Jones and Cohen, 2011, a Diagnostic Comparison of Alaskan And
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Weather Numbers Multiple Choices I
Weather Numbers Answer Bank A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 F. 25 G. 35 H. 36 I. 40 J. 46 K. 54 L. 58 M. 72 N. 74 O. 75 P. 80 Q. 100 R. 910 S. 1000 T. 1010 U. 1013 V. ½ W. ¾ 1. Minimum wind speed for a hurricane in mph N 74 mph 2. Flash-to-bang ratio. For every 10 second between lightning flash and thunder, the storm is this many miles away B 2 miles as flash to bang ratio is 5 seconds per mile 3. Minimum diameter of a hailstone in a severe storm (in inches) A 1 inch (formerly ¾ inches) 4. Standard sea level pressure in millibars U 1013.25 millibars 5. Minimum wind speed for a severe storm in mph L 58 mph 6. Minimum wind speed for a blizzard in mph G 35 mph 7. 22 degrees Celsius converted to Fahrenheit M 72 22 x 9/5 + 32 8. Increments between isobars in millibars D 4mb 9. Minimum water temperature in Fahrenheit for hurricane development P 80 F 10. Station model reports pressure as 100, what is the actual pressure in millibars T 1010 (remember to move decimal to left and then add either 10 or 9 100 become 10.0 910.0mb would be extreme low so logic would tell you it would be 1010.0mb) Multiple Choices I 1. A dry line front is also known as a: a. dew point front b. squall line front c. trough front d. Lemon front e. Kelvin front 2. -
FMFRP 0-54 the Persian Gulf Region, a Climatological Study
FMFRP 0-54 The Persian Gulf Region, AClimatological Study U.S. MtrineCorps PCN1LiIJ0005LFII 111) DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, DC 20380—0001 19 October 1990 FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication 0-54, The Persian Gulf Region. A Climatological Study, provides information on the climate in the Persian Gulf region. 2. SCOPE While some of the technical information in this manual is of use mainly to meteorologists, much of the information is invaluable to anyone who wishes to predict the consequences of changes in the season or weather on military operations. 3. BACKGROUND a. Desert operations have much in common with operations in the other parts of the world. The unique aspects of desert operations stem primarily from deserts' heat and lack of moisture. While these two factors have significant consequences, most of the doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures used in operations in other parts of the world apply to desert operations. The challenge of desert operations is to adapt to a new environment. b. FMFRP 0-54 was originally published by the USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center in 1988. In August 1990, the manual was published as Operational Handbook 0-54. 4. SUPERSESSION Operational Handbook 0-54 The Persian Gulf. A Climatological Study; however, the texts of FMFRP 0—54 and OH 0-54 are identical and OH 0-54 will continue to be used until the stock is exhausted. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS This manual will not be revised. However, comments on the manual are welcomed and will be used in revising other manuals on desert warfare. -
Variations in Winter Surface High Pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and Climatological Impacts of Diminishing Arctic Sea Ice
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Atmospheric Sciences of 5-2010 Variations in Winter Surface High Pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and Climatological Impacts of Diminishing Arctic Sea Ice Kristen D. Fox University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss Part of the Other Earth Sciences Commons Fox, Kristen D., "Variations in Winter Surface High Pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and Climatological Impacts of Diminishing Arctic Sea Ice" (2010). Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 8. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. VARIATIONS IN WINTER SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CLIMATOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DIMINISHING ARCTIC SEA ICE by Kristen D. Fox A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Geosciences Under the Supervision of Professor Mark Anderson Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2010 VARIATIONS IN WINTER SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CLIMATOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DIMINISHING ARCTIC SEA ICE Kristen D. Fox, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2010 Advisor: Mark Anderson This study explores the role Arctic sea ice plays in determining mean sea level pressure and 1000 hPa temperatures during Northern Hemisphere winters while focusing on an extended period of October to March. -
