers soon made astonishing gains. After taking over Norway and neutralizing Sweden, the Nazis turned their attention to the big prize. Early in the morning of May 10, 1940, Hitler launched a blitzkrieg, or lightning war, against France, whose army had previously been considered the finest in the world. Instead of spreading out its tanks, the German army placed them all in a few specialized divisions. These arrangements were known as panzer formations. They allowed the German army to smash holes in the enemy line and then break out into the rear. This created chaos on the roads. It also prevented the Allies from plugging the gaps. The British and French armies actually had more and better tanks than the attackers. However, new strategic and tactical ideas like the blitzkrieg were ultimately more effective. The German tank columns swept everything before them, and the French defenses soon collapsed. By the end of June 1940, essentially all of western Europe was under the control of Nazi Germany.

Hitler’s miscalculation Hitler expected How did Europe look during the War? Great Britain, his only remaining foe, to recognize the superiority of German arms. He wanted the country to CiflOVC itself from active involvement in Europe. After all, he thought, Germany sought growing space in the east and had no intention of dismantling the British Empire. Why not just 1- divide the world? Why would the British not be SPAIN

content with their vast :NEUTRAL COUNTRIES holdings in Asia, on the 1 AXIS COUNTRIES J UNDERAXISCONTROL other side of the world? ALLIED COUNTRIES When Great Britain refused CARO to give in, however, Hitler Hitler and his troops conquered much of Europe. But pushing unleashed the German air to the East and the West at the same time proved costly. force on the English homeland. He expected that its heavy blows would bring Prime Minister Winston Churchill to his senses. In 1941, however, Hitler made a huge mistake. in fact, perhaps no event in human history was as important and impactful as his decision to invade the Soviet Union in the early summer. He had not defeated Great Britain, and yet he was turning his armies to the east. As a result, Germany was fighting a war on two fronts. When his soldiers crossed the Soviet frontier on June 22, the Nazi leader’s new opponent became Joseph Stalin, a dictator as cruel and cunning as himself Stalin was the head of both the largest country and the largest army on earth. The eastern front, which involved hundreds of combat divisions stretched over thousands of miles of land, would turn out to be a human furnace. Germany essentially bled to death in Russia, as four-fifths of all Gennan soldiers who perished in the war died while fighting the Soviet army. For the Soviet Union, the bloodshed was even worse. A staggering 27 million Soviet citizens died in what for them will always be “the Great Patriotic War.”

Why did each country join What steps did each country What were the consequences the war? take to ensure its security and of actions taken to ensure well-being? national security?

United Kingdom:

France:

Soviet Union:

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Nazi Germany:

Japan:

