Turkey's Leadership in the Jerusalem Crisis

M. AKiF KiRE~Ci*

,J

ABSTRACT This commentary analyzes the factors behind Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital and move the embassy therein, arguing that the decision was moti­ vated mainly by internal politics. It also discusses the prominent role Turkey assumed in bringing the issue to the international community's attention. Turkey played a key role in the process, convening the OIC and then working for a reversal of the decision in the UNGA. Its efforts rallied both Muslim and Western coun­ tries in a firm rejection of any sudden changes in the city's status.

Introduction gress adopted the Jerusalem Embassy Act in October 1995,3 which recog­ n December 6, 2017, the U.S. nized Jerusalem as the "capital of the OPresident, Donald Trump, state oflsrael" and acknowledged that officially proclaimed Jerusa­ it "has been administered as a unified lem as the capital of Israel. He also city" implying the Israeli control. expressed the commitment of his While not mentioning the disputed administration to move its embassy status of the city of Jerusalem, the from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, a move Act set the deadline for moving the which disturbed many Muslims U.S. embassy there as May 31, 1999. around the world. Several countries Since 1998, all U.S. presidents opted in Europe expressed their reserva­ to use their power to defer the act in tions about Trump's proclamation. order to avoid provoking the already For Trump it was simply a matter of enflamed Palestinian -Israeli conflict. * Bilkent 1 keeping his electoral promise. University, Israel expected that major countries Turkey , Trump's move was based on a con­ around the world would follow the Insight Turkey troversial regulation of "Jerusalem U.S., which in return would legiti­ Vol. 20 / No. 1 / Embassy Act" of 1995. 2 The U.S. Con- mize its claims over East Jerusalem 2018, pp. 67-78

DOI: 10.25253/99.2018202.05 2018 SPRING 67 l(IJl'f'M4Hf!1;\'I M. AKiF KiRE~Ci

Trump shows the signed executive order declaring that he recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital despite the opposition of almost all nation states and international public opinion. JABIN BOTSFORD/ Getty Images

and perhaps the West Bank. While therefore halted earlier through back­ the U.S. support for Israel in the Mid­ door diplomacy, personal relations dle East has been unique and uncon­ and major weapons deals between ditional, based on the notion that the the U.S. and the Saudi Kingdom. The security of Israel is identical with the Gulf States took similar positions and security of the U.S., such a drastic step did not raise their concern publicly to was never taken by earlier U.S. ad­ appease the U.S. and Israel. ministrations. Alienating Saudi Ara­ bia and other major Arab states was In his statement, Trump mentioned something that American presidents that the U.S. move was a big step for avoided. But this time, it seems that the peace process, although he did the U.S. and to a certain extent Israel not delineate the details, nor men­ convinced the Saudi leaders, Gulf tion who the parties of such a process States and Egypt before publicizing were. Obviously, the Palestinian side the decision.4 Sources often mention knew little, if any, about the parame­ the special tie between Jared Kush­ ters of the peace process that Trump ner, the son-in-law of Trump, and argued was ongoing. 6 the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman who tries to promote himself The major issue remains, how much as a leader who wants to shatter rad­ the Initiating of the Jerusalem Em­ icalism, modernize the country, and bassy Act of 1995 would jeopardize be the friendly face of the Kingdom the position of the U.S. as a mediator to the world.5 A possible reaction, if towards the two-state solution. Re­ not a rejection to Trump's move was cent reactions against Trump's deci-

