UK Regulation after Brexit 1 Foreword How has UK regulation changed since the transition period came to an end on 31 December 2020? Has the UK diverged from EU policy or does continuity prevail? What functions and responsibilities transferred from the EU to UK regulators after 1 January 2021, and are the UK authorities ready? What are the long term prospects for UK alignment or divergence? This report takes a first step to mapping the new regulatory settlement in the wake of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. A joint initiative by ‘Negotiating the Future’ – a project undertaken as part of ESRC’s ‘UK in a Changing Europe’ programme – together with the Centre for Competition Policy, and Brexit & Environment, it brings together leading specialists in policy and regulation to examine the impact on UK regulation of decisions taken by the UK government and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. The assessment is inevitably provisional. Developments are fast-moving, and although we have endeavoured to ensure that information is as up-to-date as possible at the time of publication, we cannot be certain that we have always succeeded. As coordinators of the project, we want to thank Dr Cleo Davies, Senior Research Associate, and Dr Pippa Lacey, Administrative Assistant, on Negotiating the Future, for their work in putting this publication together – Cleo for her indefatigable research efforts and skills in sub-editing, and Pippa for her input at all stages of its production. We continue to admire Mr Richard Linnett and his team, for their professionalism, proficiency and patience. Our greatest thanks is, of course, to our contributors, who have met the challenges of short deadlines and the demands of an interventionist editorial team with professionalism and good humour. Professor Hussein Kassim, Senior Fellow ‘The UK in a Changing Europe’ and Principal Investigator ‘Negotiating the Future Relationship’, University of East Anglia. Professor Sean Ennis, Director of the Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia. Professor Andrew Jordan, co-chair, Brexit & Environment, University of East Anglia. Feb 2021 ukandeu.ac.uk http://competitionpolicy.ac.uk www.brexitenvironment.co.uk 2 Contents Foreword by Hussein Kassim, Sean Ennis and Andrew Jordan .......................................................... 2 List of contributors ............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction by Hussein Kassim .......................................................................................................... 6 The architecture of regulation and regulatory agencies by Michael Harker and Kathryn Wright ... 8 The level playing field: regulation of trade in goods and services by Meredith A. Crowley ............. 11 Trade in goods by David Bailey ........................................................................................................... 13 Authorised economic operators (AEO) and trade by Wanyu Chung and Antonio Navas ................ 15 Medicines and medical devices by Mark Dayan, Nicholas Fahy, Tamara Hervey, and Matthew Wood .............................................. 17 Competition policy and state aid control by Andreas Stephan ......................................................... 20 Public procurement regulation by Albert Sánchez-Graells ................................................................ 23 Digital and data regulation by Amelia Fletcher .................................................................................. 25 Data protection by Karen McCullagh .................................................................................................. 27 Changes to intellectual property law by Sabine Jacques .................................................................. 30 Consumer protection by Amelia Fletcher ........................................................................................... 32 Financial services by Scott James ........................................................................................................ 34 Energy by Pierre Bocquillon ................................................................................................................. 36 Road haulage by Sarah Hall and Martin Heneghan .......................................................................... 41 Maritime transport by Sarah Hall and Martin Heneghan.................................................................. 43 Aviation by Hussein Kassim ................................................................................................................. 45 Farming policy by Michael Cardwell ................................................................................................... 48 Agriculture: environmental, food and animal health standards by Mary Dobbs and Ludivine Petetin .................................................................................................. 51 Fisheries policy by Christopher Huggins ............................................................................................. 54 Food safety by Tola Amodu and Andrew Fearne ................................................................................ 56 Environment regulation by Charlotte Burns and Andrew Jordan .................................................... 58 Climate policy by Brendan Moore and Andrew Jordan ..................................................................... 60 Workers’ rights by Catherine Barnard ................................................................................................ 62 Immigration policy by Catherine Barnard .......................................................................................... 64 Asylum and refugees by Steve Peers ................................................................................................... 66 Security and cooperation on crime by Steve Peers ............................................................................ 68 Conclusion by Cleo Davies and Hussein Kassim ................................................................................. 70 Annex 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 78 Annex 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 83 3 List of contributors Dr Tola Amodu Lecturer in Law, School of Law, University of East Anglia Professor Catherine Barnard Professor of European Union and Labour Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, and Senior Fellow, The UK in a Changing Europe Professor David Bailey Professor of Business Economics, Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, Senior Fellow, The UK in a Changing Europe Dr Pierre Bocquillon Lecturer in EU Politics and Policy, School of Politics, Philosophy, Language and Communication Studies, University of East Anglia Professor Charlotte Burns Professor of Politics, Department of Politics and International Relations, Director of White Rose Doctoral Training Partnership, University of Sheffield Professor Michael Cardwell Professor of Agricultural Law, School of Law, University of Leeds Dr Wanyu Chung Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham Dr Meredith Crowley Reader in International Economics, University of Cambridge, Senior Fellow, The UK in a Changing Europe Dr Cleo Davies Senior Research Associate, University of East Anglia Mr Mark Dayan Policy Analyst and Head of Public Affairs, Nuffield Trust Dr Mary Dobbs Lecturer in Environmental Law, Department of Law and Criminology, Maynooth University Professor Sean Ennis Professor of Competition Policy, Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia Dr Nicholas Fahy Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford Professor Andrew Fearne Professor of Value Chain Management, Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia Professor Amelia Fletcher Professor of Competition Policy, Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia Professor Sarah Hall Professor of Economic Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nottingham and Senior Fellow, The UK in a Changing Europe Professor Michael Harker Professor of Law, School of Law, University of East Anglia Dr Martin Heneghan Research Fellow, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Professor Tamara Hervey Jean Monnet Professor of European Union Law, University of Sheffield Dr Christopher Huggins Associate Professor in Politics, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Suffolk Dr Sabine Jacques Associate Professor in IP, IT and Media Law, School of Law, the University of East Anglia Dr Scott James Reader in Political Economy, King’s College London Professor Andrew Jordan Professor of Environmental Policy, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, and co-chair of Brexit&Environment 4 Professor Hussein Kassim Professor of Politics, School of Politics, Philosophy, Language and Communication Studies, University of East Anglia, and Senior Fellow, The UK in a Changing Europe Dr Karen McCullagh Lecturer in IT, IP and Media Law, the University of East Anglia Dr Brendan Moore Senior Research Associate, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia Dr Antonio Navas Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics, University of Sheffield Professor Steve Peers Professor of EU Law, Human Rights Law and World Trade