Economic Impact on New York State March 2009

Cornell University Economic Impact on New York State

December 2008 As this report was being written in fall 2008, the world was coming to terms with the worst Contents financial disaster since the Great Depression. It would be tempting, therefore, to dismiss an economic impact statement based on fiscal year 2007 as moot. Surely the landscape has Section I—Impact on the New York State changed so radically in the interim that any information Cornell provided would be hope- Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise 2 lessly out of date. But that overlooks Cornell’s almost 150-year history as an economic engine for Tompkins Section II—Human Capital: Employees, Alumni, and Students 10 County, Central New York, and New York State. In that time, Cornell has weathered a series of economic depressions and recessions, two world wars, and several rounds of contractions Section III—Promoting Economic in the college-bound demographic. Through it all, the university has continued to be one of Development in New York State 17 the major sources of employment, and a major purchaser of goods and services, in Tompkins Appendix—Multiplier Effects and IMPLAN 31 and surrounding counties. Cornell has continually drawn visitors from across the United States and around the globe to Ithaca, supporting a healthy local hospitality sector. As New Acknowledgements 32 York’s land-grant institution, Cornell has prepared the state’s young people for successful careers, made significant contributions to the state’s business and industry, and provided much- needed support to its human services sector. If at times the university has had to exercise extra fiscal restraint, the long-range trend always has been toward growth and innovation. That continues to be the case today. Although university administrators have acknowledged current economic realities by calling for tighter spending measures, they have tempered the difficult choices ahead by reaffirming Cornell’s commitment to high-quality education, -finan cial assistance for students in need, and policies and benefits that make it an outstanding area employer. Some of the multimillion-dollar construction projects that have generated intense economic activity on Cornell’s Ithaca and New York City campuses have been put on hold, but the need for them has not gone away and will be met when conditions improve. In the meantime, Cornell will continue operating as a community of more than 30,000 students, faculty, and staff, providing food, shelter, heat, electricity, recreation, and other vital services. It will also continue to draw external sponsored awards for research to Central New York, and it will continue delivering applied research and outreach services, including efforts that will help the state and its citizens cope with the current fiscal downturn. In doing so, Cornell University is a stable generator of economic activity at a time of great uncertainty in New York State.

All data in this report is from Cornell University unless otherwise noted. 1 Section I Impact on the New York State Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise

Section I Impact on the New York State Table 1 lists Cornell’s undergraduate, graduate, and Figure 2. Cornell University Operating Revenues, FY2003–2007 Economy: Cornell University as professional colleges as well as programs that cut across schools. 3000000$3,000 an Enterprise $2,814 $2,731 Revenues and Expenditures Cornell University is one of the world’s great research uni- 2500000$2,500 $2,434 Cornell’s fiscal year runs from July 1 to June 30. In fiscal $2,327 versities, with a special commitment to undergraduate $2,158 year 2007, the period covered in this report, the univer- education and an academic and research program of aston- sity recorded $2.8 billion in revenue from operations and 2000000$2,000 ishing range and depth. Most of the activity is concentrated made $2.6 billion worth of expenditures. Figure 1 provides in the core campus in the city of Ithaca, which is located in a broad overview of where the money came from in 2007 Tompkins County in the Finger Lakes region of New York 1500000$1,500 and how it was spent. State. Cornell also runs campuses in New York City and The five-year trend shown in Figure 2 shows steady the Middle East, and oversees offices providing extension growth in revenues over time. 1000000$1,000 services in almost every county in New York State. (in millions of dollars)

500000$500 Figure 1A. Cornell University Operating Revenues FY2007 Table 1. Cornell University’s (in thousands of dollars) 0 Colleges and Schools Total: $2.8 billion FY2003 FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 FY2007

Note: FY2003, FY2004, FY2005 restated to reflect operating revenue consistent with information for FY2006 and FY2007. Undergraduate Colleges INVESTMENT EARNINGS $290,655 New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences* TUITION AND FEES $633,387 Purchasing College of Architecture, Art, and Planning GIFTS $219,136 Table 2. Cornell University Total Purchasing College of Arts and Sciences The university strives to use local and New York State sup- STATE SUPPORT $275,969 pliers when making purchasing decisions. Cornell’s edu- by Location of Vendor, FY2007 College of Engineering cational and research missions often require specialized (in thousands of dollars) PATIENT CARE REVENUES $438,355 School of Hotel Administration equipment that isn’t available in New York. Still, as Table 2 New York State College of Human Ecology* SPONSORED GRANTS AND CONTRACTS $500,840 indicates, slightly more than half the purchases made for Location Cornell-Ithaca Weill Cornell New York State School of Industrial and the Ithaca campus and Weill Cornell Medical College OTHER $456,005 Tompkins County $128,267 – Labor Relations* were from vendors inside New York State. By itself, the Ithaca campus purchased more than half Other counties near Cornell $12,464 – Graduate and Professional Schools Note: State Support includes direct appropriations, certain fringe benefits, and debt service. a billion dollars worth of goods and services in 2007. As Other Central NYS locations $43,110 – Cornell Graduate School Figure 3 shows, nearly a quarter of that was spent in Cor- New York City $21,768 $202,026 Cornell Law School nell’s home county, and a third went to businesses in the Other NYS locations $57,230 $5,464 Johnson Graduate School of Management Figure 1B. Cornell University Operating Expenditures FY2007 Central New York region, including Tompkins and sur- Outside NYS $270,061 $188,392 Weill Cornell Medical College in New York (in thousands of dollars) rounding counties. City Total: $2.6 billion Total $532,899 $395,881 Weill Cornell Medical College in Doha, Qatar Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences Figure 3. Cornell-Ithaca Purchasing by Location of Vendor, FY2007 New York State College of Veterinary (in thousands of dollars) Medicine* WAGES AND SALARIES (INCLUDING BENEFITS) $1,725,610 Total: $533 million Other Academic Units PURCHASE OF GOODS AND SERVICES $676,119

Faculty of Computing and Information OTHER $233,537 Sciences School of Continuing Education Division of Nutritional Sciences TOMPKINS COUNTY $128,267 Cornell University Library OTHER COUNTIES NEAR CORNELL $12,464 OTHER CENTRAL NYS LOCATIONS $43,110 * New York State statutory college NYC $21,768 OTHER NYS LOCATIONS $57,230 OUTSIDE NYS $270,061

2 3 Section I Impact on the New York State Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise Section I Impact on the New York State Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise

Table 3 breaks out some of the major spending catego- Cornell’s indirect impact is a product of spending by Major purchasing categories for Weill Cornell differ Table 4. Major Categories of Goods ries for purchases made from Tompkins County vendors the local, regional, or New York State companies from from those of the Ithaca campus. For example, Weill Cor- and Services Purchased by in 2007. which the university buys goods and services. Construc- nell provides malpractice insurance for the physicians who Weill Cornell Medical College from When a large enterprise spends millions of dollars in tion contractors, utility companies, temporary services, work there, putting that at the top of the list in Table 4. New York City Vendors, FY2007 a community, it has an economic impact that goes well caterers, and other firms use the payments they receive Using IMPLAN, Cornell researchers estimated that in beyond the individual vendor. Each dollar Cornell spends from Cornell to pay their employees, rent space, and buy 2007, purchases of goods and services for Weill Cornell’s Purchasing Category Spending produces what economists call the “multiplier effect,” or equipment, supplies, and telephone services—and all of New York City campus directly supported 2,001 FTE jobs (in thousands of dollars) the indirect and induced impacts on the vendor’s com- these expenditures have an impact on the economy. The in New York State, 1,777 of them in New York City alone. Insurance $54,536 munity, region, and state. university’s induced impact represents the impact of routine household spending by its own employees—for rent, Construction Rent $29,008 food, clothing, transportation, and childcare—and by the Miscellaneous professional services $12,673 Table 3. Cornell-Ithaca Purchases A university like Cornell is continually renewing it- employees of its suppliers. Greater Than $2 Million from self—and needing space for new and expanded academ- Power generation and supply $11,663 There are several quantitative economic models for Tompkins County Businesses, FY2007 ic programs and research. The past decade has been an Facilities support services $9,514 identifying the indirect and induced impacts of an enter- especially busy time, as Cornell brought online two new Business support services $8,128 prise’s expenditures. For this report, faculty and research- student residential communities on North Campus and Commodity or Service Spending ers in Cornell’s Department of City and Regional Planning Laboratory supplies and equipment $6,059 (in thousands of dollars) West Campus, academic and research buildings dedicat- used a social accounting matrix (SAM) model, imple- ed to nanotechnology (Duffield Hall) and the life sciences Travel arrangements $4,654 Utilities $18,288 mented with IMPLAN software. (See the “Appendix” for (Weill Hall), and a new medical center in New York City. Office supplies $3,668 a detailed description of IMPLAN.) Restaurants and catering $13,086 In 2007, Cornell spent a total of $291 million with pri- Scientific research and development $3,042 Using IMPLAN, Cornell researchers estimated that in mary construction contractors (also known as general Office supplies $6,128 2007, purchases of goods and services for Cornell’s Ithaca contractors): $179 million on projects for the Ithaca cam- Employment services $3,012 Civic, social, and professional organizations $4,104 campus directly supported: pus, and $112 million on projects in New York City. Figure Veterinary services $2,586 Scientific research services $4,032 • 803 full-time-equivalent (FTE) jobs in Tompkins 5 shows these last two figures in the context of the past Computer-related services $1,425 County five years. Wholesale trade $3,964 • 244 FTE jobs in the six counties immediately sur- Telecommunications $1,342 Miscellaneous professional and technical services $3,475 rounding Tompkins Printing $2,708 • 190 FTE jobs elsewhere in Central New York Computer equipment, software, and services $2,696 • 894 FTE jobs elsewhere in New York State Purchasing for the Weill Cornell academic and medical Figure 5. Total Construction Spending, 2002–2007 Facilities support services $2,394 operations in New York City amounted to $396 million in Printing machinery $2,275 2007, of which 40 percent was spent with local vendors. Machinery and equipment leasing $2,210 Figure 4 breaks down Weill Cornell purchases by location 200000$200,000 of vendor. $178,770 $175,000

150000$150,000

Figure 4. Weill Cornell Medical College Purchasing by $125,000 $119,504 $112,054 $107,449 Location of Vendor, FY2007 $99,954 $100,000 (in thousands of dollars) 100000 $90,528 $79,481 Total: $396 million $75,000 $65,561 $58,080 (in thousands of dollars) $54,283 50000$50,000 $26,234 $25,000 $22,445

NEW YORK CITY $158,300 $0 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 NYC SUBURBS $43,700

OTHER NYS LOCATIONS $5,400 Cornell-Ithaca Weill Cornell OUTSIDE NYS $188,400

Note: State University Construction Fund (SUCF) projects not included. SUCF projects active in 2007 had a total construction value of more than $106 million.

