Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

42(7): 113-123, 2020; Article no.JEAI.60332 ISSN: 2457-0591 (Past name: American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Past ISSN: 2231-0606)

Fluctuations in Insolation during 1962 - 2019 for Municipalities in ,

Raimundo Mainar de Medeiros1*, Moacyr Cunha Filho1, Manoel Vieira de França1, Romildo Morant de Holanda1, Victor Casimiro Piscoya1, João Silva Rocha1, Thaísa Oliveira Folha Piscoya2, Ana Luiza Xavier Cunha1, Guilherme Rocha Moreira1, Maria Lindomarcia Leonardo da Costa3 and Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo Filho4

1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, , PE, Brazil. 2Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste – SUDENE. Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira, 1967, CEP: 51111-021, Recife, PE, Brazil. 3Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I - Cidade Universitária, s/n, Castelo Branco, CEP 58050-085, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. 4Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Rua Badejós, Lote 7, Chácaras 69/72, s/n - Zona Rural, CEP 77402-970, Gurupi, TO, Brazil.

Authors’ contributions

Authors RMM, MCF and MVF conducted the study, collected the analyzes in the field and did the statistical analysis of the data, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors RMH, VCP and JSR were the masters of the first author, they designed the study and monitored and supervised all of this study. Authors TOFP, ALXC, GRM and RNAF assisted in literature searches, writing in the manuscript and discussing the data. Author MLLC helped in the search of the literature and in the translation of the same into English language. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JEAI/2020/v42i730560 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Moreira Martine Ramon Felipe, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain. (2) Dr. T. Muthukumar, Bharathiar University, India. (3) Dr. Daniele De Wrachien, University of Milan, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi, KIIT University, India. (2) Munish Manas, Central University of Haryana, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/60332

Received 24 June 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 31 August 2020 Published 05 September 2020

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected];

Medeiros et al.; JEAI, 42(7): 113-123, 2020; Article no.JEAI.60332

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the insolation calculations and their analysis soon after plotting their respective local historical average graph from 1962 to 2019 for some municipalities in Pernambucana. Monthly and annual insolation data for the study period was obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology.After homogenization, data consistency and failure filling of each series, the spatial and temporal insolation densities were performed for municipalities like , Cabrobó, , , , Recife, and Triunfo. The average and its historical average were calculated and appropriate analysis was performed. The spatial distribution of the monthly insolation data showed great variability for the months studied, ranging from approximately 3 to 4 hours. The median values most likely occured during the months for the eight municipalities under study. The municipality of Garanhuns presented higher insolation values than Petrolina. Comparing the values obtained in this study with the values of the Solarimetric Atlas of Brazil, indicated a good similarity of the recorded data.

Keywords: Agriculture; climatology; climate variability; spatial and temporal distribution.

1. INTRODUCTION biomes. The variabilities in insolation are associated with the thermodynamic conditions of The importance of climatic procedures, air the South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone, which temperature, and all climatic variables are targets inhibits the formation of clouds, and favors an for studies, mainly related to agriculture [1]. The increase in the short-wave radioaction. An temporal space oscillations of the angle of increase in the flow of the radiation incidence of the sun's rays on the surface balance enhances the incidence of diseases in influence its quantitative results. However, it is the population through warming of the registered daily, as the anthropogenic activities atmosphere. result in changes in the environment through the replacement of the natural ecosystem by artificial Frota [6] stated that the maximum influence of structures. Being a continuous process insolation solar radiation is on the distribution of global can cause environmental impacts at various temperature. The amount of radiation varies levels, especially in relation to the quality of air depending on the time of year and latitude. This and climate, thereby reducing the quality of phenomenon can be better examined by human life. According to the IPCC / TAR [2] the observing the movement of the sun in relation to warming happening during the last 100 years is the earth. not only a consequence of the natural variations in the climate as revealed by the assessments of Silva et al. [7] showed that direct sunlight can be the climate models. Therefore this process is intercepted very effectively through the shade mainly responsible for the increase of the air provided by trees and the wind, which is cooled temperature in urban areas. when it comes in contact with leaf surfaces and makes changes by convection. Bayer [3] and Bley [4] stated that the North, Northeast and Midwest have a Silva [8,9] indicated that the direct effects of the high incidence of solar radiation, insolation, and differentiated incidence of solar radiation on the air temperature because of their proximity to the soil surface can be confirmed through equatorial region and the tropical area where the determination of soil temperature and humidity. incidence of heat stress is critical. The Northeast region of Brazil (NEB) has an Medeiros [5] monitored insolation as a relevant annual average solar radiation values similar to factor for agriculture, renewable energy and heat the desert regions with the maximum incidence source by analyzing its average historical of solar radiation. buoyancy in the municipality of , Brazil. According to the author, there is a lack of more Pereria et al. [10] stated that the solar energy in-depth and specific studies for the semi-arid and water availability are the two edaphoclimatic region, including the methodologies to study the factors which influence the development and influence of radiation and energy balances on the productivity of plants.

