Ambos Nogales: Water, Vulnerability, and Institutional Complexity

Margaret Wilder Jeremy Slack University of Arizona LAS, Udall Center, SGD CLIMAS & NOAA SARP Vulnerability and Adapve Capacity

VULNERABILITY: exposure to hazard and risk associated with that exposure, based on planning, resources and capacity to respond

ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: Capacity to respond dynamically over me to make needed changes to reduce vulnerability. P. Romero-Lankao 2008 AMBOS NOGALES STUDY (NOAA SARP/CLIMAS/IAI) Goals: To idenfy and classify climate-related vulnerability relang to urban water management in Nogales AZ & SON To examine the adapve capacity of governance instuons to respond dynamically to climate- related uncertainty in future water planning Pipa delivering water in Nogales, Son. colonia Elements of Elements of Adapve Capacity Vulnerability Ambos Nogales Uneven development & Eﬀecve transboundary collaboraon: complex, fragmented TAAP, scienst-stakeholder, water management communies instuons CONAGUA, CEA, Tucson Water,

Growth in water demand Binaonal technical & ﬁnancial projected to double over resources (BECC); state-level planning next 20 years underway in Sonora and AMA planning in Arizona

Inadequate wastewater Plans to upgrade plant capacity treatment

Nogales, AZ Transboundary impacts SCAMA, Friends of Santa Cruz River of Santa Cruz River ﬂows & groundwater interface

Nogales, Sonora Unplanned growth, lack Instuto Municipal de Invesgación y of infrastructure (e.g., Planeación (IMIP) paving) Improvements in water & sanitaon networks over last decade Fragmented access to water and sanitaon Assessing Transboundary Collaboraon- 3 indicators

SOCIAL LEARNING Structured opportunies for peer-to- peer learning

EMERGENCE OF Iterave and sustained interacons; NETWORKS building relaonships across and within cultures; informal and formal POTENTIAL FOR ADAPTIVE Developing and instuonalizing PATHWAYS new ways of operang and implemenng

Source: M. Wilder et al. 2010. INDICATORS ADAPTED FROM: Pelling et al. 2008; Lemos and Morehouse 2005; Cash et al., 2003 Nogales, Sonora

• INEGI 2005 - 193,517hab. • 350,000 pop.. (Ausn et al., 2006; Sprouse 2005) • 87% water and sanitaon coverage (INEGI 2005) • Unplanned (land invasion) colonias • Steep hillside colonias vulnerable to erosion • Unpaved roads in colonias

Photo by Daniel Lobo Water Insecurity, Colonias Nogales, Sonora

DAILY WATER ACCESS for HOUSEHOLDS Nogales colonia ﬂooding HOOKED UP TO WATER NETWORK (8/2010) NOGALES, SONORA (%) households (Millman & Sco 2009)

24 HOURS 5

12 HOURS 60

4 TO 5 HOURS 30

EVERY 2 DAYS 5

El Diario del Sol 8/2010 Por Norman et al. 2004 Straﬁed Study Sites Sample

• 4 areas - 3 colonias & one planned subdivision • Diverse locaons • Topography • Age of urban selement

Methods • Semi-structured interviews with key informants (colonia leaders, OOMAPAS & Public Services) • Resident focus groups • Parcipant observaon via work-days with piperos (water truck drivers) • Collaboraon with Municipal Research & Planning Instute (IMIP) • Regional workshops with water managers Flores Magón/Los Torres

• First founded in 1996 as organized land invasion • Various incursions unl 2007 • Residents have been told to ancipate that tles, water & sanitaon services are forthcoming Topography: relavely ﬂat but vulnerable to ﬂooding Flores Magón/ Los Torres • In drought or water scarcity, if a household • Reliant on buying water lacks strong contact with a from pipas pipero, he won’t sell to • Social networks crically them important • Households buy from same driver (pipero) • Loans are important to avoid lack of funds to ensure ability to buy water when needed

Colinas del Sol

• Founded in 1998 as organized land invasion, but supported by land owner • Located in highest elevaon of the city • Water lines installed 2 years ago (2008)

Los Tápiros/Los Encinos

• Founded in 1986 and 1989, respecvely, as organized land invasions • Highly-conﬂicve: Los Tapiros • Services and tles arrived much faster in Los Encinos than in Los Tapiros Los Encinos/ Los Tapiros

• Many conﬂicts created • Have had limited water & because households are forced sanitaon since 2002 to pay for tap water even if they do not receive it • Some secons sll do not • Constant threat of cung oﬀ have connecons water service • Thus, remain reliant on water • Tap water only for 2 hours trucks (pipa) from 5 a.m. Till 7 a.m. • They had beer service when it was via illegal connecons • Many do not pay water bills • High temperature periods provoke more system problems & insecurity of access – Higher water use – Low water pressure & less water delivered La Mesa Subdivision

• INFONAVIT subdivision – by TECONSA Group • Occupied 6 to 8 months ago (2009) • Located in far south 21 km from border line and far from maquila factories • No water treatment for huge subdivision • Located near the principal municipal well for the whole city- Los Alisos Maquila Workers’ Housing Subdivision, 2010. Construcon funded INFONAVIT—Naonal Workers’ Housing Fund Instute. Photo credit: J. Slack 2010. Fraccionamiento La Mesa

• Strong rains this summer (2010) • Mold problems already evident in houses • High humidity in houses due to high temps& poor construcon of roofs

Mold growth evident in new houses, not even occupied yet, In Fracc. La Mesa. Photo credit: J. Slack 2010 La Mesa - Erosión

Architecture of Pipa (Truck) Service

MUNICIPAL CAPACITY PRICES 7 trucks (5 in service, 2 @ 1500 l 50 % discount for working) 1@ 2500 l households with 3@ 8000 l coupon; somemes 1 @ 20000 l free

OOMAPAS Service no longer Used to provide dust- (municipal water provided control for unpaved ulity) roads & service to people who paid bill but didn’t get tap water

PRIVATE TRUCKS Fill 200 liter drum $14 pesos Fill 1100 liter rooop $70 pesos tank Each “Pipada” (size- $220 pesos each dependent) Pipas – The Problemac

• Access insecure and diﬃcult due to unpaved roads, erosion damage, and frequent ﬂooding in all the colonias • Insecure supply to trucks themselves in drought periods • Water pumps insecure if equipment is faulty—have to leave for repairs and parts • In mes of scarcity/drought, water value surges and there are more black market sales & price-gouging Summary of Findings WATER INSECURITY & ADAPTIVE CAPACITY IN COLONIAS Conclusions: Climate Factors and Water Insecurity in Nogales Colonias

High temperatures increase demand on water system, resulng in low pressure and less water available in system

Monsoon seasonal rains & high temperatures lead to high humidity, with potenal for public health hazards (example: mold growth and untreated sewage, Fracc. La Mesa)

Water scarcity delays water truck services & creates water insecurity in colonias

Climate factors diﬀerenally aﬀect households/colonias with water hook-ups and those without

Water trucks are a crical safety valve for those with no or limited water service

Paradoxically, those with limited water service via hook-up have highest vulnerability, due to weaker es to piperos (weak social networks). Strong social networks contribute to adapve capacity for colonias. Mil gracias to our colleagues: Bob Varady, Chris Sco, Gregg Garﬁn, Oscar Lai & Jamie McEvoy And for research support from: --CLIMATE ASSESSMENT FOR THE SOUTHWEST --NOAA SARP “MOVING FORWARD” PROJECT