This book is a guide to families and genera of gorgonians in Indonesian waters. Gorgonians and sea fans are common names for grouped under (soft ). Together with Helioporacea (blue ) and Pennatulacea (sea pens) they belong to the larger group Octocorallia. Characteristic of this group is that their polyps always have eight tentacles (octo-coral). These animals do not have massive bones like hard corals, but microscopic sclerites to support their bodies, consequently the colonies are soft and flexible and therefore they have a popular name “soft coral”.

Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi-LIPI Jl. Pasir Putih No. 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 11048. Indonesia Telp. : 021-64712287, 6452425, 64713850 Fax. : 021-64711948, 64712287 E-mail : [email protected] Url. http://www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id http://coremap.oseanografi.lipi.go.id/ Gorgonians in Indonesian waters

Yosephine Tuti Leen P van Ofwegen

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PROGRAM COREMAP-CTI PUSAT PENELITIAN OSEANOGRAFI LEMBAGA ILMU PENGETAHUAN INDONESIA

Gorgonians in Indonesian waters

Yosephine Tuti Leen P van Ofwegen Gorgonians in Indonesian waters

ISBN : 978-602-6504-23-4

Authors Yosephine Tuti Coral Reef Researcher Research Centre for Oceanography Indonesian Institute of Sciences Email : [email protected] Url. http://www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id http://coremap.oseanografi.lipi.go.id/

Leen P van Ofwegen Senior Researcher Naturalis Biodiversity Center NBC · Department of Marine Zoology Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden Email. [email protected] Url. www.naturalis.nl

Layout by Dewirina Zulfianita

Backcover Picture (Gorgonian as a host of ovulid) by Bastian TReijnen

PT. Media Sains Nasional Ruko Bangbarung Grande No. K-9 Bogor Member of IKAPI No. 276/JB/2015 Telp. : 0251-7160668, 7550470 Fax. : 0251-7550470 Email : [email protected]

Copyright © 2018 COREMAP CTI - LIPI This book is dedicated to :

My family A. M. Suryanto S, Anastasia, Florentina and Vinsensia whose support me very much. To my parent M. I. Minarni and late J. Hermanlimianto to introduce me to love the sea since I was a child.

CONTENTS

LIST OF FAMILIES AND GENERA ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii FOREWORD iv INTRODUCTION 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 2 COELENTERATA 2 BIOLOGY OF OCTOCORALS 3 ECOLOGY OF OCTOCORALS 7 SAMPLING TEHNIQUES AND IDENTIFYING GORGONIANS 7 REFFERENCE GUIDE TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA 8 KEY TO THE GROUPS OF OCTOCORALLIA 8 KEY TO FAMILY 9 KEY TO GENERA 11 Family Briareidae Gray, 1859 16 Family Anthothelidae Broch, 1916 18 Family Subergorgiidae Gray, 1859 24 Family Melithaeidae Gray, 1870 28 Family Acanthogorgiidae Gray, 1859 34 Family Plexauridae Gray, 1859 40 Family Gorgoniidae Lamouroux, 1812 50 Family Ellisellidae Gray, 1859 66 Family Ifalukellidae Bayer, 1955 78 Family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883. 80 Family Isididae Lamouroux, 1812 82 LITERATURE 85 GLOSSARY 86 INDEX 88 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 89

i LIST OF FAMILY AND GENERA

THE GROUP SUBORDER HOLAXONIA SUBORDER

Family Briareidae Family Acanthogorgiidae Family Ellisellidae Briareum Acanthogorgia Ellisella Family Anthothelidae Anthogorgia Viminella Iciligorgia Muricella Ctenocella Solenocaulon Family Plexauridae Junceella Alertigorgia Euplexaura Dichotella Family Subergorgiidae Bebryce Verrucella Echinomuricea Family Ifalukellidae Trimuricea Plumigorgia Family Melithaeidae Villogorgia Family Chrysogorgiidae Melithaea Echinogorgia Stephanogorgia Mopsella Menella Family Isididae Acabaria Paraplexaura Isis Astrogorgia Family Gorgoniidae Rumphella Hicksonella Guaiagorgia Pinnigorgia

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are extremely grateful with the cooperation of the Research Centre for Oceanography- Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC), Leiden. Most of the underwater photos and samples were taken from the collaboration Expeditions in Indonesia and identified in Leiden, funded by Naturalis. We would like to thank Dr. Bert Hoeksema and Prof. Dr. Suharsono for their effort and patience in the preparation, during and after fieldwork; including administration paperwork for coordination and expeditions in Indonesia. We thank The Zee team of NBC-Naturalis for the cooperation and friendship during and after fieldwork. We also thank the crews of the Pari Island LIPI’s Station and Ternate LIPI’s Station as the base camp and working field laboratory. Appreciation also to LIPI’s Research Vessel Baruna Jaya VIII and the crews for their tremendous support in carrying out the surveys and research equipment and samples in Raja Ampat Expedition. LIPI team, my colleagues and volunteers, too numerous to list here, are also greatly thanked for their help and encouragement. All of the presented gorgonian genera occur in Indonesian waters. Most of the pictures were taken by the writers at Raja Ampat, Wakatobi and Ternate. Coral Reef Research Foundation also contributed several photos to enhance quality of the pictures in this book, therefore we also thank Dr. Bert Hoeksema, Dr. Bastian Theodoor Reijnen and Drs. Frank Stokvis MSc. for contributing their valuable photographs. All of the Scanning Electron Microscopy was done by Dr. Leen P van Ofwegen. We are extremely grateful for their contribution on providing these valuable images. We would like to thank Dr. Giyanto, Dra. Sasanti R.S. MSc, Dra. Inayat A. H. MSi. and Tri Aryono SSi. M.Sc for their strong encouragement on finishing this book. Our gratitude goes to Dewirina M.IKom , M. Rizkie S.Si., Siti Sulha SE. and Agus Budiyanto for helping with technical aspects of publication and layout. We would like to particularly acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Suharsono for his great help in editing, providing suggestions and ongoing support which helped improving this book. Lastly, we are extremely greatful of COREMAP CTI LIPI support, in publishing this book.

iii FOREWORD

Indonesian water is known to be rich with very diverse fauna and flora. This mega biodiversity also the case for gorgonians (octocorals), of which we do not yet know very much, even though Siboga and Rumphius Expeditions took place many years ago. Nowadays we still have a cooperation between the Research Centre for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC Naturalis) - Leiden to examine more of this marine mega biodiversity.

This book provides non taxonomists with a simple field guide to generic level identification of shallow water to 40 meter gorgonians. Written in informal and non technical terms, it provides a comprehensive introduction to biology, ecology and classification of gorgonians. It is also a simple guide for preservation and preparation of specimen to study. Photographs are mostly from Indonesian waters. With information about colony shape, specific characters among genera and the sclerite characteristics of diverse genera this field guide will make non taxonomists more comfortable in identifying the gorgonian to level. I am extremely proud of the writers’ hard work and to publish this book being the first Gorgonian book in Indo-Pacific waters. Let this book be the first step of introducing gorgonians in Indonesian waters, with more still remain to be studied.

