CEU eTD Collection The Image of the Father of the Nation in Contemporary Belarusian politics: the Case ofA.R.Lukashenka In partialfulfillment for the degree ofMaster of inGender Arts Studies Supervisor: Associate Professor Jasmina Lukic Jasmina Professor Associate Supervisor: Second reader: Professor Francisca deHaan Francisca Professor reader: Second DepartmentGender of Studies Central EuropeanUniversity Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Nadezda Kuzmina Submitted to 2010 By CEU eTD Collection nature. its oppressive despite it of which make image,successful indicate the traits specific this intend to andI state, democratic in assumingly the exist image to allow this that strategies the analyze A.R. I political to the Lukashenka. materials,image of dedicated media culture andpopular mass of analysis the the spacethrough in post-socialist contemporary is nation the constructed model,militarism and hegemonic masculinity.intend I tostudy how theimage of fatherof the family patriarchal power, authoritarian imagethe this haswith that numberconnections of presidentA.R. show Itry thecomplexity Lukashenka. to image,of political this pointing tothe Belarusian current the by performed nation the of father the of image the analyze I thesis my In Abstract i CEU eTD Collection since no matter where they all are, I know that they love me and that they in me.meknow they believe matter they wherethey love that are,Iand that all since no And, of course, my warmest thanks to my best friends: Alyona, Zesia, Yulia, Olesia and Vera, my heart. My thanks to my friends back in Russia, since, even if they are not around, they always stay in evenings we havetogether studying, spent talking, partying and traveling. Lots of thanks to my CEU friends for their help and for all these days,nights, mornings and does. else nobody if even in me, believes that my family to thanks My special careful reading ofmy andwork really suggestions. useful comments and endless patience. I also would like to thank Professor Francisca de Haan for her First of all,like Iwould toexpress my to gratitude my supervisor Jasmina Lukic forher valuable I wouldn`t have written this thesis careand without support manyof people. Acknowledgements ii CEU eTD Collection .TeAayi fMdaadPplrClueItrrttoso h oiia mg fAR uahna35 Lukashenka of A.R. Image Political of the Interpretations Culture Popular and ofMedia Analysis 3. The 2. The Analysis of the Self-Representations ...... 18 of A.R. Lukashenka 1. The Theoretical Framework of the Research...... 4 ...... 1 Introduction 3.3. Interpretations of the Image of the Father of the ...... 49 Nation in Popular Culture Arts 3.2. Lukashenka as the Father of the Nation in the Oppositional Belarusian Media...... 43 3.1. Lukashenka as the Father of the Nation in the Official Belarusian Media...... 35 Conclusion 32 to Chapter 2...... 2.4. Lukashenka and His Family...... 29 2.3. Lukashenka ...... 27 and Political Power 2.2. Lukashenka and ...... 20 Belarusian Identity 2.1. The Image of Lukashenka in Scholarly Debates...... 18 ...... 14 1.3. Stereotypes 1.2. The Notion of Hegemonic Masculinity in Contemporary Scholarly Debates...... 8 1.1. Masculinity, Political Power and Militarism...... 4 3.3.1. Negative Artistic Interpretations of the Image ...... 51 of the Father of the Nation 3.3.1. Positive Readings of the Image of the Father ...... 49 ofthe Nation in Popular Culture 3.2.3. Lukashenka and His Family inOppositional Belarusian Media...... 47 3.2.2. The Nature of Lukashenka`s Regime in Oppositional ...... 45 Belarusian Media 43 ...... Media theOppositional in Identity toBelarusian relation in `sposition Lukashenka 3.2.1. 3.1.3. Lukashenka and His Family ...... 40 inOfficial Belarusian Media 3.1.2. The Nature of Lukashenka`s Regime in Official ...... 38 Belarusian Media 3.1.1. Lukashenka `s position in relation to Belarusian Identity in the Official Media...... 35 Table ofContents iii CEU eTD Collection Appendices...... 56 Conclusion...... 54 eeecs...... 73 References 69Primary Sources...... Bibliography ...... 67 Appendix 5 ...... 65 Appendix 4 ...... 63 Appendix 3 ...... 61 Appendix 2 ...... 56 Appendix 1 Conclusion 53 to Chapter 3...... 69 iv CEU eTD Collection going to focus going on Lukashenka’s to self-representation, analyzing his speeches and public am I work my In analysis. visual the and analysis discourse the use to intend I methodology, of on hegemonic masculinity, gender andnationalism and stereotyping inrepresentation. Interms researches scholarly the on rely to going am I claims my theoretically support to order In image. this create means usedto arethe which and in country, the power authoritarian the of legitimacy the of idea the supports image Lukashenka’s how explore to intend I my thesis In society. additionally his form authoritarian of rule, and toreinforce patriarchy and male indomination the thesis. my master of point of view, therefore Ihave decided tochoose the case of the Belarusian president as an object the post-Soviet space, openly using the image of the father of the nation. become andgain people popularity among mostcharismatic oneof rulersan enormous to of the situationthe to developinstarted a very way,different Lukashenka the president and managed to formerinchanges intheseassumptions, republicof Soviet theBelarus 1991.Despite 1989and afterpower historical to itby came be which would that expected newpoliticians, the used not itwas freedom, andlackdemocratic power of authoritarian past, socialist the with connections strong too had nation the of father the of image the Since past. the in experienced had they of rule authoritarian effects in toovercome negative the order processesof the democratization began post-socialist of majority the states Europe, in transitionand Eastern beginning Central of example, by J. Stalin, N. Ceausescu or F. Castro. Introduction After the fall of the socialist system and the My claim is that the image of the father of the nation is used by Lukashenka tolegitimize from a gendered for particularly analysis, aserious calls popularity Such a paradoxical for rulers, authoritarian of number by a used was nation the father of the The image of 1 CEU eTD Collection Europe” of lastdictator called“the then repeatedly was Lukashenka since ThePresident itself. in Belarus US, andsome and other states, also upraisethe provoked of oppositional the movements political republic of Belarus, 2006). of the Committee (Central Election thevotes of 83.5% again,gaining reelected Lukashenka was reelected, and in 2006, of President Republic. Lukashenkathe becamethe Rygoravich Alyaksandar In 2001 hewas after the changes Belarus, inindependent the first EUandRussia.elections the presidential In1994,after in the Constitutionpowers: political and economical two between balancing place, its find to trying state, ofsovereign the Republic of Belarusway of development. The Republic of Belarus also started itsA. development as an independentR. and privileges the role of the father as the holder of the supreme power in the family. in which alsorooted elements tradition, imageare ofLukashenka`s patriarchal some important that my analysis in show to want I link, obvious this beyond Going society. Belarusian of case in have political Sovieteraanditsthe beenpreserved repressive regime the someof legacies unambiguously explained. Thehis success of indicates imagepolitical thatcertain values from strong references tochannels. the Soviet of Belarusian official of andmagazines,and newspapers oppositional Belarusian TVreports and times and articles toLukashenka,suchasvarious massmedia dedicated materials, Additionally, use Iwill to the Communistinterviews, political buttraditions, also the cannot visual be images of the president as he appears in public events. The change of the Constitution in Belarus caused very negative reactions of the EU, the EU, the of reactions negative very caused in Belarus Constitution the of change The After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, each of former15 republics chose its own by is characterized which arena, political onpost-Soviet Lukashenka of The appearance inpredominantly Western mass-media press (BBC, 2007)and oppositional Belarusian 2 CEU eTD Collection singers. andRussian by Belarusian and performed Lukashenka, to dedicated texts of songs, popular third chapter,in tosee order impact the of thisin image popular Iwant culture, analyze to several media, media.my by and,Belarusian Additionally, secondly, within oppositional Belarusian the comments of Lukashenka`s image of the father of the nation that are given, firstly, by the official of his imagestaken duringpolitical important events. Lukashenka usingdiscourse analysis of his speeches public andinterviews, and visual analysis gender. and identity national between relations with connected stereotypes with andmore precisely processes stereotyping specificwith of problems dealingin the firstplace masculinities with dominant and hegemonic masculinity. Iwill also deal insituation Belarus. social actual the and image in to political of paradoxes relation criticizethis numerous to support his assumed position of the father in relation to ‘his’ nation. Iam planning to explore and masculinityin to he analyzing order will thepresident, the uses, with imageof types of work I study my In way. authoritarian an in family his over rule to ‘rightful’ and ‘natural’ is it whom Lukashenka’s rule andtelling nickname the political imagelong he beforeuses – thethe significantimage of(Hartyya`97, 2009).In Belarus itself andits neighborhood countries, such Russiaas the and Ukraine, elections father ofof 2006the nation,the leader forof the Belarusian state received a very In the third chapter of my thesis, I amIn going the to analyzesecond current chapter interpretations of my debates, scholarly thesis, current the through look to andgoing am I thesis, my of chapter first the In I am going to study self-representations of Batka that literally means “father”. This nickname clearly reflects the model of model the reflects clearly nickname This “father”. means literally that 3 CEU eTD Collection concerns dealing with this field of study appeared. The first concern, as Connell reports, comes first The asConnell concern, with fieldof reports, dealing concerns study this appeared. several studies masculinity of development with along that mentions Connell time same the methods, new topics investigationof newand groupsbeing studied” (Connell,2005,p.xvi). new with areconsiderable field inthe of researches accomplishments decades, andthe last two literature. masculinity,including intersection with politics, its in are discussed contemporary scholarly issuesof explore howthe intend to I subchapter this In A.R.Lukashenka. leader Belarusian current the by performed nation, the of father the of image the of my analysis for essential patriarchal family model and masculinity, and this connection makes conceptofmasculinity the militarism, politics, between connection strong to point to is possible it Therefore, anomaly. be can as andgenderstereotypes seen societal order of from women, perspective patriarchal the ishousehold) assumingly male. Any in case, which mentionedthe positions are occupied by head andof the commander, the of the of ruler, one the main (the figure realmsthree the it must be rooted in other important realms, like those of army and family, as well.must be implemented within In particular contexts,all such as politics,these warfare, or family relations. is it how and masculinity ideal whatthe about assumptions of isbased onanumber nation of the father image the the of that is itsince obvious role, a significant will play representations andits PoliticalPowerandMilitarism1.1. Masculinity, 1. TheTheoretical FrameworkoftheResearch As Connell states, “knowledge about masculinities has developed very rapidly over the over rapidly very developed has masculinities about “knowledge states, Connell As Although the image of a ruler belongs mainly to the realm of politics, in order to succeed masculinity of issue the Lukashenka A.R. of image political the of analysis my Within 4 At CEU eTD Collection debatable. Second strategy is positivist (Connell, 2005, p.69), it is in it facts” “finding p.69), based the ison 2005, (Connell, positivist debatable. strategy Second claim that and wants, one features canpick any they one is obvious: main weakness strategy`s This experiences. reflect core the and of applythe masculine”p.68) try the (Connell,itto 2005, men`slifeto particular nature of2005, p.68). The first strategy is essentialist,which is based on choosing “afeature definesthat masculinity, and in any67-68). case this choice pp. modern culture” (Connell, 2005, masculinity in European/American concept of senseof the will bewomen quite and men as bearers not treat which does Aculture, ‘femininity’. with in exceptcontrast exist not does ‘Masculinity’ of polarized characternotall “allbut societieshave have accounts of […] gender, cultural ‘masculinity’. concept the types, at least another, another. itof from it, AsConnell from one epochto clearly to differs one culture puts in principle, does not have a p.(Tosh, 2004, 41). butfreely it nowhereinis acknowledged, that lens” perceived through a blurredconceptual being of sense the in everywhere being as masculinity of impression the convey to tends research current the of “a reading that out points also masculinity hegemonic on article his in Tosh John masculinity studies from fields humanitiesother of and social sciences (Connell, 2005,p.xx). than before” (Connell, 2005, p. xvii). The third concern addresses some degree of isolation of the methods] [descriptive methods “these states, AsConnell works. studies masculinity majority of of the character descriptive the resources being from 2005, p.xvii).women” diverted (Connell, from the feminist side, andit is connected to the point of view that “a focus on men will resultin As Connell states, there have been four main strategies to define masculinity (Connell, definemasculinity to main strategies four havebeen there states, As Connell definition the say that to necessary is it itself, masculinity of notion the to back Coming are still productive […], but areyielding productiveare still […], fewer […] insights new 5 The second concern deals with deals concern second The CEU eTD Collection sphere, in with image stereotypicalideal sphere, of which canbe this to respect assumptions constructed nation, using references to stereotypical and idealistic male roles. of my thesis I am going to explore how A.R. Lukashenka creates the image of the fatherwith one universal andunambiguous definition. of the necessityto defineto femininity, aswell,is it while ratherdoubtful is itthat come possible to up approach numberrelated problems, evokes of femininity This kindof p.70). it(Connell, 2005, to never achieved by majority the of men (Connell, 2005,p.70). main problem strategy of this is it that suggests taking asnormative somethingwhichis almost The some ornot. man meetbehavior. ideal a standard reality this extent, each can either of to In be”men“whatto (Connell,based about on assumptions 2005,p.70), the ought whodisplays them” (Connell,p.69). 2005, of regardless ‘feminine’, or ‘masculine’ attitudes and actions some or ‘feminine’, men some and ‘masculine’ women in wecall some which rule theusage, out is to what-men-empirically-are indefine Third, genderresearch” (Connell, “to 2005,p.69). writes, asConnell masculinity as investigation under are supposedly that very restson typifications the thus procedure “Positivist women. and men into divided are people all that implies beginning very the from strategy this whichhave standpoint, some influenceof theresult will study the Second, (Connell, 2005,p.69). of this strategy. First of all,p.69). men 2005, are” see “what (Connell, actually order to under any circumstances the descriptions meant to be neutral, will Since in my thesis I intend to analyze the image of the president, the most important most the president, the of image the analyze to intend I thesis my in Since part empirical in the since strategy, normative the on mainly rely will I study, case my In The fourth strategy isIt defines semiotic (Connell,2005,p.70). by masculinity opposing The next strategy, mentions, isnormative Connell (Connell, 2005,p.70). 