INDEX

Achaemenids 108, 96–98, 101n 105, Aśoka; dharma, dharmarājika stūpas; 108, 111–112, 190, 201, 203, 283 Mauryas Aï Khanum 100–101, 104, 251 Aśpavarman 118–119, 125, 131, 255. Ajanˢtāˢ 31–32nn 87–93, 147–149, 207, See also Apracas 215 avadānas 28–29, 30 (fig. 1.2), 32, 44, Ājīvikas 72, 81, 85–86, 93, 180, 68n 6, 77, 82, 105n 115, 118, 127n 313–314 186, 131, 141, 231, 254–256, 308, 316; Alam Bridge inscriptions 173, 265–267, Avadānaśataka, 28; Divyāvadāna, 24n 278, 285–286 68, 28–29, 32nn 89–91, 82, 93, 254n Alberuni, Al-Bīrūnī. See Bīrūnī, al- 75; Simˢhala Avadāna, 30 (fig. 1.2), 32, Alexander of Macedon 69n 9, 80–81, 254n 73 96, 98–102, 196n 33, 233 Avalokiteśvara 30 (fig. 1.2), 32–34, 38, Amu Darya. See Oxus River 284, 316 An Shigao 6, 305 Azes 103, 109–110, 116–119, 123–124 Anāthapinˢdada, Anāthapinˢdˢika 27–28, (Table 2.2). See also under dates and 77 dating systems, Azes era and / Apracas 117–119, 122, 125, 131, 135, Śakas 255 Arachosia 100, 114, 116, 125, 185 27n 80, 62, 95, 97n 95, 98, (Map 3.1), 224, 244 102–103, 109, 113–114, 132–135, 140, archaeology artifacts and sources, 144, 159n 299, 160–162, 169–170, 185 1–2, 39–41, 54–60, 66–67, 209n (map 3.1), 202, 224–225, 231–235, 82, 258, 265, 278–287, 307–308; 240, 246, 247 (map 4.2), 250–257, Buddhist sites, 15, 19–21, 34, 138n 275, 291, 295–296, 299, 302, 312. See 220, 141, 146, 164, 204 (map 3.2), also inscriptions, Bactrian 212–214, 216–217, 229–251, 230 (map Badakhshan 94, 186, 222n 124, 247 4.1), 273, 290 (map 6.1), 294–302; (map 4.2), 250, 261, 265–266, 276, 279 311–313; comparative study, 11; Bajaur 43n 126, 44, 61, 104n 113, 118, excavations in Afghanistan, 100–101, 200, 230 (map 4.1), 232–233, 238, 246–251, 247 (map 4.2); trade, 21–22, 242, 244. See also under Kharostˢ hīˢ 94–95, 183, 186–187, 205, 219–220, manuscripts, Bajaur collection 228, 316 Balkh 247 (map 4.2), 251 Arikamedu 218 (map 3.3), 224–225 Baltistan 176, 259 (map 5.1), 264–267, Āryāvarta 76, 152, 185 (map 3.1), 190, 271, 273n 54, 276–277, 300 193–197, 205, 227, 314 Bamiyan 46, 59, 170, 232, 242, 247 Arthaśāstra, attributed to Kautilyaˢ 29, (map 4.2), 249–250, 253, 315 80n 42, 208–209n 82 Barbaricon 218 (map 3.3), 221–222, Aśoka 81–94, 180–181; Buddhist 227 patronage of, 9n 21, 79, 88–94; Barygaza 126–127, 199, 204 (map 3.2), inscriptions of, 43, 52–53, 69–70, 214–216, 218 (map 3.3), 222–223, 227 83–91, 84 (map 2.2), 100, 129, 152– bhadrakalpa 65, 88n 68 153, 188–189, 199, 205–206, 212–214; Bhadrakalpika sūtra 46n 134, 56n 155, interpretation and promulgation of 243n 42 Dharma, 85–88, 93; and Kaniska,ˢ Begram (ancient Kapiśa) 37n 109, 137–139, 144; and Taxila, 202–203. 113–114, 144, 160n 302, 247 (map See also dates and dating systems, 4.2), 248–249, 251–252 364 index

