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Baccharis Halimifolia L Baccharis halimifolia L. Séneçon en Arbre, Faux-cotonnier, Baccharis à feuilles d’halime Asteraceae 1. Origine et taxonomie ................................................... Baccharis halimifolia L. est un arbuste originaire d’une branche mutante d’un pied mâle spontané de la d’Amérique du Nord, de la façade atlantique des États- côte atlantique française (une chimère), il est parfois Unis, du Canada et du Mexique ainsi que des Caraïbes. étiqueté comme stérile : le pied mâle produit néanmoins Mentionné pour la première fois vers 1686 par le botaniste du pollen dont la fertilité n’est pas connue. Il ne fait anglais John Ray sous le nom de " Senecio virginianus , actuellement plus l’objet d’une protection par un certificat arborescens , Atriplicis folio ", Linné lui donne son nom d’obtention végétale ( Chambolle, com. pers. ). scientifique en 1753. D’autres botanistes proposeront de nouvelles dénominations ( Conyza halimifolia (L.) Desf. en On rencontre parfois le cultivar Baccharis halimifolia 'Twin 1815, Baccharis halimifolia var. angustior DC en 1836) qui peaks' qui semble plutôt devoir être nommé Baccharis ne seront toutefois pas retenues ( Chambolle, 2007 ). pilularis 'Twin peaks'. Enfin, selon certains auteurs américains, B. halimifolia pourrait s’hybrider naturellement Il est introduit en Europe à la fin du XVIIe siècle comme avec B. neglecta et B. angustifolia . Il est néanmoins la plante d’ornement et signalé en France à cette période seule espèce du genre présente en France métropolitaine (1680-1690). Il est cultivé dans plusieurs jardins bota- (Chambolle, 2007 ). niques, à Paris à partir de 1783 et à Montpellier depuis 1824 ( AME, 2003 ). Actuellement, il est présent sur le littoral 3. Mode de reproduction et de dissémination ............... atlantique de l’ouest de la France et du nord de l’Espagne, sur les côtes méditerranéennes françaises et italiennes et Reproduction sexuée sur les littoraux belges et néerlandais où il a été utilisé pour fixer des dunes. On le signale ponctuel-lement au Baccharis halimifolia est une espèce dioïque, fleurs mâles sud de l’Angleterre, en Géorgie et en Australie où il et femelles sont sur des individus distincts ( Fig.1 ) et la montre un caractère envahissant ( OEPP , 2014 ). multiplication sexuée ne s’opère donc qu’en présence d’individus des deux sexes. La floraison s’étale de la fin du 2. Variétés, cultivars et hybrides ................................... mois d’août au mois d’octobre. Les fleurs mâles sont riches en nectar, attirant les insectes qui assurent la Plusieurs cultivars ont été sélectionnés pour divers usages pollinisation des fleurs femelles (entomogamie). Ces ornementaux. Pour le commerce de rameaux coupés, dernières sont prolongées par des aigrettes de quelques trois cultivars ont été développés : 'Kolmmyst' MAGICAL millimètres, blanches et soyeuses. Après la pollinisation, MISTERY , 'Kolmsil' MAGICAL SYLVER et 'Kolmstar' MAGICAL ces soies restent accrochées aux akènes ce qui contribue STAR (Société Gebr. Kolster B.V., Boskoop, Pays-Bas). Ils à une dissémination efficace par le vent (anémochorie). La ont été obtenus par pollinisation croisée de pieds mâles et production abondante de graines, jusque 1 500 000 par femelles et sélectionnés sur des critères tels que la pied ( Westman, 1975 ), peut ainsi être dispersée de ramification, la floribondité ou la couleur. D’autres cultivars plusieurs mètres à quelques kilomètres autour de la ont été développés aux Etats-Unis pour le commerce plante. Au regard des milieux occupés, l’eau est aussi un d’arbustes : 'White Caps' (K. Bluemel, Baldwin, Maryland), vecteur de dissémination des graines, d’autant qu’elles 'Autumn Angel' (L. Hatch, Raleign, Caroline du Nord), peuvent flotter près de 40 jours ( Lhobe, 2014 ). 'Select' (Roslyn Nursery Dix Hills, New York) et 'Orient Point' (Fairweather Gardens, Greenwich, New Jersey). Ils Les graines germent facilement et rapidement, n’ont toutefois pas connu de développement en France habituellement en une à deux semaines dans les sols (Wilson, 2011 ). humides. La température optimale de germination se situe entre 15 et 20 °C après un passage au froid à 5 °C En France, le cultivar 'Bacador' (obtenteur C. Chambolle) (Westman, 1975 ). Les graines peuvent subsister dans le a été sélectionné pour son feuillage doré. Obtenu à partir sol entre deux (Panetta, 1979 ) et cinq ans ( FCBN , 2009 ). Val’hor : Baccharis halimifolia. 2015. 