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Blizzards in the Upper Midwest, 1980-2013
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2015 Blizzards In The ppU er Midwest, 1980-2013 Lawrence Burkett Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Burkett, Lawrence, "Blizzards In The ppeU r Midwest, 1980-2013" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1749. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1749 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLIZZARDS IN THE UPPER MIDWEST, 1980-2013 by Lawrence Burkett Bachelor of Science, University of North Dakota, 2012 Master of Science, University of North Dakota, 2015 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2015 Copyright 2015 Lawrence Burkett ii PERMISSION Title Blizzards in the Upper Midwest, 1980-2013 Department Geography Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that the permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department of the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. -
Chapter 9 : Air Mass Air Masses Source Regions
4/29/2011 Chapter 9 : Air Mass • Air masses Contain uniform temperature and humidity characteristics. • Fronts Boundaries between unlike air • Air Masses masses. • Fronts • Fronts on Weather Maps ESS124 ESS124 Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu Air Masses • Air masses have fairly uniform temperature and moisture Source Regions content in horizontal direction (but not uniform in vertical). • Air masses are characterized by their temperature and humidity • The areas of the globe where air masses from are properties. called source regions. • The properties of air masses are determined by the underlying • A source region must have certain temperature surface properties where they originate. and humidity properties that can remain fixed for a • Once formed, air masses migrate within the general circulation. substantial length of time to affect air masses • UidilidliliUpon movement, air masses displace residual air over locations above it. thus changing temperature and humidity characteristics. • Air mass source regions occur only in the high or • Further, the air masses themselves moderate from surface low latitudes; middle latitudes are too variable. influences. ESS124 ESS124 Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu Prof. Jin-Jin-YiYi Yu 1 4/29/2011 Cold Air Masses Warm Air Masses January July January July • The cent ers of cold ai r masses are associ at ed with hi gh pressure on surf ace weath er • The cen ters o f very warm a ir masses appear as sem i-permanentit regions o flf low maps. pressure on surface weather maps. • In summer, when the oceans are cooler than the landmasses, large high-pressure • In summer, low-pressure areas appear over desert areas such as American centers appear over North Atlantic (Bermuda high) and Pacific (Pacific high). -
Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific Ab Sins Nicholas S
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School March 2019 Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific aB sins Nicholas S. Grondin Louisiana State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Climate Commons, Meteorology Commons, and the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Grondin, Nicholas S., "Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific asinB s" (2019). LSU Master's Theses. 4864. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4864 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLIMATOLOGY, VARIABILITY, AND RETURN PERIODS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE STRIKES IN THE NORTHEASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Nicholas S. Grondin B.S. Meteorology, University of South Alabama, 2016 May 2019 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my family, especially mom, Mim and Pop, for their love and encouragement every step of the way. This thesis is dedicated to my friends and fraternity brothers, especially Dillon, Sarah, Clay, and Courtney, for their friendship and support. This thesis is dedicated to all of my teachers and college professors, especially Mrs. -
Ref. Accweather Weather History)
NOVEMBER WEATHER HISTORY FOR THE 1ST - 30TH AccuWeather Site Address- http://forums.accuweather.com/index.php?showtopic=7074 West Henrico Co. - Glen Allen VA. Site Address- (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AccuWeather.com Forums _ Your Weather Stories / Historical Storms _ Today in Weather History Posted by: BriSr Nov 1 2008, 02:21 PM November 1 MN History 1991 Classes were canceled across the state due to the Halloween Blizzard. Three foot drifts across I-94 from the Twin Cities to St. Cloud. 2000 A brief tornado touched down 2 miles east and southeast of Prinsburg in Kandiyohi county. U.S. History # 1861 - A hurricane near Cape Hatteras, NC, battered a Union fleet of ships attacking Carolina ports, and produced high tides and high winds in New York State and New England. (David Ludlum) # 1966 - Santa Anna winds fanned fires, and brought record November heat to parts of coastal California. November records included 86 degrees at San Francisco, 97 degrees at San Diego, and 101 degrees at the International airport in Los Angeles. Fires claimed the lives of at least sixteen firefighters. (The Weather Channel) # 1968 - A tornado touched down west of Winslow, AZ, but did little damage in an uninhabited area. (The Weather Channel) # 1987 - Early morning thunderstorms in central Arizona produced hail an inch in diameter at Williams and Gila Bend, and drenched Payson with 1.86 inches of rain. Hannagan Meadows AZ, meanwhile, was blanketed with three inches of snow. Unseasonably warm weather prevailed across the Ohio Valley. Afternoon highs of 76 degrees at Beckley WV, 77 degrees at Bluefield WV, and 83 degrees at Lexington KY were records for the month of November. -