Dr. Dirhamsyah, MA Director of Research Centre for Oceanography Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

iv Introduction

About This Book

This book is a guide to families and genera of gorgonians in Indonesian waters. Gorgonians and sea fans are common names for animals grouped under Alcyonacea (soft corals). Together with Helioporacea (blue coral) and Pennatulacea (sea pens) they belong to the larger animal group Octocorallia. Characteristic of this group is that their polyps always have eight tentacles (octo-coral), with rows of pinnules along both sides of the tentacles. These animals do not have massive bones like hard corals, but microscopic sclerites to support their bodies, consequently the colonies are soft and flexible and therefore they have a popular name “soft coral”.

We try to make this book a user friendly field guide, and we try to minimize the technical words, but we can not avoid some of them (See Bayer et al. 1983).

In describing the individual genera, we present: - Under water photographs of the colonies - Representative characteristics of sclerites (microscopic bones that support the body/ colonies) - Detailed text describing colony shapes, polyps, sclerites, the colour of the colonies and sclerites, also the habitat and abundance.

1 Introduction

An Overview Of The Classification System

COELENTERATA

Systematic: The Coelenterata, animals having tentacles, more or less radial symmetry, and only one major internal cavity. This cavity has only one opening, the mouth. Gorgonians are a small part of these Invertebrates (animal without backbones). Class Ehrenberg, 1831: This class contains hard, soft, blue and black corals, anemones, sea pens, zoanthids, and corallimorpharians. No medusa stages and the polyps are solitary or colonial. The class has 3 subclasses and 9 orders.

Subclass: Octocorallia Haeckel, 1866 or Alcyonaria; each polyp bears eight hollow tentacles, which have pinnules on two sides. • Order: Helioporacea (blue coral) • Order: Pennatulacea (sea pens) • Order: Alcyonacea (Soft corals and sea fans) Subclass: Hexacorallia (or Zoantharia); each polyp bears six or multiple of six tentacles without pinnules • Order: Actiniaria (sea anemones) • Order: Scleractinia (hard corals) • Order: Zoantharia (zoanthids) • Order: Corallimorpharia (mushroom anemones) Subclass: Ceriantipatharia; Anemone like sand dwelling anthozoans. Cylindrical non-retractile polyps bearing six tentacles, no pinnules • Order: Antipatharia (black and wire corals) • Order: Ceriantharia (tube anemones)

Scleraxonia Group, Suborder Holaxonia and Suborder Calcaxonia used to be in the Order Gorgonacea Lamouroux, 1816.

2 Introduction

BIOLOGY OF OCTOCORALS (Gorgonians)

The Polyps The colony of gorgonians has two kind of layers, the outer layer, the coenenchyme (or cortex) and the inner layer (central axis or medulla) (see gorgonian anatomy). Gorgonians have only one type of polyp, the autozooid and are therefore called monomorphic. These polyps have eight tentacles for food capturing. The polyp can retract or contract. In some species the upper part of the polyp can be folded over an oral disk called calyx. The coenenchyme, where the polyps are, is generally thin and covers a hard, flexible internal axis.

Gorgonian anatomy after Bayer, 1983.

3 Introduction

The Colonies: Growth Forms, Sclerites and Axes Gorgonians have various types of growth forms, encrusting, whip like, fan-like or bushy.

Bushes fan-like Whip

These growth forms can be used as a tool for their identification, combined with the polyp sclerite structure, axis, the types and forms of sclerites, and their arrangement in the colony.

Sclerites are the most important tools in identifying gorgonians. They are found in varying concentrations embedded in the coenenchyme, providing support for the polyps and colonies, commonly arranged more or less symmetrical at the base of each tentacle and in the body wall between the septa. Sclerites on the head of the polyp can be arranged very characteristic, as collaret and points. Sclerites are made of polycrystalline calcite (type of calcium carbonate).

Most gorgonians have a relatively solid axis. In some colonies, the axis has a hollow/ chambered core (Holaxonian), in others no hollow/chambered core (Scleraxonian and Calcaxonian). In the latter the axis can be formed by bundles of sclerites fused together, horny or calcareous material consisting of calcite or aragonite, some with nodes of pure gorgonin.

In the Holaxonian group of gorgonians, the colony axis has a long series of small chambers, with distinct central axis made up of horny material alone or more or less permeated with calcareous substance (family Plexauridae).

4 Introduction

Scleraxonian Holaxonian

Calcaxonian

cross section of gorgonian after Fabricius, 2001

In the Scleraxonian group, the axis contains sclerites bound together solidly by calcareous or horny material but sometimes absent entirely. Some species bound the sclerites together freely but not cemented (family Anthothelidae), these colonies can break quite easily. In other species the medulla sclerites are fused to form a net cemented with gorgonin (fam. Subergorgiidae), which gives quite tough colonies. Also occurring are embedded sclerites with gorgonin matrix in nodes (where the branches arise), and internodes of fused sclerites forming straight segments in between nodes (family Melithaedidae). The cortex and medulla are thin in the encrusting genus Briareum.

In the Calcaxonia group, the axis consist of calcite or aragonite (Ellisellidae), some with nodes of pure gorgonin (family Isididae)

5 Introduction

Reproduction and Propagation As other anthozoans, they are sexual and asexual, also hermaphrodite. Asexual propagation can happen in octocorals, such as observed for Junceella fragilis, dropping its tips, which attach to hard substrate on the seafloor and form new colonies. Also cut off branches of a colony can attach on new substrate, and form complete colonies.

Nutrition: Feeding and Photosynthesis Most octocorals are filter feeders of very tiny organic matter, captured with their tentacles; they have nematocysts (stinging cells) to catch microplanton. If the particles are too big, they will be released (Fabricius 2001).

As in hard corals, some octocorals also have zooxanthellae in their body (coenenchyme), others have not. Azooxanthellate octocorals (no zooxanthella) get all the nutritional needs by the intake of food. The Zooxanthallate octocorals (with zooxanthella) use photosynthesis to contribute to their energy (need sunlight for photosynthesis process) besides the nutrients intake of food as in the filter feeders.

6 Introduction

Ecology of Octocorals

Gorgonians prefer current-exposed but wave-protected front and back reef environments. They require currents for capturing food, especially azooxanthellate gorgonians. Usually the fans grow perpendicular to direction of the current. Abundance of many species depends on environmental gradients of turbidity, siltation, distance to the coast/rivers. Reefs in coastal areas and in turbid water have very low abundance of zooxanthellate octocorals, only Briareum can exist and some azooxanthellate gorgonians.

As in hardcorals, the zooxanthellae in octocorals need warm water, and therefore grow in tropical areas; only azooxanthella gorgonians can grow in cold or deep water.

Sampling Tehniques and Identifying Gorgonians

The colony growth form of the colonies varies, they are attached to or encrust on hard substrate. The characteristic to distinguish octocorals is the presence of eight tentacles of the polyp. Best to collect is to make a living colony underwater photo and preserve colony samples in 70 % alcohol diluted in fresh water with labeled information included. The sclerites and axis can be seen by cutting the colony 3-4 mm from the tips, place it on the object glass. Remove the tissue (coenenchyme) with 1-2 drops of bleaching agents, wait until the bubbles are ceased, the sclerites can be spread out by stirring and washing with distilled water and can be viewed by compound microscope. Covering the sclerites with a cover glass will protect the objective lens from corrosion.