68 INSIGHT TU RKEY TURKEY'SLEADERSHIP IN THE JERUSALEM CRISIS

sion in Palestine, Israel's insistence on its demands, and the U.S. registra­ During a time of regional tion to those demands contribute to the deterioration of the U.S. position disarray, Turkey took up the to mediate between the two sides. In task of spearheading the fact, the U.S. did not seem concerned whether such steps would jeopardize efforts to bring the Jerusalem its role as the main mediator or trig­ issue in the attention of the ger the Palestinian conflict into an­ OIC, the EU and the world other set of violence. community When Trump declared that he was going to activate the Jerusalem Em­ bassy Act of 1995 on December 6, a resounding result against Trump's 2017, before the end of his first year decision in the United Nations Gen­ in office, it brought about a set of re­ eral Assembly. actions from both Muslim and Chris­ tian countries. Turkey played a key role in the diplomatic frontline, firstly Turkey's Diplomatic Initiatives by calling for an extraordinary meet­ ing of the Organization of Islamic It is no news for many that president Conference (OIC). Further initiatives Erdogan, since his office as Prime were taken to bring the issue to the Minister, follows the Palestinian issue United Nations General Assembly closely. He encouraged several proj­ especially after the U.S. vetoed the ects in Palestine and raised concerns Egyptian proposal to reverse the U.S. over their plights on several occa­ decision in the United Nations Se­ sions. The silence of Arab leaders on curity Council. So, Turkey focused the Palestinian issue makes Erdogan's its efforts on a reversal of the deci­ statements more visible and at times sion in the United Nations General the only voice. Assembly. Even before Trump made his speech Focusing on the diplomatic efforts of on December 6, 2017, Turkey ad­ Turkey, this commentary analyzes the opted an action plan to react to the processes by which the U.S. decision U.S. decision. The sources indicate to move its embassy to Jerusalem was that President's office prioritized the triggered. During a time of regional issue and organized efforts around disarray, Turkey took up the task of the objective of reversing the deci­ spearheading the efforts to bring the sion of Trump; if this would not be Jerusalem issue in the attention of the possible, he would try and convince OIC, the EU and the world commu­ leaders not to support such a deci­ nity. The determined efforts brought sion. Through bilateral discussions about a unified reaction on the parts -over the phone and in person with of the members of the OIC, and later the member countries of the EU and

2018 SPRING 69 l(•JMM~061;tl M. AKiF KiRE~Ci

Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt, and In order to support the Saudi Arabia and Yemen). deteriorating economy and Turkey's roadmap regarding the sta­ social fabric of Palestine, Turkey tus of Jerusalem prioritized fresh encouraged the strengthening diplomatic initiatives "to increase the number of countries that rec­ of the Palestinian economy by ognize Palestine as a state and East negotiating funds from the Jerusalem as its capital"8 (currently 13 7 countries recognize Palestine Islamic Development Bank as a state). Another important item on Turkey's agenda was to increase awareness about the al-Aqsa Mosque the OIC- Turkey emphasized the po­ in Jerusalem (Haram al-Sharif), what tential complications and threats that it means for the larger Muslim world, would ensue from the U.S. decision and the danger it would face after to move its embassy to Jerusalem and Trump's decision. accept Jerusalem as Israel's "undi­ vided" capital. Turkey Mobilizes the 0/C Upon Turkey's call for an extraor­ In all high-level communications, dinary summit of the OIC, the sec­ Turkey presented the following ar­ ond largest international body after guments. First, the U.S. decision did the UN, the leaders of the Muslim not fit into the historical, religious world met in istanbul on December and sociological facts on the ground. 13, 2017.9 With this summit, Turkey Second, this decision would do more sought the unanimous support of the harm than good to the prospect of OIC member countries to counter peace in the Middle East and the two­ Trump's Jerusalem move. With the state solution. Lastly, Turkish author­ participation of 57 member-states, 10 ities emphasized the sanctity of Jeru­ an extraordinary summit was con­ salem for Muslims and the reaction vened, 11 with the sole agenda item: it might create around the Muslim the U.S. decision to recognize Jeru­ world. salem as the undivided capital of Is­ rael and to move its embassy from Tel Turkey's diplomatic efforts consisted Aviv to Jerusalem. of the coordination of opinions and the adoption of a common action Referring to the current political di­ plan7 by Muslim and Arab states vide in the Muslim world, some were during the OIC summit in istanbul. expecting that the attendance to the To produce a unified voice was espe­ summit would not be strong enough. cially challenging when considering There were even speculations about the fact that some of the OIC mem­ the possibility that the Gulf countries ber states have unfriendly relations might not even attend the meeting. with each other (i.e. Iran and the Given the tension between the Saudi-

