1 Un Schnorrer Sale Del Franklin Y Entra En El Bellevue: Los Referentes

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1 Un Schnorrer Sale Del Franklin Y Entra En El Bellevue: Los Referentes XXXIII Encuentros de Escritores y Críticos en Verines Creadores en la sombra. La traducción literaria en la actualidad 13 y 14 de septiembre de 2017 Un schnorrer sale del Franklin y entra en el Bellevue: los referentes culturales y el espejismo de la equivalencia David Paradela López Aprovechando que estamos en familia voy a plantear un caso que no sé hasta qué punto me deja en evidencia como traductor. Se trata de mi reciente crisis con respecto a la idea de equivalencia. La equivalencia es, supongo, la aspiración de cualquier traductor y, a primera vista, se basa en un principio muy simple: que aquí ponga lo mismo que allá. Sin embargo, a poco que entremos en detalles y casos concretos, vemos que el concepto de equivalencia es lábil y engañoso. De esto llevan años hablando los teóricos y todavía no están de acuerdo. Es lógico: la filosofía ha explicado claramente que rara vez dos personas comprenden lo mismo ante el mismo texto; el conocimiento enciclopédico, las vivencias, la educación, así como el momento y las circunstancias de la recepción condicionan la comprensión y la interpretación. Como no soy teórico ni historiador de la traducción, todo lo que voy a exponer se basa en mi propia experiencia como traductor de dos autores que han provocado esta crisis: John O’Hara y S. J. Perelman. Concretamente, me centraré en los problemas derivados de la traducción de lo que solemos llamar referentes culturales, es decir, todas aquellas referencias a una cotidianidad inscrita en el espacio y en el tiempo que pueden resultar poco comprensibles fuera de ese espacio y ese tiempo. Al no ser autores muy conocidos en España, voy a permitirme una brevísima presentación. John O’Hara nació en Pottsville, Pensilvania, en 1905, en una familia bienestante que a partir de la muerte del padre fue cayendo en desgracia. O’Hara, obligado a ganar dinero, no pudo estudiar en la universidad; se dedicó al periodismo hasta que pudo ganarse la vida vendiendo cuentos al New Yorker y publicando novelas. Aunque acabó siendo un escritor de éxito considerable, muchos creen que el hecho de no haber pasado por una universidad de élite le cerró las puertas de la buena sociedad y que esa fue una espina que no logró arrancarse nunca del todo. Es posible. Tampoco el hecho de ser irlandés debió de ser de mucha ayuda en un medio todavía dominado por las viejas familias protestantes. Sea como sea, siempre fue un hombre con una gran necesidad de reconocimiento, y muchas de sus obras retratan entornos en los que las diferencias de clase tienen una importancia capital. O’Hara escribió mucho, pero nunca fue un autor verboso, sino más bien dado a encerrar la información entre líneas, en pequeños detalles sin importancia aparente. El crítico Matthew J. Bruccoli ha resumido muy bien esta técnica en su biografía del autor, The O’Hara Concern. A Biography of John O’Hara, donde dice: 1 XXXIII Encuentros de Escritores y Críticos en Verines Creadores en la sombra. La traducción literaria en la actualidad 13 y 14 de septiembre de 2017 Cuando O’Hara menciona un coche, espera que el lector sepa algo sobre ese coche, ya que el autor no puede detenerse a dar explicaciones. El Franklin, por ejemplo, no solo es una marca de coche, sino un elemento caracterizador, «estaría fuera de lugar que un hombre de Buick tuviera un Franklin». Podemos preguntarnos si O’Hara tenía derecho a esperar esta clase de conocimientos de sus lectores, muchos de los cuales nunca había visto un Franklin. Y, en otra parte del libro: Los críticos se han quejado de que el recurso a este tipo de detalles limitó el público de su obra en el momento de su publicación y que, hoy en día, lo limita todavía más. ¿Cuántos lectores de 1930 sabían que Wetzel era un exclusivo sastre de Nueva York? ¿Cuántos lectores de hoy saben que el Pierce-Arrow era el equivalente estadounidense del Rolls-Royce? Cuando el problema de los referentes se mezcla, por ejemplo, con el diálogo y la pronunciación, los problemas son mayores todavía. Por ejemplo: en una novela corta titulada A noventa minutos de aquí, la policía detiene a una bailarina de estriptis. En comisaría, al preguntarle por su domicilio, la mujer responde: «Hotel Bellyvue-Stratford, Filadelfia. Bellyvue, ¿a que tiene gracia?». No, no tiene gracia, y francamente, en castellano no sé cómo hacer para que la tenga. La mujer se refiere al en su momento famoso (al menos en Pensilvania) hotel Bellevue-Stratford de Filadelfia, un lujoso establecimiento en el que seguramente una mujer como ella jamás habría podido alojarse. O’Hara remata la broma deformando el nombre a «Bellyvue», donde belly (‘ombligo’), además de imitar probablemente la incorrecta pronunciación de la mujer (lo que indirectamente