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Week 3: Day 4: Minorities and WWII Article 1: The Navajo code talkers used their native language to help win a war It’s August 7, 1942, in the middle of World War [1.A huge battle is raging on Guadalcanal Island in the Pacific Ocean. Hidden in the steamy jungle, two Japanese soldiers watch as American troops roll out the wires for a communication system. In the distance, gunfire rattles and bombs blast. When the Americans are gone, the soldiers creep out to tap into the newly laid communication line, Both understand English well. They hope to eavesdrop on what the Americans are planning. The first Japanese soldier listens. A look of surprise crosses his face. He hears a sing-song “mumbling,” some low-pitched murmuring and clicks. The second soldier also listens. It isn’tEnglish. It’s like nothing they’ve ever heard before. What did they hear? Two Navajo code talkers on their field telephones. The code talkers enabled Americans to communicate secretly and speedily in the heat of battle and were critical to winning the war in the Pacific. Their code was never broken by the Japanese. An Unusual Language The idea for using Navajo code talkers was suggested by Philip Johnston, the son of a missionary. Johnston had grown up on the Navajo Reservation. He knew that Navajo was an unusual language that few people outside the tribe could understand. He also knew how important it was for the Marines to be able to communicate quickly without using decoding machines or codebooks that could fall into enemy hands. l)uring World War I, members of the Choctaw tribe had sent messages for the U.S. Army. However, Johnston knew that German students had studied and learned many Native American languages since then, including Choctaw. Yet the Germans — now allies with Japan — had not studied Navajo. Navajo is very different from English and very difficult to learn. For example, there are 37 different ways to pronounce the Navajo word for “wind.” Just by using this one word and pitching your voice in slightly different ways, you can communicate many different ideas. For example, you can say the wind is making you cold or warming you or blowing away from you. Perfect For Keeping Messages Secret Navajo’s difficulty as a language made it perfect for keeping messages secret during war. When Johnston took his idea to the Marines they thought, yes, this could work. The plan succeeded not only because no Japanese understood Navajo but also because the Navajo talked in a special code. In Navajo, there is no word for dive bomber or for other modern military tenns. So the code talkers gave bird names to airplanes. They gave fish names to ships. Dive bombers became chicken hawks (gini) and fighter planes were hummingbirds (da-he-tih-hi). A battleship was a whale (lo-tso). The code talkers called hand grenades potatoes (ni-ma-si) and bombs were called eggs (a-ye-shi). The code talkers also needed a secret way to spell words that didn’t have code names. So for each letter of the alphabet, they picked an English word that began with that letter. For example, the letter A was “ant.” B was “bear,” and C was “cat.” Then they used Navajo words to stand for these letters. Ant (woMa-chee) stood for A. bear (shush) stood for B, and cat (moasi) stood for C. So if you wanted to spell out the word “cab’ in the code, you would say “moasi woMa-chee shush,” which means C-A-B. Humble In Victory This code was so secret and safe that even other Navajo couldn’t understand it, unless they were specially trained. The Japanese did figure out that Navajo was being used. They hoped to crack the code by capturing a Navajo soldier. At one point, they managed to take a Navajo soldier prisoner. However, because he wasn’t a code talker, he couldn’ttranslate the messages for them. After the war, the work of the Navajo code talkers was kept secret —just in case the U.S. needed to call on them again. When the code talkers returned home from war, many simply said they had sen’ed as radiomen. Today. their real role is well known, as is their bravery. They are rightly honored for the essential part they played in winning the war.

Directions: Answer the following questions using evidence from the text.

1. Did the Navajo’s role in World War IIchange the way Native Americans were treated after the war?

2. How have Native Americans faced racism in America, even in the wake of their service to the country?

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to he 27,000 prisoners. Like the network of labor and prison camps that followed, Dachau was under the control of Heinrich Himmler. Himmier served as head of the elite Nazi guard, the Schutzstaffei (SS). lie later became chief of the German police, or Gestapo. In 1933, Jews in Germany numbered around 525,000. about 1 percent of Germany’s population. During the next six years, Nazis undertook the “Aryanization” of Germany. They dismissed Jews from civil service. They closed Jewish-owned businesses and stripped Jewish lawyers and doctors of their clients. Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was considered a Jew. Those with two Jewish grandparents were designated Mischlinge, or half-breeds. Under these laws, Jews of all ages became routine targets for discrimination and persecution. This came to a head on Kristallnacht, or the “night of broken glass,” in November 1938. Synagogues, Jewish buildings of worship, were burned and windows in Jewish shops were smashed. Some 100 Jews were killed and thousands more arrested. Between 1933 and 1939, hundreds of thousands of.Jews fled Germany if they could. Those who remained lived in a constant state of uncertainty and fear. World War II begins In September 1939, the German army invaded the western half of Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. Gennan forces soon forced tens of thousands of Polish Jews from their homes. They were sent to Jewish areas in Polish cities known as ghettos where they were surrounded by high walls and barbed wire. These virtual prison camps suffered widespread poverty and hunger. In addition, overpopulation made them breeding grounds for deadly diseases like typhus. In the fall of 1939, Nazi officials began identifying about 70,000 Germans with physical and mental disabilities. Hilter planned for them to be systematically gassed to death in the so-called euthanasia program. After German religious leaders protested, Hitler officially ended the program in August 1941, hut it continued in secret. By the war’s end in 1945, some 275,000 people with disabilities had been killed. In hindsight, it seems clear that this program served as a test run for the Holocaust.

