Monitoring Antibiotics in the Environment (FINAL VERSION After Public Proofs)

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Monitoring Antibiotics in the Environment (FINAL VERSION After Public Proofs) Mónica Andreia Almeida Vieira Mestre em Química Monitoring antibiotics in the environme nt. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química Sustentável Orientador: João Paulo da Costa de Noronha, Professor Auxiliar, FCT-UNL Co- Maria Cristina Prudêncio Pereira Soares, Professor Coordenador com orientadores: Agregação, ESTSP-IPP Célia Maria Manaia Rodrigues, Professor Auxiliar, ESB-UCP Outubro, 201 3 Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity Copyright © Mónica Andreia Almeida Vieira, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. A Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa têm o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objectivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. “One sometimes finds what one is not looking for.” Sir Alexander Fleming Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity 1 AGRADECIMENTOS Uma tese de Doutoramento é uma pequena viagem na vida. Durante essa viagem, muitos são os que nos acompanham, os que desaparecem, os que nascem, os que permanecem…Neste espaço deixado ao agradecimento a todos aqueles que permitiram e apoiaram a realização deste trabalho, espero ser capaz de traduzir tudo aquilo que sinto… Agradeço à Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, pelo acolhimento e pela possibilidade de desenvolver e apresentar este trabalho. À Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, pelo apoio institucional e profissional e, sobretudo, pela disponibilização de equipamentos e material que possibilitaram o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Escola Superior de Biotecnologia da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, pela possibilidade de desenvolver parte deste trabalho ao seu abrigo. Agradeço à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia pela atribuição da bolsa de doutoramento SFRH / BD / 48116 / 2008, que apoiou grande parte deste projecto. Ao meu orientador, Prof. João Paulo, agradeço todo o empenho e dedicação. Obrigada pelo incentivo e por não me deixar desistir. E porque nem tudo foi trabalho, obrigada por partilhar comigo as suas obras, os seus interesses e a sua criatividade! À Profª. Célia agradeço pela enorme disponibilidade e capacidade de traduzir a “Microbiologice” em “Quimice”. Muito obrigada por ter sempre um espaço para mim no seu laboratório e na sua agenda! À Cristina… Por tudo!!! Pela amizade, que não tem preço! Pela camaradagem, pelo incentivo… Porque és para mim um exemplo a seguir, pela tua coragem, vontade de fazer sempre mais, alcançar todos os sonhos (mesmo aqueles que parecem I Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity impossíveis!), lutar pelo que acreditas e defender sempre os teus! O que aqui fica escrito para a posteridade não chega!!! Como costumas dizer: “Um grande bem hajas!!!” Ao Rúben, o meu maninho de coração!!!! Sem ti, este trabalho teria sido impossível! Sabes que te agradeço por tudo, pelo teu apoio incondicional, pela confiança e pela tua enorme capacidade de nos fazeres andar para a frente!! Ao Ricardo, o meu companheiro de uma já longa viagem académica! Obrigada pelo apoio e pela camaradagem, pelas horas que passamos a debater os projectos de doutoramento…e não só! Fomos caminhando juntos e aqui estamos!! Finally it’s done!! Aos meus colegas docentes e não docentes da ESTSP, obrigada pelo apoio que me deram durante todo este tempo. À Joaninha Almeida, à Vanda, à Cris, à Ana Cláudia, ao “dótore” Peter Pan, adoro-vos!!! Aos meus alunos! Sem vocês seria difícil dar tanto valor ao que alcancei! Aos meus colegas da ESB, pela paciência e dedicação. À minha família… Como agradecer?!? Aos meus pais, que sempre acreditaram em mim e naquilo que quero alcançar! Obrigada por tudo, por estarem sempre ao meu lado e por me apoiarem em todas as decisões que tomei até hoje! A vossa menina conquista hoje mais um degrau em busca do céu… Ao Jorge… Não tenho como te agradecer… Por todos estes anos ao teu lado, por tudo o que ultrapassámos, por tudo o que perdemos e por tudo o que conquistamos…OBRIGADA!!! Juntos, vamos crescendo e aprendendo que vida é feita de pequenas coisas que nos fazem sorrir todos os dias. Ao Francisco, o meu maior projecto, o meu maior trabalho, o grande amor da minha vida!!! Obrigada por existires, filho, e por fazeres com que a vida seja todos os dias melhor!! Amo-te, filho!! II Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity Ao meu irmão Mário e à Tânia, ao meu pequeno Salvador, aos meus cunhadinhos lindos, Hélder, Renata, Sandra e Jorge, aos meus sobrinhos Inês e Dinis, obrigada por fazerem parte da minha vida. Aos meus sogros, obrigada por todo o apoio que sempre deram à família! À minha avó, que ainda me acompanha! Ao meu “mais velho”, obrigada!! Pela tua amizade, pela tua companhia, por todos os momentos que partilhamos!! Fazes parte dos instantes de ócio deste projecto, o que considero uma participação significativa! Aos meus amigos, por estarem ao meu lado nesta caminhada, por vezes penosa. Obrigada por terem estado lá quando mais precisei… A todos aqueles que de alguma forma, mesmo que pequena, ajudaram na realização deste trabalho! Muito obrigada a ttodos!odos! III Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity IV Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity RESUMO Os agentes antimicrobianos revolucionaram a medicina e promoveram um aumento da esperança média de vida das populações humanas, em todo o mundo. Este tipo de fármacos é utilizado não só em medicina humana como em veterinária, no tratamento e na prevenção de infecções, e em algumas regiões no mundo, como promotores de crescimento, garantindo uma maior e melhor produção animal. A utilização de antimicrobianos na produção animal faz com que resíduos destes fármacos contaminem o produto final e sejam, eventualmente, distribuídos na cadeia alimentar humana. Resíduos de agentes antimicrobianos, provenientes do consumo animal e humano, estão também presentes em esgotos, águas superficiais ou em lençóis de água. Ainda não se conhecem todas as consequências desta contaminação, mas há indícios de alterações na microbiota autóctone. O uso destes fármacos foi rapidamente seguido do aparecimento de resistência, o que levou à diminuição de eficácia e de compostos disponíveis. Portanto, a disseminação de antimicrobianos no ambiente também está associada ao aumento da resistência a este tipo de drogas. O trabalho desenvolvido pretendeu estabelecer métodos de monitorização da presença de antimicrobianos em alimentos de origem animal, verificar se a presença de antimicrobianos no ambiente, designadamente em águas, em concentrações sub- inibitórias pode contribuir para a selecção de bactérias resistentes e caracterizar a actividade biológica de um conjunto de compostos, da família das quinoxalinas, como potenciais novos agentes antimicrobianos. A fim de alcançar estes objectivos, foram utilizadas técnicas cromatográficas, para detecção e quantificação de agentes antimicrobianos, técnicas de microbiologia e biologia molecular para avaliação do comportamento de bactérias sob pressão selectiva. Foram, também, utilizadas várias estirpes de microrganismos eucariontes e procariontes, de forma a avaliar a actividade antimicrobiana de derivados N-óxido da quinoxalina. Recorreu-se, ainda, a culturas celulares, para avaliar a toxicidade destes potenciais novos antimicrobianos. Um novo método cromatográfico foi desenvolvido para a quantificação das formas reduzida e oxidada da glutationa, de forma a inferir o stress oxidativo celular provocado pela exposição aos compostos derivados da quinoxalina com comprovada actividade antimicrobiana. V Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity Os resultados obtidos confirmam que as técnicas cromatográficas de HPLC- DAD são ferramentas potentes no controlo de qualidade alimentar. Indicam, ainda, que a presença de quantidades sub-inibitórias de agentes antimicrobianos no ambiente tem influência na dinâmica da população bacteriana de Escherichia coli sensível e resistente à ciprofloxacina. Uma avaliação da actividade biológica de derivados de quinoxalina indicou os compostos estudados como potenciais novos agentes antimicrobianos, que demonstraram baixos efeitos tóxicos em linhas celulares e dano celular oxidativo de pequena extensão. Palavras-chave: Antimicrobianos, Ambiente, Alimentos, Resistência a antimicrobianos, Quinoxalinas. VI Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity ABSTRACT Antimicrobial agents have revolutionized medicine and promoted an increase in average life expectancy of human populations worldwide. These drugs are used not only in human medicine but also in veterinary practice, in the treatment and prevention of infections, and in some regions in the world, as well as growth promoters, ensuring a greater and better animal production. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal production causes contamination of the final product with drug residues that are
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