6 Connell names three main problems main three names Connell they set an ideal, an set they This strategy is CEU eTD Collection men to join the armed forces” (Hopton, 2003, p. 115). right touseviolence its topursue policieshome at aswell and abroad, as toencourageyoung masculinity, possibility this since thestate connection manipulategives “to public supportfor its and domain military between connection the stressing in state the of interest huge to points p. 5), (Kovitz, 2003, 5), (Kovitz,combat” 2003,p.praising inmen,constructing men aggressiveness as soldiers from of women exclusion “deliberate issuesare the These togender. connected warfare, issues of important very several to attention masculinity pays military Kovitz inherarticle on sphere. p.masculinity militarism”is 115) (Hopton, 2003, and strongly that political to the connected andmasculinity p. 42). 2004, (Tosh, Hopton,in his turn,sees a “reciprocal betweenrelationship and “reciprocal” of p. 41), he(Tosh, tothe relationships between 2004, politics points character large” writ as virtues prescribedthe aremasculine bestunderstood virtues case political the sees the political order “as a reflection asinpressure wellas the groups levelsof executive Tosh corporations” (Connell, 2005,p.204). of the gender order and parties, political service, senior civil in the staffs, general incabinets, Men predominate the society as a whole, in which a domainmen. of AsConnell it: “publicputs politics any on isalmost definition men`s politics. remains still politics world, in contemporary that is clear It politics. of sphere the is masculinity, 2003, p.119), which is crucial for power hierarchythe inexisting state. the (Hopton, masculinity” hegemonic legitimacy of of an the represents affirmation […] culture military of celebration “the because mainly in politics role important very a plays Militarism and“the construction genderof along male-female axis 9).opposition”of (Kovitz, 2003,p. system inviolable ranking on the toKovitz, based,according is which militarism, of character Hopton (Hopton, 2003) (Hopton, Hopton and using war as a tool to gain Hopton and pp.3-4). (Kovitz,also 2003, usingwarasatool to power and Kovitz (Kovitz, 2003, p. 9)alsoand notice authoritarian the 2003, Kovitz (Kovitz, 7 CEU eTD Collection Gender and Power, 1987, pp. 48-52). Another problem of by is 1987,pp.48-52).Another Gender problem roleConnell, sex Power, of theory, stated and leads to the remain in the sphere of simplificationtheory, and almost never appear in practice. Besides, this kind of division ideal ideal the female role male role that Connell or notes each other. with interactions and their of actualwith sex role theory`s reliance on expectations,instead of analysis of real behavior ofindividuals relationsappear in any response to (Connellpower R. W.,1979). Secondpoint of Connell`s deals critique between mustFoucault, surely that,according to power also this but resistance to the gender structures, and within place various take within relations that display power its actual for failure to theory sex role genders (Connellstudies, gay and disciplinesstudies, other with dealing gender. of First all, criticizes Connell the women studies, masculinity developing of use the for insufficient R.and inefficient it making W., 1950s (Demetriou, 2001,p.337). For Connell, sexrolehad theory number ofissues were that in as early, gainedas reports, popularity its as Demetriou which, theory, sex role weaknesses of (Connell W., Connell`sR. 1983). of concept hegemonic masculinity helps avoid to numberof 1.2. TheNotion ofHegemonic Masculinity inContemporary Scholarly Debates masculinity. obvious tohegemonic masculinity. references with domains military and is within nation political alsoconstructed image of father the of the military of since the mystudy, case for important very be appears to concept this majority Therefore, organizations. absolute the for essential is which authoritarianism, to as well as affairs, Term “hegemonic masculinity” was introduced byConnell in the “Men`sbodies”article hegemonic on debates scholarly contemporary the overview will I subchapter next my In military and political to connected strongly is masculinity hegemonic of concept The 8 CEU eTD Collection masculinity studies. This concept is discussed in a number of scholarly works. of scholarly in number a is discussed concept This studies. masculinity and accepted. socially hegemonicand helps existingthe makes support masculinity system stable it patriarchal to and overwomenwhich men1987, p.158), generally dominate R.W.,Gender andPower, (Connell in system the through described be can societies Western in least at relations gender that assumes be masculinitiescan Connell variousacknowledged. andfemininities between relations exist that cultural, class or racial environments (Connell R. W., Gender and Power, 1987, pp. 167-172). historical, indifferent differently performed be can masculinities and femininities that mentions 2001, p.339).After claimingis femininity there that masculinity no or one type,of Connell also genders within and butalso genders, possibility the internally of change”generated (Demetriou, between relationships power merely the not masculinities, and femininities of nature complex introduces notionthe of hegemonic and masculinity with “grasps notion this not only the (Connell R. W.,Gender and 1987, Power, pp. 48-52). marginalization totheir whichleads by as anomaly, theory arethen sex role treated normative meet the standardsfemininity, taking without intoconsideration masculinethose andfeminine behaviors that donot set.as Allstandard, the masculinitiestypical behavior for the majoritysex of men or women. Through acknowledgingrole expected behavior theory,related and to itsfemininities attempttherefore, to connect expectations ends that up towardscannot with both sexesone be andtypicalrecognized standard, normative sample asand of masculinity or Connell`s concept of hegemonic masculinity has a great influence on influence has on contemporary a great masculinity hegemonic Connell`s of concept power the incontext, masculinity hegemonic of this concept the through Therefore, Connell theory, role sex the within unsolved remain that problems with cope to order In 9 CEU eTD Collection ideal that is constantly men. homosexual over men heterosexual of domination the is masculinity promoted (Demetriou,others” 2001,p.345). One of mostthe vivid examplesof internal hegemonic by the civil society leaders, privileges and as breadwinners, heads of household.the through themore overwomen, gaining mendominate and spheres family.market, state all these In labor of production of exemplary2001, p.341). internal hegemonic masculinity relation with deals power withingender (Demetriou, dominant Therefore, masculinitiesmore thanothers. are privileged in of kinds particular whichsome situation the thatrefers to p.345)) 2001, “leadership” inlater(Demetriou, it text the (as heputs so displaysinteractionsgenders, between two and the theterm “internal masculinity” hegemonic and women, over men of dominance to refers which masculinity”, hegemonic “external term the as oppressed. anddominated (female)(male) structure gender dominant the between asanoppressive gender homogeneous entity, and that there are also power relations within the dominant gender, not privilegesjust in comparison(Pateman,men 1988;Yuval-Davis, 1997)that in majority the haveof societies the alot of to women, it is notfemininity and within masculinity itself. Whileit is widely recognized byvarious scholars always acknowledged and masculinity between appears that relations of complexity the grasp to in order ideas that men do not constitute At the same time Demetriou mentions that “hegemonic over men of masculinity group one of ascendancy social “a for stands masculinity hegemonic Internal is rather a cultural thespheres through is masculinity hegemonic realized external believes that Demetriou introducesstress gender, rolewithinthe relations To the dominant of power Demetriou example,For in his Demetriou develop critique of tries concept, to Connell`sConnell`s 10 CEU eTD Collection (Demetriou, 2001,p.346). is underplayed while the andvalue marginalizing themandthustheirprojectpotential in pragmatic hegemony construction the of of internal hegemony by itall tonon-hegemonic only ones masculinities,“relates subordinating opposed to other the seems to become […] anin345). Therefore,(Demetriou, 2001,p. Connell`s is hegemonic masculinity conception, end in itself” masculinity of types different within interaction of mutuality, of idea the he excludes that “elitist” very a as hegemony internal the see to seems notices, Demetriou as Connell, this to Inaddition women”p. 344). for2001, (Demetriou, subordination strategy the of accepted with currently “inconsistent that masculinities those of oppression through functions masculinity, internal while hegemonic masculinity for him someremains kind of “strategy” that hegemonic of form asadominant masculinity hegemonic external defines Connell when appears conception sees inConnell`s Demetriou that mainproblem The Connell`s conception. bloc” (Demetriou, 2001, p. 348), which,in his opinion, allows avoidto number of weaknesses of masculine “hegemonic introduces term the Demetrou inI namedearlier text, the internal- that (Demetriou, 2001,p. 342). hegemonic model,butstill sustain it(passively)and realizethus the patriarchal dividend” 81), masculinity, Connell alsointroduces the term “complicitmasculinity” (Connell R. ,2005, pp. 76- men,but it canbe accepted and set as a role model for them. So,in his later works on hegemonic 342). Since hegemonic masculinity is ideal, an it be cannot directly by exercised majority the of p. masculinities 2001, […],which areconsistent with of reproduction the patriarchy"(Demetriou, which refers to the masculinity of men who “do not act intheprescribed bythe “donot way, men masculinity the who which of to refers In addition to pointing out two different forms of hegemonic masculinity – external and external – masculinity hegemonic of forms different two out pointing to addition In 11 process that means CEU eTD Collection (Beasley,p.95). 2008, term on its legitimating avoid depictionsmen “a slide of institutional towards concentrate andinstead with the power which mobilizes institutions her it andIn practices” (Beasley, opinion 2008,p.94). help to would function,narrowto meaningthe of “hegemonic term the masculinity” political tothe model ideal or […], which may loss the necessity andmaylead sees meaning term.interpretations the a to of actual of Beasley or may not men”groups of Suchabroad meaning (Beasley,p.88). refer 2008, term of the very allows different to menversions of manhood, andwith finally itsto meaning as an empirical reference specifically to actual actualmeaning referring asadepictiveword dominant to(most powerful most widespread)and/or power” its particularcultural ensure leadershipmassformsto moral or –to of to rule topopular consent “a slippage between its meaning itsasa between “a slippage masculinity, itsome asConnell isputs to problematic. extent Inher critique out Beasley points hegemonic of conception the that argues it. She concretize term, to the narrow to tries inherinstance, critiquefor Beasley of term,the with problems while, character a very general resistance. non-hegemonichegemonic masculinity, processes torefermutualand tothe and of practices place grasp that between take this term is interactions the to able Demetriou`s thoughts, p.348).According to 2001, and masculine (Demetriou, power practice” understanding of non-dualistic and non-reified a “implies him for which bloc”, masculine “hegemonic term masculinities, Demetriou, relying on Gramsci`s understanding class of hegemony,introduces the In his critique of hegemonic masculinity conception Demetriou does nothaveseem does masculinity to Demetriou conception In his hegemonic of critique non-hegemonicavoidmasculinity and ofhegemonic to opposition Connell`s In order political mechanism 12 tied to the word hegemony –referring CEU eTD Collection used in the process of creation of ofimage. in of political creation used the process the scholarly on stereotypesindicate, andstereotyping,works inorder to how stereotyping canbe ruler, and ideal the image of nation.the subchapter Inmynext Iwill anoverviewgive of deal with a numberof referringstereotypes, the ideal to family therelations, figure of ideal the representations nation,household,is inof and masculinity.That why have myanalysis, to I will symbolical must bebasedimage on stereotypical nation father of the the of that the I suppose political,military, and family spheres, I need to mention through what means it is constructed. of intersection appearson nation of father the image of the If that I assume constructed. is this image how Idonotreally explain be fatherimage of can implemented, of the nation the caseIanalyze. the for be important to which appear masculinities, non-hegemonic and masculinity hegemonic the between exist that relations the to of attention I also find it useful to rely on Demetriou`s interpretation of Connell`s concept, since it pays a lot strategies of A.R. Lukashenka. ideal, I will besuggestion be mycan very useful for analysis,hegemonicsince, assuming is that masculinity an able to apply thatBeasley`s I suppose hegemonic Therefore, masculinity. to referring image, itpolitical to the case of my study as an ideal that influence behavior Taking for granted that hegemonic masculinity is a kind of ideal model, in which the in which model, ideal of akind is masculinity hegemonic that granted for Taking a constructing of example a particular on concentrate like to I would case study In my 13 CEU eTD Collection of different social groupsnevertheless, stereotypes do reflect some general truth, since they show the processand of interaction their ideas that theconclusion comes Macethen to out, point andTurner as Oakes,Haslam same the time, about each other. Mace simplification (Penelope J.Oakes,S.Alexander Haslam, C. Turner, 1994,pp.3-4). John Butat compares stereotypesstereotypes are quite rigid, and therefore they narrow down withthe reality through generalization and that a claimed Mace partly and Braly, & Katz Lippman, as authors Such psychology. human first half of the 20 in inJ. Oakes,S.AlexanderJohn 1994), Haslam,C. Turner, studiesof early the stereotyping the TurnerAs Haslamand report Oakes, stereotyping. and views onstereotypes different always aruler. asubjectto dominated femininity, and perception of a man as a ruler in contrast with a woman, who is stereotypes thatimply the reference to the patriarchal ideals of the dominantmasculine those name power, to in order stereotypes’ ‘patriarchal term the use will I my thesis In nation. image father of the of the the in case, image studied the create the politician, of the all together and by president, performed the with actions political interact references father. These a ruling serve model toparticular asreferences intomasculinity,of patriarchal ideaimbedded strongly of kind of this stereotypes Lukashenka patriarchal A.R. of image political casethe of public.the In andininfluence ruling of father,work my consciousness aboutthe stereotypes, case stereotypes 1.3. Stereotypes In various scholar works on prejudice and of politics representations therearequite Through understanding of the process of stereotyping it is possible to see, how th century, stereotypes were primarily characterized as a negative feature of feature asanegative wereprimarily characterized stereotypes century, 14 (Penelope CEU eTD Collection within interactions of different social stereotypes “aform control”social Sinceas of (Pickering,stereotypes 2001,p.5). mainly exist groups and create different kinds of power relations, they looking from fatherhood atthem gender perspective. my research I willcase, I will rely more on cultural and feminist understanding ofthe stereotypingdeal process, since in mainly with a number of patriarchal stereotypes on masculinity and movements, such as feminism, anti-racism and gay rights activism rights gay and anti-racism feminism, as such movements, been taken history,in cultural humanup geography and social invariousanthropology, and social have consequences and causes Its […] concern. of been