Article 2: The Holocaust, Part Two: The “Final Solution” Throughout the spring and summer of 1940, the German army expanded Adolf Hitler’s empire in Europe. Nazi soldiers conquered i)enmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Beginning in 1941, Jews from all over the continent were transported to Poland. They were placed in confined city sections called ghettos. In June 1941, the German raid on the Soviet Union marked a new level of brutality in warfare. Mobile killing units would murder more than 500,000 Soviet Jews and others over the course of the German occupation. On July 31, 1941, one of Hitler’s top commanders wrote about the need for a “linal solution’ to “the Jewish question.” Beginning in September 1941, every person designated as a Jew in German-held territory was marked with a yellow star. This made all of them open targets. Tens of thousands of Jews were soon being deported to the Polish ghettos. Since June 1941, experiments with mass killing methods had been ongoing at the concentration camp of Auschwitz. That August, officials used a pesticide called Zyklon-B to gas 500 Soviet prisoners of war to death. Nazi leaders soon placed a huge order for the gas, a disturbing sign of the coming Holocaust. Germans built mass killing centers in Poland Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began transporting huge numbers of people from the ghettos in Poland to the concentration camps. They started with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, the old, the weak and the very young. The first mass gassings began at the camp of Beizec on March 17, 1942. Five more mass killing centers were built at camps in occupied Poland. These camps included Cheimno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz. From 1942 to 1945. Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw Ghetto alone. The Nazis tried to keep the operation of the camps a secret, but the scale of the killing made this impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities to the Allied governments, who were fighting against Germany in the war. The Allied powers included Britain, France, the United States and many other countries. Their governments were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond to news of the Holocaust. This lack of action was most likely due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand. But it was also a result of the governments’ refusal to believe that such atrocities could be occurring on such an enormous scale. At Auschwitz alone, more than 2 million people were murdered. A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish prisoners worked in the labor camp there. Only Jews were gassed to death, hut thousands of others died of starvation or disease. During the summer of 1944, even as Germany was beginning to lose the war, a large part of Hungary’s Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz. As many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day. Germany surrenders after Hitler’s death By the spring of 1945, German leadership was suffering from internal conflict. Several Nazi leaders were trying to distance themselves from Hitler and take power. In his last will, dictated in a German bunker on April 29, Hitler blamed the war on “international Jewry and its helpers.” The following day, he committed suicide. Germany’s formal surrender in World War II came barely a week later, on May 8, 1945. German forces had begun evacuating many of the death camps in the fall of 1944. They forced prisoners to march away from the advancing enemy’s army. These so-called “death marches” resulted in the deaths of some 250,000 to 375,000 people. In his book “Survival in Auschwitz,” the Italian Jewish author Primo Levi described life in the camp the day before Soviet troops arrived in January 1945: “We lay in a world of death and phantoms. The last trace of civilization had vanished around and inside us. The work of bestial degradation, begun by the victorious Germans, had been carried to a conclusion by the Germans in defeat.” Germans and Jews were deeply affected by the Holocaust The wounds of the Holocaust were slow to heal. Survivors of the camps found it nearly impossible to return home. In many cases they had lost their families and been denounced by their non-Jewish neighbors. As a result, the late 1940s saw a great number of refugees and other displaced populations moving across Europe. In 1945, the Allies began the Nuremherg Trials, an effort to punish the villains of the Holocaust. The trials brought Nazi atrocities to horrifying light. Increasingly, there was pressure on the Allied powers to create a homeland for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. This eventually led to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Over the years that followed, ordinary Germans struggled with the Holocaust’s bitter legacy. Meanwhile, survivors and the families of victims sought repayment for the wealth and property stolen from them during the Nazi years. In 1953, the German government began to make payments to individual Jews and to the Jewish people. This was a way of acknowledging responsibility for the crimes committed in their name.

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Writing Prompt: Significance:What are the lasting lessons that we can learn from studyingthis event? Supportyour response withevidence fromthe text.