Synoptic Meteorology
Lecture Notes on Synoptic Meteorology For Integrated Meteorological Training Course By Dr. Prakash Khare Scientist E India Meteorological Department Meteorological Training Institute Pashan,Pune-8 186 IMTC SYLLABUS OF SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY (FOR DIRECT RECRUITED S.A’S OF IMD) Theory (25 Periods) ❖ Scales of weather systems; Network of Observatories; Surface, upper air; special observations (satellite, radar, aircraft etc.); analysis of fields of meteorological elements on synoptic charts; Vertical time / cross sections and their analysis. ❖ Wind and pressure analysis: Isobars on level surface and contours on constant pressure surface. Isotherms, thickness field; examples of geostrophic, gradient and thermal winds: slope of pressure system, streamline and Isotachs analysis. ❖ Western disturbance and its structure and associated weather, Waves in mid-latitude westerlies. ❖ Thunderstorm and severe local storm, synoptic conditions favourable for thunderstorm, concepts of triggering mechanism, conditional instability; Norwesters, dust storm, hail storm. Squall, tornado, microburst/cloudburst, landslide. ❖ Indian summer monsoon; S.W. Monsoon onset: semi permanent systems, Active and break monsoon, Monsoon depressions: MTC; Offshore troughs/vortices. Influence of extra tropical troughs and typhoons in northwest Pacific; withdrawal of S.W. Monsoon, Northeast monsoon, ❖ Tropical Cyclone: Life cycle, vertical and horizontal structure of TC, Its movement and intensification. Weather associated with TC. Easterly wave and its structure and associated weather. ❖ Jet Streams – WMO definition of Jet stream, different jet streams around the globe, Jet streams and weather ❖ Meso-scale meteorology, sea and land breezes, mountain/valley winds, mountain wave. ❖ Short range weather forecasting (Elementary ideas only); persistence, climatology and steering methods, movement and development of synoptic scale systems; Analogue techniques- prediction of individual weather elements, visibility, surface and upper level winds, convective phenomena. -
SUBSIDENCE in MARITIME AIR OVER the COLUMBIA and SNAKE RIVER BASINS by ARCHERB
JANUARY1936 MONTHLY WEATRER REVIEW 9 SUBSIDENCE IN MARITIME AIR OVER THE COLUMBIA AND SNAKE RIVER BASINS By ARCHERB. CARPENTER [Weather Bureau, Portland, Oreg., October 18361 The Columbia and Snake River Basins arc surrounded direction of movement is favorable to development of by theRocky Mountains to the northeast, east, and south- stagnation in the drainage areas of the Columbia and east; a high plateau to the south; and the Cmcade Range Snake Rivers. The air mass that followed was charac- to the west. In addition to this almost continuous rim teristically polar Pacific (PP),with showers over Washing- that surrounds the combined basins, there is the ridge of ton and parts of Oregon for several days. No airplane the Blue Mountains between them. The most notablc observations were available in this air mass to further and most effective outlet for this great area is the Co- identify it. Surface radiation and air drainage in the lumhia River Gorge. Columbia River Basin produced the first patches of fog The period co\--ered in the present study extended from and low clouds on the east, slope of the Cascade Range on January 19 to February 10, 1935; and the problem inves- the morning of January 34. These fog patches increased tigated is that of subsidence in the maritime air associated with low stratus clouds and fog. This type of stagnation is not uncommon in the Columbia River Basin east of the Cascade Range, but it is less common for the effects of this stagnation to reach over into the Snake River Basin, and to be persistent for such a long period. -
A Reconstructed Siberian High Index Since A.D. 1599 from Eurasian And