long have stereotyping of effects and process contemporary cultural analysis. In the study of what is still sometimes called ‘mass Asstudies, etc. it, Michael puts “ Pickering communications’, the categorization and necessary generalization through shefaceshe in experience or everyday that information individual with deal helpeach forabsolutely people that common normal to all process, observing stereotypes as partof came conclusion the stereotypingsocial ispsychology to that an 20 of the part second the In experience. interactions andgrouppsychology, they that reflect pointinginteraction out tend to groups` study inAsch,for started to stereotypes thecontextof example, Vinacke, andSherif group scholars,as, some other mostly perspective, from negative seeingprejudice, a them to relation study Hayakawa toin while asBogardus, andKlineberg continued some authors stereotypes Later Alexanderon, asOakes, Haslam,1994, p.4). John C. claim, Turner, Haslam and Turner J.Oakes,S. essential which toreveal (Penelope is made“both, caricature, truths” distort and Another idea, which is, in my opinion, also relevant to my research deals with viewing with deals my research to relevant also opinion, my in is, which idea, Another The issue of stereotyping is still being discussedwithin cultural gay studies, and lesbian (Penelope J. Oakes, S.Alexander Haslam, John C. Turner, 1994, pp. 4-9). th century such scientists as Tajfel and Hamilton, 15 the stereotype remains an important concept in concept important an remains stereotype the ” (Pickering, 2001, p.1). In my In (Pickering, 2001,p.1). CEU eTD Collection stereotypes related to nation andnationality, since Iassume that in order to build an image of the Alexander Haslam, John C. Turner, 1994, p.1). memberships”people basis toon of group the their characteristics stereotyping by given Oakes, Haslam and Turner:“stereotypingis the of process ascribing thesis I will terms use the ‘stereotype’ and ‘stereotyping’, relying on definitionthe of inmy andtherefore genderroles, accepted socially and/or traditional ideas about to the relation itischange dramatically, Isuppose, use in to terms possible and ‘stereotype’ ‘stereotyping’ In the first part of 20 asMichaelbut, suggestsimplicitlyPickering itinwas present majoritythe of studies.those I work with in case of my research. Thisidea was nota focus of the early studies of stereotyping, also can be used as a part of the manipulation techniques common for the sphere of politics that fixed” arenecessary and of existing relations thepower conviction that providestereotypes reinforces which inflexibility of comfort The threat. perceived the face of inthe realign them to they are or of intereststhe which of itattempts tomaintainpower structures the as upholds. Itstructures the change, and todeny denies“stereotyping flexible attempts It any thinking with thisin categories. incategories, claiming tocategories, flexible that whicharepredominantly contrast andtend to and,instance,for Michael Pickering inhisbook on stereotyping even stereotypesopposes to Turner, 1994, p. 4). whether stereotypes tend to change or not (Penelope J. Oakes, S. Alexander Haslam, John C. (Pickering, 2001, p.3). (Pickering, 2001, Since ideas about ‘proper’ gender roles in modern European tend gender ‘proper’ societies do not inmodernto European Since roles ideasabout In addition to gender stereotypes in my thesis, I will have to work closely with closely work to have will I thesis, my in stereotypes gender to addition In In contemporary researches the invariable character is of assumed, widely stereotypes theinvariable In contemporary character researches th centuries there were debates among scholars, dealing with question, the dealing with among scholars, debates there were centuries 16 (Penelope J. Oakes,S. CEU eTD Collection of hegemonic masculinity. hegemonic of it with concept the corresponds how politics, and and of realm the is established within created A.R. Lukashenka. caseof in particular the analyze references am these I to going of politicians. representations appear in visual tothem references to speeches and political images or stereotypical tend These nation. the imagine to help lands ‘other’ with in comparison homeland the of images 2001, p.95) landscapes”settings, imaginary imaginedp.85), (Pickering, 2001, (Pickering, national character” “symbolic through imagined be can homeland and nation The nation. the construct to ways There areseveral p.85). (Pickering,2001, national territory” history a shared and shared cultural a through together’ same ‘the as conceived be only can so and personally, other each know members of one nation/nationality. As Pickering notes, “members of a nation do not (and cannot) the of minds in entity imaginary the create to help nationality and nation about Stereotypes “national belonging” asavivid example “positiveof (Pickering, belonging” 2001,p.79). of representatives in nation.the Pickering hison stereotyping book the defines ideavery of and nation homeland, of images stereotypical to refer to necessary is it nation, the of father In my thesis Iintend exploreto through what means the image of the father of the nation or references to “heroic and venerable past” (Pickering, 2001, p. 101). Stereotypical 101). (Pickering, p. past” “heroic 2001, or references andvenerable to 17 CEU eTD Collection Lukashenka` s references to Soviet past as one of his the most positive characteristics positive most his the of as one past Soviet to sreferences Lukashenka` support sees among generation, which out, Lukashenka hastheand older greatest Silitski point Belarus needs of hardtimes the during period transitional of him,population trusts Lukashenkasupposes is ruler, president that and astrong one the andpercentage most significantin popular theLukashenka state, politicians of the one remains whim” at almost opinions fiefdom vindictive[…] apetty isand man,who quick butcan totake offence, change his the as apersonal country andtreats andwhite, inblack world whoperceives the limited vision Lukashenka” comparable to 2004). as Yekadumau (Yekadumau,Silitski 2002), 2003), and 2002, Marples(Silitski, (Marples, 1999, of in becomeof such scholars works anobjectresearch hasalready political regime inBelarus, the current of nature democratic the about claims constant alongwith state the ruling of models strategies thatimply usage of referencesthe to patriarchal societal models and authoritarian his Lukashenka controversial Belarus.political president Republicthe Belarusian dueto of haveclaim ademocracy. that to states in of success contemporary a number itbe appears imageandTherefore, ratherstrange to thiskindof that still cangainsupport 2.1. TheImageof Lukashenkain Scholarly Debates Lukashenka ofA.R. oftheSelf-Representations 2. TheAnalysis Marples points out that “among the former Soviet republics, there is no leader directly nois republics, there former Soviet “among the that out points Marples is nation the of father the of image the of success paradoxical such of example vivid The power. authoritarian the to connected is nation traditionally father of the of The image the (Marples, 1999, pp. 9-10). At same the 9-10). admitstime, that 1999,pp. Marples (Marples, (Marples, 1999,p.10).Heportrays Lukashenka as“a manof 18 (Marples, 1999, p. 122).As(Marples, 1999, Marples (Marples, CEU eTD Collection topics, andpictures of Lukashenka duringimportantpolitical events. my analysis Iwill use the texts of interviews ofA.R. Lukashenka, dedicateddifferent to kinds of of the nation to legitimize the authoritarian power in the assumingly democratic state. As data for father the of image the uses he how and nation, the with relations fatherly his proves Lukashenka of Lukashenkafind asthe fatherBelarusian nation of through in to order what means out, feminist analysis. for critical calls discourse inpolitical appears contemporary the that fatherthe nation the of in the society. Taking intoconsideration everything that was said above, I claim that the image of model masculinity, accepted of dominant the to references requires clearly image since such an can beLukashenka, from viewed concept masculinity, of of Connell`s perspective the hegemonic by performed nation, the of of father the image this, the to In addition state. democratic officially in the order, social patriarchal traditionally the to and past, Soviet the to both, referring power, authoritarian ofthe success controversial seemingly and and patriarchy, authoritarianism between connection the about questions evokes nation, which the father of of the inas my Chapter 1,Lukashenka I haveand image before uses the openly mentioned Introduction politician,another hand, on ruler, astrong and respected by praised people of Belarus. Besides, Lukashenka. Onthe onehand,have aportrait we of highly authoritarian a narrow-minded, At the same time, itis obvious that there is a very problematic ambiguity in the political image of Soviet times, who also played the role of the cultfigures in the state of the authoritarian rulers to Lukashenka connects indirectly figure”,characteristic this and cult Silitski,1999, 2004, 2003). 2002, Therefore, in the second chapter of my thesis I am going to analyze self-representations to going my I am thesis of in chapter second the Therefore, Goingfurther, Marples alsobe claims “a Lukashenka to virtual 19 (Marples, 1999,p.122). CEU eTD Collection changing the symbols the respect was not really shown. Opposition still blames Lukashenka for Lukashenka blames still Opposition shown. really not was respect the symbols the changing nation with respect, if he fatherbetween the and‘his’nation. Aruler probably be to would history the expected itstreat of wants to be believed to same timebe is the action Lukashenka from of of perspective highly the relationsthe problematic the father of the nation,Silitski,AtSilitski2003, Yekadumau, andYekadumau 1999,2004, the 2002, 2002). (Marples, but in this act of Soviet traditions, which of Sovietthe times. Throughthis change Lukashenkahighlightedhis connection strong to the weresymbols the to refer then,directly symbols whose state as post-Soviet only the I Belarus made stated Lukashenka earlier, noticedBelarusian by such researches which highly 2], of the new symbols the resembled ones[pic. Appendix1.] werechangedas to Marples, Soviet Belarus (national flagandnational in of national anthem, in arms),coat Socialist adopted 1991 [seepic.1 of symbols national the which after Belarus, of Republic in the referendum the initiated he Republic [pic.3] and state. the that was nation his with hisunity show to in order Belarus of symbols official a the to uses references also part of the stateandthenation. build between leaderhis figure,the Lukashenka can clearly upaconnection USSR. Thisbelong actionmostly symbols official since a president; of to in case important the more even becomes realm possibility This of of nation. statehood, the and country the of symbols unofficial and official the use to is state through the and nation the the with usage oneself identify to ways the of One nation. ‘his’ of and ‘father’ the thebetween relations official symbols a political 2.2. Lukashenka andBelarusianIdentity2.2. Lukashenka Shortly after Lukashenka became the president of Belarus for the first time in July 1994, in July time first the for Belarus of president the became Lukashenka after Shortly Political image of the father of of of nation image father the the Political 20 a priori requires presence of clearly stated of clearly requires presence CEU eTD Collection red-and-green dress [pic.5].ismy momentfor This more significanteven hereanalysis,since we national flag [pic. 4],then duringby the same event presidentappearedalittlethe in girl awhite- official suit, but it was inaneutral in Lukashenka wasdressed decorated Day parade inhonorof July 2007 Independence the with red and greenLukashenka ribbons thatuses referredelements occasions less formal for some neutrally, dress up he to tends otherstates) leadersof or toof thenational colors ministers with meetings of symbols (i.e. events the official the during Although state. inBelarusian to hisconnection clothes. For instance, during the military husband. her now is who man, a on dependence her and belonging, new her state is to name) last a to become a part of her husband`s household, and some symbolic act (for example, the change of isnation) a (here awoman when sense, patriarchal inits marriage actof the to can becompared some extent This act to state. nation and the the with his ‘relationships’ of beginning states the with stability. otherthe hand, On by newadopting the symbols atthebeginning his of rule, he sametime, atthe but, freedom, of democratic lack with areassociated which times, Soviet the of symbols the backto implicitly comes Lukashenka one hand, Onthe be noticed. can references important very two symbols national of change this In exist. not did simply before been that were before, as if everything in Belarus was to start just with his rule and everything that had fact,2005). In Lukashenka thesymbols changed and ignoredof country completely the the ones event this during present even not was Lukashenka and lowered, was it after right inadopted flag thecurrentpieces to 1991 andchanged cutinto of Belarus, by was officials the 2006). practice (Svaboda, the fact that national symbols were changed without official ceremonies, as if it was an everyday New symbols of Belarus are frequently byLukashenka in used his to state order strong Especially, opposition stresses the fact that the white-red-white flag, white-red-white the thefactthat stresses Especially,opposition 21 (Feduta, CEU eTD Collection took place andred- init,beach,took Lukashenkawasdressed awhite T-shirt ona and while giving Lukashenka gave interviewan aRussian-speaking to from journalistArgentina. Thisinterview Venezuela inMarch2010 his visitto During Belarusianleader. the towards waveattention of a new provoked play national thisattempt symbolsappearance,and inhis with to Lukashenka of attempt another been has there Recently 8]. [pic. symbols national with uniform the in Lukashenka isfrequently shown on TV doingmainly sports, hockey,and thenhe isalso dressed identity forhis and support nationalthe therefore,team, for hisnation and in general. Besides, andit team Olympic made[pic.7], asa himlook part of his this team, stressing Belarusian Beijing, meeting the Lukashenka appeared for journalistsin with the uniform of Belarusian understandable, since understandable, is for thesuit white choice of The [pic.6]. a pocket on embroidered of arms, coat national and greenaccessories classical butwhite,and a suit, red-and same year,Lukashenkawore with to Belarusian identity and ahistory of Belarusian nationhood. Lukashenka tobe seen as a father of the nation during a very important event, directly connected choice of a girl implicitly interpretations possibilitiesof reinforces gender-based of In general, scene. this the (not a boy) forBelarusian languages,and Russian word the this scene seemsin both, Moreover, nation. with Belarusian so associated girl herecan be easily the 1997), to be (Yuval-Davis, female as absolutelyimagined isoften nation the is that moment important Another man. deliberate,which looks fragile, on weakandLukashenka,first, dependent as a grown-up, and second, asa since colors, national of a dress in girl little a and statehood, itBelarusian to connection allowsLukashenka`s symbolize ribbons (red-and-green nation the of father a and aruler, as Lukashenka have For For in Independencethe for the Olympic visit 2008,and the Day to VillageinBeijing the Belarus literally means ‘White Rus’. Later, during his visit to Olympic to visit his during Later, Rus’. ‘White means literally Belarus 22 is grammatically feminine, and this fact this and feminine, grammatically is CEU eTD Collection privileged, while language Belarusian isin decline.Lukashenka answers this of kind in questions nothappen.does it of Lukashenka incase paradoxically but nation, the father of of the image the negatively affect Silitski, 2003) with Russia, aswell of as connectionhis strong totheSovietruling tradition 1999, (Marples, Russian languageas his oneof keep good consequences of the attempts obvious relationships to Belarusian officials. Such scholarschannel, 1996) as Marples and