4 5 Section I Impact on the New York State Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise Section I Impact on the New York State Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise

Figure 6 shows prime contractor expenditures in New The economic impact of construction activity covered Figure 7. Cornell University Employment Figure 8. Cornell-Ithaca Total Payroll Growth, York State in 2007 for the Ithaca campus alone. by this report does not include state-funded projects man- Growth (excluding students), 2002–2007 FY2002–2007 IMPLAN estimates that construction on the Ithaca aged by the State University Construction Fund (SUCF) 2000020,000 800$800 campus resulted in 726 FTE jobs in Tompkins County. on Cornell campuses. During 2007, the construction $717 17,577 17,596 Construction for Weill Cornell created 888 FTE jobs in value of active SUCF projects on the Ithaca campus to- 17,336 $679 17,500 16,631 16,797 700$700 New York City and another 77 FTE jobs elsewhere in New taled $71.3 million. On the Geneva, New York campus, 16,069 $644 $602 York State, according to IMPLAN results. the construction value of active SUCF projects in 2007 1500015,000 600$600 $573 Because engaging roofers, painters, etc., is the responsi- totaled $3.4 million. In addition, the construction value $534 bility of the primary contractor, Cornell does not routine- of projects in Ithaca funded by the state but managed by 12,500 500$500 ly track local and regional subcontractor expenditures. Cornell on behalf of SUCF totaled $34.9 million. All of However, subcontractor expenditures in the construction these state-funded capital projects in Ithaca and Geneva 1000010,000 400$400 budgets for three large projects under way in 2007—the generated jobs, the purchasing of construction materials East Campus Research Building, the last two residence and supplies, and the engagement of area subcontractors 7,500 300$300 halls for the West Campus House System, and the life sci- in addition to those modeled in this report. (in millions of dollars) 5,000 $200 ences building, Weill Hall—provide further insight into 5000 200

Cornell’s role as a regional business and job generator. Employees and Payroll (in number of full-time equivalents) 2,500 100$100 These were not the only active construction projects in With more than 17,000 employees statewide, Cornell is 2007, so the true impact is orders of magnitude higher. among the largest employers in New York; with 12,000 of 0 0 0$0 From just these three examples: those employees in Ithaca alone, it is the largest employer 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 • $9.6 million went to subcontractors in Tompkins in Tompkins County. Aside from the sheer number of its County workforce, Cornell is committed to being a quality em- • $15 million went to subcontractors in counties sur- ployer, offering wages and benefits comparable to—and in rounding Tompkins many cases better than—the local average. The university Summary: Cornell’s Economic Impact • $49 million went to subcontractors elsewhere in New has been recognized nationally for these efforts, appear- in New York State York State ing on the “best employer” lists compiled by the Chronicle We have seen how purchasing, construction, and employ- The IMPLAN estimate is that 99 FTE jobs were created of Higher Education, AARP, and Working Mother maga- ment at Cornell University directly impacted the immedi- in Tompkins County in 2007 as the result of local subcon- zine, among others. ate vicinity and New York State as a whole in 2007. Table 5 tractor expenditures for the three projects. The Weill Hall Figure 7 indicates employment growth at Cornell. sets those direct impacts side-by-side with the indirect project alone accounted for $7.9 million spent in Tomp- Figure 8 shows that Cornell’s Ithaca payroll has grown and induced impacts as estimated using IMPLAN. It kins County and 82 of the FTE jobs. at an average rate of 6 percent for the same period. presents a concise picture of a large and thriving enter- In running IMPLAN, Cornell researchers determined Payroll growth is due in part to the university’s Salary prise that makes vital contributions to the local and state that the primary beneficiaries of construction jobs at Cor- Improvement Program, which is designed to move Cor- economies. nell-Ithaca are households earning $50,000 to $75,000 a nell wages from below- to at-market levels over a period year, with most of the recipients living in Tompkins and of years. surrounding counties. Thus, construction at Cornell helps Table 5. Summary of Cornell University’s Economic Impact in New York State, improve the standard of living for some of the university’s FY2007 nearest neighbors. (in millions of dollars and total of full-time equivalents)

Figure 6. Cornell-Ithaca Construction Spending Indirect and Induced Impact of Spending by Direct University Spending Employees, Vendors, Contractors Total Impact by Location of Prime Contractor, 2007 (in millions of dollars) Purchasing/ Impact of Impact of vendor and Payroll construction employee spending contractor spending Total: $179 million New York State

$1,148 $663 $1,072 $434 $3,317

TOMPKINS COUNTY $2.3 17,418 5,023 6,162 2,842 31,445

OTHER COUNTIES NEAR CORNELL $44.0 Central New York

OTHER CENTRAL NYS LOCATIONS $30.2 $640 $258 $622 $135 $1,654 NYC AND SUBURBS $4.3 12,776 1,971 4,300 1,114 20,161

OTHER NYS LOCATIONS $3.4 New York City

OUTSIDE NYS $94.6 $467 $333 $330 $189 $1,319

Note: State University Construction Fund (SUCF) projects not included. SUCF projects active in 2007 4,572 2,796 1,815 1,124 10,307 had a total construction value of more than $106 million.

6 7 Section I Impact on the New York State Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise Section I Impact on the New York State Economy: Cornell University as an Enterprise

For Tompkins County, Cornell’s Ithaca operation is the Cornell further supports local governments and com- Table 9. Cornell-Ithaca Voluntary Cash primary economic engine, adding more than 16,000 jobs munity organizations through voluntary cash contribu- Contribution and Public Transit Subsidies, and $1.1 billion in wages to the local economy. As Table 6 tions. Table 9 lists some of the recipients. 2007 demonstrates, the university’s economic impact is felt in The taxes and fees paid to the county and individual lo- nearby counties and throughout Central New York. cal governments in 2007 are broken out in Table 10. Recipient of Contribution Amount In addition to jobs and wages, the Ithaca campus also The first section of this report details the economic (in dollars) generates sales and use tax revenue for Tompkins Coun- impact of Cornell University purely as an enterprise. The Tompkins County Area Transit $3,195,593* ty—and, in spite of the fact that most of its property is next section examines the impact of human activity at tax-exempt, the university makes a sizeable contribution Cornell—the contributions to the economy made by the City of Ithaca—municipal services $1,076,920 to local property tax revenues, as seen in Table 7. people who work, study, and visit there. Ithaca City School District $425,000 Table 8 expands on Table 7 to show the tax impact of City of Ithaca—economic development $75,000 the Ithaca campus alone on New York State, contributing Tompkins County Day Care and Child Development $38,000 more than $61 million to state tax revenues in 2007. Tompkins County Area Development $31,250 Hangar Theatre Public School Program $15,000 Table 6. Summary of Cornell-Ithaca Economic Impact, 2007 Tompkins County Chamber of Commerce $10,684 (in millions of dollars and total of full-time equivalents) Ithaca Neighborhood Housing $10,500 Cayuga Medical Center $10,000 Indirect and Induced Impact of Spending by Direct University Spending Employees, Vendors, Contractors Total Impact ScienCenter Kids Discovery Trail $10,000

Purchasing/ Induced Impact of Indirect Impact of vendor Tompkins County Public Library $10,000 Payroll construction employee spending and contractor spending Other $106,350

Tompkins County Total $5,014,297 $615 $129 $414 $22 $1,181 * Includes $701,180 in Partnership Share. 12,461 827 2,733 206 16,227

Counties Near Cornell

$615 $185 $529 $62 $1,391 Table 10. Taxes and Fees Paid by Cornell-Ithaca, FY2007 (in dollars) 12,461 1,517 3,724 600 18,302

Sewer, Water/Sewer, Permits, Agency Central New York Property Tax and Other Taxes/Fees and Inspection Fees Total $640 $258 $622 $135 $1,654 City of Ithaca $153,394 $969,081 $905,994 $2,028,469 12,776 1,971 4,300 1,114 20,161 Town of Ithaca $27,021 $588,853 $86,220 $702,094