Bezeklik caves. See Turfan 67, 35, 44n 128, 47n 136, 62, 105, Bhallika 26 (fig. 1.1), 27–28 138–139, 141, 243, 302–309; Chinese Bharhut 24, 49–50 (fig. 1.3), 88n 68, history, 37n 109, 48, 112–113, 206, 185 (map 3.1), 204 (map 3.2), 132–134, 159–162, 176, 266, 292–294, 206, 210 (fig. 3.1), 211–212, 228, 316 299; Chinese inscriptions, 53, 258, Bharukaccha. See Barygaza 269, 271, 286 Bīrūnī, al- 138, 196, 276–277 Chinese pilgrims 37, 61–62, 137–138, Bodh Gaya 2, 22n 64, 50–51, 70, 72, 170n 331, 229, 251–253, 263, 84 (map 2.2), 88n 68, 145–146, 192 272–276, 289; Faxian, 138, 201–202, Bolor 176, 274–277 237, 252–253nn 71–72, 272–274, Brāhmī See inscriptions, Brāhmī 287, Huisheng, 167, 253, 264, 274; Brahmins 24, 31, 66, 71–74, 76, 80, Huizhao, 176, 275–276; Song Yun, 85, 92–94, 108, 163, 165, 181, 184, 37n 109, 167, 253, 264, 274–275; 193–194, 209, 313–314 Xuanzang 27n 80, 37n 109, 138, 168, Butkara I 230 (map 4.1), 233, 236, 245 179, 196, 200–202, 249, 253, 275–276, 287; Wukong, 37n 109, 178n 358, caitya 20n 55, 24, 54–55n 151, 57n Zhemong, 252–253 159, 178, 185, 207–208n 78, 215–217, Chitral 160n 302, 230 (map 4.1), 233, 228, 270, 272, 287, 318 244, 253, 259 (map 5.1), 261–266, cakravartin 2, 55–56, 81, 92, 105, 139n 274, 279, 295 226, 158, 181, 190, 200 Christianity, medieval 14n 35, 23, 36, Candragupta Maurya 69n 9, 78–81, 124, 236 151. See also Mauryans coins 12, 27, 39–40, 43, 51, 54, 59–60, capillary routes 1, 12, 61–62, 207, 208n 94, 183, 201, 205, 238–239, 241, 248, 80, 244, 257–268, 259 (map 5.2), 278, 250n 60, 295–296, 299; coins, Bactrian 286–287, 289, 291–292, 295, 302–303, and Indo-Greek, 101–105; coins, 312–313 Gupta, 151–154; coins, Hun, 165, 167; caravan 4, 28, 31–34, 36–38, 201–202, coins, Kidāra, 159–160, coins, Kusānˢ ˢa, 225, 258, 264, 267, 301, 317 134–143, 295; coins, Roman, 219–222, caravan-leader (sārthavāha) 4, 28–29, 226; coins, , 115–118, 122n 167, 32–33, 38, 316 123–128, 131, 255; Castˢ anaˢ 124 (Table 2.2), 128–129. commodities 10–12, 17, 21–24, 29, 35, See also Western Ksatrapasˢ 37–38, 48, 127, 144, 165, 183–184, 3–4, 15, 44, 52–53n 150, 186, 189, 209, 217–227, 258–259, 62, 109–114, 122n 167, 132–134, 261, 286, 291, 299, 302, 311–312. See 157–158, 176, 181, 201–202n 167, also economy, economy of religion, 225, 231, 239–240, 251–253, 256, endowments, long-distance trade, 289–309, 290 (map 6.1), 311–312, merchants, merit, religious markets, 317–319; eastern Central Asia, 6, 12, seven jewels, routes, surplus, 31, 112–113, 133, 144, 244, 257, 263, trade 289–304, 290 (map 6.1), 306–308, contact expansion 4–7, 302–304, 313, 315; western Central Asia, 23, 308–309, 312–313. See also diffusion, 95, 97, 110–111, 159–162, 169–170, long-distance transmission, Zürcher, 186, 246, 250, 257, 265, 276, 292n 4, Erik 302, 306. See also Bactria, Dunhuang, Ctesias 97, 190 Endere, Khotan, , Lou-lan, “cult of the book” 57–58, 172. See also Merv, , Niya, Oxus River, “dharma body” (dharmakāya) , , Turfan, Yarkand Ch’ang-an (Xian) 252, 274, 292, 306 Dadam Das 259 (map 5.1), 269, Chilas 58n 161, 173, 202, 259 (map 281–282 5.1), 262–263, 269, 272, 273 (fig. 5.1), Daksinˢ ˢāpatha. See Southern Route 274, 277, 283–285 (fig. 5.4), 294–295 Dāna. See gift 3–4, 15, 62, 144, 222–225, 248, Darada / Dard 190, 195–196, 263 250, 257, 269–271, 289–309; Chinese dates and dating systems 20n 55, , 5–7, 17n 50, 18n 52, 23n 28–29nn 82–83, 42–43, 52, 54, 59, 71,