ISSN 0818 - 335X - 37 - November, 1992

ASSOCIATION OF SOCIETIES FOR GROWING AUSTRALIAN

THE AUSTRALIAN DAISY STUDY GROUP NEWSLETTER N0.34

Dear Members, Daisies are in the news. Fleliptem anthernoides 'Paper Cascade' was featured on the ABC in "Gardening Australia" as the of the Week (28/8/92), and a couple of weeks earlier on a Sydney radio garden program. It also has a big spread in Your Garden September edition. The activities of SGAP and Study Groups also get a mention as being responsible for helping to bring a number of other daisies into cultivation. Brachyscm fomsa is a daisy that is also popular in the horticultural trade. It is a pity it is not getting its correct name since it was botanically described in 1987. Worse still, wen specialist nurseries at the Melbourne Wild- flower Show persist in using the popular epithet "Pilliqa Posy'' instead of the correct name. It is acceptable to chine the two, i .e. -F3rachyscm formosa. 'Pilliga Posy'. This newsletter lists many name changes. Old and new names will be used concurrently while we become familiar with the revisions. Keep a copy of name changes handy or mark the NL pages for quick reference. Bev Courtney will report on the results of the Brachyscm Project in the March NL. Seed Trial kits were sent out to 53 members and 16 SGAP groups. Most were asked to sow two species in both autumn and spring. Twenty-three replies were returned (one group only) consisting of 75 separate records of 35 species (including negative results). Main reasons for negative results - slugs, snails, excessive rain, drought! Hybridisation is one of the themes of this NL. We have had many lively discussions on the issue of hybrids, relating not only to the objectives of study groups but also to the realisation that there is little we know on this topic. It is always very instructive to study the methods used by other members to propagate daisies. This subject will be one of the main themes of the next NL. More research on daisies is now being undertaken by private FIelipterum mnqlesii and public institutions. Dr. Kerry Sharman is appealing for our assistance. She and Ralph Dowling (a botanist in the Queensland Department of Primary Industries) have received funds from the Horticultural Research and Devel- opment Corporation and a small initial grant from the Australian Flora Foundation. Their aim is the assessment of germination requirements and the potential for pot culture of species in the tribe Inulae, e.g. helichrysums, helipterums, craspedias, calocephalus, angianthus, gnephosis, cephalipterums and waitzias, etc. Research in the future will investigate manipulation of growth habit and flowering time. If you can suggest compact floriferous species for pot culture, e.g. Helipterum floribund- -urn, please contact Dr. Sham, Research Horticulturalist, Redlands Research Station, P.O. Box 327, Cleveland, Queensland, 4163. Apart from proceeding slowly with the book, other activities for the year have included the compilation of brachyscm germination and location records by Vic Schaumann to complement those already compiled by Joy Greig. Pbre herbarium spec- imens have been processed. As I consider this a valuable collection, it will eventually be housed in the herbarium in Melbourne. The weekend with South Australian members was so informative and enjoyable that we think north-eastem Victoria will be the next venue to entice NSW members to cross the border. Field observations havc continued throughout the year. Northern New South Wales and southern Queensland are the next targets. I've just realised I have never found -B.anqustifolia var. anqustifolia in the field. Hoping the spring daisies are continuing to delight. Merry Christmas to you all. ************* 'In HYBRIDISE OR WI' To HYBRIDISE by Bev Courtney. As Study Group members we grow a wide variety of daisies in our gardens and many of them come from areas where they don't grow together naturally. The pollinators have a field day, flitting happily from one colourful bloom to the next, unwitt- ingly putting pollen where we don't want it to be put. As a result, seed collected from some plants, when grown on, doesn ' t cane true to the parent - a hybrid has been formed. This, of course, is nothing new. Study Group members have been talking about it for years. The problem initially was one of not being able to rely on garden- collected seed when donating it to the seed bank. How many of us grow on seed to see if it comes true before we hand it in? I know I don't. Growing on involves another growing season to check progeny, and that means that seed can be up to twelve months old. Knowing that fresh seed is best, we tend to hand it in as soon as we get it. However, some members have grown on seed and have produced the often very attract- ive results at show-and-tell time at Study Group meetings. Sometimes it is simply a seedling that "came up in a pot of so-and-so". The oohs and aahs and the grab for cuttings are evidence of their attractiveness. Some of Judy's Brachysccme anwstifolia nybrids fail into this category and I, for one, am very tempted to take a few cuttings home for the garden. And therein lies, for me at least, another problem. Initially, as a keen grower of Australian plants, I just wanted to grow colourful plants for the garden. I was aware that many of them had fancy names, and were hybrids - some naturally-occurring -but many deliberately conceived. At first this didn't worry me. But lately an interest in and an awareness of the environ- ment and conservation has caused me to be concerned about hybrids. Where are we going in the hybridisation of Australian plants? So many exotics are now hybrids - specially grown for bigger and better flowers or more vigorous growth. We would probably not recognise the original species, if in fact they still exist. Do we want this for our own plants? Do we want to produce a bevy of hybrids at the expense of losing the original species? Getting back to daisies, I can see that deliberate hybridisation can be a useful tool in understanding the relationships between species, particularly the B.angust- ifolia complex, but I think we should be wary of letting the results carryus away. The Study Group was originally formed to promote the growing of Australian daisy species, and because of this I feel that we have an important conservation role to play by continuing to grow the original species. We have learned that myspecies make excellent garden plants and that just as many are difficult or even impossible in the garden. Promoting the good garden plants and finding ways to improve the growing of the not so good ones, e.g. in pots, should be our aim. When I look at the introduced daisies, the asters, chrysanthemums, zinnias, marguerites and the like, it concerns me to think that the delightful little plants that I have grown to love may one day disappear. They may be replaced by a collection of hybrids which have lost the daintiness and the charm of their forebears. What a loss, to the gardeners of the future, not to know them as we know them.

The questions raised by Bev are of significance to all members and to study groups in general. Please write in to the NL with your opinions on the subject. Hardly anyone ever does this, but go on! Please surprise me and prove me wrong (again). ************* Judy. - 39 -

NW HELIP'I'ERUM MAKES ITS WAY IN EXTROPE

by Sandy Salmn. As you are probably aware, in the latter half of 1991 Esma Salkin was granted Plant Variety Rights for the beautiful Helipterurn anthernoides 'Paper Cascade' which she - ..- selected some four vears aqo. Like many native plant enthusiasts ~smaand Alf have spent many hundreds of hours in the bush assessing plant camrmnities, recording inform- ation and very often bringing rare or inter- esting specimens back home for cultivation or conservation. It is largely through the mrk of people like Esma and Alf that the native gardening scene has 'grown up' and we now have many improved or selected varieties to replace the very limited range of seed raised material which predominated twenty years ago. Helipterum 'Paper Cascade' is the latest Australian plant to hit the big time and it is great that Esma can be rewarded for all the years of hard mrk.

% c , , .ZYL,J~C kg Plant Variety Rights is an extension of the - > principle allowing ownership of invention, ,x,2z$lk ,L -.zwLp * similar in many ways to a patent or copy- right. The rights on a plant last for twenty years. PVR does not prevent you from exchanging plants, seed or cuttings, and it cannot stop you fmpropagating the plant as much as you want. It will, homer, prevent people from trading in the new variety without the owner's consent. In this way the lqislation attempts to protect the c~cialisationof a plant without infringing on the consumers' access to new varieties or to their horticultural use. To date it appears to be working very well.