Silitski very beginning of his presidency,for example on Independencethe Dayinmention 1996(BTTV- Lukashenka`s preference in language majority his inBelarusian the Hegave absolute speeches. atthe speeches of some of Belarus], Nevertheless 1996). Lukashenkahimself Belarusian,usingseldom speaks Russian Belarusian and Russian(Konstituciya Belarus Respubliki [The Constitution Republicthe of of language. isBelarusian identity Belarusian of element important very Another identity. imaginedBelarusian issues create together all important that areother image, there again. entity once indivisible allow intoLukashenka totiesexuality, nation connections one andBelarusian these and himself and masculine with all power nationhood together Belarusian asymbol of becomes this case Lukashenka`s attempt to connect nationalism and particular image of masculinity. His body in discussions in Belarusian and media foreign (Hartyya`97, Newsru, 2010). and-green swimming pants[pic 9].Significantly unofficial image of presidentprovoked the During theinterviews he is frequently asked, why Russian language in Belarus is so According Constitution,the to Belarus Republic the of hastwoofficial languages: Although nationalLukashenka construct doesuseofficial hissymbols astools to political . One would expect that problematic would language that with Belarusian . Onewould relations expect . Thesedays Lukashenka in speaksmostly majoritythe and Russian, sodoes of 23 In this example I see CEU eTD Collection 1 called Russian (rus.) and (rus.) Russian called analyzed interview president said Lukashenka exactly following:the “thislanguage, whichis In nation. the animage Belarusian create the of father of the in to language order defines Russian Belarusian, hedoesnotit. rejectinteresting, Butthemost in myopinion, is Lukashenka how distinguished in Belarusianfrom non-Belarusian, and additionhe this, that uses demonstrated to clearly firstly, he, way, This in Belarusian. language Belarusian to related that everything saying language, questionthe hemixed Russian and Belarusian to duringIn his hisanswer. answer Third, and the most significant, representatives media], of 2009). A.G.Lukashenko tothe Republic Belarusian Belarus the of as I suppose, was the presidentof of the press-conference theLukashenko belorusskih SMI[The predstavitelyam linguistic game that Lukashenka developmentthe of these spheres (BT,Press-konferenciya Respubliki presidenta Belarus A.G. played or medicine, Belarusian terms do not exist soscience far,example, sofor the like, strictspheres, in some prohibition since Belarus”, in of Russianlanguage Russian would reject can stopidiot everybody in Belarus is free speakto the language he orshe wants. Second, he told that “only an media, representatives 2009 Belarusian of the Lukashenko tothe A.G.Belarus predstavitelyam of belorusskih of of press-conference SMI [The Republic the president the violence” and any notstanddoes is aspherethat any “language that of out dictatorship all,things. First he pointed several hefrom stated 2009 in For example,December interesting hisinterview a very way. we trying to throw away…wea lot in it.don`t So, why wehave are trying to carryto forget innation maybe, it. Thelast century, or, thislanguage; more languagewas even our we invested so itfast on something our back, that we created as people ourselves, say” why are (BT, Press- All the interviews, speeches, and other texts used as data for this thesis are translated from Russian by the author. by the Russian from translated are thesis this for data as used texts other and speeches, interviews, the All 1 (BT, Press-konferenciya presidenta Respubliki Belarus (BT,Press-konferenciya A.G.Lukashenko presidenta not Raseyski (bel.) , as some our people call it, there`s a soul of our 24 . Therefore, CEU eTD Collection 1996), in meetinghe inGrodno, idea repeated this his with 1998 during people onceagain, somewhere” down his1996, Lukashenka nation “acompared to baby” he“carriesthat infront,being fell to afraid dominance. Forexample, inhis interview toRussian newspaper nation,itis find possible all to signs authoritarianism,the based onfatherlyof care father`s and histalksfeelingsinBelarusian nation,Belarus his his references alot about andand towards to image.undermineseem created the to nations, Slavic other over care and power his exercise to tendencies his than nation Belarusian of bethe father the to claims IfLukashenka entire context. or Slavic Slavic Eastern broader identity Belarusian of significance the and Russia), from (mainly ago. inimagined existed atleast8 centuries borders the Belarus, but Rusthatof contemporary almost much Russiannation, as to and by hisclaiming heconstructs this, ‘nation’ not intheborders of language is raseyski territories of contemporary Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. In Belarusian language the word existed from from 9 the existed word media], Thein of 2009). representatives trick hereis languagethe Belarusian the that Russian to the Lukashenko A.G. of Belarus of Republic the president the of press-conference [The konferenciya Respubliki presidenta A.G.LukashenkoBelarus predstavitelyam belorusskih SMI russkiy Despiteattempts toconstruct constanthis within nation of the borders Rus, Lukashenka Belarusianconnected to independence immediately several This attemptproblems evokes is related to is related russskiy [Russian] to historically word the related th (Interview presidenta Belorussii interview[The of the president of Belarus], and not century till the epoch of feudal division in the 12 Raseya that stands for stands that raseyski , Lukashenka implies thatit belongs to Belarusian nation as Russia 25 . It means that by insisting on the fact that the that fact the on insisting by that means It . Rus , which is the name of the state that name is , which state of the the Russkiy Kuryer Russkiy per se th , and not in relation to in relation not and , -13 th centuries on the as early asin CEU eTD Collection Russians are the same nation” (BT, Press-konferenciya presidenta Respubliki Belarus s Belarus Respubliki presidenta Press-konferenciya (BT, samenation” Russians arethe inhis well.“Belarusians constantly speeches and repeats interviews Lukashenka that and as nation, Ukrainian partly, and, Russian, over but nation, Belarusian over only not exercised defender of the household to support his image of the father of the nation. a man a as about stereotypes patriarchal through sametime, and,atthe and power, state to the connecthis masculinity to Lukashenka allows warfare to references usage of the the So, realized. any levelcanbefully at and authoritarianism masculinity hegemonic the one, whereboth, the with military domain,belong, conceptsofdefenseand the fight where andthe military domain is associations provokes claim Lukashenka`s this is that moment important Another nation. the of father the image of the create to astools serves also itprovokes associations the and phrase this household,infamily, hisbut casethenation standsthis instead of household,the and therefore statement 2006, p.1). This Aleksandr(Personalii: Lukashenko AleksandrLukashenko], [Personalities: clearly – alone” is necessary if it hands, in my arms – with necessary it`s refersif myself, by nation my to patriarchalPlaneta and life , the in magazine 2008) people” these [Citations], (Citaty of 2006 Belarusian political stereotypeshe,his talking about feelingsBelarusians, said:towards “Ihave never hadmy life,private just of a man,how much heis willing sacrifice for to the happiness Belarus. In of ofhisinterviewsinone 1997 a fatherclaims, also Lukashenka speeches his of in some that is detail significant Another nation. the of as a defenderreinforce ‘parental’ nature of his power over Belarusian nation, and prove his position as fathera of his TV-channel,Novosti [News], 1998) for years”(BT his three nation]on shoulders “carryinghadclaiming [Belarusian been he that At the same time, as I mentioned before, Lukashenka`s fatherly care has a tendency to be hasto atendency fatherly care Lukashenka`s mentioned before, At sametime, asI the published Lukashenka`s speech, where there was the following statement: “I was following speech, defend Lukashenka`s there where will published the statement: .These metaphors, used.These metaphors, by in presidentthe his speeches, 26 CEU eTD Collection the authoritarian power of the ruler andPolitical2.3. Lukashenka Power over his state and brotherhood. Soviet) situations some his nation. successful,Serving but onlyas ifa thereference nation will be constructed to Russia. to connections strong with respect to the ideashis position, tryingstate to both- Belarusian independenceof and uniqueness, and, atSlavic the same time, (or in andexists in of ambiguity overcome that borders his power, andpolitical broaden geographical the ‘savior of Slavic civilization’ that Lukashenka gives to his nation, symbolically allows him to role The 2008). of [Citations], (Citaty savecivilization” this obliged to andweare civilization, early speeches in1995Lukashenka view said following:the “they Belarusasasavior of Slavic Republic Belarus with of leading of representatives the media], Russian 2009) s predstavitelyami vedushchikh SMI[The press-conference rossiyskih presidentof the of the Respubliki Belarus Press-konferenciya lack,care they presidenta (BT, having governments their the nations” “brotherhood to give to intends way, in a He, governments. Ukrainian and Russian media],ThisstopRussian him hand, 2009). not of claim, the kind other from does criticizing on of leading the with of of representatives Belarus Republic the of president press-conference the konferenciya presidentaRespubliki Belarus spredstavitelyami vedushchikh rossiyskih SMI[The worries notjust aboutBelarusians, ashisRussians, nation, butabout as well Press- (BT, andthathe 2009), leading media], Russian of the representatives Belaruswith Republic of predstavitelyami vedushchikh rossiyskih SMI [The press-conference of the president of the The image of the father of the nation to some extent serves to ‘naturalize’ and‘legalize’ ‘naturalize’ to serves some extent nation to the of thefather of The image rather be to seems nation the of father the of image the Lukashenka of case in So, 27 . In one of his CEU eTD Collection it. During all these years, having a great power, dealing with milliards of dollars, I have never have dealing milliards of I havingdollars, with agreatpower, it.all years, During these mesomething….And it by it- thatIcanbehurt whenthey –and they tell after to Igetsick know kill me, it`s the obloquy that I have taken something from someone or have stolen benefits elections in thenation. Before can Lukashenka said:“There`s thing that one 2006 existsthat in is country the his buthe claimspower, this tobepower used onlyin way the that 2006). Actually, Lukashenko],of Lukashenka only comment the that demonstrates this power Belarus A.G. of speech Republic of presidentthe of Belarus A.G.Lukashenko[The the it86% inRech change Respubliki tomake to“European”(BT, Prezidenta order look results the falsified.in Lukashenkaclaimed that but reality he gainedvotes, 93,5%of then he decided to were elections the of results the that confessed publically Lukashenka reelection, one maximum third time in 2006 through change the of Constitution,the whichlimited presidential terms to way of ruling the state. For example, right after he had become the president of by has elected democracy the president, that people. Belarus for the be2006). In a Belarus A.G. his Lukashenka hiscountry to Lukashenko], claims speeches Republic of of the president the [The speech of A.G.Lukashenko RespublikiBelarus Prezidenta Rech leader” (BT, an andnot administrative a dictator not I am leader; an [authoritarian] am not from In call hima his interviewhe 2006 dictator. said: explore how Lukashenka himself refers to his power, how he wants his power to be understood. to itimportant isI suppose, rather his Therefore, fatherly careof nation. of from perspective the natural, and given to him as ruler of the power the legitimizes nation father of the image of the the traditions, aspatriarchal to the father, and allows to interpret political actions of the ruler At the same time, he allows himself make statements that openly contradict democratic contradict openly that statements make himself he allows time, same the At First of all, Lukashenka tends to react very emotionally on attempts of various media to 28 “I hate idolatry I leader. of the cult idolatry and “Ihate CEU eTD Collection spheres, politics and household, claiming, tobe politics a domain, have nothing where “wives to me”understand (Citaty 2008) [Citations], innot traditions nation, everywhere of demonstrate our to family. your People […] inBelarus holding the hand of his wife […] it is often just ashow. […] I am not used to it. And besides,it is have nothing todo in the political affairs.And I think that when some politician leaves the plane, interesting“Imembers way: supposethat my familymust of not deal with […]Wives politics. first lady alotevoked of questions. In 1997 Lukashenkahimself onthiscommented in a very the of ‘absence’ the presidency, Lukashenka`s of beginning very the At Shklov. of city the near inpresident 1994. As Lukashenkaa president, moved toMinsk, and his wife stayed in village the does not live with him, and she has never lived with him since the moment Lukashenka became a andHisFamily 2.4. Lukashenka to play there. household, it is important to observe,own his as how nation he his referstreats to hisLukashenka Once own family,Constitution. the by and set whatborders role the he overcomes pretends him again once state as afather of nation which servelegitimizethe his and to power, openly as speech sound talk.private, andmakes theThese intodetails afamily public political discourse changes symbolically he this by and audience, the with feelings his share to he pretends Second, insists on his honesty, although at the same time he openly admits his great power in the country. A.G.of 2006). In Lukashenko], this several quotation first arethings of obvious: Lukashenka all, speech [Pre-election Lukashenko A.G. rech Predvybornaya (BT, it” in interest personal my seen Basically, inBasically, quotation this Lukashenka openlystates divisionthe publicof and private wife his but married, is Lukashenka information, widely-spread official, the to According . 