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Bigarella et al. [11] reported that the high remain. Finally, in the wild and in the radiation and temperature dries the soil resulting Pernambuco countryside, the vegetation of the in its disintegration and hardening which favor predominates. As for hydrography, the runoff of water. there are many rivers, mainly in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, which has 14 According to Moreno and Martin [12] and Rata municipalities. The main rivers in the state are [13], solar radiation heats the atmosphere Capibaribe and Beberibe, , Una, differently. As the cold air is denser than the hot Pajeú, Jaboatão and the São Francisco River, air, pressure differences arise which, associated the latter is extremely important in the with the rotation of the earth, produce the development of the sertão, since it enables the circulation of the winds in the world. distribution of water to regions affected by drought [15]. The incidence of solar radiation differs with the time of year, the slope of the terrain, and The meteorological factors that cause or inhibit exposure of the land as stated by Silva et al. rainfall for the state of Pernambuco contribute to [14]. moderate to weak rainfall levels are the vestiges of frontal systems in the southern sector of the The solar radiation on the soil surface is a state less frequently, to the contributions of the decisive factor and conditions the processes that South Atlantic Convergence Zones (ZCAS), in take place in the environment, by interfering with addition to the formation of convective clusters the cycle of its nutrients. Thus, if we vary the and the contribution of Alta da Bolivia. The amount of incident solar radiation, different Intertropical Convergence Zone (ZCIT), a environmental conditions can be obtained and, disturbance associated with the expansion to the therefore, promote changes in other processes southern hemisphere of the thermal equator [14]. The aim of the study was to evaluate the (zone of ascension of the trade winds by thermal insolation data and to analyze these after plotting convection) causes moderate to heavy rains in graphically with their respective local historical almost the entire northern area of the State, average for the period from 1962 to 2019 of followed by the contributions of the formations some municipalities in Pernambucana, Brazil. from the High Level Cyclonic Vortices (VCAN) the Eastern Wave Disorders and the Sea and 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Land Breezes, the latter originating in the Atlantic Ocean. The State of Pernambuco is located in the central-eastern region of the NEB with a northern We used monthly sunshine data from 1962 to limit with Paraíba, northwest with the state of 2019, obtained from the National Institute of Ceara, southeast with the states of State and Meteorology [16]. In order to homogenize the Bahia South like Piauí, to the east fur Atlantic spatial and temporal density of the municipalities: Ocean. It occupies an area of 98,937.8 km². The Arcoverde, Cabrobó, Garanhuns, Ouricuri, archipelagos are part of the territory of Fernando Petrolina, Recife, Surubim and Triunfo, we de Noronha, São Pedro, and São Paulo. analyzed their consistency, homogenization and filling in gaps in each series. Pernambuco is one of the smallest states in Brazil as per the territorial extension, and The monthly and annual sunshine data were possess great diversity of landscapes like entered into an electronic spreadsheet where the plateaus, mountains, swamps, semiaridity and monthly and annual averages, standard beautiful beaches. The relief is almost regular, deviation, Coefficient of variance, median, being formed by a coastal plain around 76% of it. maximum and minimum absolute values were As we move inland, there are mountain peaks calculated. These were plotted in the referred exceeding 1000 meters in altitude. municipal charts and were compared with the regional average. The vegetation cover is diversified, with forests, mangroves and savannahs, in addition to the 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION strong presence of the caatinga. Coastal vegetation predominates in areas close to the The municipalities and their geographic locations ocean, with coconut trees, mangroves and, in where the National Meteorological Institute some cases, shrubs. The tropical forest is where (INMET) operates the conventional the Atlantic Forest originally existed. Few meteorological stations since 1962 are presented remnants of this important Brazilian forest in Table 1.