PVR provides breeders and enthusiasts with incentive for and protection of their work and this will ultimately result in a greater range of better plants becoming available to the public. The legislation also brings us in line with Europe, USA and NZ, which have had similar systems for years. Perhaps mre importantly, Austr- alia can now be adquately rewarded for mrk done to improve or develop new varieties of Australian plants. Previously, without PVR, new varieties were freely cwranercialisd by anybdy, with little regard for who bred the variety and how much thand money was spent in the process. This situation was very attractive to over- seas nurserymen whose interest in the Australian flora has increased in recent times. It also meant that much of the breeding work with Australian plants would be conducted overseas where the results could be protected. Australia was missing out on all fronts.

'Paper Cascade' will be PVR protected in England, Germany, Holland, USA, Japan and New Zealand, where it will be used mastly as a pot plant rather than a garden specimen. The attractive trailing habit and beautiful pointed crimson buds which open into large, vivid white flowers rnake this plant both a novel and spectacular subject for containers and baskets. I also think it will perform well under northern hemisphere conditions as it is adapted to cold winter temperatures and relatively low light intensities (by Australian standards). Esma has very generously decided to use the royalty money from the sale of 'Paper Cascade' for further research into Australian daisies.

All members of ADSG wish to record their appreciation of Esma's extraordinarily generous gesture. It is difficult to imagine anyone else giving so freely of their time and energies, let alone their financial rewards. 'Paper Cascade' is a lovely plant and it is fitting that Esma.'s observant eye should have lighted upon it. She has an uncanny gift for finding plants of all shapes and sizes in the most unlikely places, and for imnediately noting distinguishing features. How fortunate we have been in our two leaders! Judy Barker.

Helipterm anthemides 'Paper Cascade' I collected this helipterurn in northern New South Wales whilst on the lookout for -H.anthmides 'Paper Baby'. This latter species is well known in the horticultural industry, but its oriqin is obscure. I must admit I thouqht I had found the elusive helipte;um when I spi& red buds. The is quite different from H.anth- emides 'Paper Baby' which has a rounded bud and cupped flower-head. The ruby-red bud of 'Paper Cascade' is pointed and hangs down, and the open flower-head is "star- like", displaying brilliant white acute . The leaves are blue-green. This combination of pendent buds and white flowers against blue-green foliage attracts attention and is best seen in a hanging basket. My Italian neighbour is delighted with her basket and I'm waiting for the burst of blooms on branchlets now nearly one metre long. It is thriving in a sheltered, shaded but well lit southerly aspect. My pot received dappled shade to full sun, but sat in a saucer of water. New growth appears in winter and I prune lightly to remove the unsightly bits, but the nursery propagating it prunes hard.

Helipterm anthernoides is a perennial species with a broad range extending from southern Queensland to Tasmania. There are two basic forms, branching and non- brarreking. Tie habitat is moist herbfield to rocky escarpment. Moisture, however, seems an essential prerequisite for new growth. By bringing this plant into cultivation and promoting it widely the public will once again be made aware of the delicate beauty of some of our smaller native plants. Whilst PVR legislation my protect this plant's genetic constitution, only habitat preservation of representative populations will protect gene diversity. The cultivar name denotes the papery flower and the cascading habit.

ExTRAm FR(3M "IN PRAISE OF ClAY SOILS" by ~0dSe-rElliot.

(The article appeared in The we, Home Section on Tuesday, 21st July 1992. It is reprinted here with kind permission from Rodger and Anne Latreille, Garden Editor.) "A brilliant late spring and sumner display can be created in clay soils by planting the bluish-mauve flowered Scaevola 'Mauve Clusters' and the exquisite blue-flowered Dampiera linearis 'Early Bird', while what seems to be an over-propagated Brachyscm multifida 'Break olDay'will keep you marvelling at its flower-producing ability throughout much of the year. Another marvellous plant in this latter category is a ~elichrysum(or Chrysocephalum), which seems to have many differing names placed upon it by the nursery trade. It is closely allied to Helichrysum apiculatum, and originated from south-eastern Queens- land. This vigorous, suckerins perennial needs to be sheared to iust abve around level in late-winter to pr&e- f Lowering growth. ft is sold as ~elichrysurn~ramsiss-

-imum 'Tall Form' , Helichrysurn 'i"unp1emns + and Helichrysm 'Golden Buttons ' . One day it will be given a correct name by botanists, but that is no reason for not: enjoying its beautiful clusters of small orange and yellow heads." (Note, the -B.muXtifida cultivar was registered with ACRA as -B.multifida 'Breakoday'.) SPECIES OR FORMS NEW TO THE maul?

I have a confession to make. For years 1'd been proudly flashing this slide on the screen -my first sighting of -B.stolonifera, a tiny little herb only a few centimetres high. Its solitary flower was standing just above the surface of crystal clear water in a mountain pool. well, after recent close encounters with boggy brachyscomes it obviously was not B.stolonifera but g.obovata, Its basal tuft of leaves was-srect which readily suggested its identity, B,obvata can also be confused with bradicans es~cially-at the seedling stage, however, FE3,radicans soon msmore vigorously stoloniferous and its leaves are more noticeably alternate on the stem. (see Herbarium imprint, NL 31, pp.39-40.) B.tadqellii, you'll remember, is another with a similar kbit and a prefer- ence for wet situations, but you1l1 find Lobing on basal leaves, (sm NL32,p.G.) Don't forget the fruit of all these species is the min distinquishinq characteristic. I have observed B.0bovat.a in a number of locations in the Australian A&s. My first sighting was at Lake Mountain in Victoria, the lmtion of the Type Specimen. The Type Specimen is the one chosen to describe the species. The habitat of B.obovata in the Type Specimen is an extensive sphagnum-hq,- rlch in epacrids and other moisture loving species. B.obovata is always found in mist situations , frquenFly on khickly vegetated stream banks and often with its roots bathed in the flowing water. In some situations it can be a very robust plant, Brachgscooe obovata G.L.Davls its basal leaves as long as 27~1-n. From the Type locality. Lake flt Victorla. B.obovata is a perennial herb of the alpine areas, which are subject to snow. colonies can be large, in excess of 100 individuals. It is mainly a glabrous plant, but can have short glandular hairs on the flowering stem just below the head. The base of the involucral bracts can also show a few glandular hairs. It normally reaches 9-12cm in height, but forms at slightly lower altitudes can reach 37cm. It has a basal tuft of erect narrow linear, entire leaves, 4.5-7cm x 0.2-0.7cm. Leaves of the taller forms are 17-27cm x 0.2-0.4cm. There are usually 6-9 stem bracts with scarious tips which are 0.5-2.3cm long. The flower-head is 2.5m across and the rays are white. The fruit is smooth, obovate and swollen, 2.3-2.5rm-n x 1-1.h~The pappus is very small, a mere indication of a crown. The beginner (and the exper:ienced daisy hunter} aften confuses the fruits of B.oboMta md -B.=iqera, but the fruit of ~.sca~iverais longer and less swollen. It also frequentiy shows greenish and pqle tonings on the surface. 1 have also sen a £om of B.obovata with brmd leaves nearly lcm acmss, that is ieaves like B.scapiqera. It had a basal tuft of spathulate leaves. The variation in this smies is not Cmnand one can speculate why some forms are close to B.scapiqera and others have very long leaves. Perhaps L~~L~~,population KOSCLUS~O. we Fhould look more closely at B.oboMta colonies, L~nearto narroul~oblanceolate. especially on the drier fringes; and see if there are x + intermediates between B.obovata and B.scapiqera. Is the lower altitude and the density of associated vegetation respsnsible for the long leaves where the plants are seeking more light?

. , , , - I. I -.. I' ' . , \' . . , . -'-.'!