Note: Payroll and FTE figures for Tompkins County and Counties Near Cornell are based on employees working at Cornell-Ithaca. Ithaca School District $568,795 – – $568,795 Payroll and FTE figures for Central New York are based on employees working at Cornell-Ithaca and Geneva, N.Y. Lansing School District $424,915 – – $424,915 Tompkins County $388,733 – – $388,733 Table 7. Summary of Cornell-Ithaca Table 8. Summary of Cornell-Ithaca Village of Lansing $34,464 $94,057 – $128,521 Tax Impacts on Local Government Tax Impacts on New York State, 2007 Town of Dryden $3,311 $82,501 – $85,812 in Tompkins County, FY2007 (in millions of dollars) Town of Lansing $43,788 $338 – $44,126 (in millions of dollars) Type of Tax Amount Village of Cayuga Heights $13,906 $8,093 $6,139 $28,138 Type of Tax Amount Dryden School District $8,106 – – $8,106 Taxes paid by or on behalf of university employees Other – – $4,835 $4,835 Taxes paid by or on behalf of university employees Property taxes $33.3 Total $1,666,433 $1,742,923 $1,003,188 $4,412,544 Property taxes $20.2 Sales and use taxes $7.6 Sales and use taxes $5.2 Taxes paid by vendors, contractors, and their employees $8.9 Taxes paid by vendors, contractors, and their employees $5.3 Taxes generated through multiplier effect $11.3 Taxes generated through multiplier effect $1.5 Total local tax revenue $61.2 Total local tax revenue $32.2

8 9 Section II Human Capital: Employees, Alumni, and Students

Section II Human Capital: Employees, Employees Table 12. Weill Cornell Medical College Permanent Full- and Part-Time Employees,* by Employee Residence, 2007 Alumni, and Students The employment figures for Cornell’s Ithaca campus usu- (in numbers of employees) ally include staff at a smaller operation called the New York State Agriculture Experiment Station in nearby Ge- A university campus is a community of people brought Location Full Time Part Time Total Percent together to acquire, share, expand, and apply knowledge. neva, New York; and faculty and staff for New York City– The majority of people who come to Cornell’s Ithaca cam- based programs such as academic and extension offices New York City 2,941 128 3,069 69.4 pus for extended periods of time (such as the academic for the School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Table 11 New York suburbs 526 58 584 13.2 shows staffing levels for each location. year) are undergraduate students. But Cornell also draws Other New York State locations 49 5 54 1.2 in graduate students, faculty members, visiting faculty, Employment data for Cornell programs outside New post-graduates looking for jobs in the research labs, and York State include staff at the Arecibo Observatory in Subtotal New York State 3,516 191 3,707 83.9 non-academic staff who keep functional and attractive Puerto Rico and the Shoals Marine Laboratory in Maine. Outside New York State 677 36 713 16.1 what is in essence a small city. Short-term visitors include Cornell’s primary presence in New York City is the alumni, guest lecturers, attendees at sporting events and Weill Cornell medical complex, which consists of a medi- Total 4,193 227 4,420 100.0 cal school, a graduate school, research laboratories, and the many conferences held at Cornell, performers, job re- * Excludes student employees cruiters, and high school students interested in seeing the clinical services. In 2007, Weill Cornell employed more campus before applying for admission (who are usually than 4,000 full- and part-time workers. As shown in Table accompanied by parents and even whole families). 12, most of them are residents of New York City. Much of the same activity, albeit on a somewhat small- Table 13. Cornell University Enrollment Trends, 2002–2006 er scale, takes place on Cornell’s New York City campus, Student Enrollment (in numbers of students) with the added attraction of a full range of medical ser- As Table 13 indicates, more than 20,000 students travel to vices that generate thousands of patient visits each year. Cornell’s campuses annually to spend the better part of These visitors stay in local hotels, use the local trans- the year studying at one of the undergraduate, graduate, Program 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 portation services, and eat at area restaurants, contribut- or professional schools. Undergraduate Programs ing to the local economies and supporting facilities that also improve the quality of life for long-term residents. Statutory colleges 5,212 5,161 5,160 5,180 5,206 Endowed colleges 8,513 8,494 8,465 8,335 8,356 Subtotal 13,725 13,655 13,625 13,515 13,562

Table 11. Cornell-Ithaca Employment by Campus, 2007 Graduate/Professional Programs (in numbers of employees) Statutory colleges 1,467 1,466 1,454 1,410 1,480

Location Full Time Part Time Total Percent Endowed colleges 2,821 2,930 2,859 2,886 2,874 Johnson Graduate School of Management 664 653 655 732 827 Ithaca 10,240 2,221 12,461 58.2 Law School 568 584 589 569 564 Geneva 256 59 315 1.5 College of Veterinary Medicine 330 332 336 335 332 New York City (non-Weill) 88 64 152 0.7 Weill Cornell Medical College 662 714 718 751 884 Other New York State locations 45 25 70 0.3 Subtotal 6,512 6,679 6,611 6,683 6,961 Subtotal New York State 10,629 2,369 12,998 60.8 Total 20,237 20,334 20,236 20,198 20,523 Outside New York State 156 22 178 0.8 Subtotal Cornell-Ithaca 10,785 2,391 13,176 61.6

Students employed by Cornell-Ithaca – – 8,217 38.4

Total 10,785 2,391 21,393 100.0

10 11 Section II Human Capital: Employees, Alumni, and Students Section II Human Capital: Employees, Alumni, and Students

Table 14 shows how the student population is distrib- Table 15 provides conservative estimates for living Figure 9A. Cornell University Undergraduate Enrollment, uted among the Cornell colleges and schools in the United costs in both locations, for off-campus students and for by Student’s Permanent Residence, Fall 2006 States. on-campus students (whose housing and, in many cases, (in numbers and percent of students) About a third of the undergraduates at Cornell in any food expenses are covered as part of overall university Total: 13,561 students given year are New York State residents. The rest come spending impacts in this report). to Ithaca from every state in the United States and more The estimated total for off-campus student spending in than 100 other countries. Figure 9 shows the breakdown Ithaca is $107 million; for Weill, it is $13 million. Using TOMPKINS COUNTY 574 4% for students attending Cornell in the fall of 2006. IMPLAN, Cornell researchers found the following direct, OTHER COUNTIES NEAR CORNELL UNIVERSITY 133 1% Roughly 40 percent of the undergraduates and 15 per- indirect, and induced results from this spending: OTHER CENTRAL NEW YORK COUNTIES 658 5% cent of graduate students at the Ithaca campus live in on- • Direct impact: 1,398 FTE jobs in Tompkins County campus housing, and another 10 percent of undergrads • Indirect and induced impacts: $28 million and 273 FTE NEW YORK CITY AND SUBURBS 2,717 20%

live in fraternity and sorority houses. Half of all students jobs in Tompkins County OTHER NEW YORK STATE LOCATIONS 909 7% get their meals through Cornell Dining. The rest find • Direct impact: 119 FTE jobs in New York City housing in the Ithaca rental market and buy food from lo- • Indirect and induced impacts: $6 million and 48 FTE OTHER UNITED STATES LOCATIONS 7,492 55% cal restaurants and grocery stores. Students who live in jobs in New York City OUTSIDE UNITED STATES 1,078 8% campus housing and dine on the Cornell mealplan also rely on area businesses for necessities and entertainment. Volunteerism Note: Student totals exclude 1 student with no known residence. Medical students at Weill Cornell usually live in hous- Cornell’s status as the land-grant university for New ing provided by the college but turn to New York City York State commits it to research and outreach that im- businesses for everything else. prove the quality of life for all state residents, particularly through programs in the state-assisted statutory colleges. Figure 9B. Cornell University Graduate and Professional Student However, dedication to public service of another kind can Enrollment, by Student’s Permanent Residence, Fall 2006 (in numbers and percent of students) Table 14. Cornell University Undergraduate be found throughout the Cornell community. No one and Graduate Enrollment, Fall 2006 formally tracks employee volunteer work, but each year Total: 6,954 students (in numbers of students) university staff and faculty make significant contributions to the United Way of Tompkins County fundraising cam- TOMPKINS COUNTY 2,149 31% Programs Enrollment paign—not just in dollars, but in hours spent planning and promoting it—and spend thousands of hours serving on OTHER COUNTIES NEAR CORNELL UNIVERSITY 50 1% Undergraduate Programs the boards of other not-for-profit organizations through- OTHER CENTRAL NEW YORK COUNTIES 162 2% College of Agriculture and Life Sciences* 3,182 out the community. Professors teach courses in which NEW YORK CITY AND SUBURBS 723 10% College of Architecture, Art, and Planning 495 students apply what they have learned to meet real human needs in Ithaca, the surrounding rural communities, and OTHER NEW YORK STATE LOCATIONS 241 4% College of Arts and Sciences 4,189 other upstate cities. Undergraduate and graduate students OTHER UNITED STATES LOCATIONS 2,103 30% College of Engineering 2,782 tutor Ithaca schoolchildren, visit retirement homes, and School of Hotel Administration 858 host children from across the state at events designed to OUTSIDE UNITED STATES 1,526 22% spark their interest in science and technology. College of Human Ecology* 1,205 Note: Student totals exclude 7 students with no known residence. The economic impact of all this activity, in terms of School of Industrial and Labor Relations* 819 avoided costs in personnel, equipment, and supplies for Undecided 32 schools and human service agencies, would be difficult to Subtotal 13,562 calculate. Here are some figures for student volunteer ef- Table 15. Estimated Living Costs for forts in 2007: Cornell Students, 2007 Graduate/Professional Programs • 2,883: number of students who participated in ongoing (in dollars) Graduate School 4,354 community service Johnson Graduate School of Management 827 • 119,171: number of hours of ongoing service Type of Student Location • 1,645: number of students who participated in one- Law School 564 Cornell-Ithaca Cornell-Ithaca Weill Cornell time community service On-Campus Off-Campus On-Campus1 College of Veterinary Medicine* 332 • 11,679: number of hours of one-time service Weill Cornell Medical College 884 • 43,000: number of hours of community service pro- Undergraduate $2,120 $12,896 – vided by fraternities and sororities at Cornell Subtotal 6,961 Graduate/Professional $5,782 $16,547 $6,675 • $214,000: amount raised through fraternity and soror- 1 Total 20,523 First-year graduate student ity fundraising activities Note: The methodology for estimating living costs for on-campus graduate and profes- In recognition of its students’ efforts, Cornell Univer- sional students reflects a greater degree of accuracy than that used in the first Economic Impact Study using 2005 data. * New York State statutory college sity was named to the 2008 President’s Higher Education and Community Service Honor Roll, with Distinction.