Weather Numbers Multiple Choices I
Weather Numbers Answer Bank A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 F. 25 G. 35 H. 36 I. 40 J. 46 K. 54 L. 58 M. 72 N. 74 O. 75 P. 80 Q. 100 R. 910 S. 1000 T. 1010 U. 1013 V. ½ W. ¾ 1. Minimum wind speed for a hurricane in mph N 74 mph 2. Flash-to-bang ratio. For every 10 second between lightning flash and thunder, the storm is this many miles away B 2 miles as flash to bang ratio is 5 seconds per mile 3. Minimum diameter of a hailstone in a severe storm (in inches) A 1 inch (formerly ¾ inches) 4. Standard sea level pressure in millibars U 1013.25 millibars 5. Minimum wind speed for a severe storm in mph L 58 mph 6. Minimum wind speed for a blizzard in mph G 35 mph 7. 22 degrees Celsius converted to Fahrenheit M 72 22 x 9/5 + 32 8. Increments between isobars in millibars D 4mb 9. Minimum water temperature in Fahrenheit for hurricane development P 80 F 10. Station model reports pressure as 100, what is the actual pressure in millibars T 1010 (remember to move decimal to left and then add either 10 or 9 100 become 10.0 910.0mb would be extreme low so logic would tell you it would be 1010.0mb) Multiple Choices I 1. A dry line front is also known as a: a. dew point front b. squall line front c. trough front d. Lemon front e. Kelvin front 2. -
Extratropical Cyclones and Anticyclones
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Courtesy of Jeff Schmaltz, the MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC/NASA Extratropical Cyclones 10 and Anticyclones CHAPTER OUTLINE INTRODUCTION A TIME AND PLACE OF TRAGEDY A LiFE CYCLE OF GROWTH AND DEATH DAY 1: BIRTH OF AN EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE ■■ Typical Extratropical Cyclone Paths DaY 2: WiTH THE FI TZ ■■ Portrait of the Cyclone as a Young Adult ■■ Cyclones and Fronts: On the Ground ■■ Cyclones and Fronts: In the Sky ■■ Back with the Fitz: A Fateful Course Correction ■■ Cyclones and Jet Streams 298 9781284027372_CH10_0298.indd 298 8/10/13 5:00 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction 299 DaY 3: THE MaTURE CYCLONE ■■ Bittersweet Badge of Adulthood: The Occlusion Process ■■ Hurricane West Wind ■■ One of the Worst . ■■ “Nosedive” DaY 4 (AND BEYOND): DEATH ■■ The Cyclone ■■ The Fitzgerald ■■ The Sailors THE EXTRATROPICAL ANTICYCLONE HIGH PRESSURE, HiGH HEAT: THE DEADLY EUROPEAN HEAT WaVE OF 2003 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ■■ Summary ■■ Key Terms ■■ Review Questions ■■ Observation Activities AFTER COMPLETING THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: • Describe the different life-cycle stages in the Norwegian model of the extratropical cyclone, identifying the stages when the cyclone possesses cold, warm, and occluded fronts and life-threatening conditions • Explain the relationship between a surface cyclone and winds at the jet-stream level and how the two interact to intensify the cyclone • Differentiate between extratropical cyclones and anticyclones in terms of their birthplaces, life cycles, relationships to air masses and jet-stream winds, threats to life and property, and their appearance on satellite images INTRODUCTION What do you see in the diagram to the right: a vase or two faces? This classic psychology experiment exploits our amazing ability to recognize visual patterns. -
HURRICANE LORENA (EP152019) 17–22 September 2019
NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT HURRICANE LORENA (EP152019) 17–22 September 2019 Lixion A. Avila National Hurricane Center 30 October 2019 GOES WEST GEOCOLOR IMAGE AT 1940 UTC 20 SEPTEMBER SHOWING HURRICANE LORENA APPROACHING BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR. Lorena was a category 1 hurricane (on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) that made landfall near Chamela-Cuixtala, Jalisco, and a second landfall near the town of La Ventana, Baja California Sur. Lorena then weakened and reached the coast of mainland Mexico just north of Guaymas as a broad area of low pressure and dissipated. Hurricane Lorena 2 Hurricane Lorena 17–22 SEPTEMBER 2019 SYNOPTIC HISTORY A tropical wave moved westward off the west coast of Africa on 4 September, accompanied by fairly well-organized convection with some cyclonic rotation in the middle levels of the atmosphere. The wave had a large envelope with two distinct convective areas. The two areas merged as the wave moved westward, but by the time the wave was crossing the Lesser Antilles around 13 September, the thunderstorm activity decreased significantly. The wave continued westward across the Caribbean Sea, and as soon as it crossed Central America between 15 and 16 September, the shower activity increased markedly and gained organization. In fact, although there was no well-defined center of circulation at that time, the disturbance was already producing tropical-storm-force winds late on 16 September. By 17 September, visible satellite imagery indicated that the disturbance had developed a well-defined center, and it is estimated that Tropical Storm Lorena formed at 0600 UTC 17 September about 290 n mi southeast of Acapulco. -
FMFRP 0-54 the Persian Gulf Region, a Climatological Study