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Figs. 1 to 10 show the monthly spatial distribution period 1962-2019 are shown in Fig. 1. It is of sunshine, in hours and tenths, of the observed that the insolation recorded was higher municipalities Arcoverde, Cabrobó, Garanhuns, than the historical insolation except for the Ouricuri, Petrolina, Recife, Surubim and Triunfo. months of June, July and December. The months The graphs compose approximations due to the of August and October stand out as the high order of magnitude of the average value and the incidences of solar radiation. The solar averages of the referred municipalities in studies. radiation registered ranged between 180 and 279 Kozmhinsky [17] interpolated insolation hours. variations in the State of Pernambuco using the kriging method and observed higher incidence of Fig. 2 shows the changes observed sunshine insolation than the normal patterns recorded in that exceeded the historical values for the the regions of the sertão. The high insolation in municipality of Cabrobó - PE from sertão was due to low cloud cover, the the period 1962-2019, except in the abnormal temperature fluctuations and month of January when their values were occurrences of fires. The interpolation almost similar. Higher insolation values method of kriging indicated optimal levels of were recorded between August and significance when extended to the other regions December. These fluctuations may have been studied. The author found climatic conditions caused by the absence of cloud cover and the identical to the values used for the seasons inhibition of the factors causing local and worked. regional rainfall. The months of February and July stand out with low incidence of solar The monthly variability and the average historical radiation and the month of October with high insolation in the municipality of Arcoverde for the incidence. . Table 1. Municipalities and their geographical coordinates where the National Meteorological Institute conventional weather stations are located

Counties Longitude (° ') W Latitude (° 'S) Altitude (meters) Green arch -37.05 -8.43 680.7 Cabrobó -39.33 -8.51 341.5 Garanhuns -36.51 -8.88 822.8 Ouricuri -40.05 -7.90 459.3 Petrolina -40.48 -9.38 370.5 Recife -34.95 -8.05 10.0 Surubim -35.71 -7.83 418.3 Triumph -38.11 -7.81 1105.0

Fig. 1. Average historical solar radiation and heat stroke from the 1962-2019 periods for the municipality of Arcoverde - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020)

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Fig. 2. Average historical solar radiation and solar radiation for 1962-2019 for the municipality of Cabrobó - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020) Fig. 3 shows the changes in solar radiation for conditions previled in those periods like the the municipality of Garanhuns from 1962 to amount of cloud cover and not by the conditions 2019. The sunshine period was below the of the astronomical photoperiod. average climatological sunshine hours and the months of August to December had the greatest Fig. 4 shows the variability of the historical incidences of historical sunshine hours ranging average sunshine and insolation of the 1962- from 238.2 to 264.1 hours. In the months of June 2019 periods for the municipality of Ouricuri - PE. and July, the lowest incidences of historical The sunshine hours of the period was below the sunshine hours were recorded. The sunshine historic values for the months of January to April hours of 1962 to 2019 were below the historical and December, it was similar in the months of sunshine hours. May and November and was greater than the historical sunshine hours for the months of June Silva et al. [18] showed that the fluctuations to October. These variations were due to the between the amounts of monthly sunshine meteorological systems operating in the study happened due to variations in the meteorological area.