sirve para describir su procedencia social), alude al hecho de actuar ligera de ropa en el local donde ha sido detenida. Nunca he sido amigo de poner notas, pero aquí no supe cómo evitarla. Hasta aquí O’Hara. Vamos con Perelman. Sidney Joseph Perelman nació en Nueva York en 1904; como O’Hara, publicó a menudo en la revista New Yorker, y, como O’Hara, pasó temporadas en Hollywood escribiendo para el cine (entre otras, dos películas de los hermanos Marx). Perelman no confía tanto en los referentes culturales como medio para describir a los personajes, pero presenta otros problemas: sus relatos tienen un principio estructural recurrente, que es que suelen partir de una anécdota real —por ejemplo, un anuncio, una película o un artículo de periódico—, sobre la cual escribe el relato propiamente dicho, a modo de comentario; además, escribió sobre todo textos humorísticos, y el humor es tema delicado. Añadamos, de propina, que era judío y le encantaba añadir expresiones en yídish. Veamos unos ejemplos de lo primero. En un texto titulado «De repente, una pistola», Perelman parodia la prosa de las revistas pulp de detectives de los años treinta, concretamente la de Robert Leslie Bellem. Todo el texto es una glosa de los recursos expresivos de Bellem, a quien el lector español apenas conoce, pues de él solo se ha traducido (en Valdemar) una breve antología 2 XXXIII Encuentros de Escritores y Críticos en Verines Creadores en la sombra. La traducción literaria en la actualidad 13 y 14 de septiembre de 2017 de relatos titulada Las estrellas mueren de noche... Ninguno de estos relatos aparece en la parodia de Perelman, por lo que el traductor tiene que traducir de manera deliberadamente autoparódica algo que no lo era en origen. En otro relato, titulado «Añada dos partes de arena, una parte de chica y remueva», el eje es un anuncio de perlas de los años cuarenta: Perelman empieza describiéndolo en un tono ridículo que confía en el conocimiento de dicho anuncio por parte del lector y, a continuación, inventa un sketch teatral en el que fantasea con cómo debió de ser la reunión en la que los creativos de la agencia de publicidad dieron por buena la idea del anuncio. En ambos casos, la anécdota que propicia el relato queda alejada en el espacio y en el tiempo, por lo que el lector actual se ve inmerso en un chiste cuya causa, por fuerza, se le escapa; también al lector del original. Veamos ahora unos cuantos ejemplos donde el referente cultural no es de tipo estructural, sino que solo afecta a una parte concreta de texto. En uno de los cuentos, el dueño de un granero que necesita urgente reparación pide presupuesto a un contratista; este responde que está tan deteriorado que habría que echarlo abajo, a lo que el protagonista sentencia, «algo altivamente, que no me habían nombrado primer ministro del pueblo para presidir la demolición de mi establo, pero evidentemente el hombre no captó la alusión». Ni el hombre, ni el lector medio: el protagonista está parafraseando las famosas palabras de Winston Churchill en su discurso del 10 de noviembre de 1942: «No me han nombrado primer ministro del rey para presidir la liquidación del Imperio británico». Volvemos aquí a esa lectura entre líneas, alusiva, que habíamos visto con O’Hara. Mi ejemplo favorito es quizá el título de un texto en el que rememora a Groucho Marx: traducido literalmente es «Yo siempre te llamaré schnorrer, mi explorador africano», cosa que al lector de aquí y ahora no le dice nada, pero que al lector contemporáneo de Perelman le daba múltiples claves: el título parafrasea la letra de «Hooray for Captain Spaulding», una canción que aparece en El conflicto de los Marx y que, más tarde, se convertiría en la sintonía del programa televisivo You Bet Your Life, presentado por Groucho Marx. Las películas de los hermanos Marx son suficientemente conocidas y la mayoría las hemos visto dobladas, pero, hélas, las letras de las canciones siempre quedaban en inglés, por los que es improbable que el lector español reconozca la canción, que dice así: «Hooray for Captain Spaulding / The African explorer / Did someone call me schnorrer? / Hooray, Hooray, Hooray» (Hurra por el capitán Spaulding, el explorador africano / ¿Alguien me ha llamado schnorrer? / Hurra, hurra, hurra). Por si fuera poco con esto, hemos de añadir aquí el toque yídish, schnorrer, que significa ‘sablista’ o ‘gorrón’. Y de eso mismo va el texto. El carácter abigarrado de los referentes de Perelman no pasó desapercibido en su época. Una entrevista de George Plimpton publicada en The Paris Review es ilustrativa en este sentido. Veamos un par de fragmentos: 3 XXXIII Encuentros de Escritores y Críticos en Verines Creadores en la sombra. La traducción literaria en la actualidad 13 y 14 de septiembre de 2017 P: Su escritura [...] presupone unos conocimientos ingentes por parte del lector.
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