FMFRP 0-54 The Persian Gulf Region, AClimatological Study U.S. MtrineCorps PCN1LiIJ0005LFII 111) DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, DC 20380—0001 19 October 1990 FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication 0-54, The Persian Gulf Region. A Climatological Study, provides information on the climate in the Persian Gulf region. 2. SCOPE While some of the technical information in this manual is of use mainly to meteorologists, much of the information is invaluable to anyone who wishes to predict the consequences of changes in the season or weather on military operations. 3. BACKGROUND a. Desert operations have much in common with operations in the other parts of the world. The unique aspects of desert operations stem primarily from deserts' heat and lack of moisture. While these two factors have significant consequences, most of the doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures used in operations in other parts of the world apply to desert operations. The challenge of desert operations is to adapt to a new environment. b. FMFRP 0-54 was originally published by the USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center in 1988. In August 1990, the manual was published as Operational Handbook 0-54. 4. SUPERSESSION Operational Handbook 0-54 The Persian Gulf. A Climatological Study; however, the texts of FMFRP 0—54 and OH 0-54 are identical and OH 0-54 will continue to be used until the stock is exhausted. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS This manual will not be revised. However, comments on the manual are welcomed and will be used in revising other manuals on desert warfare. -
Climate Change Adaptation for Seaports and Airports
Climate change adaptation for seaports and airports Mark Ching-Pong Poo A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2020 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 20 1.1. Summary ...................................................................................................................... 20 1.2. Research Background ................................................................................................. 20 1.3. Primary Research Questions and Objectives ........................................................... 24 1.4. Scope of Research ....................................................................................................... 24 1.5. Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2 Literature review ............................................................................................. 29 2.1. Summary ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.2. Systematic review of climate change research on seaports and airports ............... 29 2.2.1. Methodology of literature review .............................................................................. 29 2.2.2. Analysis of studies ...................................................................................................... -
Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers
Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers Table of Contents 2 Introduction 2 Atlantic Hurricanes –2 Formation –3 Climate Impacts •3 Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures •4 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) •6 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) •7 Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) –Summary8 8 Severe Thunderstorms –8 Formation –9 Climate Impacts •9 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 10• Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 10– Other Climate Impacts 10–Summary 11 Wild Fire 11– Formation 11– Climate Impacts 11• El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) & Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 12– Other Climate / Weather Variables 12–Summary May 2012 The information contained in this document is strictly proprietary and confidential. 1 Catastrophic Weather Perils in the United States Climate Drivers INTRODUCTION The last 10 years have seen a variety of weather perils cause significant insured losses in the United States. From the wild fires of 2003, hurricanes of 2004 and 2005, to the severe thunderstorm events in 2011, extreme weather has the appearance of being the norm. The industry has experienced over $200B in combined losses from catastrophic weather events in the US since 2002. While the weather is often seen as a random, chaotic thing, there are relatively predictable patterns (so called “climate states”) in the weather which can be used to inform our expectations of extreme weather events. An oft quoted adage is that “climate is what you expect; weather is what you actually observe.” A more useful way to think about the relationship between weather and climate is that the climate is the mean state of the atmosphere (either locally or globally) which changes over time, and weather is the variation around that mean. -
Variations in Winter Surface High Pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and Climatological Impacts of Diminishing Arctic Sea Ice
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Atmospheric Sciences of 5-2010 Variations in Winter Surface High Pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and Climatological Impacts of Diminishing Arctic Sea Ice Kristen D. Fox University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss Part of the Other Earth Sciences Commons Fox, Kristen D., "Variations in Winter Surface High Pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and Climatological Impacts of Diminishing Arctic Sea Ice" (2010). Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 8. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. VARIATIONS IN WINTER SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CLIMATOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DIMINISHING ARCTIC SEA ICE by Kristen D. Fox A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Geosciences Under the Supervision of Professor Mark Anderson Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2010 VARIATIONS IN WINTER SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CLIMATOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DIMINISHING ARCTIC SEA ICE Kristen D. Fox, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2010 Advisor: Mark Anderson This study explores the role Arctic sea ice plays in determining mean sea level pressure and 1000 hPa temperatures during Northern Hemisphere winters while focusing on an extended period of October to March. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.