B.tadgellii (Lankey's Plains x 13 - __e

Propgation: B.obvata grows from seed or division. Observations on the gennin- ation of this-species were reprted in NL33 ,p. 28. Controlled trials with the species from three provenances are under way, but it is too early for results. Slightly hture seed from Lake Pbuntain has germinated readily when sown as soon as it was collected. Maybe it was beginner's luck. The next issue will feature -B.graminea which just makes it into alpine regions, and that will complete the series. by EsM SdLkin.

OONW(3TING CROSSING EXFERIMENE WITH AU- WSIES by Sandy -0

When two plants hybridise do.they belong to the same species? Brachysccme segment- -osa appears to hybridise with almost everything in the garden yet it has evolved in apparent isolation on Lord Howe Island for thousands of years. This is obviously a distinct species. Very often, however, different populations of plants my have similar morphological features and share a cmon habitat, geographic range or both, and it is difficult to decide upon a taxonomic classification. In this situation, controlled crossing experiments may be valuable tools in defining the level of divergence between populations or species. When conducting these experiments great care must be taken in designing methodology and interpreting results. Artificial crossing trials often provide mny surprises and, unless trials are properly designed, results can easily be misleading and lead to erroneous taxonomic conclus- ions. The aim of this article is to discuss aspects of the reproductive biology of the and outline a possible procedure for conducting crossing experiments. The focus is deliberately on methodology rather than interpretation as the consid- eration given to crossing data in taxonomic studies is best left to the biosystem- ists. Methods to direct pollinations and exclude insects are detailed. A discussion of the importance of incompatibility systems and reciprocal crosses is also given with a diagrmtic sunanary of the proposed methodology.

Cross pollinations can be conducted by collecting pollen and using brushes or by rubbing flower heads together. The former is the desired technique as it offers greater control. To maximise seed set pollinations should be conducted when stismas are fully receptive. In Helipterum anthenoides this is at lkast three days afte; the floret opens. Pollen viability is also critical. As viability is often difficult and time consurn- ing to monitor, the best policy is to use the freshest pollen possible. Where species do not flower simultaneously pollen will need to be stored and in these instances the viability of stored pollen should be established before use. Fresh pollen can be collected with a pair of forceps as it is first presented at the tip of the anther tube and transferred onto a glass microscope slide. Tapping thewhole capitulum will often yield more pollen, but the sample will consist of pollen of different ages and maybe of reduced viability. In the Asteraceae florets open across the capitulum in a centripetal fashion and numerous pollinations of the same head will need to be carried out. To alleviate problems associated with the timing of stigma receptivity and pollen viability the best approach is to conduct many, frequent pollinations. This can be done every second or third day from when the first floret opens rather than just once or twice in the receptive life of the capitulum. Attempt to conduct pollinations simultan- eously and try to be as consistent in method as possible. When using brushes and other implements, wash in ethanol or methylated spirits between pollinations and allow to dry thoroughly. Having half a dozen brushes will speed up the process. 2. Insect exclusion The reproductive biology of the Asteraceae features many adaptations which promote out crossing,and insect pollination is very comnon in the family. Some authors suggest the co-evolution of certain taxa with particular insect pollinators and the development of quite precise insect/flower interactions (Leppick, 1977). When conducting controlled cross pollinations insects must be excluded. It is not only specific pollinating insects which can carry out cross pollination, but also 'incidentals' which walk across the surface of the capitulum. Various mechanisms to exclude insects can be used and all have advantages and disadvantages. Spatial sepration: Keeping plants well separated may successfully prevent insect and wind pollination. Tt k~tnesincreasjngly difficult to find new positions, however, when testing more than just a couple of plants. It is not only necessary to separate the plants of different species but also the individuals fm the same spies to prevent intraspecific cross pollination. Bagginq: Bagging is effective in excluding insects, but this will usually affect the microclimate around the capitulum. Gaseous exchange will be impeded, humidity and temperature may increase, and light levels will usually be reduced. These changes may affect pollen viability and ownpatibility systems and my influence the

-. overall health of the inflorescence. Caqes and qlasshouses: Structures which exclude insects with flywire, glass or plastic films are probably the best solution and they will generally provide good protection against the wind. Choose a stmckure which has the least jmpact on other variables, i.e. light and temperature.

It is highly probable that many Australian daisies possess genetic-physiological mechanisms which prevent fertilisation. Many Brachyscm, Helichrysum and Helipterm spies fail to set seed when qmwn in isolation and this is a g& indicator of self incompttibility (SI). SI systems ere an evolutionary development in many out- breeding species and serve tro increase genetic variability. Although SI is often an advantage when making cross pollinations there are some factors which need to be taken into account:- - SI is rarely complete in individuals. Some degree of selfing can often occur and this may be related to the resources available to the plant, seasonal effects and to the activity of the pollinators. - Different populations of the same species may show different breeding prefer- ences. Short (1981) showed two distinct populations of Actinowle condensatum to be both outbreeding and inbreeding. Even within one sample there were mixed in- and outbreeding individuals. - SI systems are consistent across the family. In the Asteraceae the system is of the sporophytic type where control resides with the genotype of the parent plants. The physiology of this system is well described by Knox (1973) and Heslop-Harrison (1975). - SI systems work within a barrier and aim to prevent inbreeding or a union that is too close. Barriers which prevent different species from interbreeding (interspecific hybridisation) attempt to prevent unions which are too remote. The operation of SI systems may transgress species boundaries, especially when species are closely related (Heslop-Harrison, 1975) and care must be taken when interpreting failed crosses between individuals from different populations. These features of SI highlight a number of potential problems which must be consid-- ered when conducting crossing experiments: 1.) SI should never be assumed and every cross pollination should be accompanied by a control which assesses the level of natural selfing. 2.) Two plants carrying the same 's' allele for SI will not cross even if they do belong to the same species. As a result, pollinations must be conducted between more than just one pair of plants to ensure that a failure to poll- inate is not due to the chance pairing of two individuals which carry the same Is' allele. Although this problem may not be significant, it is more likely to arise in plants with sporophytic SI systems and must be considered in the methodology (Omduff), 1969).

4. Reciprocal crosses It is important to conduct pollinations in both directions using each plant as both the male and female parent. When crossing different species, the direction of the cross can be an overriding factor determining successful hybridisation. A successful cross in one direction may suggest that the species are closely related, however, this same cross may be unsuccessful if conducted in the other direction. There is another phenomenon that can arise, known as unilateral incompatibility, where crosses between self incompatible and self compatible species work only in one direction. This has been detected in some exotic species of Asteraceae (Omduff, 1969). For these reasons it is important to conduct pollinations in both directions.

1. ) Select at least 4 (preferably 6) individuals from each population. 2.) Place plants in an environment which excludes insects and minimises wind disturbance. 3.) Conduct multiple pollinations (both self and cross) using as many infloresc- ences as possible. Try to conduct pollinations simultaneously. (i) Self pollinations - label these and simply leave to see if any selfing occurs. (ii) Cross pollinations - label those inflorescences to be crossed with individuals selected at random from the other population. 4.) Conduct pollinations every two or three days until all florets on the capitulum are open. 5.) Conduct reciprocal crosses. 6.) Allow seed to set and collect. Count seed set per inflorescence. Although fruit morphology is a valuable taxonomic character, the fruit coat is derived from the ovary and is therefore inherited from the female parent irrespective of the genotype of the hybrid embryo within. 7.) Germinate the seed and note the morphology of the progeny. This is perhaps the most important part of the experiment. Fruit may often form as a result of hybridisation but upon dissection of the seed an embryo has either never formed or has died at some point after fertilisation. Furthermore, seed which develops normally and geminates may yield an apparently normal and vigorous hybrid seedling which is sterile. Hybrid sterility is also a cannon Wrier to hybrid- isation and may indicate some level of divergence between populations. To obtain mnclusive results regarding the crossability of two populations, seed set, seed viability and hybrid fertility should all be assessed. The latter can be estab- lished with further breeding with the F1 hybrid progeny and parental populations. References Heslop-Hamk~n. J. (1975), "Inccmpatibility and pollen/stigma interaction", Rnn. Rev. Plant Fhysial. 26: 403-25. Knox, R. 8. , (1973), "Pollen ~allproteins: Pollen/stigma interactions in ragweed and Coq(Ccmpositae)", S. Cell Sci. 12: 421-43. Leppik, E.E., (1977), "The evolution of capitulum types of the Compositae in light of insect-flower interaction", In: Bioloqy an8 chhstry of the Canpositae, V01.1, Heywood, V.H., Harbome, J.B. and 'hmsrr R.L.. (eds), Wddc Press, London. Ornduff, R., (1969), "Reproductive biology in relation to systematics", 18: 121-33. Short, P.S., (1981), "Pollen~vuleratios, breeding systems and distribution patterns of sane Australian Gnaphaliinae (Cmpositae:Inuleae). Muelleria 4(4): 395-417.