7 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

Key of The Groups of Octocorallia

1a. Colonies have an outer layer in which the polyp are situated and inner layer called medulla/axis. The axis has no hollow/chambered core ...... 2

1b. Axis has a long series of small chambers, with distict central axis made up of horny material alone or more or less permeated with calcareous substance, the horny axial rod (inner layer),covered with thin layer of coenenchyme containing warty calcareous spicules (outer layer) ...... Holaxonia

2a. Skeleton consists of only sclerites cemented together solidly by horny or calcareous material but sometimes absent entirely ...... Scleraxonia

2b. Axis consist of calcite or aragonite, some with nodes of pure gorgonin ...... Calcaxonia

8 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

Key To Family

1a. Colonies without axis, the colonies are encrusting or lobular ...... Briareidae Gray, 1859.

1b. Colonies with axis, composed of inseparably fused sclerites, or sclerites united by horny proteinaceous material (gorgonin) and/or CaCO3, or entirely proteinaceous and permeated by varying amounts of non-spicular CaCO3, or totally calcified without sclerites or horn ...... 2

2a. Axis jointed (segmented); with alternating nodes and internodes ...... 3

2b. Axis not jointed; continuous and uniform, without alternating nodes and internodes...... 4

3a. Axis with sclerites, nodes and internodes with calcareous sclerites ...... Melithaeidae Gray, 1870.

3b. Axis without sclerites , consists of gorgonin nodes and non spicular calcareous internodes...... Isididae Lamouroux, 1812.

4a. Axis with sclerites ...... 5

4b. Axis without sclerites ...... 6

5a. Sclerites of the medulla are mostly smooth and curved (consolidated medulla, difficulto t break) partly fused to form a network, colonies fan-shaped or bushy ...... Subergorgiidae Gray, 1859.

5b. Sclerites of the medulla include tuberculate or somewhat branched rods or spindles, colonies easily broken ...... Anthothelidae Broch, 1916.

6a. Central axis with hollow, cross-chambered core (Suborder Holaxonia) ...... 7

6b. Central axis with solid core (Suborder Calcaxonia) ...... 9

9 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

7a. Polyps non-retractile. Cylyndrical polyps with sclerites forming chevrons ...... Acanthogorgiidae Gray, 1859.

7b. Polyps retractile. Polyps without sclerites that form chevrons ...... 8

8a. Polyps usually with sclerites comprising some form of crown and points. Often some sclerites are thornscales ...... Plexauridae Gray, 1859.

8b. Polyps without sclerites or with small rodlike bodies, not forming crown and points point, Sclerites with tubercles arranged in girdles ...... Gorgoniidae Lamouroux, 1812.

9a. Sclerites are tuberculate double heads or double clubs, sometimes larger at one end (Ellisellidae) ...... Gray, 1859.

9b. No double heads are present ...... 10

10a. Growth pattern planar or bushy with pinnate or lateral branching. Sclerites are minute irregularly disks or double disks ...... Ifalukellidae Bayer, 1955

10b. Growth pattern zigzag manner, sclerites are small and extremely thin, flat scales, few or no ...... Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883

10 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

Key To Genera

Family Briareidae Gray, 1859 Colonies encrusting, lobate or digitate; medulla/basal layer penetrated by solenia throughout but not separated from cortex by longitudinal boundary canals, sclerites coarse spindles sometimes branched as tripods, purple in medulla, white and/or purple in cortex ...... Briareum Blainville, 1830.

Family Anthothelidae Broch, 1916 1a. Main branches hollow, tubular, branches have large holes in their sides, the ends of tubular branches tend to have side walls flattened ...... Solenocaulon Gray. 1862.

1b. Main branches not hollow, flattened …………………………………………...... ………… 2

2a. Polyps biserial, generally absent from front and back of colony, the tips of branches often swollen ……………………………………………………...... Iciligorgia Duchassaing, 1870.

2b. Polyps fully retractile into edges of conspicuously flattened terminal branches; branch tips not swollen ………………....……...... …..…… Alertigorgia Kiikenthal, 1908.

Family Melithaeidae Gray, 1870 1a. Predominant sclerites are large, thorny spindles ,various size …… Acabaria Gray, 1859.

1b. Spindles may be present but other forms occur in abundance ……………….....………… 2

2a. Capstans more or less strongly modified as double head………...... ……………… ………………………………...... …………………… Melithaea Milne Edwards & Haime. 1857.

2b. Capstans more or less strongly modified as leafy-clubs ...... Mopsella Gray, 1857.

11 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

Family Subergorgiidae Gray, 1859 1a. Colonies not forming nets, bushy colonies. There is a narrow furrowing down along the branches, sclerites are warty spindles …………………. Subergorgia Gray, 1857.

1b. Colonies are fan shaped, sclerites include small double wheels ….. Annella Gray, 1858.

Family Acanthogorgiidae Gray, 1859 1a. Colonies have thin coenenchyme, can see the horny axis. Calyces tall and cylindrical, with crown of strongly projecting spinous spindles in tentacle bases, forming a conspicuous thorny crown around infolded tentacles ……………...... ………… ...... Acanthogorgia Gray, 1857.

1b. Colonies have thick coenenchyme, …………………………………………...... … 2

2a. Polyps are tall, sclerites of calicular walls only indistinctly en chevron as 8 marginal points …………………………...... …………………………………….. Anthogorgia Verrill, 1868.

2b. Polyps are short. The axis of thicker braches tend to be flattened at the right angles to the plane of the fan. Colonies form small branches often bend which grow out perpendicular to the fan. Sclerites below the 8 anthocodial points large and bowshaped, forming strong collaret …….....………...... …… Muricella Verrill, 1869.

Family Plexauridae Gray, 1859 1a. Colonies are bushes not forming net …...... ……………………………………………..…… 2

1b. Colonies are net forming ………………………………...... ………..……………………..… 8

2a. Polyp retractile, have tall calyces …..………………...... ……………………………………. 3

2b. Polyp completely retractile, low calyces …………….……………...... …………………..…. 5

3a. Polyps have sclerites arranged as collaret and points .……………...... ……………………… 4

12 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

3b. Polyp sclerites not arranged as collaret and points ..………..……………...... ……………… 6

4a. The calicular thornscales have a single long spine and warty base ……………………….. …………………………………………………….……...... ……… Echinomuricea Verrill, 1869.

4b. The calicular thornscales have more spines ……….……………...... ……………………… 7

5a. Calyces low and inconspicuous, often projecting little or not at all; sclerites are blunt spindles, robust ovals …...... Euplexaura Verrill, 1869.

5b. The projection parts of thornscales is a broad blade, thick or thin, “ping-pong bat” type; coenchyme with irregular spindles …...…………………………… Menella Gray, 1870.

6a. Sclerites Stellate forms; the coenenchyme filled with rosettes ….... Bebryce Philippi, 1841.

6b. Sclerites spindles ...... Astrogorgia Verrill, 1868.

7a. Surface sclerites with complex tuberculate basal portions and upper surface with projections of various design. Polyps without proper points and collaret arrangement …….…………………………………………...... …. Paraplexaura Kukenthal, 1909.

7b. Projection of thornscales consists of several thick, usually pointed lobes; typically developed in three apical projections. Surface sclerites are coarse, irregular bodies with serrated outer surface. Polyps with proper points and collaret arrangement ...... Echinogorgia Kolliker, 1865.