12 13 Section II Human Capital: Employees, Alumni, and Students Section II Human Capital: Employees, Alumni, and Students

Alumni The most likely explanation is that the more recent Figure 10A. Current Residence of Cornell-Ithaca Alumni Degree Holders, as of 2008 Cornell University is fortunate in having a large and ex- graduates are either pursuing advanced degrees or start- (in numbers and percent of alumni) traordinarily devoted alumni body, numbering more ing their careers close to their alma mater. Either way, than 255,000 in 2007. And of the 190,000 Cornell alumni they are remaining in New York during a stage in life Total: 185,751 alumni unique degree holders whose addresses are known, approximately one quarter when they are also getting married, starting families, and buying their first homes—and thus are active supporters live in New York State, as indicated in Figure 10. TOMPKINS COUNTY 6,022 3% Figure 11 demonstrates an interesting pattern of resi- of the state’s consumer economy. At the same time, they dency. More than a third of those in the 2007 graduating are helping to meet New York’s need for well-educated, OTHER CENTRAL NEW YORK COUNTIES 8,863 5% class stayed in New York State, with the majority flocking highly skilled workers. NEW YORK CITY AND SUBURBS 25,661 14% Wherever they finally settle, Cornell alumni are likely to New York City and suburbs and a substantial percent- OTHER NEW YORK STATE LOCATIONS 9,589 5% age remaining in Tompkins County. The farther alumni to return to Ithaca at some point in their lives, either for are from their commencement date, the fewer there are reunions, sporting events, or because their own children OUTSIDE UNITED STATES 10,438 6% in New York. By their tenth-year reunion, New York resi- choose to attend Cornell. OTHER UNITED STATES LOCATIONS 125,178 67% dency levels off at about a thousand per class year.

Figure 10B. Current Residence of Weill-Cornell Alumni Degree Holders, as of 2008 (in numbers and percent of alumni) Total: 4,840 alumni unique degree holders

NEW YORK CITY 883 18%

OTHER NEW YORK STATE LOCATIONS 227 5%

OUTSIDE UNITED STATES 45 1%

OTHER UNITED STATES LOCATIONS 3,685 76%

Figure 11. Current Residence of Cornell-Ithaca Alumni and Unique Degree Holders, by Year Degree Conferred, 1981–2007

250025002500 2250 2,162 263 200020002000 1,802 1,788 1,026 Other New York State locations 1750 215 204 1,570 New York City and suburbs 1,474 1,089 1,046 1500 1,412 181 15001500 1,326 190 Other Central New York locations 1,278 185 960 1,198 173 1250 1,171 1,162 170 923 922 1,070 1,064 124 1,038 1,022 148 139 914 Tompkins County 982 979 995 847 976 965 964 977 955 193 979 965 811 1000 929 942 143 151 130 136 778 763 10001000 199 188 186 195 171 168 152 152 173 206 208 671 598 644 654 658 242 593 750 463 517 506 571 568 544 (by number of degree holders) 451 489 415 459 631 500 170 217 500500 205 177 368 250 198 206 211 131 186 179 172 155 156 159 152 148 145 145 281 163 167 153 148 129 134 147 144 224 174 184 128 102 103 110 123 123 99 98 115 115 116 0 89 93 77 78 84 103 94 82 94 95 00 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

14 15 Section II Human Capital: Employees, Alumni, and Students Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State

Section III Visitors Promoting Economic Research Like most colleges and universities, Cornell does not sys- Development in New York State In an economy increasingly driven by knowledge-based tematically track the number of people who visit its Ithaca industries, the communities that can attract new and ex- campus, the nature of their visits, where they are coming Cornell plays an important role in positioning the state panding companies are the ones that provide the right from, how long they stay in Ithaca, and so on. Information for future economic growth, through research that leads conditions, including a skilled and educated workforce, that is available on some categories of visitors, however, to new technologies and new businesses, and programs to access to a steady flow of intellectual property, support provides a basis for drawing plausible inferences about help entrepreneurs build their businesses; by fulfilling its and resources for entrepreneurial ventures, and an en- spending by these visitors and the impact of this spend- land-grant mission to target its activities toward improv- vironment where the public and private sectors work ing on Tompkins County. Table 16 presents information ing the quality of life for all state residents; and by attract- together to promote economic development. Company on the number of people who for various reasons visited ing high-quality faculty, staff, and students to Central leaders also look for communities that offer a high qual- Cornell during the 2006–2007 academic year. New York and the New York City region. The university is ity of life for themselves and their prospective employees. Using IMPLAN, Cornell researchers estimated that in an asset on which state leaders can rely to foster economic This includes good schools and healthcare, and cultural 2007, off-campus spending on lodging, food, transporta- development in all regions of New York. and outdoor recreational activities. tion, shopping, entertainment, and other services by the Cornell’s ability to attract skilled, educated workers is types of visitors listed above totaled approximately $47 Entrepreneurship reflected in the fact that the tiny Ithaca metropolitan sta- million. They further estimated that visitor spending di- tistical area (population 96,500) took third place on the Small start-up companies are vitally important to the fu- rectly supported 778 FTE jobs in Tompkins County—and, Forbes.com list of Smartest Cities in America (2008). The ture of the U.S. economy. Cornell is the entrepreneurial through the multiplier effect, generated an additional $15 university itself has been recognized by Computerworld university for New York, offering 150 entrepreneurship- million in economic output and 143 FTE jobs. magazine as one of the best employers for information related courses, taught by 90 professors, with 9,817 stu- technology workers two years in a row. The quality of life dent enrollments in the 2007–2008 academic year. Cornell in Ithaca has won the city numerous plaudits, including Table 16. Estimated Number of Visitors also provides resources to translate intellectual property first place for its middle-class housing market Forbes( ) and to Cornell-Ithaca during 2007 generated at the university into start-up firms, to provide third place on the Farmers Insurance list of Most Secure those start-ups with the assistance they need to become Places to Live, which takes into account crime, weather, Types of Visitors Number of Visitors established and to expand, and to educate the next gen- natural and man-made hazards, health, and economic eration of entrepreneurs. Athletic event attendees 62,307 conditions. One component of the overall effort is Entrepreneur- Commencement attendees 38,000 Through its facilities and the work of its faculty and re- ship@Cornell, a university-wide program that manages searchers, Cornell produces new ideas that generate new Prospective students 24,250 and supports a range of activities that stimulate economic businesses. During FY2007, 10 existing New York State Conference (and other) attendees development in New York State. These include an annual businesses licensed 22 Cornell technologies, which will patronizing the Statler Hotel 19,197 conference, a national alumni entrepreneur network, and, help them to stay competitive and support their growth. Summer visitors in Cornell Housing 14,324 with help from the New York State Centers for Advanced Examples include: Technology, placement of up to 50 student interns with Parents of campers (pick up/drop off) 7,680 • Jodange has developed a web-based service called small businesses, many of which are developing applica- Reunion attendees 6,612 “Top of Mind” that finds opinions in digitized text and tions for intellectual property generated at Cornell. tracks them over time. Initially targeting the financial Total 172,370 The Johnson Graduate School of Management is con- services industry, Top of Mind will expand over time to sidered one of the nation’s best colleges for entrepreneurs. encompass more general information. Its strengths include its “Triad”—BR (Big Red) Ventures, • Laminare Technologies is developing micro-fuel-cell BR Incubator, and BR Legal—which have provided ser- technology that could eventually be used in batteries vices and capital to more than 150 start-ups since their for portable electronic devices like laptops, powering inception early this decade. them for weeks instead of hours. Cornell’s new eLab student business incubator pro- • Mezmeriz uses carbon-fiber microelectromechanical vides undergraduate entrepreneurs with office space, -ac systems (MEMS) technology to make a high-definition cess to a network of alumni mentors and investors, and projector the size of a matchbook. The company’s tech- services like legal and accounting support. nology will ultimately lead to a projection system that The Cornell Entrepreneur Network (www.cen.cornell. can be embedded into any mobile device. edu) has brought together 15,000 alumni at events held • Vitis Biosciences is developing virus-resistant grape across the country since its inception in 2001. Network rootstock for sale to nurseries servicing the growing events are held regularly in New York City and periodi- worldwide wine and grape industries, with investment cally in Syracuse, Rochester, and Ithaca. support from Chilean research institutions and inves- Cornell’s Pre-Seed Workshops put a researcher or tech- tors. nology owner with an idea for a product on a team with • Medeor is a biopharmaceutical company that develops experienced entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, attorneys, D-methadone, a nonopioid analgesic that can be used and experts in the field. Of the more than 30 teams at a to prevent or reverse the development of morphine tol- recent workshop, 17 have resulted in start-up companies, erance and dependence. and 10 are in the organizing stage. 16 17 Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State

There are several older companies that began with Cor- Much of this work is possible because of the univer- Figure 13B. Select Ivy-Plus Universities, by Total Research Expenditures, 2007 nell technology and have stayed in New York as they’ve sity’s ability to compete successfully for research funding. grown and expanded, in order to maintain close ties with In 2007, nearly $660 million dollars was spent on research $1,500 the university’s research community: at the Ithaca campus and at Weill Cornell in New York 1500

