ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 15: 447–482, 2004 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society

AVIAN DIVERSITY IN THE MOSKITIA REGION OF

David L. Anderson1,4, David A. Wiedenfeld2, Marc J. Bechard1, & Stephen J. Novak3

1Raptor Research Center, Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA. 2Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, . 3Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.

Resumen. – Avifauna de la región de la Moskitia en Honduras. – La Moskitia al noreste de Honduras es considerada una región de alta diversidad en especies de aves, supuestamente por su inmensidad de hábitat natural y la poca intervención humana. Reportamos 358 especies de aves en la Moskitia de acuerdo a estudios hechos recientemente y datos históricos, el doble de la cantidad de especies ya reportadas. Sesenta y cinco especies habitan exclusivamente en bosques latifoliados lluviosos donde sus poblaciones son afectadas por la deforestación en Centro América. Cinco especies están en peligro de extinción a nivel mundial y otra está restringida (endémica) a la región. Incluimos una lista de todas las especies reportadas por categoría de residencia, estado de peligro, frecuencia de observación, y forma de documentación. Ade- más, incluimos una segunda lista de 145 especies que no han sido reportadas en la Moskitia pero que tie- nen altas posibilidades de encontrarse en la región. En conclusión, la Moskitia hondureña es notablemente importante para la conservación de la biodiversidad a nivel nacional y regional. Mientras tanto, es necesario realizar trabajos del campo adicionales para mejor entender el estado, la distribución, y la abundancia de aves en el noreste del país. Abstract. – The Moskitia region of northeastern Honduras has long been suspected of supporting high avian diversity, due to the diversity and large expanse of habitats, some with little or no known history of large-scale human disturbance. We have drawn on recent field studies combined with historic data to report on 358 for this region, more than twice the number of species previously reported. This number represents half the total number of species found in Honduras. A total of 65 species are restricted to mature lowland broadleaf and susceptible to habitat loss throughout Central America. Five species are recognized as deserving conservation concern and one is regionally range-restricted (endemic). We include a complete list of reported species giving the residency status, threatened status, fre- quency of observation, and method of substantiation. A second list includes 145 species that likely occur in the Honduran Moskitia but have not yet been reported. We conclude that the Honduran Moskitia is especially important for conserving regional biodiversity. Meanwhile, much additional fieldwork is needed to understand the status and abundance of in northeastern Honduras. Accepted 31 July 2004. Key words: Birds, avifauna, diversity, Moskitia, Honduras.

INTRODUCTION second largest country in Central America. Within its boundaries is a diverse mosaic of With an area of 112,090 km2, Honduras is the habitats that range in elevation from 0 to ______2880 m and include mountainous highlands 4Current address: Museum of Natural Science, 119 interspersed with arid valleys, 120 km of Foster Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Pacific and 650 km of Caribbean coastlines Rouge, LA 70803, USA. E-mail: birds@ with associated coastal plains, mangrove birdinghonduras.com swamps and estuaries, freshwater lagoons,

447 ANDERSON ET AL. s and forest coverage. as, with protected area protected with as, FIG. 1. Gracias a Dios departmentFIG. in Hondur

448 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA humid and dry tropical , cloud forests, and cultural characteristics. The lowland broa- pine and oak forests, and offshore islands and dleaf forests of northeastern Honduras and cays. Owing partly to its habitat diversity, northern measure more than Honduras supports a high diversity of some 33,900 km2, with approximately half of the 701 recorded bird species (Bonta & Anderson forest found in each country. (D. Parent 2002). Of this total, 16 species are regional unpubl.). Pine savanna totals another 17,500 endemics confined to northern Central Amer- km2. These combined forests constitute one ica, one species is found only in Honduras, of the largest remaining forest blocks in Cen- and various species are in danger of extinction tral America. The ecosystems of the Moskitia at the national, regional, and global levels, more closely approximate their pre-industrial such as the Honduran Emerald (Amazilia state than any similar-sized areas in the Cen- luciae), Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja), and tral American isthmus. For this reason, 34,655 Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chryso- km2 of land have been set aside in four paria), among others (BirdLife International national and international protected areas (O. 2000, Bonta & Anderson 2002). Munguía pers. com). In Honduras, the low- The lowland rain forests of northeastern land broadleaf forests in the northeastern part Honduras have long been believed to support of the country lie in four departments: Colón, high bird species diversity, owing to their large El Paraíso, Olancho, and Gracias a Dios. The size and pristine condition. Although museum latter possesses the greatest extent of forest collectors visited Honduras in the 19th and and the lowest human population densities in 20th centuries, and the country’s avifauna was Honduras, and comprises the large majority addressed in an early ornithological mono- of the area called the Moskitia in Honduras. graph (Monroe 1968), there have been We will therefore use the departmental limits extremely few ornithological studies under- of Gracias a Dios (hereafter “the Honduran taken in eastern Honduras (Marcus 1983, Moskitia”) to delimit the geographic area Marcus 1984, Frederick et al. 1997, Anderson from which our data are derived. 1998, Anderson et al. 1998, Anderson 2000). Gracias a Dios measures 16,630 km2, To date, an accurate assessment of the Moski- ranges in elevation from 0 to 1356 m, and has tia avifauna has remained elusive. a human population density of approximately Our objectives in this paper are to 2.2 persons/km2 (Turner 2004). Lowland describe the avian diversity of the Honduran broadleaf rain forests in this department alone Moskitia, point out species of conservation total 6500 km2, with pine savanna encompass- concern, and estimate the number of bird spe- ing approximately the same area (Fig. 1). The cies present but as yet undetected in the study physiography of the Moskitia is characterized area. by north-south transverse mountain ranges descending onto the broad littoral plain of the STUDY AREA AND METHODS Río Patuca and Río Segovia. Pronounced dry (January–May) and wet (June–December) sea- Study area. The region known as the Moskitia sons occur, with an annual precipitation of includes land in both eastern Honduras and 2700 mm recorded on the Caribbean coast at northern Nicaragua. Because the Moskitia Belén (Dodds 1994). Primary lowland rain straddles the boundary of Honduras and Nic- forests are comprised of broadleaf evergreen aragua, it is difficult to accurately determine trees (e.g., Swietenia macrophylla, Pterocarpus offici- the size and geographic boundary of the nalis) with occasional deciduous species (Tabe- region, which is loosely defined by biological buia chrysantha, Ceiba pendantra; Hardy &

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Sutherland 1986). The dense canopy is typi- marshy or swampy areas); coastal habitats and cally 25–35 m high, and epiphytes are abun- mangroves; open habitats, usually highly dant. altered by human activity, including agricul- ture; aerial, for swifts only; all, for species Field observations. Our observations of birds in found in all habitats. As with all studies of the Moskitia are derived from three principal tropical birds, assigning species to a habitat time periods. DLA lived in the Río Plátano category can be problematic and the result of Biosphere Reserve in the village of Las Marías generalizations. Our intent was to provide a from January to June 1996 and 1997, and in framework for understanding the distribu- the Tawahka Asagni Biosphere Reserve in the tion of birds within habitats in the Honduran village of Krausirpe from January to May Moskitia and point future researchers toward 1999. DAW worked in gallery forest and pine meaningful studies of bird species distribu- savanna in the area of the Río Plátano east- tion in the Moskitia. ward to the Nicaraguan border from February to March and from August to October of Residency status classification. We classified bird 1992. species into five categories of residency sta- tus: permanent resident, Nearctic migrant, Frequency status. We assigned a frequency of partial migrant, intratropical migrant, and observation status to species based on our transient. All resident, nonmigratory species observations. The frequency classifications were classified as “permanent residents” and we used were: common, at least one individ- included species for which breeding was ual detected every day in the field; fairly com- either known or presumed. “Nearctic mon, at least one individual detected every migrants” were species that spent an week in the field; uncommon, at least one extended period (generally many months) of individual detected during a season (three the year in the Honduran Moskitia before months); rare, for species we observed on returning to breeding areas. “Partial migrants” fewer than six occasions. For species we did were species with both permanent resident not directly observe, we ascertained a fre- and migrant (non-breeding) populations. quency status based on primary sources “Intratropical migrants” were species that (Monroe 1968, Marcus 1983, Frederick et al. migrated between regions in Central and 1997). South America. Migrant species suspected of occurring only during spring and fall migra- Habitat use classification. We assigned species to tion were classified as “transients.” For all of a maximum of three out of eight habitat cate- the above, residency status was generally gories. We based designations on our obser- taken from published sources for Central vations of species encountered on more than America, and is therefore not specific to the five occasions. For species we observed fewer Honduran Moskitia. than six times, the assignment of habitat use was based on the literature (Monroe 1968, Substantiation. We classified each species Marcus 1983, Frederick et al. 1997). The eight according to the manner in which its occur- habitat categories we used were: mature forest rence in the Honduran Moskitia had been (forest showing no signs of human distur- documented. Species reported in published bance); young forest (secondary forest, brush, literature are thus identified by the year of and edge); pine savanna; freshwater (including publication of the respective source(s). Spe- islands in rivers, riparian vegetation, and other cies not identified by year of publication are