8a. The calyx thornscales have basal diverging or branching root-processes ...... Villogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860. 8b. The calyx thornscales have only two to three slender arms ...... Trimuricea Gordon, 1926.

13 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

Family Gorgoniidae Lamouroux, 1812 1a. Polyps blue in living colony; colonies sparsely branched with thin branches. Sclerites are plump spindles, with warts irregularly arranged or in girdles …………………………...... … Guaiagorgia Grasshoff & Alderslade, 1997.

1b. Colonies brown to greenish when alive, thick branches ……………………………….. 2

2a. Tree like colony, club slcerites with terminal as whorl ………………………...... …. 3

2b. Bottle brush like colonies. Sclerites slighty curved with complex warts ……….……… …………………...... Pinnigorgia Grasshoff & Alderslade, 1997.

3a. No cylindrical rods; wart clubs abundant ...... Rumphella Bayer, 1955.

3b. Blunt, cylindrical rods scantily distributed among tuberculate spindles and wart-clubs ……..…………………………………..………………………...... ….. Hicksonella Nutting, 1910.

Family Ellisellidae Gray, 1859 1a. Colonies not Iyrate …………………….………..………………………………...... ………. 2

1b. Branching of colony Iyrate, in one plane, sclerites are double heads of similar size …………………………………………………………..….. Ctenocella Valenciennes, 1855.

2a. Colony whiplike or branched………….……………………………….…………..…...... ….. 3

2b. Colony net …………………………...... ………… Verrucella Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857.

3a. Colonies whip-like ………………….……...... ……………………………………………... 4

3b. Colonies sparsely branched ………..….……………...... ………………..………………….. 5

4a. Clubs present, with distinctly enlarged head and smaller handle surrounded by a whorl of tubercles ...... …...... ………….………. Junceella Valenciennes, 1855.

14 Reference Guide To Families and Genera

4b. No clubs ……………………………...... ……………………………. Viminella Gray, 1870.

5a. Clubs present, with enlarged head and smaller handle surrounded by whorl of turbercles. repeatedly dichotomous branching colony …...... … Dichotella Gray, 1870.

5b. No clubs ……………………………………………...... ……….… Ellisella Gray, 1858.

Family Ifalukellidae Bayer 1955 Colonies are delicate, pinnately branching in one plane, arising from calcareous base, sclerites numerous in various shapes …...... Plumigorgia Nutting, 1910.

Family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883. Fine branching colonies, pinnate, producing flabellate or plumose colonies, polyps small, coenenchyme extremely thin, sclerites very small ………………….………...... ……………… ……………………………….…………...... …………... Stephanogorgia Bayer & Muzik, 1976.

Family Isididae Lamouroux, 1812 Colonies branching from internodes, bushy or planar, coenenchyme thick, polyps retractile no projecting; club sclerites, with a whorl of 3 large warts ………...... … ...... Isis Linnaeus, 1758.

15 Family Briareidae 16 Blainville, 1830 Briareum Zooxanthellate. is colour layer. the basal purple exceptthe gonefor alcohol in Preserved brown. greenish brown-to light from vary can surface upper basal the and purple layer a have colonies Living Colour: some in reduced species that they are hardly visible. so are Pinnules are variable in Tentaclesshape, thin to flattened. monomorphic. Retractile, Polyps: inner sheets. finger-like; medulla purple. lobes form sometimes colonies Encrusting Colony Shape:

Remarks: are magenta which to White girdles. distinct in turbercles, arranged spiny spindles, with branched and spindles All Sclerites: of range wide very habitats, especiallyinshallow water a in Common Habitat andAbundance: ew species,needsrevision. • is not separated from cortex • boundary longitudinal canals. of ring a by •

Synonyms: Solenopodiu F Medulla

Pachyclavularia, m.

Family Briareidae 17 Family Anthothelidae 18 Duchassaing,1870 Iciligorgia environments Uncommon. Muddyorsilty Habitat andAbundance: branches. brown Azooxanthellate yellow, Usually Colour: each branch. of top the at mostly branches the smaller on on stem; and branches larger of front retractile, Monomorphic, Polyps: breaks very easily it and only sclerites packed contains aregrooved.branch ends Axis the and flattened is branches the of Backside ends. swollen have branch the of tips one plane but do in not form nets. Usually the irregularly growing Colonies Colony Shape:

Remarks: Colourless in. prickles few with forms like needle long contains medulla in tuberculate and spindles or warty contains outer layer The arrangement. points collaret and in spindles have polyps The Sclerites: y Archipelago. • chipelago. • , New Caledonia. • ealand. • ei islands. • •

Also occur Mala Ar Timor Z K (Nutting, 1911); I. macrocalyx (Nutting, I. brunnea I. querciformis1911); (Nutting, I. kollikeri (Studer, 1878); N ofNew I. rubra (Kölliker, 1870); Philippines, (Nutting, 1911); Malay (Nutting, s intheCaribbean. Family Anthothelidae 19 Family Anthothelidae 20 Gray, 1862 Solenocaulon ooopi ad retractile. the rimsofgutters. and along irregularly arranged Commonly Monomorphic Polyps: easily broken. are Colonies like. leaf irregularly out flatten branches the tip the At sides. and have numerous large holes in their solid, but most are tubular, hollow like, be may branches big some and stem Irregularly branching in one plane. The Colony Shape: Remarks: coloured. be may sclerites Some arrangement. points and collaret a in spindles have Polyps prickles. few with needles long predominantly colourless, Sclerites: subrate. muddy with Slope Reef uncommon. Habitat andAbundance: yellow, pink, white. Azooxanthellate generally are be Polyps brown. may Colonies Colour: anches partly hollow.anches partly veral needsrevision. species, • •

Br Se Family Anthothelidae 21 Family Anthothelidae 22 Kukenthal, 1908 Alertigorgia Light brown. Zooxanthellate Colour: both sidesoftheleaves over scattered densely are polyps the leaf-like, expanded are that colonies In with are edge. blade-like the along polyps situated the colonies branches, flattened In Monomorphic. Polyps: a sponge. Coloniesare easily broken. like overgrow and have an association with Species leaf ear. elephant is an resembling shape colony Another usually flattened with blade like edges. Branched,bushy gorgonians,branches Colony Shape: he seis nw (Australia, known Indonesia): species Three Remarks prickles. Colourless. few with needles thin and small has medulla The spindles. oval and plump have tentacles points flattened The spindles. cortex contains and The collared curved arrangement. a contains in head spindles polyp The Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: an occur up toan occurup 40mdeep. • • • • Alderslade, 2006)

c A. hoeksemaiA. mjöbergi A. orientalisA. (Ridley, 1884). (Broch, 1916). (Ofwegen & Family Anthothelidae 23 Family Subergorgiidae 24 Gray, 1857 Subergorgia ih bon o ak eds brown, white polyps. Azooxanthellate reddish dark to brown Light Colour: the of sides branches. two on only arranged retractilemonomorphic, and generally Polyps: narrow line alongthebranches. a is there colony the of side one On branches. free nets, forming not but branched dichotomously to Colonies growing in one plane, laterally Colony Shape:

Two speciesknown: Remarks: colourless. the polyps. elongate rods fusing together. narrow, Sclerites has in medulla axial horny The spindles Flattened ovals. or spindles warty with Surface Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: • •