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led coalition and Qatar, and Tur­ bly resolutions, particularly those of key's hosting of the summit, Egypt the Tenth Emergency Extraordinary would perhaps avoid participating. Session of the UN General Assembly However, all members attended the on illegal Israeli practices in occu­ summit with varying degrees of rep­ pied East Jerusalem and the other resentatives (heads of states, minis­ occupied Palestinian territory, the ters of foreign affairs, and high-level Legal Opinion of the International delegates). Once again, Jerusalem Court of Justice of 9 July 2004 .. . 15 brought several rival countries within the OIC around the same table, and The resolution condemned the U.S. for the same cause. decision to move its embassy from Tel Aviv and declare Jerusalem as The summit witnessed strong state­ . Israel's capital. It called Israel "oc­ ments regarding the U.S. decision cupying power" several times and and the situation in Palestine. Tur­ stressed the importance of Jerusalem key's President Erdogan stated that: not only for Muslims all around the "Jerusalem is the Muslims' Red Line;' world but also for Christians. While and that the issue cannot be a fait ac­ the resolution deplored Israel's efforts compli. 12 He underlined that a "new at the "Judaization of the city of Je­ alliance" had been formed in oppo­ rusalem;' it underlined that a "com­ sition to Trump's Jerusalem decla­ prehensive and just peace would be ration, which he described as "not secured by returning the city of al­ valid in our understanding, in our Quds Ash-Sharif to the Palestinian mentality and in our conscience:' Er­ sovereignty as the capital of the State dogan added that the U.S. could "no of Palestine:'16 longer act impartially" as a mediator between the Israelis and Palestinians, While rejecting and condemning the and that other countries needed to be U.S. decision, the OIC summit reso­ identified to replace the U.S. in that lution also criticized Israel's attempts role. 13 Palestinian leader Mahmud "to annex al-Quds:' In its effort to Abbas rejected the U.S. in any role seek an alliance with the interna­ in the peace process by stating that tional community to preserve the "They have proven their full bias in status quo of Jerusalem, the sum­ favor of Israel:'14 mit invited, the members of the UN and the EU to remain committed to Furthermore, the OIC resolution, ad­ the (earlier accepted) resolutions of opted unanimously, invited the UN the UN. In addition, the declaration to reiterate the earlier resolutions of the summit called on "the whole about Jerusalem and Palestine: world to recognize East Jerusalem as the occupied capital of the State of Particularly, resolutions No. 242 Palestine"17 (as declared in 1988 in (1967); 252 (1968); 338 (1973); 465, Algeria), while asserting the urgent 476, and478 (1980); 1073 (1996); and need to "achieve balance for the prev­ 2334 (2016), all UN General Assem- alence of common sense:'18

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that it would be vetoed by the U.S. 128 of 172 participating The wording of the draft, although it did not mention Trump or the members of the General U.S. decision, was strong enough. It Assembly voted against asserted that any decision that jeop­ Trump's decision. This was a ardized "the character, status, or de­ mographic composition of the Holy clear victory for those who did City of Jerusalem" and did not com­ not approve a fait accompli ply with the relevant Security Coun- cil resolutions, has no legal effect, and regarding Jerusalem; and the is considered "null and void:'20 It also U.S. and Israel were left alone warned all member states of the UN not to move their diplomatic mis­ sions to Jerusalem.

In addition to these efforts, in order The United Kingdom and France to support the deteriorating economy declared in advance that they would and social fabric of Palestine, Turkey back Egypt's proposal calling on the encouraged the strengthening of the U.S. to revoke its Jerusalem deci­ Palestinian economy by negotiating sion. On December 18 meeting of funds from the Islamic Development the United Nations Security Council, Bank. Jordan was invited to coordi­ while 14 members supported Egypt's nate such efforts on the ground. 19 proposal, the draft was vetoed by the United States. The U.S. did not take Turkey's success in coordinating the the opposition lightly: "the United efforts and steps necessary to bring States will not be told where to put the issue to the UN General Assem­ their embassY:'21 The U.S. govern­ bly united the Arab and Muslim ment deplored 14 votes as "disre­ countries. Their collective standing spectful" and warned that it would together with a solid support from not be forgotten. 22 The opposition several European countries assured to Trump's Jerusalem move in the a powerful result in the UN General United Nations Security Council sig­ Assembly. naled a widening of the rift between the U.S. and the world.