29 CEU eTD Collection boy boy said newspaper the later inhis interviewand to thirdthe son,butappear in then Lukashenka`s started to with president the events public a little ‘father’ and ‘his’ nation relationships they sound rather logical. For one more year nobody saw the of context in whole butthe a democracy, have claims to that state European contemporary his fatherin ahouseholdin or Thisa state. kind ofmodel seems in unbelievable the of power inheritthe is to eventually ason family, where model a of patriarchal the to refer again 2007) to talk about the successor, “if he After repeated that bemaybe,son will apresident”. thirdjust but, the be will apresident, I will prepare thesecond son first nor one, “Neither the power: of political in it context hementioned the fact, the youngest one. [He is] a unique person” wife. (News, insignificant posts marginalized arenotthat country,the andthey life,his from Lukashenka`s as members family”the 2008) of [Citations], (Citaty “the mainthat said He country. in the known not are children his that fact the with merit satisfied very he is that of presidents discourse. patriarchal and nationalist-traditionalist, […]both, into embedded becomes nation his over it is when nobody Belarusian identity his thewithin framework of so that hispatriarchy, powerover wife, and then builds he this, doing knowsBy nation. Belarusian for norm be a to it he claims moreover, and about their1997, Connell, throughhisstatementtherefore Lukashenka patriarchal 2005),reinforces order, childrenpublic domains tobethebasis patriarchal of social organization (Pateman,Yuval-Davis, 1988, or other and between private issues thedivision claim explore gender Themajority that scholars of do”. . Although itis notquite clear serious how Lukashenka is in such words, statements these Ten years in later, 2007, Lukashenka mentioned of matter thathehasa son.Asa third Lukashenka alsohas grown up sonsfromtwo his wife. In1997 Lukashenka mentioned 30 Komsomolskaya Pravda . Nevertheless, two of his sons have very have sons his of two Nevertheless, . that the little boy is CEU eTD Collection and are not really recognized publically as members of of family. the members as publically really andnot recognized are household the sphereof in aprivate stay important, they that not are women and aremen, family the of representatives the where model, patriarchal classical tothe again refer andthat sons, his with mainly communicating and care taking father, a as imagined is president The ignored. almost is Lukashenka, of wife official the of in case wife the of figure the to alike mother, for the birthday party of her son], 2009). No matter, what the situation really is, the figureLukashenko nepopala naDenRozhdeniya syna mother [The come of Kolya did Lukashenko not of the Koli Abelskaya life], backbroughtAbelskuyu 2009,Mama was vernuli to [Irina k zhizni Lukashenka`s mother of is boy the the spread bymedia, rumors, tothe boy.little According with the formernor Lukashenka, with neither publically seen never been has She available. not is mother private boy`s doctor, but thenation. his of implicitly and son, his son spends of care fatherly stress Lukashenka`s aims to that PR-action long-term the of impression leaves an all the time representatives in Belarusianmedia,of the Lukashenka’spublic 2009) speechesoflasttwo years with his to the Lukashenko A.G. father of Belarus of Republic the president the of press-conference [The (Irinukonferenciya Respubliki presidenta A.G.LukashenkoBelarus predstavitelyam belorusskih SMI references family to storieshis about youngest son (Komsomolskaya Pravda, 2008,BT, Press- president, presence the officialmeetings,his during andalmostLukashenka`s of son constant him nobody me”justcan, (Komsomolskaya Pravda,2008,para.50).Despites claimsof the the else. […] Of course, he anybody with stay adds can`t just “he PR: with some do to nothing have extra son his with appearances workpublic to me. Because neither to dress him, Pravda,2008) Nikolay norhis(Komsomolskaya son to feed At the same time, it is very important to mention that the exact information about the about information exact the that mention to important very is it time, same the At 31 . In interview Lukashenkainsistedhis. this that CEU eTD Collection Lukashenka isLukashenka constructed a numberthrough of techniques: theverbaldifferent visual and Conclusion toChapter2 nation. his with relationships his of model imagemoreover this and father in itimage of supports nation of the the sense, any as I not all contradictit values,undermine but, have already does the democratic mentioned,the behavior Constitution,the to is, such seems to democratic Belarusaccording country, which in the but throne, the to heirs the events public the all on take to tradition a resembles situation s voennyh nasynom his ucheniyah military son [Lukashenko 2008). with on excersises], and of representatives notBelarusian army toLukashenka,hisreported butto (Lukashenko son Lukashenka was dressed in copy the hisof father`s Supreme Commander inChief`s uniform, during military the maneuversRussian-Belarusian 20084-year-old inOctober Nikolay offact matter As a [pic. 14]. maneuvers 13]and [pic. parades military andon [pic.12], Pope (for example, on a meetingpersons important withother and Ukrainian politicians with meetings on 10]), president [pic. Olynpics Beijing on Viktor(even Yanukovich [pic. 11] or the Roman nation. the of father support theimagethe of servesto discourse public to the family, reflected image of the whole So,the of ruler. the characteristics fatherly stress discourse, occupied in by nation the a public images ofinvolveddomain. The thepolitical sons, into the is domain meaning. in important of private wife the The the very place opinion, hasanother The image of the father of the nation in case of Belarusian president Alyaksandar president Belarusian of case in nation the of father the of image The In relationshipsgeneral, someLukashenka`s hisfamily can beseen to with the extent as events sport on everywhere: almost son youngest his with appears Lukashenka Recently, motherfigurethe imageinThe of inmy family, Lukashenka`s wifeor the the absence of 32 vice versa This . CEU eTD Collection nation, by performed inLukashenka, its complexity,analyze I need to theinterpretations of this fatherthe of much nation the morein complex, tostudy and order image of the fatherthe of the of image very the make media, different by given image, the of interpretations Different nation. roleimportant in is process the media given to shape that the perception of presidentthe by the reaction among population, president the can Inthis sothat gain support. enough very case,the by Lukashenka,notis lockedmost in in toprovoke, itself,it desirably,isorder created positive power over the household, and, in case, of Lukashenka`s family, over the state and the nation. father`s their inherit to assumed are sons in which model, family patriarchal the to a reference Lukashenka, and Lukashenka the factthat tends treathisto sons as hisheirs as can be interpreted images of Lukashenka` sphere. The infamily the public his represents andthat family the members over power great s since within context of the heisintroducedhis family head asthe sons householdhasthe of a that additionallyThe image of familyLukashenka`s also serves tosupport his image of fatherthe of nation,the reinforce topolitical clearly connected andmilitarism heterosexual. andremains power unambiguously the imagerefers a to ‘normative’, dominantmasculinity, which is strongly into patriarchy,embedded of the father, a tocreate of image,Lukashenka successful masculinity.framework order hegemonic In political performed by authority father`s hisnation.is bythe ruler the over exercised father`s carethat and of notion the to freedoms democratic of lack and authoritarianism of notion changingthrough existsin the that thestate legitimacy authoritarian power support theideaof of Itservesto andstate. family of patriarchal models well-known to references representations, Another very important point here is that the image of the father of isfather imagepointherethe nation, performed of the the that important very Another within the is image father clearly constructed nation the of the of the Moreover, 33 CEU eTD Collection interpretations of image of father the of nation. of the the interpretations image, as well. That is why the third chapter of my thesis is dedicated to the media 34 CEU eTD Collection nation’ notwithin the borders of Belarus, but within the borders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, Belarus, and personallyitif fightfor even to necessary,construct‘his to Lukashenka tends care of take since hisBelarusian identity statingis to problematic, along willingness with quite Media Official inthe Identity Belarusian to relation in position `s Lukashenka 3.1.1. channels: Lukashenka,materials by TV- Belarusian brought analyzesomealso central about three video sold all over the country, and therefore have a potential influenceto the population greatly. Iwill Sovetskaya Belorussiya newspapers andis Belarusian for magazines high, my quite Iwill justanalysis newspapers use official of number the Since media. official in the is discussed Lukashenka, by performed access havelot to wider of a opportunities audience. notbutdo severely, tocriticize media, thepresident giventhose by oppositional which tend the image president, the of give positive a rather tendto andtherefore, state, by the much controlled very are which media, official the by given those, on divided be can Lukashenka, by performed 3.1. Lukashenkaasthe Father ofthe NationintheOfficial Belarusian Media A.R. Lukashenka Image of 3. TheAnalysisof Media andPopular Culture Interpretations ofthePolitical As it was said in the second chapter of my thesis, Lukashenka`s position in relation to In this subchapter I am going to analyze how the image of the father of the nation, the of father the of image the how analyze to going am I subchapter this In In the case of Belarus, the interpretations of the image of the father of the nation, BT , STV and ONT and . Komsomolskaya Pravda vBelarusi Komsomolskaya Pravda 35 , andamagazine Planeta that are that CEU eTD Collection by Lukashenka himself, when his directspeech is included into the video material 2009). (ONT, Belarusian languages: and in Russian, and then a fewminutes samethe ideais actually repeated itLukashenkapopulation ishas speciallymentionedthat native admits census, he that two TV-channel the when example, For media. Belarusian official in way neutral in a presented is obviously Belarus, indomination usepublic of Russian language, which is the now second official language of performed by president. the nation, the of father the of image the supports extent, some to attempt, This nationhood. withconnect interesting presidentto state the attemptand identity the Belarusian Belarusian and an creates context inthis in general traditions, Belarusian and embroideries, grandmother`s Belorussiya, 2010,para.1). white linen. like Thetowels thesewere weaved byourgrandmothers in villages”the (Sovetskaya on embroidery Red towels. Belarusian with also but […], flag president’s the with just “not place wasdecorated took event the room,where the fact that the stresses specially University, nations. brotherly and neighborhood with relationships keep good desire as andRussians toview his attempts nation one as strong to Belarusians culture, andidentity, on and otherthe hand, depicting Lukashenka`s union with Russia, and statehood, Belarusian to connection Lukashenka`s stressing hand, one the on Lukashenka, context. Slavic Eastern broader the of form some into it extending identity, Belarusian of concept very the problematizes he way this in and Problematic attitude of Lukashenka towards Belarusian language, and very Belarusian andvery language, significant of attitude Problematic towards Lukashenka Mogilev of students with meetingLukashenka’s about reporting example, For of position this of ambiguity the minimize to tend media official fact, this Despite ONT reports about reports participation the of inLukashenka all-Belarusian the The reference to Belarusian national colors of white, and of red colors national Belarusian to Thereference 36 CEU eTD Collection questions about the degree of Belarusian independence, and through this, to some independence, point, to and degreeofBelarusianthe this, through questions about Russia into evokes position fact, provesLukashenka`s that relation thisits about audience honor of the Belarusian Independence Day, and that the2008). media source feels necessary to inform of mentioned speech 10-minute the Lukashenkav Russia”(Komsomolskaya PravdaBelarusi, Independence Day Lukashenka`sexample,possible. For speech reporting of about during paradeinhonor the the stress focusLukashenka`s Belarus, for andmakeon Belarus seemasinsignificant Russia as as treated questioningindependence. Official mediasituation Belarusian insucha try delicate to with Russia, and his attemptsquestion oflanguage isstrongly independence.connected to In alliances way,Lukashenka`s this to construct Belarus and Russia nation. the as one indivisibleof father the of image the with well go not does which identity, national and entity nation own his of can be implications, Lukashenka’s unclearly stated language preference can be seen as a sign of betrayal Russianstrongly such political connected on Belarusian to Dueto territories. presence Lukashenkathat inhis ispolitics Russia,oriented to since historically Russian language is use such a position, but, on the other hand, in the case of Belarus such a move implicitly suggests Russian- Lukashenkacansafely officialBelarusian and languages – has two to theConstitution, slippage meaning.very On of important one hand,the head asthe of which, state, the according based on equally both positive attitude towards official languages of Hereappearsa state. the it depictas philosophy, officialmediaBelarusian language to butthe akindof doesexist, tries At the same time, theveryfactLukashenkathat mentions Russia duringhisspeech in Moreover, since Belarus, to some extent, still develops under Russian influence, the This momentsignifies problem the that language,andthe of Lukashenka`srelations with Komsomolskaya PravdavBelarusi 37 stresses the fact that “only in the middle CEU eTD Collection inherited”(Sovetskaya Belorussiya, Prezidentskie v vybory [Presidential Belarusi elections in be cannot post presidential the Belarus “in that statement the bold in gives text the of middle the Sovetskaya Belorussiya instance, For state. Belarusian contemporary of nature democratic about the statement state, referring to the Constitution, and to those citations of Lukashenka that donot contradict the nation. the of father electingremains apresidentwho inpowerfor morethan years15 now, playing therole of the after authoritarianism, came the backstate to forBut somefew yearsthe a within reason order. its independence from proclaiming it,Union Sovietthe in a sense,rejectedauthoritarian political is proclaimedthat state the independencein its less just than 1991, and20 years through ago, Belarus this, to addition In democracy. a remains officially Belarus time, same the At patriarchy. political image, performed byhim also has strong references both, to authoritarianism and used by Thecasea numberof notan in of dictators. is Lukashenka this exception since the way, itwas mentioned earlier, I as historically, moreover, and regimes, with authoritarian associated Media Belarusian inOfficial Regime ofLukashenka`s Nature The 3.1.2. of the officially nature and his rule. questions democratic ruler authoritarian himasavery portrays regime, political with oppressive associated directly to protect independence the and of ‘his’ state self-sufficiency ‘his’ nation.of is he nation the of father the as since nation, the of father the of image Lukashenka`s undermines Official Belarusian media not surprisingly stresses the point that Belarus is a democratic is Belarus that point the stresses surprisingly not media Belarusian Official ispatriarchy connection often its strong to through nation the of The imageof father the Russia,isUnion Soviet the Besides, Lukashenka’s references constant to and to that in the article dedicated tothe inthearticlecoming dedicated electionsin presidential of 2011, 38 CEU eTD Collection Lukashenko], 2006, p. 2).2006, p. Lukashenko], a quite risky liberalizationway of Aleksandr(Personalii: [Personalities: Lukashenko Aleksandr of instead choosing state”, the of control “the keeping through “saved Belarus” Lukashenka that in realized 2003).Later of (Kovitz, 2003,Hopton, abovementionedthe text the is it said article canbe masculinity hegemonic in which masculinities, is of forms of masculinity one the military bring us back toConnell`s concept of hegemonic masculinity, and the ideas of some scholars that amilitary compare events.leader to andpost-war to World The attempts WarII Lukashenka with related deeply is career political his and official, military a ageneral, was Gaulle de all, of First provocative. This israther 1). comparison p. 2006, Lukashenko], Aleksandr [Personalities: Planeta regime. power Lukashenka’s of nature questiondemocratic assumingly the not anddo each other, contradict Constitutionthe to referring claims, democratic the media Belarusian official contemporary in how are mixedBelarusi [Presidential elections inBelarus],para. 22). 