S. rubra (Pallas,S. suberosa 1706)(shown). (Thomson, 1905). (Thomson,

Family Subergorgiidae 25 Family Subergorgiidae 26 Gray, 1858 Annella omn n l aes seily in especially areas water withcurrents. all in Common Habitat andAbundance: commonly orange. Azooxanthellate. Red-yellow, polyps the expanded. when orange or Brown Colour: around thebranches all Arranged retractile. Monomorphic, Polyps: 1 mhigh. asa than more grow can network, dense fans anastomosed Reticulate Colony Shape:

Two speciesknown: Remarks: and collaret points. Sclerites colourless. as flattened arranged slightly spindles, have polyps The together.narrow, fusing rodselongate numerous has medulla axial horny The sclerites). (specific with wheels/heads double small along wart are spindles, sclerites cortex outer The Sclerites: • •

1786). A. mollis A. reticulataA. (Nutting, 1910). (Nutting, (Ellis&Solander,

Family Subergorgiidae 27 Family Melithaeidae 28 Melithaea Common. Habitat andAbundance: Red, Orange, yellow, Azooxanthellate Colour: Monomorphic, smallandretractile Polyps: at breaking node-internode joints. easily colonies, Fragile fans. parallel multiple have some like, net fans,large form colonies Coloured Colony Shape: Milne Edwards &Haime,1857 h Fml ad eu i ti bo i bsd n opooia apoc. Latest and Wrightella approach. can be synonymized within the genus Melithaea morphological(Reijnen on that genus based concludes in is book approach genetic this in Genus and Family The

Remarks: coloured double discs, are Some clubs. knobbed some buns, double as modified capstans, are sclerites cortex Typical Variety of short sclerites at the surface. Sclerites: ted axis ofinternodes • y species,genus needs evision. y nodes ods. • anches arisingusuallyfrom • ormed from fused sclerites; nodes

Segmen r Man horn Br smooth r with amix f and

cbra Cahra Mopsella Clatharia, Acabaria, nodes. Calc ture ofgorgonin and areous internodes et al., 2014).

Family Melithaeidae 29 Family Melithaeidae 30 Gray, 1857 Mopsella Common. Habitat andAbundance: Azooxanthellate Red, orange, somepink, Colour: Monomorphic, smallandretractile Polyps: joints node-internodes at breaking fragile, quite are Colonies nets. form to fused Sometimes one fans. parallel in multiple or densely branched Colonies Colony Shape: Remarks: some resembling flower buds leaf-spheroids, and leaf-clubs are sclerites characteristic most The Sclerites: t characteristic are leaf-clubs y species,genus needs evision. • • ods. ted axis ofinternodes ormed from fused sclerites; nodes f-spheroids •

Mos r Man smooth r with amix f and Segmen and lea

nodes. Calc ture ofgorgonin and areous internodes

Family Melithaeidae 31 Family Melithaeidae 32 Gray, 1859 Acabaria internodes. Azooxanthellate. pink with white and yellow, pink, red, Colour: Monomorphic, smallandretractile Polyps: at node-internode joints. breakingRatherfragileeasily colonies, differently. coloured internodes have in one plane. Others form bushes, some dichotomously branched are Colonies Colony Shape: Remarks: along oneside,usuallycoloured. spines or ridges with spindles long of variety a are forms characteristic The Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: ods. ods. y species,genus needs evision. • ted axis ofinternodes ormed from fused sclerites; nodes •

r Man smooth r with amix f and Segmen

nodes. Calc ture ofgorgonin and areous internodes

Family Melithaeidae 33 Family Acanthogorgiidae 34 Gray, 1857 Acanthogorgia a smoothspine. Trumpet as ending sclerites chevrons. projecting shaped, double forming eight rows, in arranged sclerites polyps retractile, Not Monomorphic. Polyps: that theblackaxis can beseen. thin so usually is polyps the between layer thin coenenchyme the and with branches delicate Generally cut. to difficult very is that axis horny purely fan- Have tangles. bushy colonies, or networks like, branched Coloured Colony Shape: Remarks: all occur; but colourless. also capstan spindles, and tripods tuberculate Mostly Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: purple, Azooxanthellate dark pink, red, orange, colour, Bright Colour: ades away after collecting. ynonyms: Acalycigorgia. y species,genus needs evision. • •

S Colour f r Man

Family Acanthogorgiidae 35 Family Acanthogorgiidae 36 Verrill, 1868 Anthogorgia Common. Habitat andAbundance: Azooxanthellate Red, brown, pink,yellow. Colour: non retractile Tall andcylindrical. Monomorphic, Polyps: networks Coloured colonies, fans, sometimes Colony Shape: Remarks: coloured often colourless, somemay be and derivatives of capstans. Sclerites Branch sclerites are spindles,capstans Polyp sclerites are blunt spindles. Sclerites: y species,genus needs • evision. Synonyms: Acalycigorgia.

Man r

Family Acanthogorgiidae 37 Family Acanthogorgiidae 38 Verrill, 1869 Muricella Common onslopes,channels Habitat andAbundance: white. and pink Azooxanthellate. yellow, Brown, Colour: cylindrical. and short Monophorphic andnon-contractile are Polyps Polyps: very tough. is axis The axis. obscuresthe and thick is polyps between layercoenenchyme grow out perpendicular to the fan. The and bend often branches small the of some fan, the of thicker plane the to angles the of branchestends toflattened be right at axis The colonies. Coloured networks. sometimes Fans, Colony Shape: Remarks: these colourless. of many often Sclerites large. very are but spindles polyps, the small of are those to similar spindles and capstans sclerites coenenchyme The warts. large with spindles with blunt covered is body rods polyp the small and contain tentacles Polyp Sclerites: y 1970 inacolourfull ed-white variant livesthe on apstans and derivatives• of capstans. anch sclerites are spindles, y species,genus needs evision. • •

Muricella sp r Whitle The littlepi c Br r Man Hippocampus bargibanti gmy seahorse .

Family Acanthogorgiidae 39 Family Plexauridae 40 Verrill, 1869 Euplexaura Azooxanthellate green or white. Faded when preserved. Yellow,grey-brown,red, orange,pink, Colour: Monomorphic, fullyretractile. Polyps: are often swollen tips branch diameter.The similar a of all and thick usually are branches branches and main stem, The bush-like. few plane, one in fans as grow Mostly Colony Shape: Remarks: complex warts. Colourless and usually densely covered with large spindles plump sometimes robust and oval simple contains surface The Sclerites: Common Habitat andAbundance: acific, manyacific, species,needs evision. •

r Indo-P

Family Plexauridae 41 Family Plexauridae 42 Philippi, 1841 Bebryce Common inmore than10mdepth. Habitat andAbundance: red. and brown Azooxanthellae white, Yellow, Colour: around retractile, all branches crowded and irregularly Monomorphic Polyps: fans withrather thickbranches. or bushes forming colonies Coloured Colony Shape: Remarks: are colourless. latter Sclerites often a thorny tip. have the arrangement, formed points and well collaret a in sclerites large has of head polyp colony.The the of surface clump on the a occur rosettes and These thorns). base warty with Unique sclerite type, rosettes (sclerites Sclerites: ting sponge. y speciesare overgrown by an y species,genus needs evision. • •

encrus Man r Man

Family Plexauridae 43 Family Plexauridae 44 Verrill, 1869 Echinomuricea Common. Habitat andAbundance: white. and Azooxanthellate yellow also red, Usually Colour: to tall calyces low into retractile and Monomorphic, Polyps: loose as or plane bushes. one in growing and long branches whip-like few, slender a and with generally Colony Colony Shape: Remarks: some species. in colourless but red, Usually arrangement. points and collaret a in rods and spindles large contains head from a spreading warty arising base. The polyp spine long single, a only have which calyces, the of thornscales the characteristic are sclerites surface The Sclerites: acific, manyacific, species,needs evision. • •

Colonies ar r Indo-P e fans, few bush-like.