450 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA

TABLE 1. Distribution of habitat specialist bird maps (Howell & Webb 1995). All species species in the Honduran Moskitia. listed are described in at least one source as occurring on the eastern Atlantic coast of Habitats Number Percent Honduras and occupying habitats found in of species of total the Honduran Moskitia, or as being found in avifauna the neighboring Nicaraguan Moskitia in habi- Forests tats contiguous with Honduras. Mature forest 65 18 Mature and young forest 111 31 RESULTS Young forest 16 4 Forest subtotal 192 54 We list 358 species that have been reliably Transitional habitats reported for the Honduran Moskitia, increas- Pine savanna 27 8 ing by 192 species the number previously reported in the literature (Appendix 1). Sixty Non-forest habitats families and 258 genera are represented. Freshwater 53 15 Coastal habitats 14 4 Habitat use. Forest specialists dominated the Open habitats 34 9 avifauna of the Honduran Moskitia, with Aerial 3 1 nearly twice as many species being restricted Non-forest subtotal 104 29 to forested habitats (192) than were restricted to non-forest habitats (104; Table 1). More Habitat specialist total 323 species were restricted to mature forest than any other singular habitat, followed by fresh- new records for the Moskitia from our obser- water and open habitats, respectively. Fewer vations. We further indicate those species species were restricted to young forests and documented through specimens or photo- coastal habitats than to any other habitats. graphs. Any species not listed under these cri- teria was substantiated solely on the basis of Residency status. A total of 238 (66%) nonmi- observation or auditory records. gratory species were classified as permanent Specimen data were obtained from the residents. Nearctic migrants accounted for an U.S. National Museum of Natural History additional 49 (14%) species (Table 2). Five (USNM), the Louisiana State University species (Elanoides forficatus, Ictinia plumbea, Chor- Museum of Natural Science (LSUMNS), and deiles minor, Myiodynastes luteiventris, Procnias the Western Foundation for Vertebrate Zool- tricarunculata) were classified as intratropical ogy (WFVZ). The only persons we know to migrants. All of these with the exception of P. have collected birds in the Honduran Moski- tricaranculata are known to breed in Honduras. tia (C. H. Townsend 1887, W. D. Strong 1933, The latter is known to breed in neighboring B. Monroe 1963, M. Marcus 1980, D. Ander- Nicaragua, and suspected to breed in Olancho son 1996, 1997) deposited their specimens in department in Honduras (Bonta 2003). these three collections. Eleven species (3%) that visit Honduras in spring or fall but which spend the northern Expected species. We derived the list of species winter elsewhere were classified as transients. likely to be present in the Moskitia based on Nine species were considered partial migrants, published species accounts (Monroe 1968, with both permanent resident and migratory Howell 1971, Marcus 1983) and distribution populations. Forty-five breeding residents are

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TABLE 2. Status and documentation of birds reported in the Honduran Moskitia.

Number of species Percent of total Permanent residents 238 66 Nearctic migrants 49 14 Intratropical migrants 5 1 Partial migrants 9 3 Transients 11 3 Status uncertain 1 <1 Total number of species reported 358 100

Species previously reported in published literature 166 46 Species newly reported in this paper 192 54 Species represented by specimens 135 38 at the northern limits of their ranges in the SPECIES ACCOUNTS Honduran Moskitia. Five bird species of conservation concern Substantiation. Of the 358 species we listed, (BirdLife International 2000) are discussed 166 had been previously reported in the pub- below. We also provide new or significant lished literature, and 192 are here being information for an additional seven species reported for the first time (Table 2). Three that are poorly known from the Honduran species collected in 1980 in the Río Plátano Moskitia and whose inclusion below high- by M. Marcus (S. Cardiff pers. com.) were lights the importance of the Moskitia for pre- never reported in the ornithological literature: serving regional biodiversity. Sclerurus guatemalensis, Platyrinchus coronatus, and Terenotriccus erythrurus. Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis). One Specimens exist for 135 (38%) of the 358 juvenile bird perched in the top of a snag next species reported, for a total of 323 specimens. to Crique Kahkatingi 1–2 km from the Río Only 18 species were represented by ≥ 5 Patuca was photographed on 26 June 1999 by specimens, and no tissue specimens are Russell Thorstrom (R. Thorstrom pers. com.). known to have been collected in the Moskitia. The snag was located in a flooded riverine We found photo documentation for four spe- forest surrounded by primary rain forest. Lit- cies for which no specimens existed (Morph- tle is known of the species in Honduras, with nus guia-nensis, Harpia harpyja, Ortalis cinereiceps, the only other two records being specimens and ocellatus). collected in 1890 and 1902, both outside the Moskitia (Monroe 1968). This species is listed Expected species. We estimate that as many as as near-threatened by BirdLife International 145 additional species are likely to occur in (2000). the Honduran Moskitia (Appendix 2). Of these, 123 have been observed elsewhere in Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja). There are four Honduras, and 23 species, not yet observed in verifiable reports of Harpy Eagles for Hon- Honduras, are known to exist in Nicaragua in duras, two of which are from the Honduran habitats that span the border between the two Moskitia (Monroe 1968, Anderson et al. countries. 1998). Locals living along both the Río Patuca

452 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA and Río Plátano are familiar with the species upstream from Wampusirpe, in August 1992. and are able to give perfect descriptions of The species is heavily trafficked for the pet this bird. Residents of Las Marías and Krau- trade in Honduras, and this might explain the sirpe tell stories of shooting this species and lower frequency of observation near the more other large raptors, some accounts of which heavily traveled and populated Río Patuca. we were able to verify (D. Anderson unpubl.). This species is listed as vulnerable by BirdLife This species is listed as near-threatened by International (2000). BirdLife International (2000), partly because of such human persecution. The vast unin- Wedge-tailed Sabrewing (Campylopterus curvi- habited forests of the Honduran Moskitia pennis). DLA observed the Wedge-tailed provide a refuge from conflict with humans. Sabrewing frequently in the Sierra de Warunta south of the Río Patuca in 1999. Between 23 Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle (Spizastur melano- and 27 April, from one to three individuals leucus). DLA observed the species on two were encountered on each of four trips to the occasions in the Río Plátano area and twice limestone cliffs that characterize the face of along the Río Patuca. One bird was seen soar- this low (800 m) mountain range. Individuals ing over a mosaic of agricultural plots and were typically seen feeding at brightly colored mature forest, and three birds were seen in bromeliads and other flowers growing in mature rain forest. On 25 January 1999, two mature forest at the tops of the cliffs. Previ- adults flew into a nest located in a 40-m tall ously, this species was known from Honduras Metoxylon balsamum tree on a 140-m high ridge, only on the basis of four specimens collected 1.5 km northwest of Krausirpe. The nest was in central Olancho department, 140 km to the constructed of fine twigs somewhat smaller in east, and had not been reliably reported for diameter than those in Spizaetus ornatus nests Honduras since 1962 (Monroe 1968). The in the region (D. Anderson pers. obs.). The Honduran population is believed to be sepa- nest appeared to be 1–1.5 m wide and ≤ 1 rated by 500 km from the next nearest known m tall. The nest was built in the very top of locality in , a supposition that warrants the tree, and the tree canopy was an open further investigation. crown of spreading branches of equal diame- ter. Only one bird was seen to enter the cup Keel-billed Motmot (Electron carinatum). DLA of the nest. An overflight of the nest by Pere- observed the species frequently in humid for- grine Fund biologists on 25 June revealed the ests in both the Plátano and Patuca regions. nest to be vacant of eggs and nestlings (R. The species could be observed on most days Thorstrom pers. com.). This appears to be by searching and listening for its distinct call, a only the second nest reported for this species nasal “kowhng-kowhng”, slightly deeper than (Thiollay 1994). that of the similar Broad-billed Motmot (Elec- tron platyrhynchum). The species has been con- Great Green Macaw (Ara ambigua). The Great sidered as “very rare” by some authors (Collar Green Macaw is a common inhabitant of low- et al. 1988) and threatened by forest destruc- land rain forests in the Moskitia (Marcus tion over its rather limited range, hence its sta- 1984). DLA observed the species daily in the tus as “vulnerable.” We agree with Howell & Río Plátano area in flocks of more than 10 Webb (1995) that the species is more com- individuals, and almost daily in the Río Patuca mon than previously thought, at least in the area, usually in pairs. DAW recorded this spe- humid forests of Honduras’ Atlantic slope. cies as well on the Río Patuca at Pimienta We propose that the broadleaf forests of the

