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State of the Climate in 2019 Regional Climates P STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2019 REGIONAL CLIMATES P. Bissolli, C. Ganter, T. Li, A. Mekonnen, and A. Sánchez-Lugo, Eds. Special Online Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol.101, No. 8, August, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1 Corresponding authors: North America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / [email protected]. Central America and the Caribbean: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / [email protected] South America: Ahira Sánchez-Lugo / [email protected] Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / [email protected] Europe: Peter Bissolli / [email protected] Asia: Tim Li / [email protected] Oceania: Catherine Ganter / [email protected] ©2020 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. AUGUST 2020 | State of the Climate in 2019 Unauthenticated7. REGIONAL | Downloaded CLIMATES 10/11/21 07:33S321 AM UTC STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2019 Regional Climates Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Chapter Editors Peter Bissolli Howard J. Diamond Matthew L. Druckenmiller Robert J. H. Dunn Catherine Ganter Nadine Gobron Rick Lumpkin Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Tim Li Ademe Mekonnen Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Ted A. Scambos Carl J. Schreck III Sharon Stammerjohn Diane M. Stanitski Kate M. Willett Technical Editor Andrea Andersen BAMS Special Editor for Climate Richard Rosen American Meteorological Society AUGUST 2020 | State of the Climate in 2019 Unauthenticated7. REGIONAL | Downloaded CLIMATES 10/11/21 07:33S322 AM UTC Cover credit: Front: © Lynnebeclu/Royalty-free/iStock / Getty Images Plus Horizontal landscape of burnt, scorched and blackened coastal forest trees and ash-scattered sandy ground after bushfires ravaged the coastal landscape near Yamba, New South Wales Australia in 2019. Regional Climates is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2019 annual report. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2019 is based on contributions from scientists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instruments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. How to cite this document: Citing the complete report: Blunden, J. and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2020: State of the Climate in 2019. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 101 (8), Si–S429, https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. Citing this chapter: Bissolli, P., C. Ganter, T. Li, A. Mekonnen, and A. Sánchez-Lugo, Eds., 2020: Regional Climates [in “State of the Climate in 2019"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 101 (8), S321–S420, https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1. Citing a section (example): Amador, J. A., H. G. Hidalgo, E. J. Alfaro, B. Calderón, and N. Mora, 2020: Central America [in “State of the Climate in 2019"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 101 (8), S338–S339, https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1. AUGUST 2020 | State of the Climate in 2019 Unauthenticated7. REGIONAL | Downloaded CLIMATES 10/11/21 07:33S323 AM UTC Editor and Author Affiliations (alphabetical by name) Abida, Abdallah, Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental de l’Union des Comores, Moroni, Comoros Information, Asheville, North Carolina Aldeco, Laura S., Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina Francis, S. D., National Weather Forecasting and Climate Research Centre, Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Ganter, Catherine, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencia do Sistema Terrestre/Instituto Nacional de Gleason, Karin, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Pesquisas Espaciais, São Paulo, Brazil Asheville, North Carolina Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., Tropical Weather Sciences, Sinajana, Guam University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Gustari, Indra, Climate Variability Analysis Division, Center for Climate Change Andrade, B., Seychelles Meteorological Authority, Mahe, Seychelles Information, BMKG, Indonesia Baez, Julian, Universidad Católica Nuestra Senora de la Asunción, Asunción, Hagos, S., Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest Paraguay National Laboratory, Richland, Washington Bardin, M. Yu., Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Heim, Jr., Richard R., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental and Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Information, Asheville, North Carolina Russia Hernández, Rafael, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bekele, Endalkachew, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Venezuela (INAMEH), Caracas, Venezuela Maryland Hidalgo, Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Network, Offenbach, Germany Ijampy, J. A., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria Broedel, Eric, Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Joseph, Annie C., Dominica Meteorological Service, Canefield Airport, Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil Canefield, Dominica Bukunt, Brandon, NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Guam Jumaux, Guillaume, Météo France, Direction Interrégionale pour l’Océan Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, Indien, Réunion San José, Costa Rica Kabidi, Khadija, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco Campbell, Jayaka D., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kaiser, Johannes W., Deutscher Wetterdienst, Satellite-Based Climate Jamaica Monitoring Division, Offenbach, Germany Campos Diaz, Diego A., Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Kamsu-Tamo, Pierre-Honore, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Chile Park, Maryland Carvajal, Gilma, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Ecuador Kennedy, John, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom (INAMHI), Quito, Ecuador Khan, Valentina, Hydrometcenter of Russia, WMO North EurAsia Climate Chandler, Elise, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Center, Moscow, Russia Cheng, Vincent. Y. S., Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Khiem, Mai Van, Viet Nam National Center of Hydro-Meteorology Forecasting, Ontario, Canada Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Choi, Chulwoon, Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Kokosadze, Khatuna, National Environmental Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia Administration, South Korea Korshunova, Natalia N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Clarke, Leonardo A., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Information - World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia Jamaica Kruger Andries C., South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Correa, Kris, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Kutaladze, Nato, National Environmental Agency, Tbilisi, Georgia Perú Labbé, L., Météo France, Direction Interrégionale pour l’Océan Indien, Réunion Costa, Felipe, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño Lakatos, Mónika, Climatology Unit, Hungarian Meteorological Service, (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Budapest, Hungary Cunha, A. P., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Lam, Hoang Phuc, Viet Nam National Center of Hydro-Meteorology Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil Forecasting, Viet Nam Meteorology Hydrology Administration, Ha Noi, Viet Demircan, Mesut, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey Nam Dhurmea, R., Mauritius Meteorological Service, Vacoas, Mauritius Lander, Mark A., University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam Díaz, Eliecer A., Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Estudios Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia Perú, Lima, Perú ElKharrim, M., Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco Lee, T. C., Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China Enyew, Bantwale D., Department of Physics, North Carolina A & T State Leung, Kinson H. Y., Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, University, Greensboro, North Carolina Ontario, Canada Espinoza, Jhan C., Instituto Geofisico del Perú, Lima, Perú, and Université Li, Tim, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France Hawai’i, USA Fazl-Kazem, Amin, National Center for Drought Monitoring and Crisis Magee, Andrew D., Centre for Water, Climate and Land, School of Management, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Tehran, Iran Australia Fedaeff, Nava, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd. Mamen, Jostein, Climate Division, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand Norway Feng, Z., Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest Marengo, José A., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas aos Desastres National Laboratory, Richland, Washington Naturais,
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