Trump's Decision Goes to the UN The UN General Assembly Adopts When Egypt, a non-permanent Turkey-Yemen Resolution member of the United Nations Se­ curity Council, presented a draft res­ After the U.S. veto of Egypt's proposal olution to the Security Council on in the United Nations Security Coun­ December 16, 2017, calling for a halt cil, the debate on the unilateral de­ to any unilateral decisions relating to cision of the U.S. about the status of the status of Jerusalem, it was certain Jerusalem was to be continued in an-

72 INSIGHT TURKEY Upon Trump's declaration other UN platform, the General As­ mained alone. The position of the aboutJerusalem, Turkish President sembly. Having secured the support UK, France and Russia, along with Erdogan called for of the Arab and Muslim countries, Germany (and other EU nations an extraordinary Palestine announced that the issue during Netanyahu's visit), must have meeting of the would be taken to the United Nations alarmed the U.S. administration OIC, during which General Assembly in a special ses­ about the possibility of a similar at­ East Jerusalem was declared as sion. 23 Although the decisions were titude in the General Assembly. In a the capital of not binding, a possible condemna­ very unusual approach to diplomacy, Palestine. tion or a call on the U.S. to revoke its the U.S. ambassador to the UN, Nikki YASiN BOLBOL / decision, would be meaningful politi­ Haley, warned those who planned to AA Photo cally and morally for the Palestinians. vote against the U.S. position that America "would be taking names" Yemen, as the current chair of the and that those countries receiving Arab Group, and Turkey, as the cur­ American aid would face the danger rent chair of the OIC, requested the that it would be discontinued. More UN to resume an emergency special importantly, Haley threatened that session by referring to the "uniting the U.S. might even consider cutting for peace" procedure. The UN Gen - the funds to the United Nations.25 eral Assembly held an emergency session on December 21, 201 7 to de­ Despite the U.S. and Israeli efforts liberate Trump's decision. 24 and all the pressure going beyond the usual line of diplomacy, 128 of 172 The results of the vote in the UNSC participating members of the Gen­ had already shown that the U.S. re- eral Assembly voted against Trump's

2018 SPRING 73 l(IJMMUl6hil M. AKIF KiRE(CI

Turkish Foreign Minister, Mevltit ~avuioglu, held a speech in the UN General Assembly on December 21, 2017. The General Assembly overwhelmingly passed a resolution asking the U.S. to withdraw its decision about Jerusalem. EDUARDO MUNOZ ALVAREZ/ AFP / Getty Images

decision.26 This was a clear victory for expresses regrets over "recent deci­ those who did not approve a fait ac­ sions" regarding Jerusalem. The reso­ compli regarding Jerusalem; and the lution raised concerns over "imperil­ U.S. and Israel were left alone. ing the two-state solution;' and called for a reversal of "negative trends on Out of the 193 members, 172 par­ the ground:' The General Assembly ticipated in the General Assembly resolution declares that to deliberate Trump's declaration of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.27 any decisions and actions which The results demonstrate a staggering purport to have altered the charac­ opposition to the U.S.-Israel position, ter, status, or demographic compo­ with 128 votes in favor of the resolu­ sition of the Holy City of Jerusalem tion and nine against, while 35 coun­ have no legal effect are null and void tries abstained.28 and must be rescinded in compli­ ance with relevant resolutions of The UN General Assembly reso­ the Security Council, and in this re­ lution, adopted on December 19, gard calls upon all states to refrain 2017, makes references to the earlier from the establishment of diplo­ UN Security Council and UN Gen­ matic missions in the Holy City of eral Assembly resolutions regarding Jerusalem ... 29 Palestine and stresses that "the Je­ rusalem issue is a final status issue:' Even if this resolution is not legally Refraining to mention the U.S. de­ binding, and even if the U.S. would cision regarding Jerusalem the texts not be willing to change its position,