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Honduran Moskitia be recognized as a Purple Martin (Progne subis). At Kuri, from stronghold for this species (sensu BirdLife approximately 17:15 to 18:20 h on 21 August International 2001, Snow 2001) 1992, DAW observed an enormous but loose flock of Purple Martins and Barn Swallows Gray-headed Piprites (Piprites griseiceps). DLA (Hirundo rustica; see account below) migrating observed one or two individuals in an area eastward parallel to the shore, over both land known locally as Batiltuk, 2 km southwest of and sea. The flock moved steadily eastward, Las Marías on the Río Plátano, on 5 February and a count of the number passing per minute 1996. The species was observed twice in produced an estimate of 53,000 martins pass- humid secondary forest while feeding at the ing in that hour. The largest flock previously periphery of mixed species flocks consisting reported for this species in Honduras was 100 mostly of Golden-hooded Tanagers (Tangara individuals (Monroe 1968). Our observations larvata) and migrant parulid warblers. The are the first report of mass migration of the individual(s) was (were) observed sally-glean- species through Honduras. ing at 5–7 m in the forest canopy on one occasion, and 1–2 m high in forest under- Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica). See species growth on the second occasion. account for Purple Martin. Based on the tech- nique described above, the number of Barn Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata). Swallows estimated in the flock on 21 August DLA observed a minimum of 3 males singing 1992 at Kuri was 21,000 individuals. Our from 18 February to 7 March 1999 on a ridge observation constitutes the first report of 165 m a.s.l., 3.5 km northwest of Krausirpe mass migration through Honduras. on the Río Patuca. The birds frequented the top of the ridge where the forest had been American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus). The thinned by a fire. The surrounding forest was American Dipper is a fairly common resident mature rain forest. No birds were found after of the region, occurring in rocky rapids of 7 March, raising the question if the individuals major rivers and smaller streams. DLA observed nested in the region or were observed nests and adults carrying food in migrants from a breeding population in their bills on the Río Plátano in 1993, 1996, northern Nicaragua, as suggested by Howell and 1997, at elevations of approximately 50 m & Webb (1995). Skutch (1969) observed the a.s.l. elevation. Monroe (1968) included the species in below 1515 m a.s.l. from species for Honduras on the basis of a single January to March during the non-breeding specimen collected in Francisco Morazán season, during which time they also vocalized. department in 1951, and described its habitat The dates of our observations combined with in Honduras as “swift-flowing mountain the subsequent disappearance of the birds streams in heavily forested regions.” Although lead us to believe that they were migrating to the species is now known from the Sierra de higher elevations outside the Moskitia to Agalta in Central Olancho department (Bonta breed. Further investigation is needed to & Anderson 2002), this constitutes the first determine the migration routes and breeding report for the species from Honduras’ Atlan- areas of this species here at the northern limit tic slope and from the Honduran Moskitia. of its range. This species is listed as vulnerable by BirdLife International (2000). This is the Olive Tanager (Chlorothraupis carmioli). T. first reported sighting for the Honduran Mos- Jenner observed a group of eight individuals kitia. in a single-species flock in the foothills out-

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TABLE 3. Avifauna and geographical context of three Central American regions.

El Salvador Belize Honduran Moskitia Total area (km2) 20,746 22,965 16,630 Broadleaf forest coverage (km2) 3,204 19,620 6,500 Total species 522 566 358 Broadleaf forest specialists1 47 68 65

1Forest specialists for are species restricted to lowland broadleaf forests; for Belize and the Honduran Moskitia, data include species of lowland forests that may or may not occur in montane for- ests. side Las Marías on 25 December 2002 (Jones diversity in El Salvador and Belize, greater 2003). Jenner observed another two individu- extent of forest cover in Belize, and the fact als in a mixed-species flock 2 km distant at that the avifaunas of Belize and El Salvador Cerro Baltimore the following day. The obser- have been studied in greater depth than that vations were substantiated with detailed field of the Moskitia. The total number of species notes, including identifying marks, similar spe- as well as the number of forest species is cies, and by comparing the birds’ vocaliza- expected to increase for the Moskitia with fur- tions with recordings from Costa Rica. This is ther study. Finally, the known 358 species rep- the first report for the species in Honduras. resents half of the total number of species known for Honduras (Bonta & Anderson DISCUSSION 2002). Species warranting conservation concern Although assessment of the avifauna of the are perhaps a more important characteristic of Honduran Moskitia is still preliminary, the the Moskitia avifauna than numbers of species region seems to support a rich avifauna as alone. At a time when bird species are being previously suspected. Its 358 known species extirpated or at risk of national extinction and 65 specialists of lowland broadleaf forests throughout Central America, no species are approach or exceed the species richness of known or suspected to have been lost from similar regions in Central America and could the Moskitia. The vast and mostly undis- increase substantially with the discovery of turbed lowland forests of the Moskitia consti- some of the 145 anticipated species. Compari- tute a refugium for these and other forest sons with the avifaunas of other regions in interior and canopy species in decline region- Central America are tentative, but still infor- ally. It is likely that the Moskitia serves as a mative. Two areas of similar size are El Salva- source habitat of forest bird species essential dor and Belize. Both countries possess a for recolonization into more marginal habitats greater number of species than the Moskitia, in the region. If so, the presence of both while the number of forest specialist birds threatened habitats and threatened wildlife (species occurring only in broadleaf forests) species underscores the conservation value of for the Moskitia is greater than El Salvador the Moskitia rain forests, which form an inte- and nearly equal to Belize (Table 3; Komar & gral part of the Mesoamerican Biological Cor- Dominguez 2001). Differences in both total ridor linking habitats throughout Central number of species and number of forest spe- America (Kaiser 2001). cialists between these countries and the Mos- Two factors influencing avian diversity in kitia are attributable to greater habitat the Honduran Moskitia warrant discussion:

455 ANDERSON ET AL. habitat diversity and the Moskitia’s biogeo- Access to most areas is extremely difficult, graphic keystone position between North and human habitation is widely scattered, and few South America. Habitat diversity across the ornithologists have ever entered the interior. Moskitia certainly contributes to the region’s Even with our limited field work in the inte- avifaunal diversity. Coastal lagoons, pine rior, this paper more than doubles the num- savanna, lowland rain forests, and abundant ber of bird species known from the Moskitia. riverine habitats contribute to the relative Still, our list of 145 expected, but as yet unre- avian richness of this region. Comparison of ported, species shows that much remains to avian diversity between regions containing be learned. The importance of predicting dissimilar habitats would not be especially expected species should not be underesti- meaningful. Instead, useful comparisons mated. In recent decades, several species have require that future studies not just report total been discovered in Honduras that previously number of species, but also include a descrip- were unknown north of Costa Rica (Marcus tion of the bird communities within specific 1983, Anderson et al. 1998, R. Gallardo pers. habitats. More important is the preponder- com.). Some of these are now known to be ance of species found in, or restricted to, quite common in Honduras. Furthermore, mature forest. The Moskitia remains a place new species for Honduras are discovered in where undisturbed forests dominate the land- the Moskitia almost annually (Bonta & scape, an unusual situation in Central Amer- Anderson 2002, Jones 2003, R. Gallardo ica. pers. com.). The continued discovery of The Moskitia’s biogeographic keystone new species bolsters our view of the impor- position between North and South America is tance of the Moskitia to avian species conser- a second factor that influences the region’s vation and indicates that the preservation of avifauna. The avifauna of Honduras’s lowland this region and its inhabitants should be a pri- Caribbean slope is largely derived from spe- ority. cies whose center of distribution or whose Our limited knowledge of the Moskitia evolutionary origins are in South America avifauna is further highlighted by an under- (Monroe 1968). Forty-six species are at their representation in the scientific literature and extreme northern range limits in the Hondu- in natural history museums. We know of only ran Moskitia, and not found in similar forests six papers on the birds of the Honduran Mos- farther west and north in Honduras, Guate- kitia published since 1968. Specimens exist mala, or (Anderson 2000, this paper). for fewer than half of the species known, only Likewise, at least 13 species that nest in the 18 species are represented by ≥ 5 specimens, Moskitia pine savannas are more characteris- and no tissue specimens exist. In short, the tic of conifer forests and open spaces of specimen record from the Moskitia is com- North America. These species distinguish the pletely insufficient for modern taxonomic Moskitia avifauna from forest sites farther investigations involving phylogeny, molecular south. An additional 49 species are migrants genetics, and a host of other sub-disciplines from North America. Finally, the Moskitia of ornithology. avifauna is characterized by species with ori- The Honduran Moskitia offers a hereto- gins in, or which are endemic to, Central fore underutilized opportunity for studies in America, namely Momotidae with four spe- Neotropical biology. The region possesses cies represented. large tracts of primary forest and provides the The Moskitia may be the most biologically chance to investigate an intact ecosystem with understudied region in Central America. all the historically occurring organisms pre-