• Advion BioSciences, Inc. has become a leading provid- City. As Figure 12 indicates, research spending at Cornell $1,256 er of bioanalytical contract services. has steadily increased over time. $1,200 • Kionix, Inc. produces MEMS inertial sensors with Figure 13 puts Cornell’s research spending in the con- 1200 applications in the consumer electronics, industrial, text of similar expenditures at New York State and peer $934 health care, and automotive markets. institutions. $900 • BinOptics develops and manufactures photonic chips 900

for the telecom, datacom, and optical storage markets. Figure 12. Cornell University Research $659 $668 • BioWorks serves horticulture and specialty agriculture Expenditures, FY2003–2007 $600 $548 600 $494 growers by providing environmentally responsible, $451 cost-effective disease- and pest-control products. 800$800 (in millions of dollars) Cornell offers access to some of the most advanced re- $275 700 $659.4 $300 search facilities in the world, including the Cornell Center 300 $176 $193 for Materials Research, the Cornell Nanofabrication Facil- $605.3 $197.9 600$600 $561.3 ity, and the Center for Nanoscale Systems. These centers $537.7 $191.2 $504.6 $164.3 $0 $164.9 0 provide equipment, training, and staff assistance to major 500 Brown Dartmouth Princeton Yale Harvard Columbia Cornell University of Stanford Massachusetts $148.6 University College University University University University University Pennsylvania University Institute of corporations like Bausch and Lomb, Xerox, and General $461.5 Technology Electric, as well as to start-up businesses and small es- 400$400 $414.1 $397.0 $372.8 tablished companies such as Primet Precision Materials, $356.0 Source: National Science Foundation which moved from Maryland to New York State to be near 300

Cornell. (in millions of dollars) Weill Hall, the newly completed life sciences research 200$200 facility, houses the university’s Innovation Development Much of the funding for research at Cornell comes tively quickly. “Technology transfer”—the process by and Economic Application (IDEA) Center, a business in- 100 from the federal government—primarily the National Sci- which new technology is protected, often through patent- cubator for Cornell start-ups in related fields. ence Foundation and the National Institutes of Health— ing, then is either licensed to commercial ventures or be- 0$0 Users of the Food Processing and Development Labo- 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 as shown in Table 17. comes the basis for a new business—is an increasingly im- ratory in Ithaca include the International Food Network While Cornell continues to be a leader in basic re- portant activity at research universities around the world. and the Upstate Farms dairy cooperative. Cornell-Ithaca Weill Cornell search, a great deal of activity both in Ithaca and at Weill At Cornell, the process is managed by the Cornell Center Cornell in New York City is focused on discoveries that for Technology, Enterprise, and Commercialization. can be translated into viable commercial products rela- Figure 13A. Select New York State Universities, by Total Research Expenditures, 2007 Table 17. Cornell University Research Expenditures by Source, FY2007 800 (in thousands of dollars)

$700700 $659 Source of Funding Cornell-Ithaca Weill-Cornell Total

$600 Department of Health and Human Services* $67,420 $128,435 $195,855 600 $548 National Science Foundation $120,794 $785 $121,579 $500500 Other Federal Agencies $68,977 $2,375 $71,352 $400400 $377 Subtotal from Federal Agencies $257,191 $131,595 $388,786 $320 $323 $309 State and Local Governments $68,474 $3,506 $71,980 $300300 $269 $269 $234 (in millions of dollars) Nonprofit Organizations and Foreign Sources $36,849 – $36,849 $200200 Corporations $12,760 $10,896 $23,656 Foundations $4,345 $15,726 $20,071 $100100 Internal Sources $81,899 $36,142 $118,041 $0 0 Total $461,518 $197,865 $659,383 Rockefeller SUNY Mt. Sinai SUNY New York SUNY University Columbia Cornell University Stony Brook School of Albany University Buffalo of Rochester University University Medicine * The majority of funding comes from the National Institutes of Health. Source: National Science Foundation

18 19 Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State

Table 18. Selected Cornell University Technology Transfer Data, FY2003–2007 Table 18 shows how Cornell has performed on several early-stage and follow-on rounds of financing in technolo- (in millions of dollars and total numbers) measures of technology transfer activity over the five-year gy-based companies with high growth potential in upstate period ending in 2007. The “invention disclosures” line is New York. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 of special note, as the number of new inventions or dis- Larger, more capital-intensive projects require collabo- Gross licensing income $3.3 $7.4 $3.9 $6.2 $5.2 coveries by a university’s faculty and staff is regarded as ration of a higher order. Research universities across the an indication of that university’s potential for future in- country have received direct support in the form of mil- Invention disclosures 185 225 200 237 236 novation. lions of dollars from their state governments, improving New first-time U.S. patent applications filed 72 91 113 114 92 Table 19 shows how Cornell’s technology transfer the odds that their projects will receive substantial federal Patents issued (U.S. only) 53 53 51 59 61 activities compare with those at other land-grant insti- funding, while the states reap the benefits of the resultant Licenses/options executed 49 80 77 49 34 tutions and select Ivy-plus and New York State schools, economic activity: based on a five-year annual average for each. In a total field • The Tennessee legislature approved a $61 million pack- Start-up companies formed 13 6 4 6 2 of 16 institutions, Cornell is fifth in U.S. patents issued age for a biofuels research center at the University of and start-up companies formed, seventh in total research Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 2007. expenditures, invention disclosures, and licenses and op- The project received $125 million from the Depart- tions executed. ment of Energy and positions the state at the forefront Table 20 is a small sample of New York State compa- of biofuels research and production. Table 19. Five-Year Annual Average of Technology Transfer Performance Metrics nies that have translated licensed technology developed • The North Carolina Research Campus, a massive scien- for Comparative Universities, 2002–2006 at Cornell into commercial products. Other examples are tific and economic revitalization project involving the (in millions of dollars and total numbers) described elsewhere in this section. state university system, is under construction in part because the state will contribute $29 million annually New First-Time Total Research Gross U.S. Patent U.S. Licenses/ Start-Up Public and Private Partnerships for faculty salaries and rental space. The center repre- Expenditures Licensing Invention Applications Patents Options Companies sents a transition from two traditional North Carolina Universities (2007) Income Disclosures Filed Issued Executed Formed A 2008 Milken Institute report put New York in the second tier of states in terms of science and technology as- industries: textiles manufacturing and tobacco farm- Selected Land-Grant Institutions sets. Cornell is well positioned to help New York improve ing. • The State of Florida’s willingness to invest in the Na- Cornell University $659.4 $4.7 212 94 55 67 7 its performance through partnerships with the public and the private sectors. The university already works with the tional High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida Pennsylvania State University $665.1 $1.7 158 127 48 23 3 City of Ithaca and Tompkins County governments, and State University (FSU) has been instrumental in the 1 1 1 1 Texas A&M University $565.6 $7.0 125 81 34 64 3 private-sector development agencies such as the Metro- National Science Board’s decisions to locate and keep University of Illinois $492.3 $7.5 269 135 49 77 10 politan Development Authority of Syracuse and Central it there. The state covers annual operating expenses and, in 2004, appropriated $10 million for infrastruc- University of California, Davis $604.5 $10.6 131 69 34 14 0 2 New York and Tompkins County Area Development, to develop an environment where technology-based busi- ture upgrades. FSU estimates that every dollar in state Michigan State University $364.4 $23.7 121 91 35 40 3 nesses can flourish. In addition, Cornell is well represent- contributions to the lab generates $3.50 in the Florida University of Wisconsin $860.3 $41.8 317 184 85 182 3 ed on the management team and advisory board of the economy. University of Minnesota $639.4 $42.5 232 101 43 78 3 Cayuga Venture Fund, whose primary investment focus is

Selected Ivy-Plus Institutions Cornell University $659.4 $4.7 212 94 55 67 7 Table 20. Selected New York State Companies That Licensed Brown University $175.6 $1.5 66 39 15 10 4 Cornell University Technology, 2006–2007 Dartmouth College $192.8 $1.3 37 28 9 10 1 Company City Business/Product Harvard University $493.9 $19.8 164 113 46 61 5 Adirondack Contract Packaging Westport Apple-based nutritional supplement Massachusetts Institute of Technology $1,255.6 $31.9 497 320 140 117 20 DNANO Systems, LLC Ithaca Nanotechnology-based identification Stanford University $934.5 $50.5 388 396 105 108 10 e2e Materials LLC Ithaca Non-carbon-based biodegradable composites University of Pennsylvania $668.1 $8.2 332 374 58 74 8 Jodange, LLC Yonkers Opinion-tracking software Selected New York State Institutions Laminare Technologies, Inc. Ithaca Micro fuel-cell technology Cornell University $659.4 $4.7 212 94 55 67 7 Mezmeriz, Inc. Ithaca Small, high-definition projection systems New York University $319.7 $109.8 94 57 22 29 3 Novomer, LLC Ithaca Biodegradable plastics University of Rochester $377.0 $34.2 134 128 20 18 5 Terrenew, LLC Geneva Products for removing pollutants from surfaces and fluids Veratag Ithaca Microelectromechanical systems–based security systems 1 Four years of data only 2 No data available Vitis BioScience, Inc. Geneva Virus-resistant grape rootstock Source: National Science Foundation, Association of University Technology Managers