2010, with totally v vybory Prezidentskie Belorussiya, in (Sovetskaya the country” practicecapital punishment of undemocraticinformingpunishment, that“the majority absolute isof Belarusian population for keeping the ones 2), 2010, para. elections inBelarus], in a [Presidential way vBelarusi vybory Prezidentskie Belorussiya, that(Sovetskaya elections” presidential they do not next in the from Lukashenka participating couldfactors far prevent that no are “so there seem to says that firststatement The democratic values. ideascontradict thatopenly suggest same article 2010, para.4)Belarus], Some articles openly praise Lukashenka, like the one published in publishedlike one 2006 by magazine Lukashenka,Some praise the articles the openly , which is himwith comparing Charles deGaulle (Personalii: Aleksandr Lukashenko , while, at the same time, the other two statements, given in bold in the in bold in given statements, two other the time, same the at while, , Besides, it is important to mention that in this article the only person only the article in this that mention to important is it Besides, and the second statement refers to the issue of capital the issue of the to refers statement second and the 39 The example of this article shows CEU eTD Collection Pravda],2005) Belarusi Komsomolskoy [TheinterviewPravde ofthe First Lady KomsomolskayaBelarus of to PravdaKomsomolskaya vBelarusi inbut years last in only one interviewthe 5 of published Galina Lukashenkawas inlady media, appeared first interviews of the presidencysome beginningvery Lukashenka`s of involvedpolitics into of father,their andare included into context the of his power. although Lukashenkaisofficially married,all while of sons Lukashenka`s three are somehow really exist, lady not does first The tradition. patriarchal into the muchrooted bevery seems to Media Belarusian Official in Family His and Lukashenka 3.1.3. the role of the president in the development of the state. by itby depictingsuccessful, and exists intheexaggerating as political the country that regime authoritarianism becomes an achievement to be praisedfor. Therefore, official media supports restored that itappears case, this In situation. cultural and economical its political, for responsible state, the in politician only the not is president the that clear is quite it although beto mentioned inparagraphs, dedicatedtothe of is achievements Belarus, Lukashenka, Komsomolskoy Pravde [Interview of the First Lady of Belarus to Komsomolskaya Pravda], First Lady of to Belarus the of PravdeKomsomolskoy [Interview vBelarusi,Ledi Belarusi Pervoy Intervyu (Komsomolskaya Pravda “kind” “openhearted” and heras journalistdescribes wife tothe Lukashenka,the of dedicated paragraph of article, the first the family. In patriarchal traditional in the a wife of image the with corresponds obviously Official Belarusian media very seldom mentions the name of Lukashenka`s wife. At the wife. Lukashenka`s of name the mentions seldom very media Belarusian Official As said in second I the the chapter, familyisintroduced to public,way Lukashenka`s The image of the first lady that can be constructed on the grounds of this interview this of grounds the on constructed be can that lady first the of image The . (Komsomolskaya Pravda Belarusi, Intervyu Pervoy Ledi 40 CEU eTD Collection The private and public spheres become strictly separated again, and the wife is not allowed again,is not wife into the strictly separated and and spheres become The public private lady as first country. not the the of but asawife president, of the isconstructed media official In Komsomolskayaa sense, GalinaLukashenka inthe 2005, para.32). Belarus Pravda], to of Lady First the of interview [The Pravde Komsomolskoy Belarusi Ledi Pervoy Intervyu feels athomein presidential the residence in Minsk (Komsomolskaya v Belarusi,Pravda instates thatshenotis in sense involved any herhusband`s politics, and sheeven doesnot that woman household is firstlady activities. diminished to in The Belarus herinterview openly of family. of image problematic inIt appears Lukashenka`s the family that this role of the the 2005, para.68). Komsomolskaya of Lady Pravde FirstKomsomolskoy [The interview the Pravda], Belarusto of being without Ledi Belarusi PravdavBelarusi,Intervyu recognized (Komsomolskaya Pervoy known grandchildren holidays.anywherenot shewants so shepublically, can on go Sheis gowant to anywherefrom herfor visiting except village, native herhusband,children and really not and does abroad, been never shehas house, her of care herself, takes shopping goes job, ona regular she works citizens: Belarusian of majority lifeasthe lives thesame of Belarus 2005, para.50-52). Komsomolskaya Pravda], First Ladyof to Belarus the of PravdeKomsomolskoy [Interview daily household (Komsomolskaya v activities Pravda Belarusi, Intervyu Pervoy Ledi Belarusi herhusband, had whoalways thelastwordin thediscussions, all exceptfordealing those with respecting anddeeply sons, of two care family, taking the lifeher to dedicated she Lukashenka, awifeof shebecame andwhen student, a successful she was family,that in strict up a very 2005, para.2). This interview, as well as some interviews of the president himself, create avery himself, create thepresident of interviews some as aswell interview, This Then, out of her own statements, it becomes clear that the first lady was brought was lady first the that clear becomes it statements, own her of out Then, In addition to this, it is several times stressed in the article that the first lady firstin thatthe article the stressed it is times In addition this, several to 41 CEU eTD Collection healthyCTV, 2010).Theseagain the 2008, Pravda, (Komsomolskaya reports bring usback to brave be and strong, him to loves him, teaches son, and his little careof takes andhe really his father`s actions. Official media tends about than to stressin detail more boy thelittle fact the of actions that about Lukashenka report often media is a very official The goodNikolay. father, Lukashenka almost all the time appears on public with his youngest, born out of wedlock son of theirand state defenders of their household. besoldiers they are to infuture since andmilitary exercises, sport men’ through fathers as‘real reference to traditionalthe male roles andmale education, when sons arebroughtupby their 2010, para.3) served as Lukashenkoa frontier guard] (Komsomolskaya vBelarusi,Pravda Lukashenko Prezident sluzhil [President pogranichnikom to join like army,the and justfather theirwere serving they asthefrontier guards mentioned thatbothsons of Lukashenka couldmilitary avoid service, but“as men” theydecided service of Lukashenka`s sons, published in 3) para. 2010, frontier guard], as a Lukashenkoserved (Komsomolskaya vBelarusi,Pravda Lukashenko Prezident sluzhil [President pogranichnikom [News], 2007)(usually hockeythey that father), andplay military with their service Two elder sonsof Lukashenka areusually mentioned in contextof the (BT,sport Novosti mention this fact. very seldom media official but andhavekids, are married elder of president two the fact, sons familyLukashenka`s consists onlyof presidenthimself,the his and threesons. As a matter of lady. role first domain of public the the the In public even the symbolically, through sphere But, as I stated in the second chapter of my thesis, for the last couple of years media. official the in appears frequently Lukashenka of sons the about information The Komsomolskaya Pravda v Belarusi 42 . In the article dedicated to the military the to dedicated article the . In . These kinds of reports have aclear reports of . Thesekinds , it is specially CEU eTD Collection rejecting liberalism and marketeconomy 2006), (Planeta, Media Oppositional inthe Identity Belarusian to relation in position `s Lukashenka 3.2.1. by is state. the media that controlled official the critical than way and following oppositional newspapers: electronic followingoppositional For my Internet. Iwill use the activemainly inthe analysis are newspapers andmagazines banned be or closed risk to are at ideology accepted officially the contradict materials that publish the which magazines, Newspapers and Media astheFatherof Oppositional3.2. Lukashenka Nationinthe Belarusian as they in appear oppositional the publications. analyze of to interpretations imageof of Lukashenka father the the nation, the by the performed life.little boy`s norm, official media do not stress the point that the motherthe seemsmother to be not really of presentlittle in the Nikolay,about report not media do offact,official amatter hand.As other the on nation, of his therefore, he is alwaysand son, his of care fatherly Lukashenka`s shown and hand, one the on education male onlytraditional with his father, and it is interpreted as a Kompromat In contrast withIn mediapraisecontrast for‘saving’ official that the andfor Lukashenka Belarus, Oppositional media in Belarus do not haveOppositionaladdress media donot inBelarus alotof audience. tothe opportunities Oppositional media tend to see the situation differently. In the next subchapter I am going . Thesesources tend tointerpret actions of inthe Lukashenka morea much 43 Hartyya `97Hartyya (Hartyya `97, 2009). Therefore, oppositional`97, 2009).Therefore, (Hartyya oppositional media blame the president the blame media oppositional , Belorusskiy Partizan Belorusskiy , Salidarnasts CEU eTD Collection 2008) 14,Belorusskiy para. Partizan, in 2004, frozen past], its isacountry has that proshlom [Belarus Belarusiantowards languagev svoyom Belarus -strana, (Hartyya`97, kotoraya zamerzla ignoringlanguage and and Belarusian examples culture, upnumerous brings of disrespect language in comparison to Russian language. Oppositional media blames Lukashenka for hascountry frozenthat in 2004). past], its is a [Belarus vsvoyom proshlom kotoraya zamerzla (Hartyya`97, Belarus-strana, Moscow as attempts to go backBelarusian media oppositional asan betraying act of theideas independence,of and Belarusian to theby timesinterpreted Republic-is Socialist Soviet Belorussian of when symbols the resembles significantly Belarusthat one the to USSR the wasof collapse the after right a adopted part symbols, national the of change of the territories, firstactions one of of beginningthe So, independence. atthe of Lukashenka –the presidency controlledand statehood own its have not did it when by times the to back led is country the that Belarusian identity independence, symbolical and sinceeven totheSoviet suggests return era 2004,para. 2). past], Belarus -strana, kotoraya zamerzla v svoyom proshlom [Belarus is a country that has frozen in its where Cold the Warhad never ended, andthe Soviet Union had (Hartyya`97, nevercollapsed” 14) para. a kotoraya zamerzlav in is svoyom country proshlom hasfrozen that 2004, its[Belarus past], for the very same thing, calling him a “collective farmer in power” (Hartyya`97, Belarus -strana, that never appear in media. never official the that appear Another concern of the oppositional media in Belarus is the decline of Belarusian of decline is the Belarus in media oppositional the of concern Another One of mostthe important sides of problemthis in eyesthe of isopposition theissue of that brought the country back to the Soviet times and turned it into “the museum “themuseum […] into it turned Soviettimesand the back to thecountry brought that 44 CEU eTD Collection Lukashenka`s ruleLukashenka`s in Belarus. of parameant undemocratic character was to exposethe 1)that 2007, (Kompromat, Lukashenka`s third presidential media oppositional term, usedavery label“selftelling election” Reactingto any costs. at keep his to power wants who ruler, narrow-minded, authoritarian as a Media Belarusian in Oppositional Regime ofLukashenka`s Nature The 3.2.2. in country. the power ofLukashenka`s tothe nature arededicated materials media lotis of oppositional a that why state, of the democratization to the connected is directly Belarus It isin mythicalpast. eyes Soviet quite logicalthe opposition that of the’ Europeanization’ of identity, stressinghis authoritarianism andhis ties strong both Russiato an and almostto his own and nation hisown of betrayer him asa depicting nation, the of father the image of development. the of way preferable and Poland)isseenasapossible Lithuania(mainly, or through EU the with alliance possible the contrary, the On regimes. political with oppressive associated 2004). frozenhas inits past], is acountry that kotoraya vsvoyom [Belarus proshlom zamerzla -strana, connectingitneither with contemporary Russia, norwith the Soviet Union (Hartyya `97, Belarus and (mainly tois more there in Baltichistorically Lithuania), the pointno connected states ‘savior nations’,Slavic of claiming aswell heroicas akeeper Soviet of past, is Belarus that In oppositional Belarusian media Lukashenka has very negative image. He is mostly He ismostly seen negative image. hasvery Lukashenka media Belarusian In oppositional Lukashenka`s somedeconstruct mediaBelarusian to extent oppositional Therefore, For the opposition any kinds of alliances with Russia or references to the Soviet past are Opposition is also rather skeptical about attempts of Lukashenka constructto Belarus as a 45 CEU eTD Collection 33). Belarus,of community” 2008,para of Republic the president the of (TheOfficial Internet-portal and family the of interests the defend courageously who persons authoritative calling been have supportthe of nation of the and isproud factthe people that him call ‘batka’ is people how – this ago on the official site of the president appeared the following note: “A.Lukashenko note: appeared thefollowing G. official the ago on president the site of a long time commenting himselfwasnot Lukashenka butafew this nickname, wide-spread years the absurdity of such image when itis used by a politician in a contemporary European state. For oppositional media this nickname has very ironicalof implications,context the In nation. and is obviously Belarusian of father used the to show of role the play to attempts Lukashenka`s his motherland?], 2) his para. 2004, Russian Pravda,li(Komsomolskaya Lyubyat Batku na Batkovshchine? [Do they in love Batka common for the majority of the Soviet leaders. The third nickname, which is also widely used by ruling Sovietto the state the political sincetradition, life-long rule and dictatorship were opposition’s tendency seeto Lukashenka as ahighly authoritarian ruler; they connecthis style of two indicate Lukashenka.first towards The attitude for of theunderstanding opposition`s important are rather the(Kompromat, 2007, para1) – stylistically marked ironical for ‘father’.word All these nicknames opposition’s opinion about the nature of Lukashenka`s power and the body of my thesis I use the Belarusian version of the name- A.R. Lukashenka. 