74 INSIGHT TURKEY TURKEY'SLEADERSHIP IN THE JERUSALEM CRISIS

it shows that there is an overwhelm­ ing consensus about the status quo of There is an overwhelming Jerusalem and no unilateral action which aims to change that would eas­ consensus about the status ily be accepted by the international quo of Jerusalem and no community. unilateral action which aims to change that would easily be Conclusion: What Is Next? accepted by the international

Trump's unilateral decision to recog­ community nize Jerusalem as Israel's "undivided" capital and to move the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem was mo­ challenges, and threatened by terror tivated in large part by the dynamics networks, uniting many countries of internal politics. Pressures of the around the same objective was a dif­ Israeli lobby, in particular must be ficult task. By engaging proactively, accounted as a paramount source of President Erdogan's office took steps influence over American politics and to inform the world leaders about the presidents, and despite his racially importance of Jerusalem for Muslims motivated electoral base, Trump and the conflict it might trigger. seems to be no exception. Another factor that contributed to Many countries reacted to the U.S. the condemnation of Trump's deci­ decision, some openly and some dis­ sion in the UN General Assembly was creetly. Arab and Muslim countries, the position of the EU. The majority while divided politically on many of the EU member countries, includ­ issues, united around the Jerusalem ing the permanent members of the question especially after the OIC Security Council, vote4 against the summit organized by Turkey. While U.S. decision. In addition, the official the opposition of Muslim and Arab position of the EU remained com­ countries to Trump's move would mitted to a peaceful and just resolu­ have been expected, major countries tion of the conflict between Israel and of the Western world voted -per­ Palestine. The EU further reminded haps unexpectedly-against the U.S. the U.S. that it ought to return to its decision. As a result, the U.S. and earlier efforts to mediate peace with Israel were unable to rally the inter­ the objective of reaching a two-state national community behind Trump's solution. decision. Despite the United Nations General Turkey, in the meantime, demon - Assembly resolution condemning strated its diplomatic capacity and the U.S. decision, the issue still re­ influence. At a time, when the region mains complicated. For one, the UN was overwhelmed by many different General Assembly resolutions are

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case, the U.S. role as a global arbitra­ The U.S. can still repair the tor would be irreparably damaged. The lack of sufficient support from damage by recognizing East the international community to such Jerusalem as the capital of a move, no doubt is going to isolate Palestine and persuading the U.S. In the absence of a justly ar­ bitrating superpower, other actors Israel to a two-state solution, will be rehearsing to fill that role. thereby assuring a sustainable On the other hand, the U.S. can still peace between Palestine and repair the damage by recognizing Israel East Jerusalem as the capital of Pal­ estine and persuading Israel to a two­ state solution, thereby assuring a sus­ tainable peace between Palestine and not binding. As a permanent mem- Israel. her of the UN Security Council, the United States does not feel compelled Clearly, no one is debating here Je­ to comply with the international con - rusalem's importance for Muslims, sensus. In addition, Israel's pressures Christians and Jews. The Sykes-Picot over the American administration minutes defined the city as a corpus and other major powers of the EU seperatum, intending perhaps a form will probably continue. of international governance, but Isra­ el's gains in the 1967 war altered such However symbolic the UN General plans. Jerusalem is a highly sensitive Assembly resolution might be, it sent issue for three major religions. If a strong message to the U.S. and Is­ the issue is solved at the expense of rael that there was no international others, it would not be conducive to backing for a sudden move to change achieving sustainable peace. • the status quo in Jerusalem.

What will happen next is still unclear. Endnotes If the international community does 1. Stephen Collinson, "Trump's Jerusalem De­ not change its position for the fore­ cision Promises Upheaval;' CNN News, (Decem­ ber 6, 2017), retrieved from https://edition.cnn. seeable future, either the U.S. will com/2017 /12/06/politics/donald-trump-isra­ have to re-adapt to the international el-palestinians-jerusalem-politics/index.html. consensus regarding the status of Je­ 2. "Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995;' 104'h Con­ rusalem and Palestine, or, will keep gress Public Law 45, {November 8, 1995), retrieved pushing the major actors of the in­ from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104 publ45/html/PLAW-104publ45.html. ternational community to come in 3. "Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995:' line with its position. By looking at the internal dynamics of American 4. Dov Zakheim, "Jared Kushner, Mohammed bin Salman, and Benjamin Netanyahu Are Up to politics and Trump's style, the second Something" Foreign Policy, (November 7, 2017), option seems more plausible. In that retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/