20 21 Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State

New York State has committed funds to Cornell proj- Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) is uniquely po- Cornell Cooperative Extension’s Farm-to-Chef and CCE also helps farmers and agribusinesses identify and ect proposals that have ultimately received federal fund- sitioned to advise community planners on the nature and Farm-to-School programs promote the purchase of foods implement energy conservation measures, and encour- ing: the Nanobiotechnology Center, the Cornell Center for optimization of county-level biomass, and to help attract grown and produced in New York to restaurants and ages them to conduct farm energy audits. To date, more Materials Research, the Center for Nanoscale Systems, and private investment dollars. Extension personnel also play school systems, colleges, and universities—simultane- than 200 businesses have documented improved profit- the National Nanofabrication Users Network at Cornell. In a role in recruiting farmers to commit land and resources ously improving the economic prospects of New York ability from adopting alternative energy sources and en- addition, the state has appropriated $50 million for the new to growing the necessary crops, and in developing a work- farmers, creating demand for new services such as local ergy conservation. Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Cornell’s College force to support the bioenergy industry. trucking and food storage centers, and reducing the envi- of Veterinary Medicine and $5.3 million for Cornell’s new ronmental impact of long-distance trucking. New York City Creating a Green Economy grape research lab in Portland, New York, and has invested In 2005, Cornell turned over operation of its state-of- Although Cornell is most readily identified with Ithaca, in the Food and Technology Park in Geneva, New York. Research conducted at Cornell is already yielding new the-art hydroponics greenhouse to Challenge Industries, New York, the university has a large and growing pres- The university has a number of equally ambitious proj- products designed to have little or no impact on the en- Inc., a not-for-profit agency that provides vocational ser- ence in the downstate area, with programs ranging from ects on the drawing board. Advancing them to the next vironment: vices for individuals with disabilities. Challenge workers architecture and the fine arts to medicine, agriculture, level—submitting proposals to the appropriate federal • Novomer is a new materials company producing low- grow a wide variety of lettuces sold under the brand name aquaculture, and industrial and labor relations. agencies—requires an even closer relationship between cost, high-performance “green” plastics, polymers, and Finger Lakes Fresh and sell them to Ithaca-area produce The oldest and largest of these is Weill Cornell Medical Cornell and state government. other chemicals—and is finding customers among a vendors and restaurants, and the Wegmans, Price Chop- College (WCMC). Founded in 1898 and located on Man- A closer partnership between New York and Cornell wide variety of packaging, commercial, consumer, and per, and P&C supermarket chains. hattan’s Upper East Side, WCMC is among the top-ranked University could also help the state retain more of its industrial markets that are looking for advanced mate- clinical and medical research centers in the country. Sustainable Agribusiness budding businesses. Of 50 start-ups founded on Cornell rials that combine low environmental impact with high In 2007, WCMC and the Weill Graduate School of technology in the past 10 years, nearly half have moved quality and low cost. Cornell researchers and CCE field crops educators have Medical Sciences had 4,420 permanent, non-student em- out of state, taking jobs and tax revenues with them. As • e2e Materials produces petroleum-free, biodegradable been working with farms in 10 counties to predict the ni- ployees, 93 percent of whom worked full-time. Weill made this report was being written, two more New York–based composites from renewable resources like soy protein trogen needs for growing corn. They have discovered that more than $395 million dollars worth of purchases that companies were contemplating locations in other states. and bamboo for materials that are stronger, lighter, when corn is planted in fields where alfalfa, grass, or a mix year, and spent $112 million on construction. Table 21 and cheaper than traditional alternatives. A California of the two were grown the year before, the soil retains shows the direct, indirect, and induced economic impact Sustainability company, Comet Skateboards, has moved its manufac- enough nitrogen to permit farmers to greatly reduce fer- of this activity in the city and state of New York as esti- As a large-scale enterprise, Cornell University subscribes turing operation to Ithaca and is working with e2e to tilizer applications, without impacting the yield or quality mated by IMPLAN. to the theory of the “triple bottom line,” making it a mat- make “green” skateboards. e2e plans to use the same of the corn. This saves farmers money and, because nitro- ter of policy that, to the greatest extent possible, its activi- technology to make biodegradable office furniture. gen is a pollutant, reduces the environmental impact of ties be environmentally sustainable, socially sustainable, • Terrenew has just introduced SulfaMaster, technology growing corn. and economically prudent. As a research university, Cor- to remove hydrogen sulfide from the biogas produced at landfills and on farms, making biogas a more viable nell has attacked environmental problems on all fronts. In Table 21. Weill Cornell Medical College Economic Impact, 2007 source of renewable energy. the process, the university has contributed to the begin- (in millions of dollars and total of full-time equivalents) nings of a “green economy” in the region and the state as As the largest generator of commuter traffic in Tomp- kins County, the university is working with community a whole. Indirect and Induced Impact of Spending by leaders to reduce the number of single-occupancy vehicles Direct University Spending Employees, Vendors, Contractors Total Impact Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency travelling to and from the Ithaca campus. One initiative is Purchasing/ Impact of Impact of vendor and Cornell University is one of very few institutions in the Ithaca Carshare, whose members can reserve a specially Payroll construction employee spending contractor spending world with a critical mass of physical scientists, life scien- outfitted car online for a few hours or days. Seven Car- tists, engineers, and social scientists with the motivation share vehicles were purchased from a Tompkins County New York City dealer, financed through two local lenders, and retrofitted and expertise to create a sustainable and vital bioenergy $460 $307 $324 $178 $1,269 future. by local companies. Cornell bought more than 2,000 Car- 4,420 2,665 1,593 1,053 9,731 The result could be fortuitous for New York State. Ac- share memberships to issue to faculty and staff who use cording to an award-winning paper from Cornell’s Col- the bus and other alternatives to commuting alone. New York State (including NYC) lege of Agriculture and Life Sciences, transporting “bio- Local Foods Initiatives $460 $318 $366 $243 $1,387 mass”—for example, plants like corn and switchgrass, used to make biofuels like ethanol—is so expensive that In fiscal year 2007, Cornell Dining bought 23 percent of 4,420 2,966 2,133 1,588 11,107 success will of necessity involve locally produced biomass its produce within a 250-mile radius of Ithaca or from as well as locally converted and locally consumed energy anywhere in New York State. The figure topped 33 per- and products. The paper envisions small facilities that use cent for fiscal year 2008, well on the way to the goal of 50 a regionalized portfolio of renewable resources from a percent. Cornell Dining recently joined the Pride of New 30- to 40-mile radius. It is possible that every one or two York Program, which promotes the sale of agricultural counties in New York State might profitably develop its products grown and food products processed within New own biomass-processing center. York State.

22 23 Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State

Like Cornell’s Ithaca campus, WCMC contributes Table 22. Weill Cornell Medical College The Johnson Graduate School of Management runs its According to CCE-NYC, 8,672 youth participated in directly and indirectly to state and city tax revenues, as Payments to New York State, FY2007 Executive MBA program for mid-career business profes- NYC 4-H leadership and life skills programs in 2007. Al- shown in Tables 22, 23, and 24. (in millions of dollars) sionals at the IBM Palisades Executive Conference Center most 2,000 youth reported participating in a new science/ In addition to its teaching mission, Weill Cornell is a in Palisades, New York, close to the New York metropoli- technology–related activity through a CCE program. top-ranked medical practice, drawing more than a quar- Type of Tax Amount tan area. More than 600 young participants reported improved ter-million patients a year to its Manhattan and West- Taxes paid by or on behalf of university employees success in school science and increased interest in science chester facilities. Figure 14 shows that a substantial per- Cornell Cooperative Extension: Downstate and technology as a result of such programs. Personal income taxes $20.5 centage of patients travel to Weill Cornell from outside Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) is active in all five CCE associations on Long Island have contributed to New York State. Sales and use taxes $4.1 boroughs and Long Island. CCE-NYC partners with doz- the vitality of agricultural and horticultural businesses Patient visits generated more than $354 million in rev- Taxes paid by vendors, contractors, and their employees $9.6 ens of local agencies to carry out programs in family and there, and to the repopulation of the island’s bays with enues in 2007, with one in five dollars from outside New Taxes generated through multiplier effect $10.1 youth development, nutrition and health, and the urban oysters, clams, and scallops. York State (Figure 15). environment. Weill Cornell further contributes to the vitality of Total state tax revenues $44.2 downstate New York by providing a wide range of services Figure 14. Number of Unique Patients at Weill Cornell Medical College, such as free health screenings and vaccinations—pre- by Year and Residence ventive measures that reduce employee absenteeism and medical expenditures. Other Weill Cornell community 300,000 300000 278,942 outreach efforts include the Emergencies in School Sym- 272,086 Table 23. Weill Cornell Medical College 265,600 267,454 posium, an annual event for public, private, and parochi- 256,850 261,582 Payments to New York City Government, 49,270 250,000 50,652 al school nurses, who receive training in various health 250000 47,306 44,783 FY2007 46,111 46,399 4,142 emergencies and in emergency (bioterror) preparedness. (in millions of dollars) 312 357 359 346 342 31,714 30,554 31,330 200,000 30,147 30,475 Other Cornell Colleges in New York City 200000 30,140 Type of Payment Amount The New York State College of Industrial and Labor Rela- tions (ILR) has five extension offices in New York State, Income tax withholding $10.4 150000150,000 including one in New York City (the others are in Albany, Real property taxes $0.2 180,253 184,694 187,507 191,760 189,745 193,816

Ithaca, Buffalo, and Rochester). ILR Extension provides Water and sewer fees $0.3 (number of patients) 100000100,000 working adults with classes on topics such as union revitalization, labor-management cooperation, health and Total direct payments $10.9 50,000 safety, and regulatory compliance. Employers hire exten- 50000 sion faculty as consultants to assist with dispute resolu- tion, strategic planning, and leadership and management 0 training. Downstate ILR researchers have helped produce 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 a 2006 report that uncovered the opportunities and chal- Table 24. New York City Revenues lenges related to the $5 billion-a-year commercial film and Indirectly Attributable to New York City NYC suburbs Other New York State locations Outside NYC television industry in New York City and a study into the Weill Cornell Medical College, FY2007 perceptions of New York firefighters and officers regard- (in millions of dollars) ing specific issues of job pressures, workplace safety, re- Type of Tax Amount sources, social support, and post-9/11 trauma that identi- Figure 15. Weill Cornell Medical College Patient Revenues fied key issues of concern. Taxes paid by or on behalf of university employees by Patient Residence, FY2007 The College of Architecture, Art, and Planning’s (AAP) Property taxes $9.6 (in millions of dollars and percent) new facility in Chelsea brings faculty and hundreds of students to New York City for coursework and internships. Sales and use taxes $4.1 Total: $354.5 million AAP NYC also promotes collaborations with other edu- Water and sewer fees $2.0 cational institutions in the city. Taxes paid by vendors, contractors, and their employees $6.7 The College of Engineering’s New York City–based Taxes generated through multiplier effect $20.4 NEW YORK CITY $227.8 64.2% program, Cornell Financial Engineering Manhattan (CFEM), is primarily dedicated to analyzing and man- Total city tax revenues $42.7 NEW YORK CITY SUBURBS $49.8 14.1% aging complex financial instruments. CFEM’s executive OTHER LOCATIONS IN NEW YORK STATE $1.1 0.3% training program provides downstaters an opportunity to study with faculty from Cornell’s celebrated School of Op- OUTSIDE NEW YORK STATE $75.8 21.4% erations Research and Information Engineering.