Article : U.S. History 1945 to the Present: The Sixties The years from 1960 to 1969 were the most significant decade of the 20th century. They also remain a source of great disagreement, as some see them as a period of great progress, while others see them as years during which the country fell apart. The 196os dawned bright with hope and brought many important achievements and reforms. Yet, they ended with the country divided and disillusioned. The first important date of the new decade was February 1, 1960. On that day, four African-American students sat down at the lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and ordered coffeeand doughnuts. At the time, segregation in the South and elsewhere kept blacks and whites apart. African-Americans were barred from many whites-only restaurants and other public places. The students’ courageous act sparked a new phase in the civil rights movement seeking equal rights for blacks. BySeptember 1961, nearly 70,000 students had held sit-ins. They sought to desegregate restaurants, churches, libraries, movie theaters and buses, among other places. Martin Luther King and his “Dream” In the spring of 1963, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. organized a series of marches and sit-ins in Birmingham, Alabama. Kingwas determined to force President John F. Kennedy to push for strong new civilrights laws. Policebrutally attacked the protesters in Birmingham. The televised scenes of snarling police dogs being used against nonviolent demonstrators, many of them children, horrified many Americans. Kennedy responded by proposing a major civil rights bill. To push Congress to pass the measure, nearly 250,000 Americans came to Washington, D.C.,late in August. There they heard Kingproclaim his dream of freedom and justice and brotherhood — his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. Before the bill could be passed, President Kennedy was killed in November of 1963. The next year the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was approved, with a push from the new president, Lyndon B.Johnson. The law was the most far-reaching civil rights legislation in U.S. history. It banned discrimination based on race and segregation in schools, housing, restaurants and the workplace. Others call for equal rights The Civil Rights Act was followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The new legislation got rid of many practices that had been put in place to make it hard for African-Americans to vote. The decision of African-Americans to fight for their rights inspired many other disadvantaged groups. Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, gays and women took to the streets to demand equal rights for themselves as well. In 1966, the National Organization for Women was formed. Its goal was to end discrimination against women in the workplace and to ensure equal pay for equal work. Poverty fight shifts to war in Vietnam Bythe mid-1960s, there was also a growing focus on ending poverty. President Johnson declared an “unconditional war on poverty.” Congress responded with a variety of programs to givethe poor a “hand up, not a handout.” In 1964, Johnson succeeded in getting Congress to pass his Great Society legislation. It included new funding to he spent on aiding the poor and improving conditions in poor city neighborhoods. The percent of the population in poverty began dropping rapidly — it went from 22 percent in 1960 to 13 percent by 1969. By 1966, however, Johnson had started to lose his focus on Great Society reforms. By then, the government was spending 20 times more money on the war in Vietnam than it was on fighting poverty in the United States. Opposition to war mounts The Vietnam War began during the 1950S, but did not at first involve that many troops. Johnson escalated it into a major war. Byig68, over half a million U.S.troops were in Vietnam. Asthe war dragged on, a fierce student antiwar movement developed and the country grew increasingly divided. In 1968, a shaken President Johnson, feeling he had lost the country’s support, declared he would not run for another term as president. After Johnson left office, the era of reforms came to an end. Johnson was followed in 1969 by President Richard Nixon. The new president was supported by those who were angered and frightened by social change. Nixon abandons social reform Nixon stepped up the war efforts in Vietnam. At the same time, he deepened the divisions among Americans. The president painted protesters as the enemy of law and order. He courted those whites who were upset by the black civil rights movement and angered by the many programs aimed at helping the poor. The 196os had begun with dreams of a new society in which no one was poor or exploited, and in which the sins of racism would be corrected. It ended with a widespread rejection of these goals. Bythe close of the 1960s, most Americans had turned away from a desire for rapid social reform. For much of the next half century, those who wanted to keep things as they were held the reins of political power. Please watch the 1 Have a Dream” speech on YouTube. Write a letter to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and tell him f his dream is coming true. Explain what is coming true and what we can work on to make his dream come true.