76 INSIGHT TURKEY TURKEY'S LEADERSHIP IN THE JERUSALEM CRISIS

11 /07 /jared-kushner-mohammed-bin-sal­ 12. "Turkey's President Erdogan Tells Jerusalem man-and-benjamin-netanyahu-are-up-to-some­ Summit Israel Is an 'Occupying' and 'Terror' State;" thing/. The Independent, (December 13, 2017), retrieved from http://www.independent.eo.uk/news/world 5. Oren Liebermann, "Kushner Chases Trump's /m idd le-east/jeru sa lem-erdoga n-tu rkey-israel­ 'Ultimate Deal' in Middle East;' CNN News, (August terror-state-oic-sum m it-isla m ic-world-1 eaders­ 24, 2017), retrieved from https:// edition.cnn. muslim-a8106991.html; "Erdogan: Sayin Trump, com/2017/08 / 24/politics/kushner-netanyahu­ Kudus Muslumanlarm K1rm1z1 <;:izgisidir;'Euronews, abbas/index.html. (December 5,2017), retrieved from http://tr.euro­ 6. Rosie Gray, "Trump Goes after 'the Ultimate news.com/ 2017 /12/05/erdogan-sayin-trump-ku­ Deal;" The Atlantic, (May 22, 2017), retrieved dus-muslumanlarin-kirmizi-cizgisidir. from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/ 13. lsil Sariyuce, Arwa Damon and Tamara Qi­ arch ive/2017 /05/trump-israeli-palesti nia n­ blawi, "Muslim Leaders Call for Recognition of peace-process/527649/. East Jerusalem as Palestinian Capital;' CNN Inter­ 7. "Trump's Jerusalem Decision United Every­ national, (December 13, 2017), retrieved from one in Int' Domestic Political Scene, Pres Spox https://edit ion.cnn.com/2017/12 / 13/ middleeast/ Kalin Says;' Daily Sabah, (December 25, 2017), oic-jerusalem-intl/index.html. retrieved from https://www.dailysabah.com/ 14. Sariyuce, Damon and Qiblawi, "Muslim Lead­ diplomacy/2017/12/25/trumps-jerusalem-de­ ers Call for Recognition of East Jerusalem as Pal­ cision-united-everyone-in-intl-domestic-politi­ estinian Capital:' cal-scene-pres-spox-kalin-says. 15. For the full text of the resolution, see, "OIC 8. Hande F1rat, "Turkey Mulls Three-Phase Road­ Resolution: Resolution Submitted to the Ex­ map for Jerusalem;' Hurriyet Daily News, (Decem­ traordinary Meeting of the Council of Foreign ber 27, 2017), retrieved from http://www.hur­ Ministers to Review the Situation Following riyetd a i lynews.com/tu rkey-m u 11 s-th ree-ph ase­ roadmap-for-jerusalem-124813. the US Administration Recognition of the City of AI-Quds Ash-Sharif as the Alleged Capital of 9. The OIC was founded on September 25, 1969, Israel, the Occupying Power, and Its Decision with the purpose of preserving Jerusalem and al­ to Move the US Embassy to AI-Quds;' Organi­ Aqsa Holy Mosque after it was set on fire by a fa­ zation of Islamic Cooperation, (December 13, natic Australian on August 21, 1969. The OIC has 2017), retrieved from https://www.oic-oci.org/ 57 member states, and holds summit conferences docdown/?doclD= 1704&reflD= 1074. every three years where heads of states partici­ pate. Besides these regular summits, the OIC 16. OIC Resolution. holds Foreign Ministry Council meetings annu­ 17. OIC Resolution. ally and can hold extraordinary meetings when necessary. Since its establishment, OIC held 13 18. OIC Resolution. summits and 5 extraordinary summits. Forfurther 19. F1rat, "Turkey Mulls Three-Phase Roadmap for details see, "islam i~birligi Te~kilat,;' Turkiye Cum­ Jerusalem:' huriyeti D1~i~leri Bakan/Jg1, D1~ Politika, Uluslararas1 Kurulu~lar ve ili~kilerimiz, (2011), retrieved from 20. Shahenda el-Naggar, "UNSC Considers Egypt's http://www.mfa.gov. tr/i slam-is bi rl i g i-tes k i la ti. Draft Resolution to Counter US Jerusalem tr.mfa. Decision;' Daily News Egypt, (December 17, 2017), retrieved from https://dailynewsegypt. See, Carlotta Gal, "Muslim Leaders Declare 10. com/2017/12/17 /unsc-considers-egypts-draft­ East Jerusalem the Palestinian Capital;' The New resolution-counter-us-jerusalem-decision/. York Times, (December 13, 2017), retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13 / world/ 21 . Peter Beaumont, "US Outnumbered 14 to 1 as middleeast/muslims-jerusalem-palestinians.html. It Vetoes UN Vote on Status of Jerusalem;' The Guardian, (December 19, 2017), retrieved from 11. "Extraordinary Session of the OIC Islamic Sum­ https://www.theguardian.com/ world/ 2017/dee/ mit Conference was held in Istanbul, 13 Decem­ 18/us-outnumbered- 14-to- 1-as-it-vetoes-un­ ber 2017;' Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Af­ vote-on-status-of-jerusalem. fairs, Press and Information, retrieved from http:// www.mfa.gov.tr/ islam-isbirligi-teskilati-islam-zir­ 22. Amr Kandi!, "Jerusalem Resolution: Egypt's vesi-konferansi-olaganustu-toplantisi-istanbul­ Fight for Palestine," Egypt Today, (December 22, da-duzenlendi.en.mfa. 2017), retrieved from https://www.egypttoday.