456 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA sumably still present. Such an opportunity is M.Sc. thesis, Boise State Univ., Boise, Idaho. not easily found elsewhere in Central Amer- Anderson, D. L. 2000. Notes on the breeding, dis- ica. Detailed biological investigations are tribution, and of the Ocellated Poor- urgently needed to contribute to our knowl- will (Nyctiphrynus ocellatus) in Honduras. Ornitol. edge of the Moskitia, and to conserve its bio- Neotrop. 11: 233–238. Anderson, D. L., M. Bonta, & P. Thorn. 1998. New logical resources before the chance to do so is and noteworthy bird records from Honduras. lost. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 118: 178–183. BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened birds of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the world. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife Interna- tional, Barcelona, Spain, and Cambridge, UK. C. Ludwig (USNM), S. Cardiff (LSUMNS), R. Bonta, M. 2003. Seven names for the bellbird: Con- Corado (WFVZ), and R. Thorstrom and R. servation geography in Honduras. Texas A&M Watson (The Peregrine Fund) shared valuable Univ. Press, College Station, Texas. data. D. Parent (Central America Ecology and Bonta, M., & D. L. Anderson. 2002. Birding Hon- duras: A checklist and guide. Ecoarte, Tegu- Environment) generously and quickly pro- cigalpa, Honduras. vided geographical data for forest coverage in Collar, N. J., M. J. Crosby, & A. J. Stattersfield. Central America. O. Komar, L. Kiff, A. Dufty, 1994. Birds to watch 2: The world list of threat- J. Smith, S. Wong, and an anonymous reviewer ened birds. Conservation Series No. 4, BirdLife made valuable comments on earlier drafts of International, Cambridge, UK. the manuscript. Funding and material support Collar, N. J., & P. Andrew. 1988. Birds to watch: were provided by The American Bird Conser- The ICBP world checklist of threatened birds. vancy, Lincoln Park Zoological Society Scott ICBP Technical Publication No. 8, Smithsonian Neotropic Fund, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary- Institution Press, Washington, DC. Zeiss Award, The Peregrine Fund, Conejo Dodds, D. J. 1994. The ecological and social sus- Valley Chapter of The Audubon Society, and tainability of Miskito subsistence in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras: The cul- the Bill Supri Foundation. Corporación Hon- tural ecology of swidden horticulturists in a dureña de Desarrollo Forestal (COHDE- protected area. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California, FOR) granted permission to DLA and to Los Angeles, California. DAW throughout the Moskitia. Z. Guevara, Frederick, P., J. C. Sandoval, C. Luthin, & M. Spald- B. Martinez, G. Suanzin, S. Harris, and D. ing. 1997. The importance of the Caribbean Medina provided valuable field assistance in coastal wetlands of Nicaragua and Honduras to Las Marías. S. Romero, A. Rivens, A. Herrera, Central American populations of waterbirds and B. López provided support and field and Jabiru Storks (Jabiru mycteria). J. Field Orni- assistance to DAW, and P. Thorn provided thol. 68: 287–295. logistical support and discussion of Honduran Hardy, C., & N. Sutherland. 1986. Plantas comunes bird biology and distribution. de Honduras. Editorial Universitaria, Tegu- cigalpa, Honduras. Howell, T. R. 1971. An ecological study of the birds REFERENCES of the lowland pine savanna and adjacent rain forest in northeastern Nicaragua. Living Bird American Ornithologists’ Union. 1998. Check-list 10: 185–242. of North American birds. 7 th ed. American Howell, S. N. G., & S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC. birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Anderson, D. L. 1998. Avian diversity in the Río Oxford Univ. Press, London, UK. Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras: The Jones, H. L. 2003. Central America report. N. Am. influence of indigenous agricultural practices. Birds 57: 270–271.

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Jones, H. L., & A. C. Vallely. 2001. Annotated Skutch, A. F. 1969. Life histories of Central Ameri- checklist of the birds of Belize. Lynx Edicions, can birds. Volume 3. Pacific Coast Avifauna 35, Barcelona, Spain. Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, Cali- Kaiser, J. 2001. Bold corridor project confronts fornia. political reality. Science 293: 2196–2199. Snow, D. W. 2001. Family Momotidae (Motmots). Komar, O. 1998. Avian diversity in El Salvador. Pp. 264–284 in del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sar- Wilson Bull. 110: 511–533. gatal (eds). Handbook of the birds of the Komar, O., & J. P. Domínguez. 2001. Lista de aves world. Volume 6: Mousebirds to hornbills. de El Salvador. Fundación Ecológica de El Sal- Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. vador, San Salvador, El Salvador. Thiollay, J. M. 1994. Family Accipitridae (Hawks Marcus, M. J. 1983. Additions to the avifauna of and eagles). Pp. 52–205 in del Hoyo, J., A. Honduras. Auk 100: 621–629. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (eds). Handbook of the Marcus, M. J. 1984. Notes on the Great Green birds of the world. Volume 2: New World vul- Macaw (Ara ambigua) in Honduras. Ceiba 25: tures to guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 151–155. Spain. Monroe, B. L., Jr. 1968. A distributional survey of Turner, B. 2004. The statesman’s yearbook: The the birds of Honduras. Ornithol. Monogr. 7: 1– politics, cultures and economies of the world. 458. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, New York.

458 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e he classification of the t Comments and sources of sources and Comments sight records 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998; Río Plátano and Laguna Ibans 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1996,8 1 March pair in mature 3 km N Las Marías forest, Lempira, 21 Feb. 20 at Pto. 24 1992; 4 on Laguna Tansin, 1992, and 2 on Laguna Feb. Guarunta 1992. on 7 March Probably occur regularly in season 1992, 1998 Y Y Y Photo 6 Specimen d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR NM NM PRn PRn Status c C PS MF FW FW FW FW FW, C FW, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC UC UC UC Frequency a ecies observed in the Honduran Moskitia. Avian taxonomy follows follows ecies observed taxonomy in the Honduran Moskitia. Avian 1997 1997 1997 1997 1983 1968 Source st of North American birds and supplements. Scientific names Scientific major Tinamus Crypturellus soui Crypturellus boucardi Dendrocygna autumnalis Dendrocygna bicolor Cairina moschata Anas discors cinereicepsOrtalis purpurascensPenelope Crax rubra Colinus nigrogularis Odontophorus melanotis cinctus Rhynchortyx podicepsPodilymbus occidentalis Pelecanus Great Tinamou Great Little Tinamou Tinamou Slaty-breasted Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Whistling-Duck Fulvous Duck Muscovy Blue-winged Teal Chachalaca Gray-headed Crested Guan Curassow Great Bobwhite Black-throated Wood-Quail Black-eared Quail Tawny-faced Pied-billed Grebe Pelican Brown Common names& Families Tinamidae Anatidae Cracidae Odontophoridae Podicipedidae Pelecanidae APPENDIX 1. Status and distribition of all documented bird sp American Ornithologists’ Union (1998) check-li

459 ANDERSON ET AL. e sight records 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1992, 1998 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999; common are found where livestock 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 wetlands coastal in nests 1992, 1998, 1999; common in flying and wetlands coastal over humid forest Y 1 1 1 Specimen Photo of sources and Comments d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PM PM PM PM NM NM NM PRn PRn Status c C OP FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW C, FW Habitat C,YF MF, b R C C C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC UC UC Frequency a 1997 1997 1997 1997 1983 1968, 1983 1968, 1997 1968, 1997 1968, 1997 Phalacrocorax brasilianus anhinga Anhinga magnificens Fregata lineatum Tigrisoma Tigrisoma mexicanum Ardea herodias Ardea alba Egretta thula Egretta caerulea Egretta tricolor Bubulcus ibis virescensButorides violaceus Nyctanassa cochlearius Cochlearius albus Eudocimus cayennensis Mesembrinibis ajaja Platalea mycteria Jabiru Mycteria americana Neotropic Cormorant Anhinga Magnificent Frigatebird Rufescent Tiger-Heron Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Heron Blue Great EgretGreat EgretSnowy Little Blue Heron Tricolored Heron Cattle Egret Heron Green Night-Heron Yellow-crowned Boat-billed Heron White Ibis Ibis Green Roseate Spoonbill Jabiru Stork Wood Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Phalacrocoracidae Anhingidae Source Fregatidae Ardeidae Threskiornithidae Ciconiidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