S&xamajy of methods

PoIllnation Model A. On each plant leave a few inflorescences as unpollinnted controls to assess I ~~PULATUIN 9 natural self pollination. A1 individual from population A

B1 individual from population B

--+ cross pollination (arrow designates direction of cross male to female) FUPVLATIO~ Q 1-

Pollination Made1 B.

A more thorough experimental procedure is outlined below. This methodologv incorporates crosses between individuals at the same population (ie. A1 x A2) as well as crosses bclween populations (ie, A1 x 01). This additional cross pollination wilI act as a further control: A comparison of seed set within populntions and between populations will indicate the relative ease with which populations could interbreed.

EXPLANATION FDR THE NmJz -ExmmDmA!rA (We could not understand the reason why Bracteatha subunduhta should be the new correct name for Belichrysum acdnatm. Paul Wilson has fully explained this to us in a letter. 1 "I can understand the confusion that you have over the the name Bracteantha subund- ulata. The reason for the change of name is that Helichrysum acuminatum DC. (1838) -1s ~llegithte since there was already a quite different plant from Scluth Africa with the same name. Since ~dolle'sname was illegitimate the name Bractantha acuminata Rnderb. a Haegi (1991)is treated as a new name of that date even though it is based on the earlier H.acuminatm DC. Therefore Bracteantha acuminata (1991) is competing against ~naphaTiumsubvndulatum Schultz-Bip. (1845) which is obviously earlier and must therefore k transferred to Bracteantha. I4 by Colin Jones.

(20/7/92) We are supposed to have snow falls today and a top of 3'~. So far it is only raining, but very cold outside. It is a good day to write a few notes on my garden.

LRucophyta brownii (WA) - cuttings from ADSG 8/90, planted out 2/91 - the plants are well into their second subzero winter. Frost has not been a problem to date, in fact they are thriving. Plants now vary in size from 0.5m x 0.5m in full sun to 0.3m x 0.3m in 70% sun and 0.2m x 0.2m in 25% sun. Leucophyta brownii (Vic) - we started with four plants in 11/90 and now have one with a size of 0.15m hiqh and 0.3m wide in full sun. This plant does not take kindly to the subzero frosts. Brachysoame aff . anqustifolia (Neville) [or as it might be, B. af f . fomsa (~ev)] - plants grown on frm s& amto have perished. A pl& dug from the road- side (where a grader had been) was placed in a 25hpot. It died off at the end of autm, but has now produced new qrowth. Undoubtedly I had been able to intro- duce enougli mycorrhizal fungi into me pot to allow the plant to continue growing strongly. I will try to obtain a couple mre specimens for trialling in a pot and in the garden.

Craspedia glauca (Little Desert) - seed 11/89, seedlings planted mt 11/90 - plants grew well in the smsof '91 and '92. By the end of autumn '92 I thought that they had succumbed to this climate. No, they were found struggling against the odds of slugs and another plant lying over them. I have tried the alpine form of C.glauca a nmhr of times in Melbourne and in Orange, but the annual dieback tm-s into a rot and the plants eventually die. C.glauca (Little Desert) does die back to ground level, but apparently the rot doeg not continue down into the below ground mterial.

Brachyscom pamula (myhybrid) -there was only one plant and that plant prod- uced viable sed. I was told by JB that another plant of 8.parvula (Okway) was mired to provide feztilisation.* Zhe possibilities for-par:enthmd are B-Wid- ifoliqat a distance of 1.5mr B.multifida (white) at a distance of 1.5m, and B. parvula (Huntly) 4.5m away from the Otway' plant. The resultant hybrid is qrowTng mre strongly than the myplant and is of larger proportions, 10cm high and 10/20cm wide. The ray florets are white to mauve. Calocephalus citreus - fm two locations, N and NNE of Orange. Plant material was mllectlEd from both lozations 10/90 and 4/92 respectively. In this climate I am finding that these plants are very hardy and produce a good supply of flower- heads. In res- of the 10/90 plants I collected seed about 4/91 and have grown on twelve strong plants. I grew Victorian plants in Melbourne, but believe the plant material from Orange to be stronger.

Brachyscome aff. formosa (Fhm ~iver)- this plant is continuing to perform well and is extending its ground coverage. It is into its second winter. I have started another area in the garden to trial it. I will see if I can interest my daughter, Olwen, in it. She has med house by 7band there are a lot of spaces in the garden to be filled. It is a little higher, so will be a bit colder than Orange. Chqsocephalurn semipapposurn (formerly Relichrysum semipapposum) - a variable plant in the Orange area. A. nmkr of plants from various locations have ken lost, not frm the cold but from Emt rot. When we arrived in 9/90 the area was in drought which continued till 5/91. During the draught all plants grew strongly. After that, however, a large n- of C.semipapposum plants died as the fibrous roots rotted. Tslbse that rain are pf3ucing new growth strongly now and I hope they will smive. *(Perhaps a more cautious statement muld have been that we have no knowledge that -B.prvu1a is able to fertilise itself. In future I will try to be mre careful. .. .JB.)

by Jeff Irons. I used to have a specimen of --frostii from the Munich Botanic Garden. It was a low spreadinq plant which bore lavender daisies about 1.5cm across. When he visited k and saw it in bloom, Rodger Elliot cmented that the flowers were small. Because I thought that Australian plants did not need watering it died during 1990's sumr drought. It was an unfortunate loss because in Britain Olearia frostii is seen as a gawky upright thing, up to a metre high.

The DSG came up trqs and let me have seed from Barbara Buchanan's collections at Falls Creek and Mount Hotham. In Britain it is customary to set out Austral- ian plants in the late spring because they die if planted in the late smror autumn. Greatly daring, I set out one of the seedlings in September 1990. It survived the following winter without injury. The other plants were put into the garden in spring 1991. They survived the 1991 winter, but the first plant died! Another has been given to Liverpool University Botanic Garden, so I have just ten spec&ns in different parts of the garden. They all flowered in May and June 1992. What a surprise! All my reading has led me to believe that 0.frostii has lavender flowers. Every one of the ten plants . has white flowers, %ough one did have a slight lavender tinge. They a1 1 open4 i from the top downwards, and their flowers faded to lavenders of various hues. Two specimens have the low growing habit, but the others are upright. Flower sizes vary from 1.5 to 3an irrespective of oriqin. In part their flowerinq over- lamwith that of -0.phlwoW~ , so if seed is set I-wonder whether it will be of hybrids.

