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The Sundarbans Through Estuary Management, Poverty Reduction, and Biodiversity Conservation

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The Sundarbans Through Estuary Management, Poverty Reduction, and Biodiversity Conservation Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Building Resilience for Sustainable Development of the Sundarbans through Estuary Management, Poverty Reduction, and Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Report Report No. 88061 - IN South Asia Region Sustainable Development Department Environment & Water Resources Management Unit © 2014 Ernesto Sánchez-Triana, Tapas Paul, Leonard Ortolano and Jack Ruitenebeek (editors) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved Designed and printed by: JS Print O Pack, B-198, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-110020 Photo Credits: Arijit Banerjee, Anupam Joshi, Sanjay Gupta, Somenath Bhattacharyya, Tapas Paul This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The report has been discussed with Government of India, but does not necessarily bear their approval for all its contents, especially the judgements/opinions/policys recommendations. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions : The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; Telephone: 978-750-8400; Fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; Fax: 202-522-2422; Email: [email protected]. ii Building Resilience for Sustainable Development of the Sundarbans ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the product of a collaborative effort between the Enriquez, Sarah Martiny, Shakil Ahmed Ferdausi, Snehashish World Bank and several department and agencies of the Raichowdhury, Soumya Kapoor, and Surbhi Goyal. Additional Government of West Bengal under the overall coordination of the background papers and analyses were produced by Anurag Danda, Sundarban Affairs Department of the Government of West Bengal. Bjorn Larsen, Chandreyee Das, Christine Heyniger, Damanjit Singh Most of the background studies and analysis were undertaken Minhas, D.M. Mohan, Elena Strukova Golub, Gautam Gupta, during 2009-11; synthesis and the final recommen-dations emerged Ishtiaque Ahmed, Juan Luna-Kelser, Kakoli Sen Sarma, Lidvard out of consultative processes organised during 2012-13. Special Gronnevet, Nirmala Banerjee, Peter Webster, Pranabes Sanyal, gratitude is extended to Ms. Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister, Priyanka Roy, Ratul Saha, Samir Mehta, Samuel Taffesse, S.C. GoWB; Mr. Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, former Chief Minsiter, Rajshekar, Somenath Battacharya, Subimal Roy, the Institute of GoWB; Mr. Jairam Ramesh, former Union Minister for Environmental Studies and Wetland Management, IMRB Environment and Forests; Mr. Sanjay Mitra, Chief Secretary, Consultants, Jadavpur University, Sundarban Rural Development GoWB; Mr. Samar Ghosh, Mr. Ardhendu Sen and and Training Centre, West Bengal Green Energy Department Mr. A. M. Chakraborty, former Chief Secretaries, GoWB; Corporation, and the Worldwide Fund for Nature-India. Mr. M. Farooqui, former Special Secretary, MoEF; Mr. Hem Pande, Additional Secretary, MoEF, and Ms. Sunita Singh, Director, MoEF Peer reviewers were Darrel Hueth, Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, John for their guidance and support during the entire duration of this Redwood, Marea Eleni Hatziolos, Richard Damania, Sussanne collaborative effort. Scherling and Yewande Aramide Awe. Helpful comments and contributions were received from World Bank staff representing Overall study coordination was provided by the Sundarban Affairs several sectors and regions, including Anna Wellenstien, Brigitte Department, GoWB. The team would especially like to thank Ms. Duces, Stefania Aberkali, Thomas O’Brien, Valerie Hickey and Nandini Chakraborty, Secretary, and the former secretaries of the Martien van Nieuwkoop. Special thanks are due to Karin Erika Department – Late Mr. Arun Bal and Mr. Raghavendra Singh for Kemper; Rachid Benmessaoud; Isabel Guerrero, former Vice- their support, review and advice throughout the study. Other heads President for South Asia region; late Gajanand Pathmanathan, of departments and officials of the GoWB provided reports, former Senior Manager, South Asia Sustainable Development information, analysis, technical reviews and support to organize Department; and Christine F. Allan, former Country Director for stakeholder meetings - Mr. K.S. Rajendra Kumar, Bangladesh for their guidance, especially in the early stages of the Mr. K. Sathiavasan, Mr. Trilochan Singh, Mr. M.N. Roy, study. Karin Erika Kemper and Herbert Acquay, former and current Mr. Rinchen Tempo, Mr. Subesh Das, Mr. Anil Kumar Agarwal, Sector Managers, South Asia Environment and Water Resources Mr. Anjan Kumar Chatterjee, Mr. Vikram Sen, Mr. Sarthak Barma, Unit; N. Roberto Zagha, former Country Director for India and Mr. Paritosh Bhattacharyya, Mr. S.C. Acharya, Mr. S. B. Neogi, Mr. Giovanna Prennushi, Lead Economist guided the overall effort. S. Sarkar, Mr. Choten Lama, and Mr Rabindranath De; and the team The team is particularly grateful to the Australian, Netherlands, acknowledges their contribution. Norwegian and United Kingdom Trust Funds. The World Bank team was led by Ernesto Sánchez-Triana and Tapas The team gratefully recognizes the contributions of the many people Paul, and included Priti Kumar, Anna C. O’Donnell, Anupam Joshi, including the community leaders in the Sundarbans who assisted Cecilia Belita, Charles Joseph Cormier, Dan Biller, Ghazal Dezfuli, in preparation of this report and provided insights. The opinions Jack Ruitenbeek, Jean-Noel Guillossou, John Pethick, Leonard presented here and any errors are the sole responsibility of the Ortolano, Nalin Jena, Rahul Kanakia, Ramachandran R. Mohan, authors and should not be attributed to the individuals and Roshni Sarah John, Ruma Tavorath, Sanjay Gupta, Santiago institutions acknowledged above. Vice-President - Philppe H. Le Houerou Country Director - Onno Ruhl Sector Director - John Henry Stein Sector Manager - Herbert Acquay Team Leaders - Tapas Paul & Ernesto Sánchez-Triana iii CONTENTS Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................................................. iii Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................................ vii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction and Context ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 2. Findings and Lessons ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 3. Pillar 1: Vulnerability Reduction........................................................................................................................................................................ 27 4. Pillar 2: Poverty Reduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 5. Pillar 3: Biodiversity Conservation ................................................................................................................................................................... 49 6. Pillar 4: Institutional Change ............................................................................................................................................................................ 57 7. Next Steps ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 References ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Annex 1: Historical Overview and Current Trends in Development in the Sundarbans Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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