460 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998; common in pine savanna 1992, 1998, 1999; common in mature forest 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 Gualpacaiquira on 27 Feb. 1992; near Mocorón on 28 1992; Bil onAlmuk 31 Feb. on 2 Waxma 2 at 1992; Aug. 1992. Sep. 1998, 1999 1997, 1 circling22 over Jan. for- mature and small stream Marías est, 1 km SW Las 1996, 1 immature in20 Jan. Marías; Las secondaryforest, 1999, 2 March Valle 1 female, Krausirpe 12 km SW Sutawala, 1992, 1998 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 sight records 2 1 1 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR IM PR IM PR PR PR PR PM NM PRn Status c PS OP MF MF MF MF MF MF ALL ALL FW, C FW, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat MF, YF, OP YF, MF, b R R C C C C C C FC FC UC UC UC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1998 1968 1968, 1983, Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Cathartes burrovianus Sarcoramphus papa haliaetus Pandion Leptodon cayanensis Chondrohierax uncinatus Elanoides forficatus Elanus leucurus Ictinia plumbea Busarellus nigricollis Accipiter bicolor Geranospiza caerulescens Leucopternis semiplumbea Leucopternis albicollis Black Vulture Black Turkey Vulture Vulture Lesser Yellow-headed King Vulture Osprey Kite Gray-headed Hook-billed Kite Kite Swallow-tailed White-tailed Kite Plumbeous Kite Black-collared Hawk Bicolored Hawk Crane Hawk Semiplumbeous Hawk Hawk White Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Cathartidae Source Accipitridae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

461 ANDERSON ET AL. e 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1996, 9 2 March 1 individual, mature Marías, SW Las km pair 1997, soar- forest; 20 Feb. farm at Las plots over ing Marías 1992, 1998 on 1 1992 March 1 at Rus-Rus 1 fledgeling 1999, 26 Jun. in flooded Quebrada forest, Patuca Río Kahkatingni, Sutawala, 1991, pair in Valle SW Krausirpe; 12 April 1996, 12 km SW Las Río Plátano, Marías 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998 1992, 1998 2003, Krautara, 2 indi- 18 Feb. Jen- A. Narish and T. viduals, in reviewner, 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 sight records Y Y 1 1 1 1 1 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PM PR? Status c PS PS PS PS MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat MF, YF, FW YF, MF, b R R R R C C C C C FC FC FC UC UC UC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1998 1998 1968 Buteogallus anthracinus Buteogallus urubitinga Buteogallus Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Buteo albicaudatus jamaicencis Buteo Morphnus guianensis harpyja Harpia Spizastur melanoleucus Spizaetus tyrannus Spizaetus ornatus ruficollis Micrastur semitorquatus Micrastur americanus Ibycter Caracara cheriway Herpetotheres cachinnans sparverius Falco Common Black-Hawk Black-Hawk Great Roadside Hawk Short-tailed Hawk White-tailed Hawk Hawk Red-tailed Crested Eagle Harpy Eagle Hawk-Eagle Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Black Ornate Hawk-Eagle Barred Forest-Falcon Collared Forest-Falcon Caracara Red-throated Crested Caracara Laughing Falcon Kestrel American Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Source Falconidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

462 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e sight records 1992, 1998, 1999 1992 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999; common in humid with riparian areas and forest soil moist and table water high 1992, 1998; common in mar- gins of coastal lagoons and waterways Lempira lagoon10 on at Pto. 1992; 10 on Laguna 21on Feb. de Guarunta,1992 March 7 12 on Laguna de Guarunta on 1992; 10 at Samil on March 7 1992 8 March 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992 1992, 1998 1998, 1999 1998 1 1 1 1 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PM NM NM PRn Status c C C PS FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R R R R C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC UC Frequency a 1983 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968, 1998 Falco femoralis Falco rufigularis Falco Laterallus ruber albigularis Laterallus Laterallus exilis Aramides cajanea Amaurolimnas concolor Porphyrio martinica Gallinula chloropus Fulica americana Heliornis fulica Eurypygia helias Aramus guarauna squatarolaPluvialis Charadrius collaris semipalmatus Charadrius Aplomado Falcon Bat Falcon Crake Ruddy White-throated Crake Crake Gray-breasted Wood-Rail Gray-necked Uniform Crake Purple Gallinule Common Moorhen Coot American Sungrebe Sunbittern Limpkin Black-bellied Plover Collared Plover Semipalmated Plover Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Rallidae Source Heliornithidae Eurypygidae Aramidae Charadriidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

463 ANDERSON ET AL. e sight records 1992, 1999 1992, 1998 1 on Laguna de Guarunta on 1992 7 March 1992, 1998 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1998 1998 1992, 1998 1992, 1999; small flocks in Puerto Lempira and Krausirpe 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1992 1998, 1999 1992 1992, 1998, 1999 1999 1998, 1999 2 1 1 3 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d T PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM Status c C C C C C C C C OP OP OP MF MF FW FW FW FW MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R C C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC UC UC UC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 Charadrius vociferusCharadrius Jacana spinosa melanoleuca Tringa flavipes Tringa Catoptrophorus semipal- matus Actitis macularius Numenius phaeopus Calidris pusilla Calidris mauri Calidris minutilla Larus atricilla Sterna maxima niger Chlidonias livia Columba cayennensis Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas flavirostris Patagioenas nigrirostris Patagioenas passerina Columbina Claravis pretiosa Leptotila rufaxilla Leptotila cassini Killdeer Jacana Northern Yellowlegs Greater Lesser Yellowlegs Willet Sandpiper Spotted Whimbrel Sandpiper Semipalmated Sandpiper Western Least Sandpiper Laughing Gull Royal Tern Black Tern Rock Pigeon Pale-vented Pigeon Scaled Pigeon PigeonRed-billed Short-billed Pigeon Common Ground-Dove Blue Ground-Dove Dove Gray-fronted Dove Gray-chested Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Jacanidae Source Scolopacidae Laridae Columbidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

464 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1999; Krausirpe only 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 sight records 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR IM PR PR PR PR PRn Status c A A YF OP OP MF MF MF FW, PS FW, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat YF, PS, C PS, YF, MF, YF, PS YF, MF, MF, YF, OP YF, MF, b C C C C C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC Frequency a 1968 1984 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1998, 2000 1968, 1983, Geotrygon montana nana Aratinga Ara ambiguus Ara macao Pionopsitta haematotis Pionus senilis Amazona autumnalis Amazona farinosa Amazona auropalliata cayana Piaya naevia Tapera Crotophaga sulcirostris alba Tyto Megascops guatemalae perspicillataPulsatrix Glaucidium brasilianum Ciccaba virgata minor Chordeiles albicollis Nyctidromus Nyctiphrynus ocellatus zonaris Streptoprocne vauxi Chaetura Ruddy Quail-Dove Ruddy Parakeet Olive-throated Macaw Green Great Scarlet Macaw Brown-hooded Parrot White-crowned Parrot Parrot Red-lored Mealy Parrot Parrot Yellow-naped Squirrel Cuckoo Cuckoo Striped Ani Groove-billed Barn Owl Vermiculated Screech-OwlSpectacled Owl Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Owl Mottled Common Nighthawk Common Pauraque Ocellated Poorwill White-collared Swift Vaux's Swift Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Psittacidae Source Cuculidae Tytonidae Strigidae Caprimulgidae Apodidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

465 ANDERSON ET AL. trees tree in Krausirpe tree in e Inga Inga treesopen andhabi- Inga 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999;specimen only feathers tail of consists 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 26 April 1999, 1 at individual flowering 1999; commonin mature forest, Sierra deWarunta, 3km S Krau- sirpe 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999;commonat flowering 1992, 1999; uncommon at flow- ering Patuca Río of tats 1998, 1999 1998 1992 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 mist net1in 3 km SW of Las 1992; 1 at Las on 18 Aug. Marías 1992 Marías 19 Aug. sight records 1 1 4 3 6 2 2 6 2 Specimen Photo of sources and Comments d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PRn PRn Status c A PS PS YF OP OP MF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat MF, YF, OP YF, MF, OP YF, MF, b R R C C C C C C C C C FC FC UC UC UC UC UC Frequency a 1998 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1983 Panyptila cayennensis Panyptila aeneus Glaucis Phaethornis longirostris Phaethornis striigularis Phaeochroa cuvieri curvipen-Campylopterus nis Campylopterus hemileu- curus mellivora Florisuga pre-Anthracothorax vostii Chlorostilbon canivetii Thalurania colombica Hylocharis eliciae Amazilia cyanocephala Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia rutila Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti Heliomaster longirostris Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift Swallow-tailed Lesser Bronzy Hermit Long-billed Hermit Stripe-throated Hermit Scaly-breasted Sabrewing Wedge-tailed Violet Sabrewing Jacobin White-necked Green-breasted Mango Canivet's Emerald [Fork-tailed] Woodnymph Violet-crowned Blue-throated Goldentail Hummingbird Azure-crowned Hummingbird Rufous-tailed Cinnamon Hummingbird Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer Purple-crowned Fairy Long-billed Starthroat Common names& Families Scientific namesTrochilidae Source APPENDIX 1. Continued.