Another interesting flowerer in 1992 was Barbara Buchanan 's CeMsia- sp. (Falls Creek). Until flowering the mnopodial plants looked like any other narrow leaved celmisia. True the petal tips (when in bud) were a little mre purple than is usual. When the flowers opened they gave me a big surprise. They were not the nicest Elawers around but 'wow' they cknged quickly fmwhite to purple. This note is being written too early for me to know whether seed has been set, but I hope it has.

Heliptern albicans var. albicans from Alf Salkin's collection on the Dargo High Plains has turned out to k a winner. It is mentioned in the June 1992 Newsletter. Such is my excitement about it that I have sent a letter and colour slide to Britain's Alpine Garden Society. -H .albicans forma purpurea-album germinated in three days during Septmher 1991, but 1 lost the seedlings. Another sowing in late April this year has produced just one sealling. So far it is not faring very well.

Brachyscm tadqellii collected at Hedley Tarn did not germinate in 1991, but 1992 has produced two seedlings which have now ken put in the garden. Vittadinia sp. collected Adaminaby gave good germination, and I have eighteen healthy seedlings. thyrsoideus all. Snowy River is rather slow, From a February sowing it has producd just two seedlings. Perhaps another winter will result in more seedlings. My stolonifemus Brachys- sp. from Mt. Wilson (in the Blue Mountains) turned out to be another of those weird Australian plants that needs watering in dry weather. There is no trace of it in the garden this year. Luckily, I have some 1988 seed and it has given good germination, so there will be a reasonably wide gene base for future propagation. The seedlings will be put into a moister part of the garden than previously. I decided that two plants of an unknown craspedia were sp.'D', so kept them in 25cm (10") pots with the idea of flowering them under glass. One succumbed to a mysterious something - root aphids? The other decided to flower during a heat wave. All I could do was keep it outside in the shade and hope for the best. When planted out in the garden it will be a cynosure.

Seed of Olearia ledifolia, EMartia merelithac and Helicbrysum milliqanii has just been sown, Previous sowinqs of the heliclxysum have met with failure. Since the seed was of garden origin wondered whether the species was self sterile. This sowing is of wild seed so I hope for better luck.

by Judy Barker. The article titled 'Some Nomenclatural Changes In The Angianthinae and Cassin- iinae (Asteraceae: ')' by Paul G. Wilson, P.S.Short and A.E.Orchard in Muelleria, Vo1.7, No.4, April 1992, p.519-524, lists a numkr of nanenclat- ural changes. We dealt with changes in the genus Bracteantha in NL 33, p.23-24; in this newsletter further name changes will be listed. For simplicity these changes will be set out as they were in '-Changesto Viclist Re Anderberg (1991)', but when the explanation is complex the reasoning in the article will be quoted in full. Members interested in mre details may borrow the article from the ADSG library.

The genus WMWalp. The authors believe that there are now seven species in this genus. The nmber will probably increase when the C.apiculatum and C.semipamwn complexes are revised.

-UP apiculetm (Labill.) Steetz = Helic~amapiculatm (Labill. D.Don

Wlanbaxteri (A.Cunn. ex DC.) A.Anderb. = Fielichrysum bCunn. ex DC.

-phalm mxmem (Haegi) A-Anderb. = Helichrysum eraneeum Haegi

Chrysocephalun F-Muell. = Helichrysum pterocheetum (F.Muel1. ) F.Muel1 -Helipterum pter~haetum(F.Muel1.) Benth. -un -un p-e (S.MOok-e) Paul G. Wilson = Helichrysum puteale S.Wmre, Helipterum adpressm W,V,Fitzg.

-up senicalvun (F.Muel1. ) Paul G. Wilson = Helichrysum semicalvum F.Muell Aelkchrfsm ambiguum Turcz., Leptochynchos ambiquus Benth.

-M -M sa'nkdnrn (F-Muell.) Paul G-Wilson subsp. vinacelan (Haegi) P.SShort = Helichrysm ambiauum Turcz. subsp. vinaceum L-Haegi

Chrysocephalm sdpappewm (Labill.) Steetz = Helichrysurn smnipapposum (Labill.) DC. Note that Helichqsun @olepidim F.Muel1. had been included in Chrysocephalum by Anderberg (1991a1, but the authors feel it would be better referred to a new genus (Wilson, in press) .

None of the above species are stoloniferous and all have papery, ciliate involuc- ral bracts. The genus Ozothamnus R.Br. The authors observe that although future revision may make alterations to the ncmenclature they accept the name Ozotbanmus and most of the circumscription of the species within it as proposed by Anderberg (1991a and 1991b). They make sane exceptions and these are listed below:-

CWthamus cinerws (Labill.) Sweet=ChrysocaM cinerea Labill. (A New Caledonian species. )

Ozothamus decurrens F.Muel1. = Helichrysm deurrens (F-Muell.) F.Muell., Helichrysum ca~rirarmsWakef. omtbmnus er%cifoLius J.D.Hcok. = Helicmledirolium (DC.) Benth. subsp.cifolium (J.ClHwk) NBurb., Hellchrysm ereritetun W.M.Curtis

Owthannus ferrugineus (Mill.) Sweet = Helichrysum ferruqineum (Labill.) Less. ex Steud., Helichrysum denchidm Wakef.

Oxkhamnus dXQdSttw3 oC. subsp. (&nth.) P.S.Short = Fhdicfxrysun r)brdat:wn (DC.) F.Muel1. ex Benth. var. Benth. , Heliehryaum oboordatrrm subsp. rnajus (Benth.) N.Burb.

Omtbmus ramsus(DC.) Paul G.Wilson = Helicbrysum ramsm DC.

"A new name is required for 2-backhousei ...

Ozotharmus rc&m Orch. nun. nov. Based on Cassinia cuneifolia A.Cunn. ex DC., Wd. 6: 15d).- Olothamnus hackho~ei-. , Fl. Tam. 1: 201 (1856) ( 'imckhousiil'l , nm. ill%. , bas& on almve. - Ilelichrysum backhousei Ben&., F1. Austral. 3: 632 11867) ('backhsusii"), ~.cuneifoliwnknth., @. cit. 633. - Helicllrysmn cuneifolim (A-Cbnn. ex ED=.) ?wy 8 Zbrrrs, Ikoc. Roy., ?eT Vict0rj.a 35: 195 (19231, m. m. 'IYPE: ad facien rupestrem mntis Wellington in Fnsula Van-Dimn janE flor. legit cl. A. Cunningham.' ?he epithet honours Leonard Rodway (1853-1936 , dentist, naturalist, and author of me Tammian ~lora(1903).

'Xhe name Helickuysum backhousei Benth. is legitimate and is to be treated as a --nan. ndv. since the name on which it was based is illegitimate (ICBN. Art. 72, Esc.2). 'he name Cassinia cuneifolia DC. cannot be transferred to Ozothanmus since there already exists an 2.cuneifolios (Benth.) A-Anderb."

O-mthamnus mMwayi Urch. var. kinqii (W.M.Curtin1 P.S.Short = Welich?rgum tuckhwsei (J.D. Hmk.) F-MueIL exBenth var. kingii W.M.Curtis -us rcdwayi Orch. var. wlus(W.M. -is) P.s. Short = Helichrysum Sackhousei (J.D. Wk.) F-MuelL ex Benth. var. oreophilurn W.M. Curtis

Ozothanmus -hifolim (Labill.) Sweet = Helichrym rosmrinffolium (Labill.) Benth . "Czothi-as scaber F. Muell., Linnaea 25: 407 (1853).

