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A Gender Perspective of Cycling: Space Claiming and Infrastructure Use and Preference

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A Gender Perspective of Cycling: Space Claiming and Infrastructure Use and Preference Gender and Cycling in Sydney A gender perspective of cycling: space claiming and infrastructure use and preference Nicole K McNamara Prof. Alan Peters Dr. Nancy Marshall A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy School of Planning Faculty of the Built Environment March 2013 1 Contents Acknowledgments: ___________________________________________________ 4 List of Figures _______________________________________________________ 5 List of tables ________________________________________________________ 6 Chapter 1: The intersection of gender and cycling in Sydney __________________ 7 1.1 Preamble: _____________________________________________________ 7 1.2 Introduction: ___________________________________________________ 8 1.3 Problem Statement: _____________________________________________ 8 1.4 Planning and population increase – broader Sydney ___________________ 10 1.5 Planning for cycling: National level _________________________________ 13 1.6 Cycling and planning at the local scale: City of Sydney __________________ 14 1.7 Where are all the women cyclists? _________________________________ 17 1.8 Thesis statement: ______________________________________________ 18 1.9 Thesis aims: ___________________________________________________ 19 1.10 Research methodology overview: _________________________________ 19 1.11 Research significance: __________________________________________ 20 1.12 Thesis overview: ______________________________________________ 20 Chapter 2: Literature review – Gender, cycling and cities discourse ____________ 23 2.1 Introduction: __________________________________________________ 23 2.2 Locating feminism: _____________________________________________ 23 2.3 Women in urban environments: ___________________________________ 25 2.4 Public and private space debates, the right to the city and social cohesion in the city: ___________________________________________________________ 27 2.5 Why cycling? The influence of healthy built environments and gender: ____ 34 2.6 Contemporary cycling – International and National discourse: ___________ 37 2.7 Measuring the built environment – tools and discourse: ________________ 43 2.8 Planning for cycling – recent government initiatives, plans and strategies: __ 47 2.9 The current state of cycling in Australia: _____________________________ 51 2.10 Conclusion: __________________________________________________ 54 Chapter 3: Methodology: The view from the saddle – Inner-metropolitan Sydney 55 3.1 Introduction: __________________________________________________ 55 3.2 Site Selection – urban bicycle spaces: ______________________________ 56 3.3 Conducting social research through surveys and discussion groups – methods: 59 3.4 Conclusion: ___________________________________________________ 74 Chapter 4: Findings – Cycling figures, habits, and narratives for Sydney _________ 75 4.1 Introduction: __________________________________________________ 75 4.2 Sydney cycling snapshot: ________________________________________ 76 4.4 Cycling Actions: ________________________________________________ 86 4.6 “Us and them” – normalising cycling in the city: _____________________ 109 2 4.7 (Non)belonging – identity, gender and difference within the cycling community: _______________________________________________________ 112 4.8 Conclusion: __________________________________________________ 116 Chapter 5: Conclusion – what the view from the bicycle-saddle, theory, qualitative and visual methods can offer _________________________________________ 118 5.1 Introduction: _________________________________________________ 118 5.2 Making meaning from the research findings, literature and methods _____ 119 5.3 Recommendations: ____________________________________________ 126 5.4 5Lessons learnt for other cities retrofitting for cycling: ________________ 132 5.5 Space for further research: ______________________________________ 133 5.6 Research limitations: ___________________________________________ 134 5.7 Postscript: ___________________________________________________ 135 Appendices _______________________________________________________ 137 Appendix 1: sample images and notes from fieldwork - stage 1 ______________ 137 Appendix 2: web-based survey questions and images ______________________ 140 Appendix 3: tabel of web-based survey respondents - gender _______________ 144 Appendix 4: sample advertising material ________________________________ 146 Appendix 5: Wordpress screenshots ___________________________________ 148 Appendix 6: combined VPS-discussion group participant profiles _____________ 149 Appendix 7: Nelessen-style VPS variables tables __________________________ 