Towards a Critical History of Connection: The Port of Colombo, the Geographical ‘Circuit’ and the Visual Politics of New Imperialism c. 1880-19141 Sujit Sivasundaram, University of Cambridge,
[email protected], forthcoming in Comparative Studies in Society and History. Port cities were at the heart of the connections of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century imperialism. They are described as emblems of cosmopolitanism and at the interstices of flows of capital, people and ideas.2 For scholars of the fin de siècle Indian Ocean, port cities are successors to the hinterland’s pre-colonial kingly capitals and antecedents to the global metropolises of the contemporary world. They are often seen as placeless coordinates in a globally integrated system. Yet to study them as inert sites of transit is to simplify their role in social mixing and commercial innovation. Ideas – such as emancipation, empire and nation – were mutated in ports. One scholar describes ports as spaces of ‘shock’, indicating how they were key venues to experience and respond to spikes in migration or shipping and the arrival of news and ideas generated by world revolutions and wars.3 Another calls them ‘hinges’ in between 1 This paper has benefitted from discussion in various settings and I particularly thank audiences in Singapore, Oxford, UK and Durham, North Carolina, USA. I wish to thank my ex-students, Simeon Koole and Tom Simpson, whose own work in photographic history led me to write this piece, as also the undergraduate students in Cambridge whose interest in visual studies of the Indian Ocean and world historiography, in class discussion with materials used here, fed into this article.