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Community and Identity in the Shadow of York Minster: the Medieval

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Community and Identity in the Shadow of York Minster: the Medieval Community and Identity in the Shadow of York Minster: The Medieval Chapel of St Mary and the Holy Angels Eleanor Margaret Warren Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute for Medieval Studies September 2013 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2013 The University of Leeds and Eleanor Margaret Warren iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, firstly Dr William Flynn, who has provided much support and essential expertise in guiding me through my PhD, and Professor Richard Morris, who first suggested the subject of this thesis to me. Both have been influential throughout my time at Leeds, in both my MA and PhD. Also many thanks go to Dr Jane Flynn who supervised the first year of my thesis and has continued to offer her guidance. To all I am grateful for sharing with me their knowledge and enthusiasm. I would like to thank Dr Joanna Huntington who first encouraged and supported my decision to pursue medieval studies at post-graduate level and has continued to be a source of inspiration. I would like to express my gratitude to the staff and community of the Institute for Medieval Studies. Thanks go to Dr Mary Swan for her advice in the early stages of my research degree. To the users of the Le Patourel room and all the friends I have made along the way, for their mutual support and for creating such a joyful community of medievalists at Leeds. I would particularly like to thank Stephen Werronen for being a constant source of shared ideas about medieval Yorkshire and for all his advice, and Kate Wiles, with whom I have shared so much of this process. I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Faculty of Arts for funding my PhD. Furthermore, to my parents for both their financial and emotional support over many years and for developing my interest in all things medieval and ancient from a very young age. Finally, I must thank Greg Warner, for his continuous support, encouragement and understanding. iv Abstract This thesis examines the development of the institutional identity of the Chapel of St Mary and the Holy Angels, York, from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries. Following its foundation next to York Minster in the late 1170s, the chapel went through a series of reforms and re-foundations. It is these moments of activity and change which enable us to examine how the chapel’s identity was being constructed and conceived. Over the course of its history, the community and its identity developed in response both to the wishes of its founder and its relationship with the cathedral church. This thesis accordingly explores the relationship between the constitutions, administration, personnel and liturgy of the two institutions. The thesis is split into two parts: Part One examines the foundations and constitution of the chapel. Chapter One surveys existing approaches to the chapel and examines the context of the foundation of St Mary and the Holy Angels’ within the cathedral close and some elements of its early purpose and function. Chapter Two explores the development of the chapel’s constitution in the thirteenth century, with a focus upon its administrative figures. Chapter Three considers the challenges to the chapel and its identity from external influences upon its personnel and architectural developments within the cathedral in the fourteenth century. Part Two focuses on the long fifteenth century. Chapter Four is a prosopographical study of the chapel’s canons, demonstrating the cohesion between the communities of the chapel and minster. Chapter Five offers a study of the York Antiphonal, considering its relevance to the York Use and liturgical renewal in the fifteenth century. Chapter Six addresses aspects of the liturgical identity of the chapel using the York Antiphonal. Chapter Seven concludes the history of the chapel and considers the community and dissolution of the chapel in the sixteenth century. v Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................iii Abstract..........................................................................................................................iv Contents..........................................................................................................................v Abbreviations.................................................................................................................ix List of Maps and Figures................................................................................................x List of Tables..................................................................................................................x Maps..............................................................................................................................xi Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 Part I: Foundations and Constitution Chapter One: Founding the Chapel of St Mary and the Holy Angels..........................16 1.1 The Diocese and Cathedral of York.......................................................................17 1.2 Roger of Pont L’Évêque: The Dispute with Canterbury and Architectural Aspirations....................................................................................................................21 1.3 Roger’s Foundation Charter....................................................................................25 1.4 ‘Ob peccatorum nostrorum remissionem’: The Foundation of an Early Chantry..........................................................................................................................29 1.5 The Site and Architectural Models.........................................................................34 1.6 York’s Liturgical Jerusalem....................................................................................40 1.6.1 The Maundy Rite.....................................................................................40 1.6.2 Roger’s Memorial and the Easter Sepulchre...........................................44 1.7 Conclusion..............................................................................................................49 Chapter Two: Sewal de Bovill’s Re-foundation: Augmenting the Constitution and Endowment...................................................................................................................52 2.1 The Sacrist and Endowments..................................................................................52 2.1.1 The Role of the Sacrist.............................................................................52 2.1.2 The Provision of Endowments.................................................................54 2.1.3 Retaining the Chapel’s Endowment........................................................56 2.2 A New Clerical Administration..............................................................................60 2.3 Sewal’s Re-foundation Charter...............................................................................63 2.3.1 A New Constitution.................................................................................64 2.3.2 The Ordination of Vicarages....................................................................68 2.4 Conclusion..............................................................................................................70 vi Chapter Three: Challenges to Institutional Identity, 1266-1373: A Conflict of Interests?.......................................................................................................................73 3.1 A Struggle for Authority.........................................................................................75 3.1.1 Archbishop Sewal de Bovill’s Legacy and External Influences..............75 3.1.2 Percival de Lavagna: Sacrist 1267-90.....................................................77 3.1.3 Non-residence under Archbishop John le Romeyn (1285-96)................80 3.1.4 Thomas Corbridge as Sacrist and Archbishop: 1290-1304.....................84 3.2 A Problematic Sacrist: John Busshe 1304-33.........................................................89 3.2.1 Archbishop Greenfield’s Register...........................................................90 3.2.2 Archbishop William Melton....................................................................97 3.2.3 Reclaiming Control: Melton’s Kinsmen..................................................99 3.3 Rebuilding the Cathedral Church.........................................................................102 3.3.1 Archbishop Melton’s Works and the Doorway to St Sepulchre’s.........102 3.3.2 The East End of the Minster..................................................................107 3.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................113 Part II: The Long Fifteenth Century Chapter Four: The Canons and Community of St Sepulchre’s in the Long Fifteenth Century........................................................................................................................117 4.1 The Long Fifteenth
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