2 few traits to the portrait of the last dictator of Europe], 2009, para.1) 2009, ofEurope], lastof dictator portrait tothe few traits the dictator (Hartyya`97,of NeskolkoEurope” shtrikhov poslednego diktatora Evropy k portretu [A v svoyom proshlom [Belarusfor life” president are“the These Lukashenka. is a country that has frozen in its past], 2004, para. 2), “the last A.G. Lukashenko – Russian version of the name of the Belarusian president, used in the cited source. In the main This sentence is an obvious the attempt tointerpret highly the ironical nickname In oppositional media there are three main nicknames that are used to refer to refer to used are that nicknames main three are there media oppositional In and Ukrainian media (Delfi, andUkrainianmedia 2010,para.1) 46 (Hartyya `97, Belarus -strana, kotoraya zamerzla , and , Batka , refers to / 2 values Batska batka , CEU eTD Collection household, which in this case is replaced by the state and by nation. the state which in the case isreplaced this household, patriarchal model of the family, where the eldest son is inheritto the power of hisfather over the para.3). (Kompromat, 2007, “ascending thethrone” about Viktor`s coming into power, oppositional media deliberately use the metaphor of oppositional media sees the eldest son of Lukashenka – Viktor. As amatter of fact, while talking especially in the context of possible inheritance of power in Belarus. As a possible candidate, [LukashenkaKolya brought toMoscow again], 2009). mother isnot Lukashenka`s wife V (Hartyya`97, Moskvu Lukashenko snova ezdil sKoley especially sincein Lukashenka started to appear public hisyoungest with sonNikolay, whose figure ofhis wife.Theyjust point tothefact Lukashenka`smarriage that really doesnot exist, Media Belarusian Oppositional in Family His and Lukashenka 3.2.3. activities. his political into involvement in power-regime state. assumingly democratic the use theirtend to turn, this toshow unacceptability nicknameironicallyin the order such of his family, which is in this context is a metaphor of the Belarusian nation. Oppositional media, in performs. Here again Lukashenka is shown as a man that defends his household and takes care of bring imagefamily the father of and community usbackto that Lukashenka the of nation the that of context the into it of inclusion the through way positive very in a president, the to given The figures of Lukashenka`s sons are discussed by mediaoppositional muchmore often, DiscussingLukashenka`s familylife, opposition notreallydoes much pay attention to the Another object oppositional of isthe imageof critique Lukashenka`sthe family andits 47 Such a metaphor serves to as areference Such ametaphor CEU eTD Collection of the nation is interpreted in isinterpreted sphere. artistic of nation the the father the of image the how analyze to intend I subchapter, next my In well. as in art, but media, unofficial and official in only not interpretations its has image this As aconsequence states. neighborhood some and in Belarus Lukashenka with associated directly brand, well-known democratic. beis to in proclaimed that a country by ruler contemporary the created nation, father of the the of image the of absurdity the show do they power, political authoritarian and masculinity sport, militarism, between connection strong the and ruler, the of biography official the in figure female the of absence the is such analysis, gender of perspective the from significant politics belittletotally him as a political figure (Belorusskiy Partizan, 2009,para.1). compared toclownery, these events claiming toinvolve that Lukashenka`sattempts his into son Lukashenka,to hisbutto little son, aswell. Theoppositional newspaper innotPartizan,justmentioned 2009),and generals mysecond which,as I during report chapter, father (Belorusskiy his with attends Lukashenka Nikolay that exercises parades andmilitary leaders. political foreign with meetings official on but holidays, public the during only not father accompany his to he especially started para. 1), when 2009, (Belorusskiy Partizan, throne” the to “heir the to him comparing boy, little the to attention their turned media oppositional event Despite critique of the opposition, the image of the father of a become has nation of the image father the the of opposition, the of critique Despite Although Belarusian oppositional media do not pay attention a numberto of facts that are The most discussed events in the oppositional media of the last two years are militaryIn 2008,after Lukashenka thefirst for timehisa public took son Nikolay 4-year-old to 48 Belorusskiy Partizan CEU eTD Collection redeemer that reinforce the connection between militarism and statehood and that indicate that and that statehood and militarism between connection reinforce the redeemer that herebetween exists images of the images of a ruler, andpoeticized military anda knight a clearly that parallel a mention to important is It song. the of text in the portrayed is Russia how is which country, “betrayed” the of a savior become whocan ruler, imagea perfect of idealized ahighly create metaphors These a “brother” and a“knight” “redeemer”, a a“leader”, “hero”, songanalysis. In is Lukashenkaa of iscalled interestinggender this from very perspective the include necessary to my thissongit analysis, into animage since creates president, of which the 3 Belarus, but in The firstsong popular (Kharchikov, 1997),praising Lukashenka, appearedin in 1997, not Russia, and had a title Culture inPopular theNation of Father of the Image of the Readings Positive 3.3.1. irony that is also present in the oppositional media, as I mentioned before. of are full two another president, the image of apositive create of them Two Lukashenka. to genre of popular songs. Inthis subchapter Iwill analyze the four texts of pop-songs, dedicated the chosen have I myanalysis of object an as is why That audience. larger much a has obviously 2001), butthe genre of popularthe songsis,inmy most the opinion, influential one, sinceit of in visual Lukashenka (Multclub, 2008)andarts intheatricChannel forms (First (Russia), image the interpret to attempts high.is were There for thesociety quite image this of relevance Arts 3.3. Interpretations of the Imageof Father oftheNation inPopularCulture Lukashenko – Russian version of the last name Lukashenka The fact that the political image of the ruler has itsinterpretations in art, suggests that the Lukashenko 49 , 3 come! [seeAppendix 2].Still,find I it CEU eTD Collection how to respect its ‘father’. respect to how taught is which nation, Belarusian for stands here child imaginary the is that point The someone. Batka!” “Listen andto as a littlesuggestion: admonition could sounds an from that child get the nationquite authoritarian, and he remains and ideal of ‘true’ masculinity. All arethese traits of the father of given is his power state, headthe of than a rather household, head morethe of asthe is he treated again as absolutelynothing”. And are “our boyfriends whom to in comparison and everywhere”, set adiscipline positive, therefore, each verse of the song ends with imaginary character of song of the character imaginary the that is clear it song, in the mentioned not is Lukashenka of name the Although it. praises implicitlyit moreover, byLukashenka, created nation the of image father of the diminish the Listen toBatka! is song this of title The tone. different very a had and Lukashenka of campaign presidential analyze,into 2006during thewant appeared thirdThe secondsong (Syabry, I that 2006)that “redeemer”. the and knight” “bright the into turned be can text, in the created world, idealized the in who nation, the of father the as ruler the view to this through and family, a as nation the see masculinity, and on the other hand, it and reinforces is ideal hegemonic to the militarybrotherhood, therefore strongly also the of connected associations to here refers hand, one the on brother, withthe of image The familydomain. male exclusively an as domainpolitics and allows to It is important that is important It [see Appendix 3],butalthough ithas a very ironical it does character not Batka Batka in the song is pictured as “the head of the household”, who “can refers him. to 50 CEU eTD Collection strong militaristic implications. militaristic strong has arealsomasculinefor that important dominantthe brotherhood of atmosphere discourse very praised in are stereotypically that are traits these the game,and very aggressive Hockey isrude and a men, moreover, important. isvery here also sport favorite The the of choice can be trusted. man ‘real’ that it isman, him as astrong construct implicitly media official hockey player, as anactive president a team game,masculinethe Constructing dominantthe discourses. through perspectivethe interpreted of and the be can activities also sport Lukashenka`s media towards official the of attention cooperation the Basically, traits. positive most and important as his most constructed hockey, are towards as his passion withsuch traits, insignificant rather while discourse, the Belarusian official in the ignored are Lukashenka team and thedo not matterLukashenka that replies turn, its that against”much. him,it and is easier to“makehim a tsar” than to claim that he is apresident. Belarus, in This presidency, for Lukashenka heis“husky, is and“all since clumsy, already screaming”, Europe songelecting for Belarus criticizes Russia song this isIn Belarus. and Russia between dialog meant to show how the serious shortcomings of Lukashenko title with the 2008) (Murzilki song International, first The nation. father of the the image of Nation ofthe theFather Image of the of Interpretations Artistic Negative 3.3.1. Other two songs that I want to analyze use irony in order to show the absurdity of the of absurdity the show to in order irony use analyze to want I that songs two Other is… [see Appendix 4] appeared in 2008 in Russia and was written in Appendixform 4]appeared in2008Russia[see a a waswritten and of “is the best [because] he plays hockey” and all the other issues other the all and hockey” he plays [because] best the “is 51 CEU eTD Collection significant and influential politician in the state. inthe politician influential and significant notdoes power of character giveLukashenka`s leaving achoice, people him the only almost hisandprove power togain population.respect of the addition In this,to authoritarian the to inorder masculinity political masculinity, sport masculinity, military as such masculinity, of imagestypes dominant the of usesthe stereotypical means thatLukashenka which basically It is based also on his image of ‘realthe man’ who is defendwilling to hisfamily and his nation, suppose be much2004). I more explainedin Lukashenka`spopularity that is complex a to way. stability generation 1999, amongBelarusians (Marples, older the of and especially prosperity, Lukashenka`s popularity hiswith constantreferences tothe Sovietwhichpast, is with associated how strong suggests itsculture presenceis in sphere.public hasthat Lukashenka. allits to thanks and success prosperity efforts of the Lukashenka`s administration to construct Belarus as a successfully developing state the towards a miracles.reaction Thissongisobviously believe in makepeoplemanages to appeared in in 2006, and songLukashenkacalled isthis a“funnystory-teller” and that a “cheat” Lukashenko is Thesong to. hewants dowhatever is freelaws, not and does to the respect that dictator of the Marples inhis dedicatedMarples political in tothe situation works, toexplain Belarus tends in interpretations has its popular already image, byLukashenka, the The fact created that The the song(Lyapistitlesecond Trubetskoy, 2006)with In reality, it appears, that Lukashenka`s image of the strong man can overcome his image shows this paradox in an ironical way. 52 Lukashenko [see Appendix [see 5] CEU eTD Collection the population.the him,opportunitiesofficialhave spreadtheinformation media,whichsupport among alot of to the and himself, Lukashenka while Internet, the through just mostly speak can they nation, the frameworks of politics, militarism and sport. within dominant,masculinity heterosexual situated the built referencesto the through nation, the of father the of image the compose together, brought details, small these All service. relationships with his the fact sons, to Lukashenka that oris isdoing familiar sports military with pay andTV-channelslot tendpresident`s newspapers magazines, to a to of warm attention important areessentially which points, stress the to tend in media official appear that publications for moreover the president, by that the performed nation, the of father of the image the contradict image. For example,Conclusion toChapter3 as I mentioned in this chapter, pro-Lukashenka Although, the oppositional media try showto the weak sides theof image of the father of notLukashenka, It ismaterials, that official to obvious quite media do dedicated 53 CEU eTD Collection hegemonic masculinityhegemonic legitimizes and family model patriarchal power of the authoritarian the to connection a clear having nation, the of father the of image the that claimed have I Therefore, sources inof and political image society. thethis Belarusian popularity successof the obvious Moreover, I seecentury, andin atraditional model of family,the supreme which gives powertothefather. in this connectionchange, this image is obviously rooted both in communist socialist or authoritarianism of the 20 with policy seems tobeparadoxical. newly hand one Whilethe on of to contrary democratic adopted the traditionalsuch state as Belarus that European of a contemporary thepolitical discourse nation the within family father image of the of influential of existence very an the fact of the was that point My starting model one status. assumed Lukashenka`s of the significantsupportor diminish in oppositional popularto wellas culture, aiming media, aswell as of the nation, create image Lukashenkathe father of of serveto the verbal how self-and visual representations andobserved also have I research, my of part what a As family. his and president the and power, the and are the interpretationsthrough exposing the relationships that are set between the president and the nation, the president nation the of father image the the of create to used strategies, into the have looked I analysis, of this performed by currentBelarusianthe presidentAlyaksandar Rygoravich imageLukashenka. Inmy is it as image this analyzed have givenI model. family patriarchal and masculinity hegemonic with by thenation the of father the of image the of official connections the explore to intended have I thesis my In and the Conclusion 54 th CEU eTD Collection gendered aspects of of newforms of the authoritarianism. gendered aspects wanted to show that an extensive mystudy,more theBelarusiancase,I In were forms authoritarian rule of using preserved. use of the image of understandingspecific paths of of occurred that in development in traditional which countries, the father of the nation is one of highlyI thinkof the father of the nation, and this topic still requires a profoundthat research. further image the of interpretations artistic to attention more pay to wasnospace in there my case, Also, proclaimedbetween the study actual andauthoritarianism. the democracy of number of states, such post-Sovietother as Azerbaijan Turkmenistan a or or relations thatexiststhis phenomenonin a and inBelarus be effective to nation the of father the of image the allows that society model the of model patriarchal the and of like communist the intersection the further, researched can contributebe issues should several that Thereare of thesis. its ascope this within sides address all of to impossible was it that and phenomenon, complex highly a is nation the of father the of image significantly the of success political the that realized have I thesis, my on working while time, same the At During my research, Ihave found a number of evidences to support my claim.to nation. the into is translated a discourse political betterin the which household, his over father the of authority ‘natural’ the on based is which power, of model normative as it representing leader, 55 CEU eTD Collection Pic.3 Pic.2 Pic. 1. Appendix 1 Appendix Appendices 56 CEU eTD Collection Pic.6 Pic. 5 Pic. 4 57 CEU eTD Collection Pic.9 Pic. 8 Pic. 7 58 CEU eTD Collection Pic.12 Pic.11 Pic.10 59 CEU eTD Collection Pic.14. Pic.13. 60 CEU eTD Collection ɀɝɭɬɢɬɢɪɚɧɹɬɧɚɫ ɋɬɵɞɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɉɚɞɚɟɬɜɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɶɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɇɚɲɚɥɸɛɢɦɚɹ ɉɪɨɞɚɧɚɢɩɪɟɞɚɧȺ Ɍɹɠɤɨɦɭɪɚɛɫɬɜɭɧɟɜɢɞɢɬɫɹɤɪɚɹ

Ɋɭɫɢɱ ɇɟɩɨɬɟɪɩɢɠɟɡɥɨɛɧɨɣɭɝɪɨɡɵ Ʉɪɨɜɧɵɟɛɪɚɬɶɹɧɚɜɟɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɪɨɫɫɵɢɛɟɥɵɟɪɨɫɫɵ Ȼɨɝɱɬɨɛɵɧɚɦɜɧɺɦɧɟɨɲɢɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɑɟɫɬɧɨɦɭɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭɜɨɠɞɸ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɏɚɪɱɢɤɨɜ 2 Appendix ɍɬɨɥɢɧɚɲɭɛɨɥɶ Ȼɭɞɶɜɨɠɞɺɦɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɈɬɢɡɦɟɧɵɨɱɢɫɬɶɆɨɫɤɜɭ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨ ɑɟɪɟɡɫɦɭɬɭɧɚɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɢ Ɋɚɡɛɭɞɢ ȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪȽɪɢɝɨɪɢɱ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨ - ɝɟɪɨɣ , ɩɨɞɧɢɦɢ , - ɩɪɢɞɢ , , , ɩɪɢɞɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɸ ɩɪɢɞɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɸ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚɲɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ , ɝɨɪɟɱɶɭɬɪɚɬɵ . ! , , ɬɨɫɤɭ . ɜɫɬɪɹɯɧɢɧɚɫ ! , ɩɪɢɞɢ . ! , ! ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ , ! , , . Ⱦɚɣ , . ! , 61 Burn and tyrannize us. The shame of defeat, the bitterness of loss Cure orpain and sorrow! Be a real, strong leader, Clean Moscow up from betrayal, Lukashenko, come toRussia, Country is falling into precipice. nativeOur beloved, our Sold and betrayed, slavery, hard the for seen end no There`s revolt! the through us Take Wake usup,cheer usup! Aleksandr Grigoryevich, come! Lukashenko, come toRussia, Russian-hero-man! standThen, don`t acruel danger Are blood brothers forever. Great Russians andWhite Russians him. about mistaken be to us let don`t God, leader. Belarusian honestTo the come!Lukashenko, Aleksandr Kharchikov CEU eTD Collection

ȼɧɨɜɵɣɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣɋɨɸɡ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟɫȼɚɦɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɱɧɚɦ ȼɞɧɢɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ

ɇɚɫɩɨɭɝɥɚɦɪɚɡɜɟɥɢ ɏɨɬɶɪɟɧɟɝɚɬɵ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ȼɟɞɶɢɡɨɞɧɨɣɠɟɦɵɤɨɥɵɛɟɥɢ

ɀɞɺɦɦɵɫɟɝɨɞɧɹȼɚɫ Ʉɚɤɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ Ⱦɨɉɨɛɟɞɵɜɩɟɪɺɞɜɟɞɢ Ɂɚɫɨɛɨɸ ȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪȽɪɢɝɨɪɢɱ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨ ɑɟɪɟɡɫɦɭɬɭɊɭɫɶɩɪɨɜɟɞɢ Ȼɭɞɶɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɨɦɧɚɲɢɦ ɉɨɞɮɚɧɮɚɪɵɢɝɪɨɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ⱦɨɉɨɛɟɞɵɜɩɟɪɺɞɜɟɞɢ ȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪȽɪɢɝɨɪɢɱ ɋɜɟɬɥɵɦɜɢɬɹɡɟɦɤɧɚɦɩɪɢɞɢ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨ - ɢɡɱɟɫɬɧɨɣɫɟɦɶɢ - , ȻɟɥɚɹɊɭɫɶ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ , , , - ɩɪɢɞɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɸ - ɩɪɢɞɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɸ ɩɪɢɞɢɜɊɨɫɫɢɸ , ɜɵɪɨɞɤɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟɜɟɪɹɬ , ɜɢɬɹɡɹ ɛɟɞɢɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ , . . ɜɟɞɢɧɚɫ . , , - , ɩɪɢɞɢ ɜɟɞɢɧɚɫ ɩɪɢɞɢ - ! ɛɪɚɬɚ , ! ! ɡɜɟɪɢ , ! ɫɩɚɫɢɧɚɫ . , , , , . , , 62 To the Victorylead us! Lead us,brothers, Aleksandr Grigoryevich, come! Lukashenko, come toRussia, Union! Soviet new the In Russians arewith you, Russians dobelieve The light for us is White Rus. In thedays of trials, troublesand doubts, revolt! the through Rus Take Be our defender, save us, With fanfares and thunder, come, Aleksandr, come to Russia, Caused the quarrel among us. regents-degenerates-beasts the Although All together – from the honest family, We are from the same cradle, though, To the Victorylead us! Aleksandr Grigoryevich,lead us, As a bright knight come tous. Lukashenko, come toRussia, We are now waiting for you. As for the redeemer –knight-brother, CEU eTD Collection ȿɫɥɢɜɫɟɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɋɥɭɲɚɣȻɚɬɶɤɭ ȿɫɥɢɩɥɨɯɨɬɟɛɟ ɋɥɭɲɚɣȻɚɬɶɤɭ ɍɬɪɨɦ ɋɥɭɲɚɣȻɚɬɶɤɭ ɇɚɣɪɚɧɚɣɪɚɧɚɪɚ Ʉɬɨɭɧɚɫɯɨɡɹɢɧɜɞɨɦɟ Ɍɨɥɶɤɨɝɥɹɧɟɬ Ɉɧɧɚɞɟɠɟɧɢɫɩɨɤɨɟɧ Ɋɚɡɜɟɞɟɬɥɟɝɤɨɨɛɢɞɵ Ȼɚɬɶɤɚɜɫɟɯɞɪɭɝɢɯɩɨɤɪɭɱɟ Ȼɚɬɶɤɚɜɫɟɯɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɦɨɠɟɬ Ɉɧɩɥɨɯɨɦɭɧɟɧɚɭɱɢɬ Ʌɚɞɧɨɫɲɢɬɢɤɪɟɩɤɨɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɉɪɢɩɟɜ ɂɜɫɟɦɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɂɜɫɥɟɞɱɚɫɚɦɢɦɨɝɭɬɠɟɧɳɢɧɵɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ Ɍɨɫɨɥɨɜɶɢɜɫɚɞɚɯɡɚɫɬɟɧɱɢɜɨɤɪɚɫɧɟɸɬ ɄɨɝɞɚɧɚɲȻɚɬɶɤɚɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɩɟɫɧɢɩɟɬɶ ȼɚɦɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɩɪɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨȻɚɬɶɤɭ ɂɡɧɚɱɢɬ Ʉɪɚɫɢɜɵɯ ɋɥɭɲɚɣȻɚɬɶɤɭ µɋɹɛɪɵ Appendix 3 Appendix ȼɨɤɪɭɝɜɡɞɵɯɚɸɬ , : ɧɨɱɶɸɢɞɧɟɦ ’ , , ɟɫɬɶɭɧɚɫɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɫɬɨɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɭɦɧɵɯɢɫɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɸɫɬɚɬɶɸ - ! ! ! , ɫɪɚɡɭɜɢɞɧɨ - ! ɩɨɱɟɦɭɨɧɢɧɟɦɟɸɬ : " ... ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯɧɟɬɦɭɠɱɢɧ - , . . ! . , , , . , , ." . ! , . 63 Once he glances –andOnce heit glances is clear, He is reliable and calm. problems. all solve easily will He else. is anybody Batka than cooler a discipline everywhere, canset Batka wrong, you teach never will He built, strongly and Nicely Choir: speak. their ability to lose they why understands everybody And hours, for eyes their with him follow can women And Nightingales in the gardens blush bashfully, When our Batka begins to sing songs, ourBatka! today about So, we have a hundred reasons to tell you stature. Handsome, intelligent, and with some special men. real no are that arecomplaining there People around Listen toBatka! ‘Syabry’ CEU eTD Collection ɉɪɢɩɟɜ ɂɧɚɧɟɝɨɧɚɦɛɵɬɶɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶɛɵɩɨɯɨɠɢɦ ɂɩɪɨɧɟɝɨɧɚɩɢɲɭɬɧɟɨɞɢɧɪɨɦɚɧ ɬɨɠɟ ɇɚɲȻɚɬɶɤɚɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ ɂɡɚɫɥɨɜɚɦɢɧɟɩɨɥɟɡɟɬɨɧɜɤɚɪɦɚɧ ȿɦɭɩɨɩɨɹɫɤɚɜɚɥɟɪɵɧɚɲɢɩɪɨɫɬɨ Ɉɧɩɟɪɜɵɦɜɜɨɞɭɢɜɨɝɨɧɶɩɪɢɜɵɤɲɚɝɚɬɶ Ɉɝɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɣɞɨɫɢɯɩɨɪɢɦɟɟɬɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɟɝɨɞɚɟɝɨɢɫɤɚɬɶ . , ɧɨɢɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɣ , , . . . , 64 Choir And we all want tobe like him. him, about written novel one just not be will there And Our Batka is strict, but fair, as well. necessary. not He will not search for nice words, when it is him! to in comparison nothing are boyfriends our All and fire, He has a habit tobe the first one to enter water age. inflammable inthe is still He passport, There is no need to check his age in the If everything is good. Batka! to Listen If iseverything bad- Batka! to Listen afternoon- in the and night, at morning, the In Batka! to Listen Whois the head at our household! CEU eTD Collection Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨɷɬɨ Ʌɚɥɚɥɚɥɚɥɚ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨɷɬɨ Ʌɚɥɚɥɚɥɚɥɚ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨɷɬɨ ɉɪɢɩɟɜ Ɉɧɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣɩɚɰɚɧ ȼɟɞɶɟɫɥɢɨɱɟɧɶɩɪɢɝɥɹɞɟɬɶɫɹ ȼɫɟɩɢɚɪɢɨɛɦɚɧ ɇɟɧɚɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɣɧɚɋɚɲɭ əɫɚɦɚɪɚɡɛɟɪɭɫɶ ɇɟɥɟɡɶɫɫɨɜɟɬɚɦɢ ɄɚɤɧɚɞɨɟɥɨɦɧɟɬɟɛɹɫɥɭɲɚɬɶɊɭɫɶ ɇɢɤɬɨɧɟɯɨɱɟɬ ȿɝɨɭɠɟɠɟ Ɍɨɤɚɧɚɥɨɬɤɥɸɱɢɬ Ɍɨɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜɜɬɸɪɶɦɵɫɚɞɢɬ ȼɫɟɤɪɢɫɢɬɢɤɪɢɫɢɬ Ʉɚɤɨɣɬɨɫɢɩɥɵɣ ɗɬɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɚɬɚɫ Ʉɨɝɨɠɬɵɜɵɛɪɚɥɚ ȼɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚɹɬɟɛɟɦɧɨɝɨɪɚɡ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨ ‘ 4 Appendix Ɇɭɪɡɢɥɤɢ : , – - International’ ɠɟ ɷɬɨ ! ! ! ! ! , , ɧɟɫɭɪɚɡɧɵɣ , , ! ! , ! ɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɞɭɪɧɚɹ , , , , , , : , , 65 La-la-la-la-la! planet! the of President The Lukashenkois Choir: He is a guy!great Since if to look very closely, lies, and PR all It`s Do not blame Sasha, I will manage itmyself! Do notintervene with your advice, Rus! 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All Europe is already Even dancenaked, want, you whatever Do Russia: La-la-la-la-la! Sasha! Electing We elections: areplaying La-la-la-la-la! planet! the of President The Lukashenkois La-la-la-la-la! planet! the of President The Lukashenkois CEU eTD Collection Ʌɭ Ʉɚ Ʉɨ Ʌɭ ɒɟɧ ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ Ɉɧɨɱɟɧɶɫɤɨɪɨɛɭɞɟɬɬɭɬ Ʉɚ Ɉɞɢɧɜɟɫɟɥɵɣɦɭɠɢɱɨɤ ɉɨɜɟɪɢɬɶɜɷɬɨɦɧɟɩɨɦɨɝ ɑɬɨɦɨɠɧɨɜɟɪɢɬɶɱɭɞɟɫɚɦ ɒɟɧ əɭɛɟɞɢɥɫɹɧɵɧɱɟɫɚɦ Ʉɨ Ʌɭ Ʉɚ Ʉɨ Ʌɭ ɒɟɧ ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ ȼɟɫɟɥɵɣɫɤɚɡɨɱɧɢɤɢɩɥɭɬ ɇɨɩɨɤɨɪɢɥɜɟɫɶɛɟɥɵɣɫɜɟɬ Ɉɧɧɟɭɱɟɧɵɣ Ɉɧɫɞɟɬɫɬɜɚɤɚɠɞɨɦɭɡɧɚɤɨɦ Ɉɧɫɞɨɛɪɨɣɫɤɚɡɤɨɣɜɯɨɞɢɬɜɞɨɦ Ʌɭɤɚɲɟɧɤɨ ɅɹɩɢɫɌɪɭɛɟɰɤɨɣ 5 Appendix ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! , , ɤɚɤɟɝɨɡɨɜɭɬ ɤɚɤɟɝɨɡɨɜɭɬ , ɧɟɩɨɷɬ , , ? ? ! ! , ! ! ! ! 67 Lu! Ko! Shen! Ʉɚ Lu! Tell, what`s his name? in amoment, behere will He in it! believe me to Helped The one merry man in miracles! believe to is possible it That myself realized I Ka! Shen! Ka! Lu! Ko! Shen! Ʉɚ Lu! Tell, what`s his name? Funny story teller and cheat, But he has conquered the whole world! He is not a scientist, not a poet, Everybody knows him from the childhood! He comes to the house with a fairy-tale! Lukashenko Lyapis Trubetskoy ! ! CEU eTD Collection Ʉɚ ɒɟɧ ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ Ɉɧɨɱɟɧɶɫɤɨɪɨɛɭɞɟɬɬɭɬ ɇɨɜɟɞɶɢɨɧɧɟɬɚɤɬɨɩɪɨɫɬ Ʌɢɫɚɯɢɬɪɚ ɂɦɨɞɭɪɚɱɟɧɵɧɢɪɚɡ ɂȾɭɪɟɦɚɪ Ʉɨ ! ! ! , ɤɚɤɟɝɨɡɨɜɭɬ , , ɢɄɚɪɚɛɚɫ ɢɄɨɬɩɪɨɯɜɨɫɬ ! ? ! , ! 68 Tell, what`s his name? in amoment, behere will He himself! simple that not he is But And Catis the thefraud, The Fox is artful, just once! Not Are fooled by him All cheats Ka! Shen! Ka! CEU eTD Collection http://www.tvr,by/rus/site_search.asp?search=%E0%F0%F5%E8%E2&mode=allwords&site_src www.youtube.com: BT. (2008) 19:09:00#4 http://www.tvr.by/rus/mainsport_arch.asp?id=27989&ddate=30.11.2007 http://www.tvr.by/rus/mainsport_arch.asp http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/116265.stm BT. (1996). http://rutube.ru/tracks/1990691.html?v=1630f75b553d94a71f1845f5568ad71c media] leading Russian representatives ofthe Belarus with press-conferenceofthe presidentrossiyskihthe Republicof SMI[The of BT. (2009). www.rutube.ru: http://rutube.ru/tracks/2784714.html Belarusianmedia] ofthe Lukashenko totherepresentatives Belarus A.G. of the Republic president of the press-conference of [The belorusskih SMI BT. (2009). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmVMbHzM4gY Retrievedfrom May03.2010, BT. (2006) h=1 BT. (2007) BT. (1998) http://www.belaruspartisan.org/bp-forte/?page=100&backPage=6&news=22263&newsPage=0 [Trasyanka -thelanguageof Belarusian officials]. February Belorusskiy (2008, Partizan. 15). forte/?page=100&backPage=6&news=43496&newsPage=0 prince]. Lukashenko andthelittle Belorusskiy July (2009, Partizan. 2009). BBC. September10 (2007, Primary Sources Bibliography Press-konferenciya presidenta Respubliki Belarus A.G. Lukashenko predstavitelyam A.G. Belarus presidentaRespubliki Press-konferenciya Predvybornaya Press-konferenciya presidentaRespublikiBelarus s predstavitelyami vedushchikh Rech Presidenta President`s [The speech] Novosti [News] Novosti Novosti [News] Novosti [News] Novosti http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jWxoXEdGtw ). Profile: ). Profile: Europe`s lastdictator? rech A.G. Lukashenko [Pre-election speech of A.G. Lukashenko] A.G. of [Pre-election speech Lukashenko rech A.G. Retrieved June 2, 2010, from: Retrieved June2,2010, Retrieved May Retrievedfrom 03.2010, www.tvr.by: Retrieved May Retrievedfrom 03.2010, www.tvr.by: May Retrievedfrom 03.2010, www.tvr.by: Marshal Lukashenko imalenkiy princ [Marshal 69 Retrieved May 03.2010, from Retrieved from 03.2010, May www.rutube.ru: Trasyanka -yazyk belorusskikh chinovnikov Trasyanka -yazykbelorusskikh Retrievedfrom: June 2, 2010, Retrievedfrom May 03.2010, Retrievedfrom May 03.2010, Retrieved Mayfrom 03.2010, http://belaruspartizan.org/bp- www.youtube.com: CEU eTD Collection 2010, from 2010, from www.youtube.com: First Channel First (2001). Channel (Russia) http://www.delfi.ua/archive/print.php?id=780384 Lukashenko]. Delfi. February (2010, 21). http://www.ctv.by/news/video/~videofile=9543 Retrieved June 1, 2010, from Retrieved 1,2010, June www.medseek.by: Iriny Abelskuyu vernuli kzhizni Abelskayawas brought [Irina backtolife]. from: http://www.sovnarkom.ru/aharch2.htm Kharchikov, Aleksandr(1997). abelskuju-vernuli-k-zhizni.html 14). September Belarus]. (1996, the interviewpresident of of [The Interview presidentaBelorussii http://www.charter97.org/ru/news/2009/12/11/24502/ again]. to Moscow brought Kolya December 11). (2009, Hartyya`97. www.charter97.org: traits to theportraitthe lastdictator of of Europe Hartyya`97. (2009,June 19). www.charter97.org: pants yet]. in swimming theinterview have never given Hartyya`97. (2010,March 24). http://www.charter97.org/rus/news/2004/04/22/strana a countrythathas initspast].frozen Hartyya`97. (2004,April 22). CTV. (2010) http://luka.by.ru/?.frazz_txt_/_frazz6 Citaty [Citations]. http://rutube.ru/tracks/114493.html Lukashenko] A.G. the Republic ofBelarus of BT. (2006). Russkiy Kuryer Russkiy Rech Prezidenta Respubliki Belarus A.G. Lukashenko [The speech of the president of Lukashenko [Thespeech A.G. Respubliki Belarus Rech Prezidenta Retrieved June 2, 2010, from from 2010, www.delfi.ua: RetrievedJune 2, Novosti [News] Novosti , pp. 17-20. ,pp. http://www.charter97.org/ru/news/2009/6/19/27560/ http://www.charter97.org/ru/news/2010/3/24/27560/ (2008). Retrieved (2008). from May 21, 2010, www.luka.by.ru: Neskolko shtrikhovkportretu poslednego diktatoraEvropy Belarus -strana, kotoraya zamerzla vsvoyom proshlom [Belarus is Yanukovich -ne Batka Lukashenko[YanukovichYanukovich isnotBatka -neBatka Lukashenko, pridi![Lukashenko, come!] Prezident Lukashenko [PresidentLukashenko]. Prezident Lukashenko Lukashenko: Intervyu vtrusah yaeshchenedavalI [Lukashenko: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dk4BXTwVXlg . V Moskvu Lukashenko snovaezdilsKoley[Lukashenka Retrieved May 03.2010, from RetrievedMay 03.2010, www.ctv.by: Retrieved June 2, 2010, from from 2010, www.charter97.org: Retrieved 2, June Retrieved June 2, 2010, from Retrievedfrom June 2, 2010, www.charter97.org: 70 Retrieved from 03.2010, May www.rutube.ru: http://www.medseek.by/belarus/291-irinu- ]. Retrieved]. from May 03, 2010, Retrieved from 03, 2010, May . Retrieved June 3, 2010 (2009,October 30). Retrieved June 3, [A few CEU eTD Collection News. from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cli7_puZHlM Murzilki International (2008). June 3,2010,from www.multclub.org: Multclub. (2008). www.euroradio.fm: http://www.euroradio.fm/ru/959/subscr/37663 thebirthdaydid notcomefor partyofthe son]. Kolya Lukashenko ne popalanaDenRozhdeniyasyna[Themotherof Mama KoliLukashenko http://video.i.ua/user/2989/29327/148950/ Lyapis Trubetskoy Lukashenko Retrieved(2006). [Lukashenko]. June 3 2010,from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4wBJwhHZIc (2008, October21).Retrieved2010, 1,from June www.youtube.com: withLukashenko s hissononmilitaryexcersises]. synom navoennyhucheniyah[Lukashenko from www.kp.by: pogranichnikom guard]. [President Lukashenkoservedasafrontier February v Pravda Komsomolskaya Belarusi. (2010, 23). Retrievedfrom June 1, 2010, www.kp.by: Pravda]. ofBelarus to Komsomolskaya KomsomolskoyPravde the FirstLady [Interview of September 30). v Belarusi.(2005, PravdaKomsomolskaya http://kp.by/online/news/508801/ Retrieved June 1,2010,from http://kp.by/online/news/508801/: Komsomolskayav 4). July Belarusi.(2008, Pravda http://kp.ru/daily/23360/32038/ love Batkainhismotherland?]. September Pravda.Komsomolskaya 13). (2004, http://www.kp.ru/daily/24124.4/345332 Komsomolskaya Pravda]. of The interview to theeditor-in-chief Lukashenko: Komsomolskoy Pravdy[Aleksandr Komsomolskaya Pravda. July (2008, 3). http://www.compromat.ru/page_20487.htmwww.compromat.ru: Lukashenko ispreparing forthethrone theeldest son]. April (2007, Kompromat. 3). (2007). Retrieved (2007). from May 21, 2010, www.tut.by: http://kp.by/daily/24447.3/611536/ Lukahenko -luchshiyprezident[Lukashenkois the bestpresident]. Retrieved from June 1, 2010, www.kp.ru: Lukashenko-eto… [Lukashenko is…]. Batka Lukashenkogotovitnacarstvo starshego synku [Batka http://multclub.org/ Retrieved June 2, 2010, from Retrievedfrom www.kp.ru: 2,2010, June Aleksandr Lukashenko:Intervyuglavnomuredaktoru http://kp.ru/daily/23587.4/45042/ 71 (2009,August Retrieved 31). from June 1, 2010, Lyubyat li Batku na they Lyubyat li Batkovshchine? [Do Den Nezavisimosti [Independance Day]. [Independance Den Nezavisimosti http://news.tut.by/politics/86101.html Retrieved 2,2010,from June Intervyu Pervoy LediBelarusi Intervyu Prezident Lukashenko sluzhil Retrieved June 3, 2010 Retrieved 1,2010, June Retrieved CEU eTD Collection www.president.gov.by: prezidenta [Thebiographyofthepresident]. Belarus (2008). the of of Republic presidentthe of The official Internet-portal http://www.blog.ngorbachov.com/2009/06/slusai_batky/ Syabry. (2006) Retrieved June 1, 2010, from www.sb.by: May 28). Sovetskaya (2010, Belorussiya. in Belarus]. May Sovetskaya .(2010, Belorussiya 5). http://www.svaboda.org/content/article/766480.html symbols?]. nacyyanalnay symboliki? thepresidental [How do thecandidatesfor posttreatthenational February (2006, 6). RadioSvaboda Planeta Personalii:Aleksandr Lukashenko (2006,February). [Personalities: AleksandrLukashenko]. Lukashenko]. 14). October ONT. (2009, http://www.newsru.com/world/24mar2010/interv.html pants]. trusah [Lukashenkogivinganinterview has shockedBelarussianTvaudience in hisswimming March Newsru.(2010, 24). Retrieved May 3, 2010,from www.newsru.com: ,pp. 1-3. Retrievedfrom June2,2010, www.svaboda.org: Retrieved June 1,2010,from www.sb.by: Retrieved June 1, 2010,from: Slushay Batku! http://www.president.gov.by/press10003.html Perepis naseleniya2009. Lukashenko[Populationcensus 2009. Lukashenko belorusskih shokiroval telezriteley, davinterview v [Listen toBatka!] Yak stavyatstsa pretendenty na pasadu prezydenta da pasadu prezydenta Yak stavyatstsapretendentyna Prezidentskie vybory vBelarusi elections [Presidential http://www.sb.by/post/100874 Vzglyad za gorizont [The view horizont].Vzglyad [Theview zagorizont the over http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYWEE6CI2jw 72 . 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