Fig. 3. Average historical heat stroke and heat stroke from the 1962-2019 period for the municipality of Garanhuns - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020)

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Fig. 4. Average historic heat stroke and heat stroke from the 1962-2019 period for the municipality of Ouricuri - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020) Medeiros et al. [19] proved that the high In Fig. 5 the insolation of 1962-2019 for the incidence of insolation in the state of Piauí is due municipality of Petrolina - PE overcame the to its close proximity to the equator. They also historical insolation in the months of February to stated that the low cloud cover, the ternal September and December, it was similar during oscillation over normalities and fire outbreaks the months of October and November in the may have affected the incidence values in the month of January oscillated close to climatology, Piauí regions during the months of July to these fluctuations were due to the atmospheric October. These variabilities are associated with systems that acted on the municipal area aided the thermodynamic conditions of the South by large, meso and micro scale systems. Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone, which inhibits the formation of clouds, favoring an increase in The variability of historical insolation versus the short-wave radioactive flow and in the insolation observed in Recife as shown in Fig. 6, radiation balance flow, thus potentiating diseases were balanced in the months from January to to the population that, through heating of the March, for the other months the historical Atmospheric Boundary Layer, will imply in the insolation exceeded that observed, such pre-disposition of this area the proliferation of variability can be justified by the predominant vectors. cloud cover and / or occurrence of isolated rains.

Fig. 5. Average historical heat stroke and heat stroke from the 1962-2019 period for the municipality of Petrolina - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020)

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Fig. 6. Average historical solar radiation and solar radiation from the 1962-2019 period for the municipality of Recife - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020)

Medeiros [20] carried out the monitoring of heat from October to January and the months from stroke as a relevant activity for agriculture, May to July having the lowest incidence. In the renewable energy and heat source, analyzing the heat stroke curve, the months of January, March, decadal behavior and its comparison with the May, June stand out as their indexes flowed historical average of heat stroke in the face of the close to or close to historical values. In the temporal variation that occurred in the period of months of February, July to December the 1962-2011 in the city from Recife. The insolation received exceeded the climatology incidences of heat stroke above normal patterns around 3 am. in the region, conditioned by the low incidence of cloud cover, temperature fluctuationshigher than A Fig. 9 represents the historical distribution of normal and the occurrence of fires. It is observed the monthly sunshine in the study area. It is that the positive deviations outweighed the noteworthy that in the months of April to July negative deviations, in the majority the negative there are monthly reductions in the values of deviations predominated between the years 1972 sunshine, these reductions are linked to the to 1992, showing reductions of up to 15% in their rainfall indexes and the cloud cover seen to be monthly and annual values. Part of the the rainy season. In the months from August to interannual variability of heat stroke is associated September, there is a gradual increase in the with the occurrence of local and regional effects insolation rates, with an emphasis on the months and the contributions of large and meso-scale from October to January, where their values are phenomena recorded during the study period. high and corresponds to the four-month dry study The study corroborates the results discussed area. here. Fig. 10 shows the annual variability of average Fig. 7 characterizes the average heat stroke of sunshine and their respective climatology for the the period 1962-2019 and the historical heat eight municipalities under study where INMET stroke for the municipality of Surubim. The operate its conventional stations. Values range historical insolation were above the average of from 2,861.1 to 2,289.7 hours with a the period in the months of June, July, August, climatological average of 2,644.7 hours. The September and October, showing reduction in insolation difference between the municipalities sunlight by twenty minutes to two hours, in the of Garanhuns and Petrolina is 14 hours. months of January, February, March, April, The municipalities of Arcoverde, Cabrobó, Fig. 8 shows the statement of average heat Petrolina and Triunfo have more than historic stroke and heat stroke hof the 1962-2019 period annual sunshine, in Garanhuns, Recife and for the municipality of Triunfo - PE. Historical Surubim the annual sunshine varies below the sunshine flows between 180 to 280 hours of historic and in the municipality of Ouricuri annual sunlight, with the highest incidence occurring sunshine and practically the value of history.