Family Plexauridae 45 Family Plexauridae 46 Gordon,1926 Trimuricea Rare Habitat andAbundance: Red, yellow, bicolored Colour: well retractile, developed calyces often very crowded. and Monomorphic Polyps: plane, forming networks. one in branched laterally Irregularly, Colony Shape: • T. bicolor SamimiandOfwegen, • T. inermis 11 speciesknown, 2from Indonesia: Remarks: Colourless except onespecies. The triradiates. fit sclerites of the these calyces are thornscales. sclerites amongst in curved Unbranched, triradiates. points. are sclerites and the of collaret Many of form the arrangement in sclerite a have Polyps Sclerites: wn) 2016 (sho (Nutting, 1910) (Nutting, Family Plexauridae 47 Family Plexauridae 48 Duchassaing &Michelotti,1860 Villogorgia ak e, elw brown. More than10mdepth yellow, Habitat andAbundance: red, Azooxanthellate Dark Colour: Monomorphic andretractile Polyps: nets. branchlets togetherjoin thatoccasionallytoform thin with fans Branched Colony Shape: Remarks: red, paleyellow andcolourless. points and dark sclerites of collaret Colour arrangement. a projection. have leafy Polyps or spiny globular, short, a arises which from base armed multi- flat, broad, a with Thornscales Sclerites: ojection anch have ales have avery y species,needsrevision. • •

pr br wide base,sclerit Thornsc Man

a similartypeof es ofcalyces and

Family Plexauridae 49 Family Plexauridae 50 Kolliker, 1865 Echinogorgia Common. white. Habitat andAbundance: or yellow Azooxanthellate brown Red, Colour: calyces Monomorphic and retractile into spiny Polyps: one plane.Thinbranches. in growing networks, to fans Colonies Colony Shape: Remarks: colourless, yellow occasionally. or red usually Sclerites bow-shaped. hockey usually are ones collaret the and stick-shaped are sclerites point a in The arrangement. points sclerites and collaret large generally armed are with polyps The ones. lateral smaller thornscales. two and thorn median larger a well-formedprojections: three have Thornscales thick, the calyces are formed from numerous, Sclerites: y species,needsrevision. •

Man Family Plexauridae 51 Family Plexauridae 52 Gray, 1870 Menella Azooxanthellate Red, yellow, brown, purple. Colour: Monomorphic andretractile Polyps: like, notforming anetwork. Sparse to richlybranched andwhip Colony Shape: Remarks: ping-pong bats. The characteristic sclerites looklike Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: veral genus species, needs • evision

Se r

Family Plexauridae 53 Family Plexauridae 54 Kukenthal, 1909 Paraplexaura Azooxanthellate Red, orange andbrown. Colour: Monomorphic andretractile Polyps: network. often quite thick,not forming a Sparse to richlybranched, branches Colony Shape: Remarks: orange orcolourless various design.Sclerites are red, surface covered inprojections of tuberculate basalportionsandupper contains sclerites withcomplex sclerites; thesurface ofthebranches Characteristic are thelarge plate-like Sclerites: flowing turbid water common ineast Indonesia,infast- Habitat andAbundance: ynonyms: veral needsrevision species, • •

1999. S Se Lapidogorgia Grasshoff,

Family Plexauridae 55 Family Plexauridae 56 Verrill, 1868 Astrogorgia plump, shortorlong. curved orbranched. Canbethin, All surface sclerites are spindles, Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: Azooxanthellate Red, magenta, orange, brown, yellow. Colour: or tall calyces Monomorphic andretractile into low Polyps: few are bush-like. Grow inoneplaneforming openfans, Colony Shape: Remarks: thoplexaura ynonyms: Acanthomuricea, eviously mostly describedas manyacific, species,needs evision. • •

An S species ofM Pr r Indo-P uricella.

Family Plexauridae 57 Family Gorgoniidae 58 Bayer, 1955 Rumphella Common. Habitat andAbundance: Brown to greenish-grey. Zooxanthellate Colour: smooth branch surface the into retractile and Monomorphic Polyps: rounded branch tips. with thick, and smooth are branches The axis. horny brown to black a have trees, bushes/small as grow Colonies Colony Shape: • Four speciesknown: Remarks: several girdles. Colourlesssclerites. in arranged warts complex have that subsurfacelayercontainsspindles The clubs. of layer a contains surface The Sclerites: o Isis,buttotally different polypscleritesxis andhas olony shapeandsclerites verhanging bushes. • • • • entral Indo-Pacific; upright bushes

. antipathes a similar t Has c Sea, short endb Indonesia, G with longen c R R. suffruticosaR. (Dana,1846);Fiji. tortaR. aggregataR.

o (Klunzinger, 1877); Red ranches. d branches. BR to New Caledonia, (Nutting, 1910); (Nutting, (Linnaeus, 1758); (Linnaeus, 1758);

Family Gorgoniidae 59 Family Gorgoniidae 60 Nutting, 1910 Nutting, Hicksonella Common. Habitat andAbundance: Greyish-brown. Zooxanthellate Colour: calyces low into retractile and Monomorphic Polyps: slightly a rough appearance to thebranches. giving calyces small have Both flabellate. bushes. generally are colonies dense and branches forms thick has princeps H. colonies. aborescent Thick-branched Colony Shape: expansa H

Only two speciesknown: Remarks: colourless. always are Sclerites contain rodlets. flattened heads Polyp shaft. smooth, long, a and handle warty a with found inthe coenenchymelayer, rodsare is long very genus this of characteristic The complexgirdles. several in arranged with warts covered be may that subsurfacelayercontainsspindles The warts occur. large also forms 3 irregular but below, of whorl a with wart the club head commonly has a terminal clubs, of layer a contains surface The Sclerites: ew rods. long ynonyms: Rhabdoplexaura. es are very similarto those • e branches, Great Barrier Reef. • o New Caledonia. • •

S also af of Sclerit lik Sea t H. expansa H. princeps

Rumphella, butadditionally Alderslade, 1986:leaf- Nutting, 1910: China Nutting,

Family Gorgoniidae 61 Family Gorgoniidae 62 Grasshoff &Alderslade, 1997 Guaiagorgia rare, found inRajaAmpat Habitat andAbundance: Blue polyps Colour: when body expanded, retractile. long Monomorphic, Polyps: Sparsely branched, long, thin branches. Colony Shape: Remarks: points arrangement. Colourless. and collaret loose a in rods small has head polyp The girdles. in some and irregularly arranged few warts The a clubs, and occasionally narrow spindles, plump contains surface The Sclerites: • slade, 1997. om New Caledonia,NAustralia • •