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by to not see our quest to space as a means to destroy others. It will be a quest for knowledge and understanding. Yetthe vows of this nation can only be fulfilled ifwe in this nation are first. Therefore, we intend to be first. In short, our leadership in science and in industry, our hopes for peace and security, what we owe to ourselves and others, all require us to make this effort. We have to try to solve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men, and to become the world’s leading space-faring nation. We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won. And they must be won and used for the progress of all people. Space science, like nuclear science and all technology, cannot tell right from wrong. The United States must be first and must be best so it can help decide whether this will be a sea of peace or a new terri’ing place for war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected. I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war. We can explore without repeating the mistakes that other men have made while trying to claim this globe of ours for themselves. There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its dangers are a risk to us all. Conquering it deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. “But why the moon?” some say. Why choose this as our goal? They may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice University play football against the University of Texas? We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard. We choose to go to the moon because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills. We choose to go because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win. It is for these reasons that I regard the decision to go to space as one of the most important decisions that will be made during my presidency. In the last 24 hours we have felt the ground shake and the air shattered by the testing of a Saturn C-i booster rocket. It is many times more powerful as the Atlas which launched John Glenn. Its power can be compared to 10,000 automobiles with their gas pedals to the floor. We have seen the site where the F-i rocket engines will be made. Each engine is as powerful as all eight engines of the Saturn combined. They will be grouped together to make the advanced Saturn missile. They will be put together in a new building to be built at Cape Canaveral. The building is to be huge. It will be as tall as a 48 story structure, as wide as a city block, and as long as two lengths of this field. Within these last i months at least 45 satellites have circled the Earth. Some 40 of them were “made in the United States of America” and they were far more sophisticated and supplied far more knowledge to the people of the world than those of the Soviet Union. The Mariner spacecraft now on its way to Venus is the most intricate instrument in the history of space science. The accuracy of that shot is comparable to firing a missile from Cape Canaveral and dropping it in this stadium between the the 40-yard lines. We have had our failures, but so have others, even if they do not admit them. And they may be less public. To be sure, we are behind, and will be behind for some time in manned flight — but we do not intend to stay behind. In this decade, we shall make up for lost time. We shall move ahead. The growth of our science and education will grow from new knowledge of our universe and environment, from new ways of learning and mapping and observation. They will be

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In a public places. In response, governors in several states shut down restaurants except for delivery and takeout. Kindness Can Go Viral, Too Even so, instances of selflessness have become common. Professional basketball players have donated money to cover the salaries of arena workers affected by the suspension of the season. Other acts of kindness include providing food for children who are out of school. Witnessing acts of kindness inspires others, said Zaki. He is a psychologist at Stanford University in California. In 2016, he published an article in Scientific American, “Kindness Contagion,” that included findings of studies about how people “catch” generosity from others. This desire to help others intensifies during times of crisis. It crosses lanes of class, race and other divisions. For example, when Germans began retreating behind closed doors earlier in March, MollyWilson realized she didn’t know the elderly people in her Berlin neighborhood. Wilson and a neighbor posted flyers on mailboxes and trash cans on their street. Their notes offered to go shopping for those who felt unable to go outside. Wilson also posted her note on Twitter to inspire others. “Weneed to do something off-line in order to let old people know that it’s OKto reach out for help.” When in-person activity is limited, technology can help. People are using social media platforms to post offers to help strangers. For example, Jerry Xu, a tech professional in San Francisco, California, used the app NextDoor to volunteer his services. NextDoor connects members to others in their area. Beyond Offering A Cup Of Sugar To Marc Dunkelman, author of “TheVanishing Neighbor,” these responses to the coronavirus crisis contrast with normal times. Most people’s acquaintances resemble a model like the rings of Saturn. The innermost bands represent the closest connections. Each outer loop becomes more distant. Over the past 50 years, people have spent more time on close friends and family. People have also spent more time in the outermost rings. Those include online acquaintances they don’t know but with whom they share interests such as sports, hobbies or politics. People have largely let go of rings in the middle, said Dunkelman. Those are the rings including neighbors and groups such as bowling leagues or BoyScouts. Nowthe coronavirus offers the opportunity for greater local connection.

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4. Read the following selection. A study demonstrated the most effective way for hospitals to motivate health care professionals to wash their hands isn Ft by noting the importance of protecting themselves from disease. It’s stressing how it protects patients. Why did the author include this idea? A- to introduce the idea that hand washing is the best way for people to stay healthy B- to provide evidence that people are often influenced by their desire to help others C- to emphasize that social distancing is only one part of preventing the spread of coronavirus D- to show how health care professionals can stay safe during the coronavirus outbreak

What is something nice that you have done for a family member/friend/neighbor during the quarantine?

What is something nice that someone else has done for you?

Who is the firstperson you want to see when we don’thave to ‘social distance’ anymore? Why?

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