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com/Article/2/3 7891 /Jerusalem-resolution-Egyp 27. Jeff Farrell, "UN Jerusalem Vote List: The t%E2%80%99s-fight-for-Palestine. 128 Countries that Didn't Back US Over Their Israel Capital Decision;' The Independent, (De­ 23. Michelle Nichols, "U.S. Vetoes U.N. Call for cember 22, 2017), retrieved from http://www. Withdrawal of Trump Jerusalem Decision;' Reu­ independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/un-je­ ters, (December 18, 2017), retrieved from https:// rusalem-vote-latest-updates-list-countries-vot­ www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-un­ ed-aga inst-us-is ra e I-ca pita 1-n i kki-ha ley-gen er­ /u-s-vetoes-u-n-call-for-withdrawal-of-trump-je­ a l-a8124136.html. rusalem-decision-idUSKBN1 EC25N. 28. Nichols, "After U.S. Veto, U.N. General Assembly 24. Michelle Nichols, "After U.S. Veto, U.N. General to Meet on Jerusalem Status:' The countries that Assembly to Meet on Jerusalem Status;' Reuters, voted "No"for the resolution are: Guatemala, Hon­ (December 19, 2017), retrieved from https://www. duras, Israel, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-un/after­ Palau, Togo, USA. Abstained countries: Antigua u-s-veto-u-n-ge n era I-a sse m b I y-to-meet-o n - and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Be­ jerusalem-status-idUSKBN1 ED21 H. nin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, 2S. Nicole Gaouette, Richard Roth and Michelle Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Do­ Kosinski, "Haley's Vow to 'Take Names' Upsets minican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Haiti, Diplomatic Norms at UN;' CNN, (December 21, Hungary, Jamaica, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Ma­ 2017), retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/ lawi, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Po­ 2017 /12/20/politics/trump-haley-un-vote/index. land, Romania, Rwanda, Solomon Islands, South html. Sudan, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu. 26. "General Assembly Overwhelmingly Adopts Resolution Asking Nations Not to Locate Dip­ 29. "Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly lomatic Missions in Jerusalem;' United Nations on 21 December 2017;' United Nations General General Assembly, (December 21, 2017), re­ Assembly, retrieved from http://www.un.org/ trieved from https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/ en/ga/search/view _doc.asp ?sym bol=A/RES/ gal 1995.doc.htm. ES-10/19.