Indonesia. Undescribed speciesfr and theCer Fr Alder Only onesp Guaiagorgia anas Guaiagorgia am Sea. ecies known, Grasshoff & om

Family Gorgoniidae 63 Family Gorgoniidae 64 Grasshoff &Alderslade, 1997 Pinnigorgia beige to light brown Colour: Monomorphic, retractile andsmall Polyps: pinnate feather like colonies. irregular forming sides two on occur numerous may branchlets these smaller arise, branches off many which gives from branches tree) a (like stem main The bushy. and Branched Colony Shape: Three speciesknown. Remarks: curved. slightly Colourless are which spindles of the branches the sclerites are simple layer surface the In sclerites. rod-like small have tentacles and heads Polyp Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: • • •

Philippines. Indonesia. P. perroteti P. platystoma P. 1910): Indonesia. (Nutting, flava (Stiasny, 1940): (Nutting, 1910): (Nutting,

Family Gorgoniidae 65 Family Ellisellidae 66 Gray, 1858 Ellisella e, rne pn, ht, yellow. white, Azooxanthellate pink, orange, Red, Colour: the around branches andbent over, lobelike. all not Arranged retractile. but contractile Monomorphic, Polyps: Branches often longandwhiplike branching. dichotomous repeated by formed colonies, Bushy Colony Shape: Remarks: subsurface sclerites can becolourless coloured, usually are sclerites Surface spindles. waisted and heads Double Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: omously branchedomously fans and y species,Atlantic Indo- and acific; needs revision. • •

bushes. Dichot P Man

Family Ellisellidae 67 Family Ellisellidae 68 Gray, 1870 Viminella Common. Habitat andAbundance: yellow. white, Azooxanthellate pink, orange, to Red Colour: contractile. very and retractile not Monomorphic, Polyps: Whiplike, branches notcommon Colony Shape: Remarks: coloured ones can becolourless Usually subsurface the the while sclerites, surface heads. than longer double are spindles The spindles. waisted and heads Double Sclerites: veral needsrevision. species, • e identified by the sclerites alone, fragmentsary of •

Se a wholec b Solit Ctenocella olony isnecessary. , andEllisella Viminella cannot ,

Family Ellisellidae 69 Family Ellisellidae 70 Valenciennes, 1855 Ctenocella Red, orange, brown. Azooxanthellate Colour: the around branches all not Arranged retractile. but contractile Monomorphic, Polyps: colonies form just asingle comb. Some branches. arranged laterally opposing two from arising vertically branchlets arranged parallel thin with forms, shaped lyre or Comb Colony Shape: Remarks: Usually coloured heads. double are the than longer spindles never The spindles. waisted and heads or wheels Double Sclerites: and rare intheeast. waters Indonesian west in Common Habitat andAbundance: olony isnecessary. branchedary fragments • •

c only usings Ellisella har of Solit 1766). One species,

Viminella, Ct dly can beidentified clerites, acomplete C. pectinata enocella, (Pallas,

Family Ellisellidae 71 Family Ellisellidae 72 Valenciennes, 1855 Junceella Common. Habitat andAbundance: white. Azooxanthellate to beige yellow, red, orange, Colour: angled upwards. the around branches, alike bent mounds, generally all not Arranged retractile. but contractile Monomorphic, Polyps: Whip like, unbranched Colony Shape: Four speciesknown: Remarks: layer. the inner the from from colourless and surface sclerites Coloured layer. inner symmetricalfrom capstans and stars double with sclerites, shaped The surface of the colony contains club- Sclerites: identified with the sclerites only, branchedary fragments of w Caledonia. ew Caledonia. • • • • •

a wholec be Junceella an Solit N only Ne J. delicata J. eunicelloides J. fragilis J. juncea (Pallas, 1766). Ridley, 1882. olony isnecessary. Grasshoff, 1999; only d Dichotella, cannot Grasshoff, 1999;

Family Ellisellidae 73 Family Ellisellidae 74 Gray, 1870 Dichotella Azooxanthellate Orange, red, brown, yellow to white. Colour: angled upwards. branches, like bent mounds,generally retractile. Arranged allaround the Monomorphic, contractile butnot Polyps: bushes. Dichotomously branched fans and Colony Shape: Remarks: inner layer. the surface andcolourless from the inner layer. Coloured sclerites from rical doublestars andcapstans from shaped sclerites andnearlysymmet The surface layer contains club- Sclerites: Common. Habitat andAbundance: an beidentified withsclerites dwards &Haime,1857). branchedary fragments of • •

alone, awh c Junceella an Solit (Milne E One specieskno ole colony isnecessary. d Dichotella, hardly wn: D. gemmacea

-

Family Ellisellidae 75 Family Ellisellidae 76 Milne Edwards &Haime,1857 Verrucella Rare yellow. Habitat andAbundance: brown, red, Azooxanthellate orange, Colour: branches. but the around all retractile. Arranged not contractile very Monomorphic, Polyps: be fans to networks. Free richly branched or bushy, also can Colony Shape: Remarks: surface and colourless from inner layer. plump the from sclerites and Coloured spindles. narrow heads, Double Sclerites: veral needsrevision. species, •

Se Family Ellisellidae 77 Family Ifalukellidae 78 Nutting, 1910 Nutting, Plumigorgia Common. Habitat andAbundance: Probably brown. to zooxanthellate. pink Grayish Colour: calcified. highly is axis the small, extremely are which retractile polyps Monomorphic, Polyps: form. andslimy.rubbery feels sclerites few with growth colony living the and bushy fine very be may Branchlets or Planar Colony Shape: Five speciesknown: Remarks: crosses, peanuts, irregular shapes.Colourless oval, small, very Sclerites: • • eef. eat Barrier Reef. eef. • tralia, Marion Reef Great and • •

Indonesia. Gr Barrier R Barrier R Aus islands. P. wellsi P. hydroides P. astroplethes P. schuboti P. terminosclera Bayer, 1955:Marshall Alderslade, 1986:Great Nutting, 1910: Nutting, Alderslade, 1986: Alderslade, 1986:

Family Ifalukellidae 79 Family Chrysogorgiidae 80 Bayer& Muzik,1976 Stephanogorgia White oryellow. Azooxanthellate Colour: opposing rows alongeachbranch. arranged inasinglerow ortwo are extremely small,angledupwards, Monomorphic, retractile polyps which Polyps: manner. Delicate colonies branching inazigzag Colony Shape: Remarks: extremely thin,are difficult to detect. Sclerites are very small,flat scales Sclerites: Bali andSuluwaters. Habitat andAbundance: oe eu o chrysogorgids of genus one • hree species known: •

1974). S. wainwrighti; S. faulkneri known from thePacific. Only T S. diomedea; (Bayer,