The combination to acccmadate HelIc swn bilobm Mkef. subsp. scabnrm (F.Muell.) N. mrb. under O.r&usus is %o iax~ae~i(1986). ~O*OIVY,has already noted that the species my prove to be specifically distinct, a possibility supported by 'he few specimens examined at MEL. merefore, we suggest that the name Ozbtharmua scaber F.Muel1. be adopted for this taxon." Omthanmu9 rqxsianus [J.H. Willis) A. Rnderb. = Helichrysm roqersianm J.H. Willis ("As the narks Ozothamnus R.Br. is rrprseulin~2.rqersianus (J .It. Willis) A. Anderb. is the correct sp?lllng. not 2.ragersianm as used by Anderberg.") 0zkhanus -Lorus (Wakef.) C. Jeffrey = Helichrysum seclmdiflonrm Wakef. Ozothamus thaosxii (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson = ReUchrysum tkanmnii F. Muell. ?he remaining species in Ozothamnus will follow the nomenclatural changes set out in AndWh!Xg (1991a). Wluditlg the species that occur outside Australia, they are as follows:- 0zkhanus abtus DC. = 3lelicbrystim adnatm,(DC.) Benth. chothamus alpinus (Wakef.) A. Anderb. = Helichrysm alpinum Wefield -us antemarius Hmk.f. = Hellchrysum antennarim (DC.) F.Muel1. Ozothannus arqoFhyllus (A.Cunn.ex DC.) A.Rnderb. = Cassinia ar h lla A.0mn.a DC. Helic~smarqj* X. Mef. * * omthamus biwillu (Benth.) A.Anderb. = Helichryswn bidwillif Bentham C?&hamus blackdLliI (But-b.) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum blackallii Burbidge Ozotharmus czxssinioides (Benth.) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum cassinioides Bentham Ozothamus cassiop (S.bre) A.Anderb. = Helichrysw cassiope S.Moore Ozotharmus anditus (Wakef.) A.Anderb. =_Helichrysum con~5tu-nWakefield Omthannus amhtus (DC.) A.Anderb. = Helichrysm mrdatum DeCandolle Omthanmu5 e~rsta!dfru&us (R.V. Smith) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum costatifm&trm R.V.Smith Ozothamnus cuneifolius (Benth. ) A.Anderb. = Flelichrysm cuneifolium Bentham Ozotharmus di&aliw- (Vent. ) DC. = Helichrysum diosmifolim (Vent. ) Sweet -us diatophyllus (F.Muel1.) A.Anderb. = Xelichrysm dimhyllwn F.Mueller Omthamus eti-us (J.H.Willis) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum erioccphalm J.H.Willis -us wifolius (Morris & Willis) A.Anderb. = Helichryswn hmkeri vae. c sifoLim Morris & Willis, Flelichrysm ~faliumzris 1 willis) Burbidge Ozckhamus gunnii Hook.£. = Helichrysum gunnii (Hook.£.) F. Muell. ex Benth. (hothamus hoakeri Sond. = Helichrysum hookeri (Sond.) DNC~ chthamus k-i (F-Muell.)A.Anderb. = Helickyswn -k-i F.Mueller Omthamus ldifolius (DC.) Hook.£. = Helichrysum ledifolirrm (DC.) Benth. chthamus l~oi-llus Steetz = Helickysum lepidophyllum (Steetz) F.MuelL ex Benth. Omthamuus lympodioi6es Hook-f. = Helichrysum lymioides (Hook.f.) Benth. Ozothatmus obrdatus DC. = Heliehrysum obcordatum (DC.) F.Muel1. Ozotbmus ohmatus '(DC.) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum ohaturn DeCandolle Omthamus wcidmtalis (Burb.) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum midentale Burbidge Ozothamus purpurascens DC. = Helichrysum purpurascens (DC. ) Curtis Omthmmus reticulatus (labill.) DC. = Helichrysm retieolatum (Labill.) Less. -us rufescms DC. = Helichryslrm rufescens (DC.) Burbidge OZOthamuS eelLiEoLius Hook.£. = Helichrysum scutellifollm (Hook.f.1 Benth. Ozotharrmus selaqhb Sond. & F.Muel1. = Helichrysum selaqinoides (Sond. & F.Muell.) F.Muel1. ex Benth. Ozothamnus sEjrLingii (F.Muel1.) A-Anderb. = ?-klichrysmstirlinqii F-Mueller Cmthamus tesselatms (Maiden & Baker) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum tesselatm Maiden & Baker Cbothamnus thyrsoideus DC. = Helichrym thyrmideurm (DC.) Willis & Morris Ozothamnus tuckeri (F.Muell. ex Willis) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum tuckeri F.Muel1. ex Willis Ozothamnus tubinatus DC. = Helfchrysmparalium (Burb.) Curtis, --0.cinereus Hook.£., non Chrysm cinerea Labill. Owthanmus vagans (White) A.Anderb. = Heelichrygum vagans White Ozothamus whit& (Burb.) A.Anderb. = Helichrysum whitei Burbidge

And@rw, A-A. (1991a). Taxonany and phylogeny of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). Botaaica 104: 1 - 195. Wilson, P.G., Short, P.S. and Orchard, A.E. (1992). Sane ncmenclatural changes in the Angianthinae and Cassiniinae (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae). Muelleria 7(4): 519- 524.