466 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e sight records 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998; Río Platano only 1992, 1998, 1999 1996, 1 in individual 15 Feb. Marías Las secondaryforest, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn Status c YF OP OP OP OP MF MF MF MF MF MF FW FW FW FW FW, C FW, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R C C C C C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC UC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1983 1968 1968 1968 1998 1968 1968 1968, 1983 Trogon melanocephalus Trogon violaceus Trogon Trogon rufus massena Trogon Momotus momota Baryphthengus martii Electron carinatum Electron platyrhynchum Ceryle torquatus Chloroceryle amazona Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea macrorhynchos Notharchus panamensis Malacoptila Monasa morphoeus ruficauda Galbula Pteroglossus torquatus sulfuratus Ramphastos swainsonii Ramphastos Picumnus olivaceus Black-headed Trogon Violaceous Trogon Trogon Black-throated Slaty-tailed Trogon Motmot Blue-crowned Rufous Motmot Motmot Keel-billed Broad-billed Motmot Ringed Kingfisher Kingfisher Amazon Kingfisher Green Green-and-rufous Kingfisher KingfisherAmerican Pygmy PuffbirdWhite-necked White-whiskered Puffbird Nunbird White-fronted Jacamar Rufous-tailed Collared Aracari Toucan Keel-billed Chestnut-mandibled Toucan Piculet Olivaceous Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientific namesTrogonidae Source Momotidae Alcedinidae Bucconidae Galbulidae Ramphastidae Picidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

467 ANDERSON ET AL. e 1992 1992, 1998, 1999 3 near Pranza on March March on 4 2 at Pranza 1992; probably1992; not uncom- mon in its habitat in 1999, 1 individual 16 March mature forest at Cerro El 4 km NW Krausirpe Salto, 1992 1992, 1998 1998, 1999 1998; Río Plátano only 1998 1998, 1999 25 M. Marcus, 1 collected by 9 Nov. SW Las Maras, km 1980 only 1999; Rio Patuca 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 sight records 5 4 5 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PRn PRn Status c PS PS PS YF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R R R R C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC UC UC UC UC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 Melanerpes formicivorus Melanerpes pucherani Picoides scalaris fumigatus Veniliornis rubiginosusPiculus castaneus Celeus Dryocopus lineatus Campephilus guatemalensis brachyura Synallaxis Anabacerthia variegaticeps Automolus ochrolaemus minutus Xenops Sclerurus guatemalensis fuliginosa Dendrocincla anabatina Dendrocincla homochroa Glyphorynchus spirurus Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae susurransXiphorhynchus souleyetii Lepidocolaptes liage-gleaner Leaftosser Acorn Woodpecker Woodpecker Black-cheeked Woodpecker Ladder-backed Woodpecker Smoky-brown Woodpecker Golden-olive Woodpecker Chestnut-colored Woodpecker Lineated Woodpecker Pale-billed Slaty Spinetail Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner Buff-throated Fo Plain Xenops Scaly-throated Plain-brown Woodcreeper Tawny-winged Woodcreeper Ruddy Woodcreeper Wedge-billed Barred-Woodcreeper Northern Cocoa Woodcreeper Woodcreeper Streak-headed Common names& Families Scientificnames Source Furnariidae Dendrocolaptidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

468 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e 27 Feb. 1997, 1 pair in forest 27 Feb. maleedge, carrying nesting material on 2 1992 March 1 at Rus-Rus 1992; 2 at Daraguatla,Feb. 23 1992;1 at Samil, 8 3 March at 20 and Liwaraya, Wapniyari 1992 Aug. 1998, 1999 9 April 1999, 1 individual in mature forest, Cordillera KrausirpeWinpi,1 km S 1998, 1999 1998 1998, 1999 1998 1998 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1999,at 1 individual 15 March Cerro Winpi,Krau- 1 km S sirpe 1998, 1999 9 April 1999, 1 individual at Cerro Winpi,Krau- 1 km S sirpe 1992, 1998, 1999 sight records 1 1 2 1 4 3 5 1 6 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn Status c YF YF MF MF MF MF MF MF MF YF, OP YF, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, MF YF, YF MF, Habitat b R R R R R R C C C C FC FC FC FC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1983 1983 1983 1968, 1983 1968, 1983 Cymbilaimus lineatus Cymbilaimus Taraba major doliatus Thamnophilus Thamnophilus atrinucha striaticepsDysithamnus Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Microrhopias quixensis Cercomacra tyrannina Gymnocichla nudiceps naevioides Hylophylax leucaspis Gymnopithys Phaenostictus mcleannani analis Formicarius perspicillatusHylopezus dives Hylopezus Fasciated Antshrike Fasciated Great Antshrike Barred Antshrike Slaty-Antshrike Western AntvireoStreak-crowned Antwren Checker-throated White-flanked Antwren Dot-winged Antwren Dusky Antbird Antbird Bare-crowned Antbird Spotted Bicolored Antbird Antbird Ocellated AntthrushBlack-faced Antpitta Streak-chested Antpitta Thicket Common names& Families Scientificnames Thamnophilidae Source Formicariidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

469 ANDERSON ET AL. e 27 March 1999, Crique27 March 5 km NW Krausirpe Unawás, 1 near Mistruck, 10 March de Culebras 1 at Vuelta 1992; on 111992; March at Campa- mento Oilon Pure 12 March 1992; 301999, March village of Krausirpe 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 24 April1999, individual in 1 matureforest, Cerro Winpi,1 km S Krausirpe 1998 22 April 1999, 2 birds in mature forest at Cerro Sipul, 3 km E Krausirpe 25 M. Marcus, 1 collected by 9 Nov. SW Las MarÌas, km 1980; 1 collected M. Mar- by 26 Marías, 9 km SW Las cus, 1981 Jan. 4 M. Marcus, 1 collected by 28 Oct. N Las Marías, km 1980 1998, 1999 sight records 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR Status c OP OP OP OP MF MF MF MF FW MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R R R R R R C C C FC FC FC Frequency a 1968 1968 Ornithion semiflavum imberbe Camptostoma flavogaster Elaenia oleagineus Mionectes cinereigulareOncostoma cinereum Todirostrum brevirostrisRhynchocyclus sulphurescens Tolmomyias cancrominusPlatyrinchus coronatusPlatyrinchus erythrurusTerenotriccus Myiobius sulphureipygius Yellow-bellied Tyrannulet Yellow-bellied Beardless-Tyrannulet Northern Elaenia Yellow-bellied Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Northern Bentbill Common Tody-Flycatcher Flatbill Eye-ringed Flycatcher Yellow-olive Stub-tailed Spadebill Spadebill Golden-crowned Flycatcher Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher Sulphur-rumped Common names& Families Scientificnames Tyrannidae Source APPENDIX 1. Continued.

470 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1998, 1999 1992; on 2 March 2 at Rus-Rus 2 at Mistruck on 10 March de Culebras 1992; 2 at Vuelta 1992on 11 March 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992,1998; uncommon in humid forest; migratory flocks in tens of number along coast thousands 1992, 1998 1998, 1999 1996, 1 or 2 birds in 5 Feb. Las Marías secondary forest, sight records Y 1 3 6 2 3 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 Specimen Photo of sources and Comments d T T PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR IM PR NM NM PRn PRn PRn Status c PS PS YF YF OP MF MF MF MF FW FW YF, OP YF, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, MF, YF MF, Habitat FW, MF, YF MF, FW, b R R C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C FC FC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1983 1983 1968 1968 1968 1968, 1983 Contopus virens Contopus cinereus Sayornis nigricans Pyrocephalus rubinus Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra tuberculifer Myiarchus Myiarchus crinitus Myiarchus tyrannulus Pitangus sulphuratus Megarynchus pitangua similis Myiozetetes granadensis Myiozetetes albovittatus Conopias luteiventrisMyiodynastes melancholicus Tyrannus vociferans Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus savana Tyrannus Schiffornis turdina griseiceps Piprites Eastern Wood-Pewee Pewee Tropical Phoebe Black Flycatcher Vermilion Tyrant Long-tailed Bright-rumped Attila Rufous Mourner Dusky-capped Flycatcher Flycatcher Great-crested Flycatcher Brown-crested Kiskadee Great Boat-billed Flycatcher Flycatcher Social Flycatcher Gray-capped White-ringed Flycatcher Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Kingbird Tropical Cassin's Kingbird EasternKingbird Flycatcher Fork-tailed Thrushlike Schiffornis Piprites Gray-headed Common names& Families Scientificnames Source APPENDIX 1. Continued.