24 25 Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State

Cornell Cooperative Extension: CCE programs are funded by Cornell University and a CCE Employment and Purchasing communities served by CCE are rural areas, where public Statewide combination of federal grants, state and county aid, out- CCE employed 2,118 full- and part-time workers in 2007. institutions may be the primary economic engines—and Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) is one of the prin- side grants, and program fees (Figure 17). Figure 18 shows that nearly a third of those workers oc- their employees are often better paid than others in the cipal means by which Cornell University fulfills its land- CCE uses these resources to generate activities that cupy professional positions. community. grant mission. CCE translates knowledge generated at lead to additional support from agencies and organiza- Table 25 includes the average earnings of full-time CCE The direct, indirect, and induced impacts on New York Cornell into programs and resources that benefit com- tions, private sources, and other branches of government. employees. The figures are significant in that many of the State, as calculated using IMPLAN, appear in Table 26. munities, families, individuals, and farms and other small In effect, CCE is an efficient contractor, providing - edu businesses throughout New York State, from densely pop- cational services and university resources by partnering ulated neighborhoods in Queens to remote areas of the with other community based entities. These contracts, Figure 18. Cornell Cooperative Extension Association North Country. while always within mission, extend the efforts of other Employees, by Job Category, 2007 In 2007, CCE associations spent more than $92 million agencies at a benefit to the taxpayer. (in number of employees) on programs in five key areas (Figure 16). Total: 2,118 employees

Figure 16. Cornell Cooperative Extension Association EDUCATORS 535 Expenditures by Program Area, FY2007 CAMP STAFF 260 (in millions of dollars and percent) TEMPORARY STAFF 339 Total: $92.3 million OTHER PROFESSIONALS 94

CLERICAL/PARAPROFESSIONAL 890

AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SYSTEMS $22.6 25%

NUTRITION AND HEALTH $20.1 22%

ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES $8.7 9%

COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC VITALITY $4.8 5% Table 25. Cornell Cooperative Extension Employment, Payroll, and Earnings, CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES $36.1 39% per Full-Time-Equivalent Employee, 2007

Job Category Employees Payroll Average Earnings per FTE

Educators 505 $24,998,913 $49,503 Other Professionals 89 $3,410,622 $38,378

Figure 17. Cornell Cooperative Extension Association Clerical/Paraprofessional 803 $18,650,654 $23,226 Expenditures by Source of Funds, FY2007 Temporary Staff 123 $3,452,102 $28,066 (in millions of dollars) Camp Staff 47 $437,819 $9,315

Total: $92.3 million Total 1,567 $50,950,109

COUNTY APPROPRIATIONS $28.3

STATE GRANTS AND CONTRACTS $5.5

STATE SUPPORT (FRINGE BENEFITS AND RENT) $9.7 Table 26. Economic Impact of Cornell Cooperative Extension on New York State, 2007 FEDERAL SMITH-LEVER ACT FUNDS $4.4 (in millions of dollars and total of full-time equivalents) STATE SUPPORT (COUNTY LAW 224) $4.4

COUNTY GRANTS AND CONTRACTS $13.7 Direct University Spending Indirect and Induced Impact of Spending by Employees, Vendors, Contractors Total Impact

FEDERAL GRANTS AND CONTRACTS $5.1 Payroll Purchasing Impact of employee spending Impact of vendor and contractor spending OTHER INCOME (INCLUDING CONTRACTS) $21.1 $50 $30 $55 $23 $158 1,567 223 316 140 2,246

26 27 Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State

In addition to providing jobs and buying goods and grams that conducts an annual salary survey of its mem- Cornell Cooperative Extension Association Regions services, CCE offices act as a central organizing point for bers, valued volunteer time in 2007 at $19.51 per hour. local volunteer efforts, focusing community effort on -ar Because the type of work performed by CCE volunteers eas of need that might go unmet if the community had to is narrower than that encompassed by the Independent pay to have the work done. In 2007, CCE volunteers put in Sector survey, we have chosen a more conservative figure more than 1.14 million hours of service; Figure 19 shows of $16 per hour as representative of CCE volunteer labor. the program areas that benefited from their work. Thus, New Yorkers provided more than $18 million in ser- In addition to their work as 4-H leaders, volunteers vices to the state through CCE programs in 2007. monitored lakes and streams for invasive plant species, Aside from their statewide impact, CCE activities had checked watersheds for pollutants, restored native shell- direct, indirect, and induced impacts, as calculated using fish to Long Island creeks and bays, and taught fellow IMPLAN, on each individual region of New York. Table 27 community members how to grow their own vegetables shows those impacts by region. Figure 20 shows the coun- and flowers. The Independent Sector, a coalition of non- ties that comprise each region. profit organizations, charities, and corporate giving pro-

Figure 19. Cornell Cooperative Extension Volunteer Hours by Program Area, 2007 (in hours and percent) Total: 1.14 million hours

COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC VITALITY 68,287 6%

ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES 73,918 6%

NUTRITION AND HEALTH 41,732 4%

AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SYSTEMS 121,659 11%

CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES 838,964 73%

Table 27. Regional Impact of Cornell Cooperative Extension Associations, 2007 (in thousands of dollars and total of full-time equivalents)

Employment/Payroll Purchasing Total Fostering Economic Health in Upstate New York Wayne County responded with a database of services, a Region Payroll Jobs (FTE) Output ($M) Jobs (FTE) Output ($M) Jobs (FTE) Output ($M) The conventional approach to economic development in set of public library resources for Spanish speakers, and Direct Indirect/ Direct Indirect/ Direct Indirect/ Direct Indirect/ Direct Indirect/ Direct Indirect/ upstate communities has focused on attracting national increased access to ESL and Spanish classes. All New York Induced Induced Induced Induced Induced Induced retail outlets or large manufacturing firms. CCE concen- residents can take advantage of CCE training in milking trates its economic development programming on im- and herd management, and CCE’s partnership with the 1 $5,195 163 13 $3,954 $1,503 49 21 $3,536 $2,488 212 33 $7,490 $3,991 proving the success rate for small businesses, an approach state’s agricultural and technical colleges to offer credit 2 $3,786 121 8 $2,854 $1,040 16 11 $1,922 $1,360 138 19 $4,776 $2,400 seen as more sustainable, and one that takes advantage of courses in agriculture. Other CCE associations have pro- 3 $5,013 209 10 $3,778 $997 26 14 $2,667 $1,570 235 24 $6,445 $2,567 niche opportunities in the upstate economy. vided basic workforce readiness courses for hard-to-place youth and conducted horticultural technician training 4 $15,955 417 31 $12,028 $5,051 73 50 $10,529 $7,588 490 81 $22,557 $12,639 Increasing the Skilled-Labor Pool and certification programs. 5 $3,680 139 9 $2,767 $1,047 21 13 $2,461 $1,644 160 22 $5,228 $2,691 New York is the third-largest milk-producing state in the Taming Energy Costs 6 $6,837 224 14 $5,150 $1,817 41 20 $4,270 $2,715 265 35 $9,420 $4,532 nation, producing 12 billion pounds and cash receipts of CCE simultaneously promotes conservation and alterna- 7 $4,096 112 9 $3,105 $931 16 11 $2,149 $1,305 129 20 $5,254 $2,236 $2.4 billion in 2007. Dairy employers are pleased to be able to hire the skilled, year-round laborers from Mexico tive energy sources as solutions to the high cost of energy. 8 $4,962 180 7 $3,748 $767 23 10 $2,320 $1,056 203 17 $6,068 $1,823 and Central America that began migrating to the North- In central New York, CCE held informational meetings Total $49,524 1,567 100 $37,384 $13,153 264 150 $29,854 $19,726 1,831 250 $67,238 $32,879 east in the 1990s but struggle with the resulting language on the process of turning corn into ethanol. In southeast- barriers, cultural differences, and legal hurdles. CCE of ern New York, CCE conducted demonstration trials with