LmDESERT FIELD TRIP I Oth - 13th ,July, 1992 by Barbara Ebchanan. Sixteen people, six from South Australia and ten from Victoria (including two members of the Victorian College of Agriculture and Horticulture at Bumley), spent a very happy few days at and around the Little Desert Lodge. July is not the best time of year to see daisies in flower but it proved to be excellent for fratem- izing and exchanging news and views. Esma had worked out a flexible agenda so that discussions were organized to cover the range of Study Group activities without any feeling of regimentation. There is no doubt that the pre-planning mde the inter- actions more fruitful. With most of us arriving by Friday evening the program started with an outline of the Brachyscane Book Project. Judy explained the scope of the book's contents, the problems encountered with species as yet undescribed, and passed around a sample of the treatment for one species. Gloria then described how she sets about her remark- able drawings which now include the seed and the cotyledons (seed leaves) of the new seedlings. It seems that the shape of the cotyledons bears some relationship to the groupings of the species within the genus. Members are preparing a record of tiny pressings. On Saturday morning, with a full complement now present, Esm described the process and problems of collecting and maintaining a viable seed bank, not as straightfor- ward as it sounds. We then left on a trip to the Kiata Cemetery Reserve where Esma had previously seen Brachysme pamula var. lissocarpa with distinct lobing of many of the leaves. The area was ddnated by Callitris preissii with a scattered understorey of Astrolm conostephioides (Flame Heath), various acacias and other . The sandy soil was Wektween the shrubs and grasses and weeds were colonizing along the tracks. Luckily the daisy is still there, quite thick in patches, but individual plants still very tiny in July. I marvelled at how it does manage to hold its own, long may it continue. A light drizzle was steadily increas- ing as we headed back to the Little Desert Park, so we went straight to theshelters for an early lunch, hoping that it would clear. When it persisted we decided to cut our losses and head back to the Lodge for the Talk Fest. An exchange of cuttings and seedlings showed a slight difference in the plantsbeing arown2- - in the two states, so the ranse should be widened for everyone. I scored a form of Ixodia achillaekdes which is Colleen's selection from a range of forms beins trialld in South Australia for cut flower production. Colleen has been assoc- iated with the professional research team studying the subject. She led off the discussion on propagation with the method she has developed for germinating Ixodia seed based on her observations of the plant in the wild and how the populations fluctuate (especially after fire). She does a lot of propagating by seed and cutting for the South Australian region plant sales. The factor that impressed itself on the rest of us was her insistence on minimal watering, both in pots and in the garden. John Barrie from Coonalpyn confirmed that he only waters pots every fourth day or so. At dinner that night we were joined by a young couple who had planned to camp, but were driven to shelter from the rain. When we discovered that the husband was a rnePnber of Central Highlands we elected them honorary "Daisies" for the evening. It was, of course, a clever propaganda mve; the topic was Floral Art, and Judy's display of a great range of dried daisies, hints on the techniques of drying and wiring, and a set of floral art slides will ensure that David is coaxed/coerced to extend his daisy growing. On the screen we also saw a selection of daisies from the arid areas, with special attention given to those fram SouL11 Australia which are needed for study. Sunday dawned grey, but no longer raining. The morning was devoted to herbaria and record keeping. It may seem tedious to do but the value of these collections to both professional and amateur botanists is hense. As usual I made good resolutions to get myself better organized and do my bit. We then headed out through the Little Desert, stoppinq at several spots to browse. Although there were no daisies in flower there were compensations. Stands of Banksia ornata, Astmlam conostephioides, an attractive Eonn of Correa reflexa, --Baeckea crassifolia (lovely lavender and white) and the white Cryptandra tmentosa were the most conspicuous. Then we drove through farmlands to the slopes of Mount Mapiles where Esma relmated a patch of Brachyscmne aff, aculeata under a big Red Gum, again in the very early staqes of its growinq cycle. The habitat has suffered from weed invasion, especially close to the rmd; bit the daisy colony seems to be thriving and perhaps even benefitting from sane opening up. Lunch was at the top of Mount Arapiles where a fine-leaved form of Senecio lautus made bright little patches of gold. Ekiostmn wrrrucosus, Prostanthera rotundifolia and a chunky-looking Epacris impressa were some of the mre obvious plants springing from the rocks. On to Eked and June Rogers' garden of some 37 acres. June has been trying to natural- ize brackeanthas and heliptern in the garden but the rabbits have other ideas. I know the feeling. She is also wrimenting with swamp daisies in an annual swamp situation, including craswias and Calocephalus species. I have to confess that at that stage I was diverted by the in their profusion, the mallee eucalypts and an Acacia redolens (redolent of chocolate and vanilla) with a diameter of3mtres or so and a height of up to lmetre. It was easy to see why this plant (which has an extraordinary tolerance of salt) is used for roadside stabilization in the drier parts of America. When will we catch on here? Despite the tremendous interest in the Rogers' garden we had to push on because I had rquestd we try and squeeze in a visit to Alby Lindner, not for the daisies but &cause he is a part of SEW history. Of course we had insufficient time to do justice to his garden, but rrvanaged to find a few pots to carry away from his nursery and I, at least, treasure the brief contact. The final evening's discussion started with Natalie telling us of the origins of her brachyscome breeding project; the urge to do sme of it here and not leave it all to the Germans. The firstfruitsof the project have already reached the market and helipterums are next on the list. It is a move that will ensure a larger garden share for Australian plants. James Will, geneticist and plant breeder from Burnley, then fielded questions on the Plant Cultivar Registration and Plant Variety Rights systems and what each is meant to cover. The conversation then turned to the problem of maintaining stocks of annual daisies by collecting garden grown seed, which is ldng as a major problem for the Group. Seed produckion declines and all sorts of hybrids appear in succeeding generations. This situation also applies to our perennials. James told us that plant breeders trying to achieve a pure breding line fm repeated gener- ations of self fertilized plants have difficulty. mey find that even with a large stock seven generations is the absolute limit before the line dies out, and even that is only achieved by special technology. For plant conservationists the issue be conserving the genes dilutd in a hybrid population or risk losing them altogether. Many Asteraceae cross pollinate early in the season (unless extremely high tmpratures occur early) but the balance shifts progressively until at the end of the season plants win to k self cmpatible. Some plants reverse the order ad, of course, many plants are totally self sterile. It is a fascinaking topic which deserves treatment in greater depth, involving conservation issues, the question of plant evolution, the meaning of "species" and whether the 'current taxonmic practice of "splitting", i.e. recognizing more and more new "species", is helpful in the long run. Over to you, James. For those of us heading east on bbnday there was one final treat - Joan and Royce Raleigh's garden near Zumsteins. It has recently become the site of the Hakea Collection of Ornamental Plants as well as being home to many other treasures. We spent a few minutes savouring the peace and tranquillity, seeing the wood as well as its trees. Esma decide3 to correct 'die only smali flaw she could find, and left a few packets of daisy seeds to remedy it. All micipants found the weekend enjoyable and stimulating, and the cross fertil- ization invaluable. Our thanks to Esma and Alf and the South Australians where the idea gdnated.

RM3IP.E FOR QZWNWIK IXODIA ACEILT;AEOIDES -COLJEl3U'S WAY ([rum the Little Desert tapes 1 1. Collect seed when truly mature - in mid- to late April in Colleen's experience. Earlier collection reduces the rate of germination. At the same time collect some of the litter at the base of the plants. 2. Keep dry for one week in a paper bag. 3. Mix the litter with the seed and scatter it over a peat/sand mix in a terracotta squat pot. Top with a little crushed rock. 4. Place in a plastic bag and put in the freezer (usually in the evening). 5. Next morning take out of the freezer. At this point the mix is crisp, not solid. Place in a preheated oven at 150'~ for 15 minutes. 6. Remove, put some paper and dry bedding straw over the pot and set alight. 7. Inmediately place in a pan of water and allow to soak for a few hours. 8. Put on a cold bench in a plastic tunnel house or the equivalent. Colleen maintained that seedlings came up like "a little lawn". This is well worth trying as none of our methods have produced little lawns. Colleen has worked closely with Dr. Manfred Jusaitis who has been studying the cannercia1 prcduction of Zxodia. She suggested we cut above the brown stems when cutting bbms, She considers the form chosen for overseas sales to k toa bulky - "a man's choice" - and presented us with pots of her own, much daintier favourite. Natalie reported that pickers had become ill from picking 1xodia blooms ccxuwrcially so it is as well that at Lenswood (in the Adelaide Hills) a machine for harvesting has been developed. During discussion on Ixodia achillaeoides at the Little Desert weekend in July, Colleen Simpson had reported the uneven pattern of regeneration after fire. She and Park Rangers could not adequately explain the distribution of seedlings in the light of their intimate knowledge of the area. One contributing factor not mentioned was the effect of violent wind movement both during the fire and from wind storms in the aftermath of the fire. No doubt, this would have dispersed seed erratically. The wind factor was noted by Dr. Terry O'Brien when he spoke to SGAP on July 20th on the subject of the interaction of frost, fire, drought and insects on our mllee flora. Moreover, the intensity of heat generated is uneven; for instance, where a log burns all seed is killed, but seed in adjacent soil benefits from additional nutrients. Regeneration of species stimulated by fire indicates the means to germinate the seed, That is heat and light, but sane species lie in the soil for years and fire probably breaks dormancy.

1. Paul Wilson haskindlysent ADSG reprints from Nuytsia (1992) on the classific- ation of Australian species currently included in Helipterum and related genera. We would like to congratulate him on the production of this invaluable work. The new names will appear in the March NL 1993. 2. Congratulations to Dr.Philip Short and best wishes from ADSG. Philip was mried in Ehgland in September.