471 ANDERSON ET AL. e 1998, 1999 1999, 3 birds (2 sing- 17 Feb. ing), Cerro 4 km SW Krautara, Krausirpe 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1998, 1999 1999, - 7 March 3-5 18 Feb. Cerrosinging, El Salto, males NW Krausirpe3.5 km 1992, 1998, 1999 at 9 April 1999, birds multiple lekCordillera in mature forest, Winpi, 1 km S Krausirpe 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1998 1998, 1999 9 Aprilin 1999, 1 individual mature forest, Cordillera Winpi, 1 km S Krausirpe 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 sight records Specimen Photo of sources and Comments d 1 2 2 1 2 2 5 1 Status c C YF YF MF MF MF MF MF MF ALL MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R R R R C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 Lipaugus unirufus Laniocera rufescens cinna- Pachyramphus momeus Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Carpodectes nitidus Procnias tricarunculatus Manacus candei Corapipo altera Pipra mentalis Vireo pallens Vireo gilvus Vireo olivaceus ochraceicepsHylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus morio Cyanocorax Rufous Piha Mourner Speckled Cinnamon Becard Tityra Masked Tityra Black-crowned CotingaSnowy Three-wattled Bellbird White-collared Manakin White-ruffed Manakin Manakin Red-capped Vireo Mangrove Vireo Warbling Vireo Red-eyed Greenlet Tawny-crowned Lesser Greenlet Jay Brown Common names& Families Scientificnames Source Cotingidae Pipridae Vireonidae Corvidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

472 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e sight records 1992 1998, 1999; common in Las Marías just Mocorón Río the 1 on 1992; Mocorón, 29 Feb. above 1992 2 March 4 at Rus-rus, 1992,1999 1998, 15 1992; Ilsilpi, 22 Feb. near4 April 1999, small flocks of 3- Krausirpe birds, 15 1992, 1998, 1999; common during migrationin open situ- ations 1999 1992, 1998, 1999; found in only settlements human 1998, 1999 1999 Las 1998; RíoPlátano above Marías 1998 1998, 1999 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 Specimen Photo Commentssources and of d T T PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR NM NM PRn PRn Status c C PS YF OP OP MF FW FW FW ALL FW, C FW, FW, A FW, MF, YF MF, MF, YF MF, MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b C R C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968, 1983 Progne subis Progne chalybea Tachycineta bicolor albilineaTachycineta thalassina Tachycineta Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Hirundo rustica Thryothorus maculipectus Thryothorus modestus aedon Troglodytes Cistothorus platensis Henicorhina leucosticta phaeocephalusCyphorhinus mexicanus Cinclus Ramphocaenus melanurus Polioptila plumbea Purple Martin MartinGray-breasted Violet-green Swallow Swallow Mangrove Swallow Tree Swallow Southern Rough-winged Barn Swallow Spot-breasted Plain wren Wren House Sedge Wren White-breasted Wood-Wren Song Wren American Dipper Long-billed Gnatwren Gnatcatcher Tropical Common names& Families Hirundinidae Scientificnames Source Troglodytidae Cinclidae Sylviidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

473 ANDERSON ET AL. e 1992 1992,only 1998;Río Plátano 1992, 1998 1992, 1998,1999 1992, 1998 1998; Río Plátano only 1998,only 1999;Río Plátano 1998; Río Plátano only 1992, 1998,1999 1992, 1998,1999 1992, 1998,1999 1998, 1999 1998 1998 1992;habitat commonits in 1992 1998 1998, 1999 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999; common along watercourses and lagoon margins on 23 Feb. 1 at Daraguatla 1992 1998; Río Plátano only 1998; Río Plátano only sight records 1 1 2 3 1 12 Specimen Photo Commentssources and of d T T M PR PR PR PM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM Status c PS PS PS OP FW FW FW FW FW, C FW, OP, YF OP, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat C, YF MF, b R C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 Sialia sialis Catharus ustulatus Turdus grayi carolinensisDumetella pinus Vermivora chrysopteraVermivora peregrina Vermivora Parula americana Dendroica petechia Dendroica pensylvanica Dendroica magnolia Dendroica coronata Dendroica virens Dendroica dominica Dendroica graciae Dendroica palmarum Dendroica castanea varia Mniotilta ruticilla Setophaga Protonotaria citrea vermivorum Helmitheros Seiurus aurocapilla Seiurus noveboracensis EasternBluebird Swainson's Thrush Robin Clay-colored Catbird Gray Blue-winged Warbler Golden-winged Warbler Warbler Tennessee Parula Northern Warbler Yellow Chestnut-sided Warbler Magnolia Warbler Warbler Yellow-rumped Green Warbler Black-throated Warbler Yellow-throated Warbler Grace's Palm Warbler Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Black-and-white Redstart American Warbler Prothonotary Worm-eating Warbler Waterthrush Northern Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Turdidae Source Mimidae Parulidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

474 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e sight records 1992, 1998 1998; Río Plátano only 1992, 1999 1992, 1998 1998;common fairly in open habitats along the coast 1999 1992 1992, 1998 Cocotal,at Río1 Ibantara, 21 1992 Feb. 1998 1999, pair2 March in Valle Krau- km SW 12 Sutawala, sirpe; 9 April 1999, 1 individ- ual, 1 km S Krausirpe 1998, 1999 1999, 18 March 1 individual, Krau- S km 3 Winpi, Crique sirpe 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992 1992, 1998,1999 1998 1 3 2 3 3 1 6 1 Specimen Photo Commentssources and of d T PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR NM NM NM NM NM PRn PRn PRn PRn PRn Status c PS OP MF MF MF MF MF MF FW FW FW C, OP OP, PS OP, PS OP, MF, YF MF, MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R R R R C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC UC UC UC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 2003 1968 1983 1968 1968 Seiurus motacilla trichas Geothlypis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis poliocephala Wilsonia citrina Wilsonia pusilla culicivorusBasileuterus Phaeothlypis fulvicauda virens Icteria Coereba flaveola carmioli Chlorothraupis penicillata Eucometis Lanio leucothorax luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii Tachyphonus rubica Habia fuscicauda Habia flava Piranga rubra Piranga olivacea Piranga Louisiana Waterthrush Common Yellowthroat Olive-crowned Yellowthroat Yellowthroat Gray-crowned Hooded Warbler Wilson's Warbler Warbler Golden-crowned Buff-rumped Warbler Chat Yellow-breasted Bananaquit Tanager Olive Tanager Gray-headed White-throated Shrike-Tanager White-shouldered Tanager Tanager Tawny-crested Ant-Tanager Red-crowned Ant-Tanager Red-throated Hepatic Tanager Tanager Summer Scarlet Tanager Common names & FamiliesCommon names Scientificnames Source Coerebidae Thraupidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

475 ANDERSON ET AL. e 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 24 April1999, individual in 1 matureforest, Cerro Winpi,1 km S Krausirpe 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1999 1992, 1998 1992 1992 1992 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 sight records 1 2 2 6 3 8 3 8 1 2 1 15 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PM PRn PRn PRn PRn Status c PS PS PS PS PS YF YF YF OP OP OP OP OP MF MF MF FW FW, YF FW, YF FW, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, MF, YF MF, FW, YF FW, Habitat b R R C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC UC UC UC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1983 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1983 Ramphocelus sanguinolentus passerinii Ramphocelus Thraupis abbas Thraupis episcopus lavinia Tangara larvata Tangara Dacnis cayana Chlorophanes spiza Cyanerpes lucidus Cyanerpes cyaneus jacarina Volatinia Sporophila americana Sporophila torqueola Oryzoborus funereus Sicalis luteola Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris Aimophila botterii Aimophila rufescens Spizella passerina savannarum Ammodramus coerulescens Saltator Saltator maximus Saltator atriceps Saltator grossus Crimson-collared Tanager Tanager Passerini's Tanager Yellow-winged Blue-gray Tanager Rufous-winged Tanager Golden-hooded Tanager Blue Dacnis Honeycreeper Green Honeycreeper Shining Red-legged Honeycreeper Blue-black Grassquit Variable Seedeater White-collared Seedeater Thick-billed Seed-Finch Grassland Yellow-Finch Orange-billed Sparrow Sparrow Black-striped SparrowBotteri's Rusty Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Grayish Saltator Buff-throated Saltator Saltator Black-headed Slate-colored Grosbeak Common names& Families Scientificnames Source Emberizidae Cardinalidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

476 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA e 1992 1999,in 1 male16 March mature forest at Cerro El 4 km NW Krausirpe Salto, 1998, 1999 1 near Ahuasbila, 1 March 1992 1992, 1 near Ilsilpi, 22 Feb. and 1 at Mocorón on 29 Feb. 1992 11 April 96, 1 Las individual, Marías 1992, 1998, 1999 1992 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1992 1992, 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1998, 1999 1992, 1998, 1999 3 April 1997, 1 pair in farm plot,SW Las Marías 10 km sight records 3 1 9 2 3 Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d T T PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR NM NM NM PRn Status c PS PS YF OP OP OP OP OP OP OP MF FW FW MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, YF MF, MF, YF MF, Habitat b R R R R R C C C C C C C C FC FC FC FC FC FC FC Frequency a 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1968 1983 Caryothraustes poliogaster Pheucticus ludovicianus cyanoides Cyanocompsa caerulea Passerina cyanea Passerina Spiza americana Agelaius phoeniceus Sturnella magna Dives dives mexicanus Quiscalus Molothrus oryzivorus Icterus prosthemelas Icterus spurius Icterus chrysater Icterus galbula holosericeus Amblycercus uropygialis Cacicus Psarocolius wagleri Psarocolius montezuma affinisEuphonia Black-faced Grosbeak Rose-breasted Grosbeak Grosbeak Blue-black Grosbeak Blue Indigo Bunting Dickcissel Blackbird Red-winged EasternMeadowlark Melodious Blackbird Grackle Great-tailed Cowbird Giant Oriole Black-cowled Oriole Orchard Oriole Yellow-backed Baltimore Oriole Cacique Yellow-billed Scarlet-rumped Cacique Oropendola Chestnut-headed Montezuma Oropendola Scrub Euphonia Common names& Families Scientificnames Source Icteridae Fringillidae APPENDIX 1. Continued.