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Fig. 7. Average historical heat stroke and heat stroke from the 1962-2019 period for the municipality of Surubim - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020)

Fig. 8. Average historical heat stroke and heat stroke from the 1962-2019 period for the municipality of Triunfo - PE Source: Medeiros, (2020)

Fig. 9. Average monthly historical heat stroke of the study area Source: Medeiros, (2020)

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Fig. 10. Average annual and historical sunshine for the period 1962-2019 for the study area Source: Medeiros, (2020)

Table 2. Statistical variability of insolation parameters in the State of Pernambuco

Variation (hours) Months Maximum Minimum Average Median Standard Variance deviation coefficient Jan 242.4 213.8 232.8 237.8 9.4 0.040 Feb 221.6 179.1 207.3 216.5 14.8 0.071 Sea 235.0 194.3 218.6 233.3 14.4 0.066 Apr 229.0 177.1 209.1 229.0 17.2 0.082 May 223.1 162.1 197.0 223.1 17.5 0.089 Jun 216.6 147.0 181.2 216.6 21.3 0.118 Jul 231.2 145.9 188.3 231.2 25.3 0.134 Aug 278.1 162.1 231.4 262.1 37.5 0.162 Set 259.3 183.6 237.7 255.7 27.9 0.118 Out 286.1 230.2 265.6 267.4 20.5 0.077 Nov 269.7 245.6 259.5 257.1 9.1 0.035 Ten 261.5 236.5 250.3 259.2 9.3 0.037 Yearly 2861.1 2289.7 2644.7 2861.1 193.3 0.073 Source: Medeiros, (2020)

Studying heat stroke in the municipality of fluctuations occur between 197 (May) to 259.5 Juazeiro - BA according Silva et al. [21] annual (November) with an annual average of 2,644.7 sunshine is 2,880 hours for the period 2000 to hours and tenths. In the median column, there is 2009. variability from 216.5 in February to 267.4 in October with a historical average of 2,861.1 Table 2 shows the maximum, minimum, average, hours and tenths, the median values are median, standard deviation and coefficient of representative and those most likely to occur. variance of monthly and annual sunshine in The standard deviations as well as the hours and tenths of the study area. coefficients of variances do not present values of high significance showing that the values of Maximum monthly values of heat stroke flow possible occurrence are between t he mean and between 216.6 at 286.1 hours and tenths with an the median. annual average of 2,861.1 hours and tenths. The minimum values are recorded in the month of [22] Showed that the standard deviation is July with 145.9 hours and tenths, the minimum extraordinary to have information on the “degree minimum value occurs in the month of November of dispersion of the values in relation to the with 245.6 hours and tenths and has an annual average value”. The coefficient of variance was average of 2,289.7 hours and tenths. Average used to make comparisons in relative terms and

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expresses “the variability of each data set of Uberlândia, Instituto de Geografia, normalized in relation to the average, in Uberlândia; 2003. percentage.” 2. Ministry of the Environment (MMA). Global climate change and its effects on In panoramas of future changes caused by biodiversity: Characterization of the current increased concentrations of gases in the climate and definition of climate change for atmosphere, it is assumed that only the average Brazilian territory throughout the 21st can change, with the standard deviation century / José A. Marengo. Brasília: MMA. unchanged according to [23]. According to the 2007. authors [24] and [25] showed that the relative 3. Bayer C. Managing agricultural soils for frequency of extreme events depends on high quality in tropical and subtropical changes in standard deviation and not just on the environments. UDESC and Brazilian mean. Society of Soil Science. 2004;1:26. 4. Bley JRC. Solar erosion: Risks for Information on climatic conditions in a region are agriculture in the tropics. Science Today. necessary for establishingstrategies,aimed at the 1999;25(148):24-29. proper management of natural resources, the 5. Medeiros RM. Balanço hídrico e o search for sustainable development and the aquecimento no município de Caruaru–PE, implementation of viable and safe agricultural Brasil. Revista Equador. 2019;7(2):126- practices for the various biomes in accordance 146. with [26]. 6. Frota AB. Thermal Comfort Manual:

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