1/6 La croissance des jeunes plants est rapide, de 30 à 40 cm 1975 ), mais s’installe préférentiellement dans les terrains par an ( Herrera, 2010 ). Les individus ont une durée de vie à salinité moyenne (zones intermédiaires des marais ou d’une cinquantaine d’années. estuaires) où ses taux de croissance et de floraison sont d’ailleurs plus élevés que dans les terrains à salinité forte et faible ( Caño, 2013b ). Les exigences écologiques du baccharis sont élevées ce qui restreint le nombre de milieux qu’il peut coloniser. Sa niche écologique correspond cependant à des écotones hygrophiles à mésophiles (milieux de transition entre deux écosystèmes) qui sont des zones à haute valeur de conservation pouvant abriter des plantes endémiques (Chambolle, 2007 ) parfois menacées localement Fig.1 : Baccharis halimifolia : à g. Fleurs mâles ; à d. d’extinction comme dans le Pays Basque et en Cantabrie : Fleurs femelles. Glaux maritima , Dryopteris carthusiana , Matricaria maritima (Campos, 2014 ). Plusieurs milieux où l’espèce Reproduction végétative est présente sont cités dans la Directive Habitats tels que les marais, prés-salés et dunes maritimes des rivages Le baccharis rejette de souche après des perturbations atlantiques et méditerranéens ( OEPP , 2014 ). telles que des tailles ou des stress. En France, il s’est naturalisé sur la façade atlantique, Propagation par l’homme notamment autour du bassin d’Arcachon où il a envahi de nombreuses zones de la partie haute de la lagune L’utilisation de la plante en tant que plante ornementale (Fig.2 ). Il est mentionné à la fin du XIXe siècle en Gironde contribue à sa dispersion. et dès 1947 il est signalé comme très abondant sur le Bassin. Il a colonisé les marais de la façade atlantique 4. Ecologie et exigences environnementales ............... (Bayonne, Guérande...) et du pourtour méditerranéen (Camargue, delta du Rhône...) où il est localement sujet à En Amérique du Nord, Baccharis halimifolia est originaire des plans de gestion : par exemple dans le site naturel des zones intertidales du littoral (soumises à une protégé des Réservoirs du Piraillan ou dans la Réserve immersion périodique par les marées) où il résiste très naturelle nationale des prés salés d’Arès - Lège Cap- bien au vent, aux embruns, à l’humidité et à l’eau salée. Il Ferret ( Sarat, 2015 ). Il est également signalé a une grande aptitude à coloniser le schorre (niveau le ponctuellement dans les terres, en situation plus plus élevé des marais salés en continuité avec les milieux continentale. De telles observations sont aussi signalées terrestres) alors qu’à l’inverse il ne peut pas s’installer au Texas, États-Unis ( Clément, 2014 ). B. halimifolia dans la slikke (partie inférieure des marais salés, inondée colonise les roselières du delta du Rhône qui remplissent lors de chaque marée haute) ( Chambolle, 2007 ). Il est plusieurs fonctions écologiques en Camargue, menaçant également présent dans des milieux perturbés, les espèces vulnérables de ce milieu ( Charpentier, 2006 ). notamment d’anciens terrains agricoles, des jachères, des De manière similaire, il est présent dans le delta du Pô en friches et aux abords des routes ( Krischik, 1990 ; Italie ( Caño, 2013a ). Sundberg, 2006 ). 5. Impacts négatifs de la plante envahissante .............. Il supporte une large gamme de sols mais préfère les conditions suffisamment humides et riches en matière Impacts sur la santé humaine organique ( Sims-Chilton, 2011 ) et une gamme de pH de 3,6 à 9 ( Westman, 1975 ). Plusieurs références quant à la La présence du baccharis peut réduire l’efficacité des culture du Baccharis indiquent des pH moins acides, aux traitements de démoustication, comme en Camargue, en alentours de 5. Il résiste à des périodes d’immersion et de protégeant les larves de moustiques ( Bouterin, 1999 ). Il sécheresse, celles-ci ne devant toutefois pas être trop peut aussi causer le rhume des foins ( Moss, 1967 ). prolongées ( Chambolle, 2007 ). Il est rustique et tolère des températures jusqu’à - 15 °C ( Huxley, 1992 ). Il supporte des taux de salinité élevés, entre 0 et 3,6 % ( Westman, Val’hor : Baccharis halimifolia. 2015. 2/6 Impacts sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes Modification du milieu : La présence du baccharis tend à accélérer les phénomènes d’érosion et de sédimentation dans les estuaires ( Lozano Valencia, 1995 ). Sa présence réduit l’attractivité des milieux pour l’avifaune nicheuse (Sarat, 2015 ) : un impact sur des espèces inscrites à l’an- nexe 2 de la Convention de Berne (Bruant des roseaux, Rousserolle turdoïde) est suspecté ( OEPP , 2014 ). Modification des flux de ressources : Certaines modifications du cycle des nutriments sont rapportées (Lozano Valencia, 1995 ). Modification de la trajectoire d’évolution de l’écosystème : non documenté. Fig.2. Répartition de Baccharis halimifolia en France. (Muller, 2004 ; FCBN , 2009 ; Julve, 2015). La carte de 6. Intérêts liés à l’usage de la plante .............................. présence est réalisée indépendamment de la fréquence des populations et du statut invasif ou non. Intérêts environnementaux Impacts économiques Non documenté.
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