477 ANDERSON ET AL. l l l. (1998), 2000 = e t; IM = Intratropica nd associated riparian es by authors. authors. by es ure;Aerial;Al All A = = individual detectable dur- individual 1992, 1998 1992, 1998, 1999 1992; 6 at Dursuna on 26 Feb. March on 1 Ahuasbila near 2 1992; 2 near Pranza, 3 March 1992; 2 more on 4 March de Culebras 2 at Vuelta 1992; on 11 1992 March sight records Specimen Photo Comments and sources of d

PR PR Status c PS YF MF, YF MF, Habitat b R FC UC forests and edge); FW = Freshwater, islands in rivers, a in rivers, islands edge); and FW forests = Freshwater, (1984), 1997 et al. (1997),= 1998Frederick = Anderson et a Frequency a a; OP = Open habitats, usually anthropogenic, includesagriculta; OP = Open habitats, northernrange = NearcticNM limit; migrant;= partial PM migran detected during a season (3 months); R = Rare, observed < tim 6 R = Rare, (3 months); a season during detected 1968 1968 YF = Young forest (secondary YF = Young s: 1992 = DAW field notes; 1998 = DLA M.Sc. thesis; = DLA field 1999 notes. fieldnotes; = DLA M.Sc. 1998 1992 = DAW s: Euphonia hirundinacea Euphonia gouldi Euphonia notata Carduelis Yellow-throated Euphonia Yellow-throated Euphonia Olive-backed SiskinBlack-headed Key to frequencyKey codes: C = Common, at least one individual detectable every in day the common,field; FC at least = Fairly one at species = PRn = permanent PR resident; codes: status to Key Key to habitat codes: MF = Mature to forest; habitat Key Comments and sources for sight record Sources: 1968 = Monroe (1968), 1983 = Marcus (1983), 1984 = Marcus Common names& Families Scientificnames Source habitats. habitats. migrant; T = Transient. ing a week in the field; UC = Uncommon,ing in the a week UC = field; one at least individual Anderson (2000), 2003 = Jones (2003). Anderson2003(2000), = Jones vegetation;Coastal C = habitats= Pine and mangroves; savann PS APPENDIX 1. Continued. a b c d e

478 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA

APPENDIX 2. Bird species likely to occur in the Honduran Moskitia but not yet reliably reported. An asterisk (*) indicates species that have been reported, but with insufficient data to be considered reliable.

Common names Scientific names Sourcea Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis 1968 Least Grebe* Tachybaptus dominicus 1968 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis 1995 Reddish Egret* Egretta rufescens 1995 Agami Heron* Agamia agami 1968 Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 1968 Northern Pintail Anas acuta 1995 Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus 1995 Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis 1995 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus 1995 Tiny Hawk Accipiter superciliosus 1983 Gray Hawk Asturina nitida 1995 Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus 1968 Merlin Falco columbarius 1995 Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus 1968 Peregrine Falcon* Falco peregrinus 1968 American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica 1995 Snowy Plover Charadrius alexandrinus 1995 Wilson’s Plover Charadrius wilsonia 1968 American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus 1968 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 1968 Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria 1995 Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda 1995 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 1968 Red Knot Calidris canutus 1995 Sanderling Calidris alba 1968 White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis 1968 Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii 1995 Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos 1968 Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus 1995 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis 1968 Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus 1968 Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata 1968 Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor 1995 Herring Gull Larus argentatus 1995 Gull-billed Tern Sterna nilotica 1968 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 1968 Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis 1995 Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata 1968 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger 1995 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura 1995 Plain-breasted Ground-Dove Columbina minuta 1971 Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti 1995 Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea 1983

479 ANDERSON ET AL.

APPENDIX 2. Continued.

Common names Scientific names Sourcea Crimson-fronted Parakeet Aratinga finschi 1983 Yellow-billed Cuckoo* Coccyzus americanus 1968 Mangrove Cuckoo* Coccyzus minor 1968 Rufous-vented Ground-Cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi 1983 Crested Owl Lophostrix cristata 1995 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus 1971 Central American Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium griseiceps 1968 Black-and-white Owl* Ciccaba nigrolineata 1995 Stygian Owl* Asio stygius 1968 Short-tailed Nighthawk Lurocalis semitorquatus 1995 Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis 1995 Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis 1995 Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus 1995 Spot-tailed Caprimulgus maculicaudus 1971 Great Potoo* Nyctibius grandis 1968 Common Potoo* Nyctibius griseus 1971 White-chinned Swift Cypseloides cryptus 1995 Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica 1995 Band-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes ruckeri 1968 Brown Violet-ear Colibri delphinae 1968 Black-crested Coquette Lophornis helenae 1968 Gray-rumped Swift Chaetura cinereiventris 1983 Violet-headed Hummingbird Klais guimeti 1968 White-bellied Emerald Amazilia candida 1968 Blue-chested Hummingbird* Amazilia amabilis 1983 Snowcap* albocoronata 1968 Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris 1995 Collared Trogon Trogon collaris 1968 Tody Motmot Hylomanes momotula 1968 Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon 1968 Yellow-eared Toucanet Selenidera spectabilis 1968 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius 1971 Rufous-winged Woodpecker Piculus simplex 1968 Scaly-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus guatemalensis 1968 Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus 1968 Long-tailed Woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda 1968 Black-striped Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus 1983 Russet Antshrike Thamnistes anabatinus 1968 Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor 1968 Cinnamon Woodpecker Celeus loricatus 1983 Striped Woodhaunter Hyloctistes subulatus 1983 Chestnut-backed Antbird Myrmeciza exsul 1983 Wing-banded Antbird Myrmornis torquata 1983 Yellow Tyrannulet Capsiempis flaveola 1983 Greenish Elaenia viridicata 1995

480 AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA

APPENDIX 2. Continued.

Common names Scientific names Sourcea Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus 1968 Paltry Tyrannulet Zimmerius vilissimus 1995 Scale-breasted Pygmy-Tyrant Lophotriccus pileatus 1983 Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus sylvia 1968 Golden-crowned Spadebill Platyrinchus coronatus 1968 Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus coronatus 1968 Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher Terenotriccus erythrurus 1968 Tawny-chested Flycatcher Aphanotriccus capitalis 1983 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 1995 Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus 1995 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris 1968 Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens 1995 Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum 1995 Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii 1968 White-throated Flycatcher Empidonax albigularis 1995 Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus 1968 Streaked Flycatcher Myiodynastes maculatus 1995 Piratic Flycatcher* Legatus leucophaius 1968 White-winged Becard Pachyramphus polychopterus 1968 Rose-throated Becard* Pachyramphus aglaiae 1968 Lovely Cotinga Cotinga amabilis 1968 White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus 1968 Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons 1995 Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus 1968 Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis 1968 Green Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius pulchellus 1968 Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis 1995 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia 1995 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 1995 Band-backed Wren Campylorhynchus zonatus 1968 Nightingale Wren Microcerculus philomela 1968 Black-throated wren Thryothorus atrogularis 1983 Bay Wren Thryothorus nigricapillus 1983 Stripe-breasted Wren Thryothorus thoracicus 1983 Tawny-faced Gnatwren Microbates cinereiventris 1983 Veery Catharus fuscescens 1995 Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus 1995 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 1968 Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 1968 Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina 1995 Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens 1995 Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca 1995 Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor 1995 Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea 1995 Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus 1968

481 APPENDIX 2. Continued.

Common names Scientific names Sourcea Mourning Warbler Oporornis philadelphia 1995 Canada Warbler* Wilsonia canadensis 1995 Slate-colored Seedeater Sporophila schistacea 1995 Blue Seedeater Amaurospiza concolor 1968 Painted Bunting Passerina ciris 1968 Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus aeneus 1968 Yellow-tailed Oriole Icterus mesomelas 1968 Spot-breasted Oriole Icterus pectoralis 1968 Yellow-crowned Euphonia* Euphonia luteicapilla 1968 White-vented Euphonia Euphonia minuta 1995 Red Crossbill* Loxia curvirostra 1968

aSources: 1968 = Monroe (1968), 1971 = Howell (1971), 1983 = Marcus (1983), 1995 = Howell & Webb (1995).

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