150 Appendix 8: VPS results (combined + male and female) ____________________ 152 Appendix 9: Cycleways classification table _______________________________ 158 Bibliography ______________________________________________________ 159 3 Acknowledgments: It is necessary to acknowledge the help and support of all the people who have made this thesis grow. To my supervisors Prof. Alan Peters and Dr. Nancy Marshall for all your guidance, encouragement, hilarious stories and coffee. Thanks also to Dr. Hazel Easthope for all the social planning work experience. To my family for everything – thank you Mum, Dad, Carmel and Alice for all your support and bike rides – I love you. To my lovely friends, especially Cathy, Vicki, Theo and Grant – I am glad our friendships survive my research endeavours! To my fellow research students and friends hiding out in the Mezzanine Lab for countless coffee breaks and study snacks – Samira, Jiawen and Laura I shall miss cake days with you. Finally, my heartfelt thanks to each individual who took time to complete a survey and participated in the group sessions in windy winter weather – thank you for sharing your cycling narratives with me. 4 List of Figures Figure 1: Image of fond childhood cycling memories (N.McNamara, October 1992) . 7 Figure 2: Map of the Local Government Areas that make up the Sydney Region .... 10 Figure 3: Map depicting the Outer, Middle and Inner rings of the Sydney region – the study focuses on the Inner ring ........................................................................... 11 Figure 4: Proposed Cycle Network Route Map for Sydney ....................................... 15 Figure 5: Map depicting the completed network (green) and sections of the network currently under construction or investigation (blue) ................................................ 16 Figure 6: Sydney Metropolitan LGAs ......................................................................... 58 Figure 7: Images taken for the Nelessen-style VPS data base: example 1 (N.McNamara, 2011-2012) ........................................................................................ 61 Figure 8: Images taken for the Nelessen-style VPS data base: example 2 (N.McNamara, 2011-2012) ........................................................................................ 61 Figure 9: Basic classification of Bicycle Spaces (N.McNamara, 2012 based upon the COS’s Cycleways Network [COS, 2011] and Austroads [Austroads, 2009] definitions and guides.) ................................................................................................................ 63 Figure 10: Sample advertising poster for web-survey stage of the research (N.McNamara, 2012) ................................................................................................. 65 Figure 11: Sample slide from the Nelessen-style VPS group hand-out ..................... 71 Figure 12: Location of respondents within the Sydney region (N.McNamara, 2013) 77 Figure 13: Age of web-survey respondents by gender .............................................. 78 Figure 14: Frequency of respondents’ bicycle ride/s by gender ............................... 79 Figure 15: An example of the different uses of the bike: a cargo bicycle in Redfern (N.McNamara, 2012) ................................................................................................. 83 Figure 16: Bicycle parking at Fox Studios, Moore Park (N.McNamara, 2012) ........... 85 Figure 17: Impromptu bicycle parking on Erskineville Road, .................................... 86 Figure 18: Part of the COS’ Sydney City Bike Map depicting the different cycle routes in the city – Orange denotes traffic-separated cycleways. ............................ 89 Figure 19: Cooks River shared path (cycleway and pedestrian) map ........................ 90 Figure 20: West link M7 shared path (cycleway and pedestrian) map ..................... 91 Figure 21: Usual type/s of cycling infrastructure male and female respondents use 93 Figure 22: Factors that would encourage respondents to cycle ............................... 95 Figure 23: Factors that would discourage or stop respondents from cycling ........... 96 Figure 24: Images of cycling infrastructure used in the web-based survey (N.McNamara, 2012) ................................................................................................. 97 Figure 25: Different cycling infrastructure respondents recognised ......................... 98 Figure 26: Examples of shared paths and path markings in Redfern [L] & Newtown ......................................................................................................................... 101 5 Figure 27: Separated dedicated cycleways in Sydney ............................................. 102 Figure 28: Nelessen-style VPS slide 12 ...................................................................
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