Family Chrysogorgiidae 81 Family Isididae 82 Linnaeus, 1758 Isis Common inshallowwaters Habitat andAbundance: Yellow to brown. Zooxanthellate Colour: very surface branch smooth the making contractile completely Monomorphic, Polyps: brown and gorgonin nodes. internodes calcareous white with axis segmented Has the axis. covers coenenchyme thick a very and cylindrical branches, Smooth Colony Shape: Remarks: ovals andspheroids. Colourless spindles, capstan, forms: numerous has subsurface The warts. 3 of whorl a with club small containssurface The Sclerites: or the Indo-Pacific, butonly generaour Isididae reported • xis and no polypsclerites.xis andno buttotallyo Rumphella, different olony andsclerites shape similar ommon. •

f F a t c The onlysp c ecies, Isis hippuris Isis , has

is

Family Isididae 83 84 LITERATURE

Bayer, F. M. 1956. Octocorallia In The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, ed by Moore, R.C p: F 10-20. University of Kansas Press and the Geological Society of America. Bayer, F. M. 1981. Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with diagnoses of new taxa. Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington 94: 901-947. Bayer, F. M., Grasshoff, M., Verseveld, J. 1983. Illustrated trilingual glossary of morphological and anatomical terms applied to Octocorallia. Brill, Leiden, 75 pp Fabricius, K and Alderslade, P. 2001. Soft Corals and Sea Fans. A comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow water genera of the central-west Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) Townsville. 264pp Grasshoff, M. 1999. The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana Biologica 78: 121 pp Grasshoff, M. 2000. The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, RedSea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Scenkenberg 224: 125pp Hyman, L. H, 1956. Morphology of Living Coelenterates. In The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, ed by Moore, R.C p: F 10-20. Hermanlimianto, M.I.Y.T. & L.P. van Ofwegen, 2006. A new species of Astrogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) from Bali.— Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 80-4 (10): 103- 108. Reijnen B.T., McFadden C.S., Hermanlimianto Y.T., Ofwegen L.P. van 2014. A molecular and morphological exploration of the generic boundaries in the family Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) and its taxonomic consequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 70: 383-401. Samimi-Namin K., Ofwegen L.P. van 2016. A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (: Octocorallia: Plexa uridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 4105: 1-44.

85 GLOSSARY General terms in Gorgonian (Bayer et al., 1983)

ANTHOCODIA: the distal part of a polyp, CORTEX: (1) the coenenchymal layer bearing the mouth and the tentacles; in surrounding the medulla and containing many cases it can be retracted within the the polyps of Gorgonacea, esp. Scleraxonia. calyx, the stem, the branch (Alcyonacea, The outer horny layer of the holaxonian axis Stolonifera) or within the cortex as opposed to its medulla or central chord. (Gorgonacea). CROWN or COLLARET: the ring of ANTHOSTELE: the proximal, rigid part of transversely placed, usually bow-shaped some polyps, often stiffened by sclerites, sclerites en-circling the anthocodia below and into which Athe anthocodia may be the tentacles withdrawn; equivalent to calyx. GASTRIC CAVITY, GASTROVASCULAR AXIS: the inner supporting structure of CAVITY, COELENTERON: interior space of a Gorgonacea and Pennatulacea; it may be polyp. calcareous or horny or both; the calcareous GASTRODERMAL CANAL: wide canal matter may be spicular or non-spicular. connected with the narrower solenia and AXIS CORTEX: layer around the central originating from them; in some cases, the chord, deposited by an axis epithelium gradually narrowing basal part of the gastric cavity of the polyps. CENTRAL CHORD or CORE: the central part of the axis in Holaxonia, made up of horny LOCULUS: calcified area or fibre-filled space material alone or of horny material more in holaxonian axis, especially in Plexauridae, or less heavily permeated with calcareous that in cross section may appear crescentic substance; in some families the central or lenticular. chord is hollow and cross-chambered. MEDULLA: the inner supporting structure COENENCHYME: the colonial tissue of a scleraxonian; see also AXIS between the polyps, consisting of MESENTERIAL FILAMENTS: the thickened mesogloea usually containing sclerites and convoluted edges of the mesenteries; the penetrated by the network of solenia and filaments of the two mesenteries opposite the larger gastrodermal canals. the siphonoglyph are very long and heavily COLLARET, see CROWN. flagellated, whereas the remaining six are shorter and glandular. COLONY: a group of interconnected, genetically identical, elementary functional units, the polyps.

86 MESENTERIES [obsolete in Octocorallia: SEPTA]: thin, radial, non-calcareous partitions joining the pharynx to the body wall and dividing the gastrovascular cavity of the polyp NECK ZONE or INTROVERT: the soft, thin- walled basal part of an anthocodia, poor in sclerites, and allowing the introversion of the anthocodia into the anthostele (calyx). NODE: the flexible horny joint of the calcified axis in Melithaeidae and Isididae; less commonly, the point of origin of a branch of an unjointed gorgonian stem. PERISTOME [obsolete in Octocorallia: ORAL DISC]: the area of a polyp immediately surrounding the mouth, formed by the inner basal parts of the tentacles. PHARYNX [obsolete in Coelenterata: STOMODAEUM] : the tubular passageway between the mouth and the gastric cavity. PINNULES: the lateral processes of a tentacle POINTS: the eight rows of chevroned sclerites in the distal part of an anthocodia, super-posing the crown if present. SCLERITE: a calcareous element, irrespective of form, in the mesogloea; also occurring in the axis of Scleraxonia.

87 Acabaria 11, 32 Isididae 82-83 Acanthogorgia 12, 34 Isis 15,58, 82 Acanthogorgiidae 34-39 Junceella 6, 15, 72, 74 Alertigorgia 11, 22 Melithaea 11, 28 Annella 12, 26 Melithaeidae 28-34 Anthogorgia 12, 36 Menella 13, 52 Anthothelidae 18-22 Mopsella 11, 28, 30 Astrogorgia 13, 56, 58 Muricella 12, 38, 56 Bebryce 13, 42 Paraplexaura 13, 52, 54 Briareidae 16-17 Pinnigorgia 14, 64 Briareum 5, 7, 11, 16 Plexauridae 40-58 Chrysogorgiidae 80-81 Plumigorgia 15, 78 Ctenocella 14, 68, 70 Rumphella 14, 60, 58, 82 Dichotella 15, 17, 72, 74 Solenocaulon 11, 20 Echinogorgia 13, 50 Stephanogorgia 15, 80 Echinomuricea 13, 44 Subergorgia 12, 24 Ellisella 15, 66, 68, 70 Subergorgiidae 24-28 Ellisellidae 66-77 Trimuricea 14, 46 Euplexaura 13, 40 Verrucella 76 Gorgoniidae 50-65 Villogorgia 13, 48 Guaiagorgia 14, 62 Viminella 15, 68, 70 Hicksonella 14, 60 Iciligorgia 11, 18 Ifalukellidae 78-79

INDEX

88 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Yosephine Tuti is a marine biologist, studied the ecology of coral reef since 1981. She has been one of the researcher at Research Centre for Oceanology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences since 1986, working together with international communities e.g. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands and IRD, France. Her interest on Oceania since early age was a result of a fishing hobbyist father and her adventurous character. Her vigorous work in the field and numerous expedition had compiled some protests from her children, although they endlessly support and proud of her. Love working on gorgonian and the colorful octocoral, she try to compile the gorgonians in Indonesia waters. She has 53 publications. In 2000 - 2016 she is also working in Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program (COREMAP) as a Training Coordinator in Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITC).

Leen van Ofwegen was curator of Coelenterates in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands. With 125 publications he was considered one of the leading experts on octocorals. He is now with early retirement.

89