28 29 Section III Promoting Economic Development in New York State Appendix: Multiplier Effects and IMPLAN

switchgrass and other biofuels. In North Country coun- Agricultural Business Management Like other models of transactions between industries, ties, CCE is involved in discussions on the economics of CCE farm business management specialists provide assis- Appendix households, and institutions, a SAM model may be used wind parks. Rural landowners in the Southern Tier turn tance at every point of the farm operation, helping agri- Multiplier Effects and IMPLAN to calculate the flow of payments for goods and services to CCE for advice regarding the sale of rights for natural cultural businesses start up, stay afloat, expand, or change across different industrial sectors, and between house- gas. Extension associations conduct energy audits to help direction when trends change. Cornell’s spending on payroll, purchasing, and construc- holds, institutions, and industries. It can be envisioned small businesses become more energy efficient. CCE also Dairy Farm Business Summaries—comprehensive tion—and the jobs associated with that spending—pro- simply as a table with hundreds of rows and columns, has held classes for homeowners in 28 counties on how to analyses of individual operations—are the basis for strate- vide a direct measure of the university’s impact on the with all industries (plus households) listed down the side save energy. gic improvement plans. CCE completed 40 such summa- economy of Tompkins County and neighboring commu- as producers, and the same industries (and households) Assistance to Local Governments ries in 2006 and, through discussion groups with owners nities, the Central New York region, New York City, and listed across the top as consumers. Spending by any con- and related agribusinesses, helped pull the industry out New York State. The university’s local, regional, and state- sumer industry—in this case, the university—is allocated CCE provides training for elected officials and local gov- of its worst year since the 1970s. Farmers in participating wide impacts, however, go beyond these direct measures. across all of the producing industries and the household ernment staff, and helps lawmakers address issues within counties have increased production by four times that of Each dollar the university spends produces what econo- sector. Each of these producer industries in turn pur- their communities. For example, a forum highlighting non-participants, and the data generated by the effort pro- mists sometimes call indirect and induced effects—the chases its own distinct set of inputs from other industries the advantages of sharing municipal services, organized vides an industry benchmark for others to use. “multiplier effect.” and households in order to produce the output it sells to by CCE of Genesee County, resulted in a state grant to CCE of Monroe County provides area landscapers Cornell’s indirect impact is a product of spending by Cornell. create a county-wide police dispatch and information sys- with winter classes on environmentally sound practices, the local, regional, or New York State companies from Just as the university spends some of its resources with- tem. The CCE Rural Learning Network encourages com- a newsletter that covers human resource and business which the university buys goods and services. Construc- in Tompkins County (for example) and some elsewhere, munities to analyze their population shifts, including the management as well as horticultural topics, and a plant tion contractors, utility companies, temporary services, Cornell’s local suppliers spend part of their revenues with- return of middle-aged workers to the area, and to create diagnostic service. In the first year, the classes drew 190 caterers, and other firms use the payments they receive in the county, and some is paid to businesses elsewhere in effective strategies for optimizing the workforce poten- attendees, the newsletter went to 200 recipients, and there from Cornell to pay their employees; rent space; and buy New York, in other states, or overseas. Through each suc- tial. CCE also provides technical assistance in such areas were 700 submissions to the lab. equipment, supplies, and telephone services—and all of cessive round of spending, the money that was originally as land-use planning, water quality, storm-water runoff, The Allegany association runs a series of classes cover- these expenditures have an impact on the economy. The spent within the county is eventually diffused throughout and emergency preparedness. When increased developing the information and skills new farmers need to identify university’s induced impact represents the impact of rou- the broader economy. ment in the Finger Lakes region began putting pressure opportunities best suited to the area’s agricultural condi- tine household spending by its own employees—for rent, A SAM model thus allows us to trace the impact of on water quality, prime grape growing land, and the natu- tions. Start-ups among participants include four part-time food, clothing, transportation, and child care—and by the each dollar of university spending as it ripples through ral beauty of the region, CCE ran a training program in businesses and one full-time business, with seven more employees of its suppliers. other industry sectors in Tompkins County, and to trans- which local leaders learned about land-use law and strate- enterprises in the planning stages and eight participants There are nevertheless several quantitative economic late the allocation of spending across industries into es- gies and regional stewardship, and then developed a wa- in the process of writing business plans. models that may be used to provide approximate mea- timates of employment and wages. And it allows us to tershed land-use plan—efforts that go a long way toward sures of indirect and induced effects. Using one such repeat that calculation for the surrounding counties, for protecting the environmental features that contribute so Wine and Grapes model—a social accounting matrix (SAM) model, imple- the Central New York region, and for New York State. The much to the quality of life in New York State. New York State is the third-largest producer of grapes mented with IMPLAN software—faculty and research- model similarly allows us to trace the impact of Weill Cor- Connecting Producers with Markets and wine in the United States. The total contribution to ers in the Department of City and Regional Planning at nell’s spending in New York City and New York State. the state’s economy of the wine, grape and grape juice in- Cornell Cooperative Extension has played a key advisory Cornell have calculated the impact of spending by Cornell dustry is estimated to be $3.4 billion annually, with gross University on total economic output, wages, and employ- role for farmers markets throughout the state. CCE agri- wine sales alone of over $420 million generating over $40 cultural economic development specialists help producers ment in Tompkins County, other local counties, the Cen- million of excise taxes for federal and state governments. tral New York region, and the state. They also used a SAM to sell their goods through local supermarket chains, tak- New York’s wineries, vineyards, and grape juice processing advantage of increasing demand for local food. CCE model to estimate the impact of Weill Cornell on New ing facilities directly employed more than 3,200 workers York City and New York State. also supports the development of value-added products in 2004—a year with a smaller-than-usual harvest. New such as maple products, condiments, and dairy products. York wines are enjoying growing international recogni- These products typically develop into home-based busi- tion, with commensurate increases in prices and sales. nesses, with assistance provided by CCE to move to larger- All of this is due in large part to research conducted scale production. at Cornell University and applied in the field by CCE as- CCE also has been involved in activities that promote sociates. Cornell has had a viticulture research program local, named cuisine, such as “Adirondack Harvest,” a col- since the 1880s, producing more than 50 varieties of juice laborative effort among North Country CCE associations and wine grapes specially suited to New York’s soils and to promote that region’s products to chefs, store owners, climate. A new undergraduate program in enology and vi- and other potential buyers. CCE associations in more ticulture is increasing the supply of trained professionals than 20 counties were involved in the development of for this robust and growing New York State industry. Local Farm Product guides in 2007. The guides help individual producers market their products and become part of established “agricultural tourism trails” that emphasize the sale of local products.

30 31 We also wish to thank our non-Cornell colleagues, es- Acknowledgements pecially Martha Armstrong, Fred Bonn, Heather Filberto, and Michael Stamm, for their feedback and advice. This report is the second economic impact study under- The report was managed by Charlie Fay and produced taken by Cornell University and the first prepared in- by the Office of Publications and Marketing. It was writ- house with minimal external consultation. Many people ten by Claudia Wheatley, edited by Jeri Wall, and designed from all across the university contributed to the comple- by Barbara Drogo. tion of the report. We especially wish to acknowledge We extend extra special thanks to several people for Joanne DeStefano, vice president for finance and chief -fi their extensive support in collecting, analyzing, and veri- nancial officer, who made sure data analysis was held to fying the accuracy of data: Wendy Fuller, Lewis Goodwin, the highest standards, and Steve Golding, executive vice John Gutenberger, Gene Nighman, Nancy Phelps, Kevin president for finance and administration, who provided Rexford, Cathy Salino (who can find and reconcile pennies the vision that drove the 2007 report. in a billion dollar accounting system), and Betsy Shrier. This report would not have been possible without the Data collection was a huge undertaking with contri- help of several people in the Department of City and Re- butions coming from all quarters. Key to getting it done gional Planning. We extend our deepest appreciation to were Matt Baughan, Peggy Beach, Anita Brenner, Kemp- Nij Tontisirin Anantsuksomsri, PhD student in regional ton Bryan, Wes Buchanan, Pat Carnell, Matt Coats, Tom science, who devoted untold hours to making sense of the Cole, Donna Coye, Eileen Driscoll, Kathy Dymock, David raw data and running (and re-running) IMPLAN, all the Fontanella, Kay Ford, Linda Frady, Cathy Hogan, Sophie while continuing her graduate coursework and working Huntington, Ksenia Kaladiouk, Cynthia Kemp, Greg Kim- part time at Uris Library. She was ably assisted by Sutee bell, Amanda Kittelberger, Cathy Klimaszewski, Melba Anantsuksomsri, also a PhD student in regional science. Kurman, Tom LiVigne, Cathy Long, Connie Mabry, Mar- In addition, we are immensely grateful to Professor Kieran cia Page, Mike Powers, George Preston, Ed Quay, Kevin Donaghy, chair of the Department of City and Regional Rexford, Barb Romano, Tom Romantic, Carin Rundle, Planning, who gave his time generously, always with grace Barry Schoonmaker, Anne Shapiro, Diane Sheridan, Jeff and good humor, in guiding the econometric modeling Silber, Nev Singhota, Laurel Southard, Elisa Springer, Bill process. We also thank Professors Iwan Azis and Susan Stebbins, Jennifer Weil, Cyndee Wild, Chris Wlosinski, About this Report’s Paper Christopherson for sharing their expertise and good Lisa Yager, and Lesley Yorke. This report is printed on Mohawk PC White paper, which is made with process- counsel. Finally, we are indebted to Jordan Anderson, vice The members of the project steering committee pro- president at Appleseed, for his consultation and guidance chlorine–free 30% post-consumer waste fiber. The paper is certified by Green vided invaluable guidance and assistance on the project. throughout. Seal—a not-for-profit organization devoted to environmental standard setting, Thanks to Rick Banks, Tommy Bruce, Bob Buhrman, Su- product certification, and environmental education under its Environmental san Christopherson, Marin Clarkberg, Jennifer Drumluk, Nathan Fawcett, Charlie Fay, Julie Featherstone, John Standard for Recycled Printing and Writing Papers or Coated Papers. The Gutenberger, Steve Johnson, Michael Matier, Jan Nyrop, paper is manufactured with non-polluting, wind-generated energy through a Alan Paau, Ron Seeber, Gary Stewart, Ed Walsh, and contract between Mohawk and Community Wind Energy. In addition, this Claudia Wheatley. report was printed digitally, which wastes virtually no paper. The inks used are Many Cornell faculty and staff made time for inter- views and extensive consultations. Thanks to Glenn Ap- polymer, meaning they bind to the paper, reducing airborne pollution, and they plebee, Steve Borhi, Stephen Cohen, Ed Dwyer, Nathan are 100% recyclable. Fawcett, Lewis Goodwin, John Jaquette, Valerie Jordan- Mount, Curt Josey, Pat Kane, and Zack Shulman.

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