PLANT INDM OF 1992 NEWSmS, Nos. 32, 33 and 34

(Tne NL no. is followed by pge no. in brackets. Illustrations are in B31D.) mrymbif1oru;n 33( 35) Actinobole condensatum 34 (43) ciiffusuq 23(24) Srachvscoms aculeata 32(12,13) lappulacea 32(13) ranclesii 32(11),34(37) aff. aculeata 34(51) xanthosoidea 32(13) molle 32(24) anqustifolia 32(8),34(38) Celrnisia spp. 33(27),34(47) -lyaalifolim 33(31,32,35) bellidioides 32( 8) chrysocephalum 33(24),34(48) gseum 32 t e) blackii 32(14) aziculatum 32(8,12),33(35),34(46) s?lcndidum 32(8,10) ctleilocarpa 32(1,12) baxteri 32(e) s:u.-.rtianm 33(24,35) aff. cwicarpa (yellow) 32( 'Yidaet' 32(5) Hybtlds anci hybridisinq 32( 8,11,12,17 ) 33(34,35) 33(26),34(38,42- fomesa 34 (37) E~~~~~>~MSUL'I32(12),33(35),34(46) Ix&ia achillaeoides 32(13),33(26),34(51 aff. fomsa 32(12),34(36) Daisies in srassland 33(34) haenifem stipitzrta 33(19) aoniocaw 32 ( 1,12) 3ost Damase 34(46) kzcorhynchos tenuifolius 33(34) aff . goni~~/tpcilis32(12) Cnaphalium suhundulatum 33(32),34(45) kucnohyta brow111 32(12,15),34(46) qracilis 32(11) ?Telichrysum aclrminatm 34(45) 1,iverworts and mosses 32(17) cra~~inea34(42) adenashom 33(20,21) ikridifolia 34(46) var. waddelliae 32(12),33(21) 'isquama 32(14),33(19) ambiquum 33(24) learlloba 33(35) apiculatum 32(8,12),33(35) melanocarp 32(7,14) ,33(34) baxteri 32(8) --Olearia decurrens 33 ( 35) rnultlfida 32(7,8,12,16),33(26,27) 'Midqet' 32(5) frostii 34(47) 34(40,46) Helichrysm bracteaturn 33(34) ranaiflora 3213) ,33(35) nova-anqlica 32(14) 'Cockatoo' 32(8) 7aouainosa 32t5,12),33(28 obovata 33(23,28,29),34(41,42) 'Darqan Hill Monarch' 32(8) sp. a?:. lanucinosa 33(28 parvula 32(14),33(30,34),34(46,50) 'Dimnd Head' 32(8) rnuelleri 33(35) procumbens 32(16) 'Princess of V?ales1 32(7,8) zmnnasa 32(2,3),33(35) radicans 32(6),34(41) 'White Monarch' 32(8) ncllocloi~p 32(12) ,33(35) scaplqera 33(29),34(41,42) costatifructum 33(24-26) >- 32(12) sementosa 34(42) h~isI:<(:?! A- Cavenpomii 32(13),33(31) s:xthulata 32(12) ,33(29) dealbatum 32 (16) OSO~US34(48-50) stolonifera 33(23,29),34(41) dlosrnifolium 32(8,9,10) costatifructus 33(24,251 stuartii 32(17),33(24) Cioto,hyllisn 32(12) dlosmlfolius 32(8,%10) tadc;ellii 32(5,6),33(23,29,34) filifolium 32(3,4) ~~o~on~vllus32(12) 34(41,42,47) lcum~si2em33(34,35) obcordatus 32(7) tatei 32(14),33(30) lindlcyri ?2(10,11),33(31) rosmarinifolius 32(12) tenuiscapa 32(16),33(29) mili~canii32(13),34(48) scutellifollus 32(13) tescuorum 32(14),33(30,31) okordatum 32(7) thyrscideus 34(47) tetrapterocarpa 32 (13,14) rmslssinmn 32(8),33(35),34(40) .-%dolep& n~ lecta 32 ( 17 ) Bracteantha 33(23,24,32),34(45) rosmarinifolium 32(12) Fro~nationfrom c-dttinss -,, + ,, " seed 3i(7,10,13,14),33(19,24 bracteata 33(34) scorploides 32(12) 'Princess of Wales' 32(7.8)... scutellifolium 32(13) 28,31,32) cockatoo' 32(8) s~qj~~pp3sm-n32(12),33(35),34(46) Schoenia cassiniana 32(5) 'Darqan Hill Monarch ' 32( 8) subulifolium 32(4,8) 'Gabriele' 32(4,5) 'Diamond Head' 32(8) thyrsoicewn 34(47) Spilanthes qrandiflora 32(12,17) 'White Monarch' 32(8) Helipter~*malbicans 33(27) ,34 (47) Vittadinia sp. 34(47) Calb~ephalusbmii 32(12,15),34(46) anthernoides 32(8),33(19),34(42) --Waitria aurea 32(12) citreus 32(8),33(35) 'Pacer Babv' 34(40) ~X -~.~ latycephalus 33(22) '~abrCascade' 33(32),34(37,39,40) EGnderi 33(22) SEED LIST ADDITIONS < Ammobim alatm, Brachysccrme multif ida (mixed forms) . ! 4 Bracteantha bracteata ( Helichrysum bracteaturn) hybrids bracteata x viscosa , white pink, apricot, ye1lwlr/orange, aweurn ' Cockatm ' . Calocephaius ci&s, Cassinia quinquefaria , Craspedia chrysantha . Heliptern alsss-&ns war. incanurn f . purpureo-albm, ssp. alpinurn,

Helipterm chlorocephalum, Ozothartmus hmkeri (Helichrysum hookeri ) . All correspondence and requests for seed (ENCUEING A LARGE, SDBPED SELF- l3W3KlPE) should go to Esma Salkin, 38 Pinewood Drive, Mount Waverley, Victoria, 3149. !5eed is for sale to non- at 50c pr packet plus pushge. Iarger auamts of seed mybe bought by ammgetmt- Most sed for sale has km wLLetd ffmm pmts in &t.ivatim nr bwght in for the 03nemce crf: n,w.Mudl of the in the Seed Bank has frnm gardens and my have crossed with other species. One parent only is gmranteed.

SEEDDONORS Many thanks to the following mafibers for seed donations:- Judy Barker, Betty Campbell, Bev Courtney, Joy Greig, Peter Horsfall, Jeff Irons, Colin Jones, Bob Magnus, Mary McKay, Natalie Peate, Jenny Rejske, Maureen Schaumann, Colleen Simpson, Marilyn Sprague, Julie Strudwick and Lotte von Richter.

m MEMBERS ADSG welcomes the following new members:- Peter Horsfall, 17 Northcote Street, Seaford, Victoria, 3198. Jo Walker, RMB 21, Poppet Road, Wamboin, NSW, 2620.

TIlTlPlBER MEZT3:NG On Tuesday, 1st December we are tentatively planning lunch at Maranoa Gardens in Balwyn. Park in lkckett Park at the top of Parring Road (Melway Map 46 G 7) , but please check these plans with Esm first. Phone (03) 802 6213. -ALPINE FIELD TRIP This is tentatively planned for Jnnuary/February 1993, but details me not finalised. MAY MEFTING 1993 Another Saturday meeting is being planned for next May because the last one was so well attended, so informative and so enjoyable. Details in the March Newsletter.

Subscriptions are $5.00 per year for Australian menbers and $10.00 per year for a- mmbms. Cheques should $e made payable to the Australian Daisy Study Group and forwardd to the Leader, Esma Salkin (address above), or to the Treasurer, Bev Courtney, 3 Bur- Close, Frankston, Victoria, 3199. Fees are dmon 30th June each year. If you intend to resign, please notify Esma as soon as passible because she has a waiting list.

-letter Deadline The deadline for the MARQ3 is Zst February, 1993. Please send articles to Judy Barker, 9 Widford Street, East Hawthorn, Victoria, 3123. My thanks to all those who ~ntlib~tedthis the, and my apologies to those who were pressured for inform- ation for articles which did not appear. Shoeage of space is my excuse. 81.