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L05705, doi:10.1029/2004GL022271, 2005 A reconstructed Siberian High index since A.D. 1599 from Eurasian and North American tree rings Rosanne D’Arrigo,1 Gordon Jacoby,1 Rob Wilson,2 and Fotis Panagiotopoulos3 Received 20 December 2004; revised 17 January 2005; accepted 2 February 2005; published 2 March 2005. [1] The long-term variability of the Siberian High, the Precipitation correlations are coherent over large regions of dominant Northern Hemisphere anticyclone during winter, Eurasia, and highest near the Urals. is largely unknown. To investigate how this feature varied [4] Despite its spatial extent, the SH has attracted less prior to the instrumental record, we present a reconstruction attention than other circulation features such as the North of a Dec–Feb Siberian High (SH) index based on Eurasian Atlantic Oscillation or NAO [S1991; Cohen et al., 2001; and North American tree rings. Spanning 1599–1980, it P2005]. The SH’s interactions with features of global provides information on SH variability over the past four climate, including the NAO, Arctic Oscillation (AO) [Wu centuries. A decline in the instrumental SH index since the and Wang, 2002], East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), late 1970s, related to Eurasian warming, is the most striking Aleutian Low, and El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) feature over the past four hundred years. It is associated are still not well understood [e.g., P2005]. Of the major with a highly significant (p < 0.0001) step change in 1989. teleconnection patterns of the Northern Hemisphere, the SH Significant 3–4 yr spectral peaks in the reconstruction fall is best correlated with the AO (r = À0.48, Dec–Feb 1958– within the range of variability of the East Asian winter 98 [Gong and Ho, 2002]). -
Chapter 7 – Atmospheric Circulations (Pp
Chapter 7 - Title Chapter 7 – Atmospheric Circulations (pp. 165-195) Contents • scales of motion and turbulence • local winds • the General Circulation of the atmosphere • ocean currents Wind Examples Fig. 7.1: Scales of atmospheric motion. Microscale → mesoscale → synoptic scale. Scales of Motion • Microscale – e.g. chimney – Short lived ‘eddies’, chaotic motion – Timescale: minutes • Mesoscale – e.g. local winds, thunderstorms – Timescale mins/hr/days • Synoptic scale – e.g. weather maps – Timescale: days to weeks • Planetary scale – Entire earth Scales of Motion Table 7.1: Scales of atmospheric motion Turbulence • Eddies : internal friction generated as laminar (smooth, steady) flow becomes irregular and turbulent • Most weather disturbances involve turbulence • 3 kinds: – Mechanical turbulence – you, buildings, etc. – Thermal turbulence – due to warm air rising and cold air sinking caused by surface heating – Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) - due to wind shear, i.e. change in wind speed and/or direction Mechanical Turbulence • Mechanical turbulence – due to flow over or around objects (mountains, buildings, etc.) Mechanical Turbulence: Wave Clouds • Flow over a mountain, generating: – Wave clouds – Rotors, bad for planes and gliders! Fig. 7.2: Mechanical turbulence - Air flowing past a mountain range creates eddies hazardous to flying. Thermal Turbulence • Thermal turbulence - essentially rising thermals of air generated by surface heating • Thermal turbulence is maximum during max surface heating - mid afternoon Questions 1. A pilot enters the weather service office and wants to know what time of the day she can expect to encounter the least turbulent winds at 760 m above central Kansas. If you were the weather forecaster, what would you tell her? 2. -
Microbursts As an Aviation Wind Shear Hazard TT Fujita, University Of
0 AIAA-81-0386 Microbursts as an Aviation Wind Shear Hazard T. T. Fujita, University of Ch ica go , 111. '· AIAA 19th AEROSPACE SCIENCES MEETl'NG January12-15, 1981/St. Louis, Missouri .for permission to copy or republish, contact the American Institute of Aeron1ut1cs and Astronautlc.s • 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New Yark, N.Y. 10104 .. NOTES •• MICROBURSTS AS AN AVIATION WIND SHEAR HAZARD T. Theodore Fujita* The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Introduction Aircraft operations, for both comfort and ABSTRACT safety , are closely related to the weather situ ations along the flight path. High pressure Since the Eastern 66 accident in 1975 at regions {anticyclones) are generally dominated JFK International Airport, downburst-related by fine weather, while turbulent weather occurs accidents or near-miss cases of jet aircraft in or near the frontal zone. Nonetheless, we have been occurring at the rate of once or cannot always generalize these simple relation twice a year. A microburst with its field, ships irrespective of the scales of atmospheric comparable to the length of runways, could disturbances. induce a wind shear that endan9ers landing or l ift-off aircraft. Latest near-miss landing The high pressure vs. fine weather relation {go around) of a 727 aircraft at Atlanta, Ga., ship is no longer valid in mesoscale high on 22 August 1979 implied that some micro pressure systems, cal led the "pressure dome" by bursts are so smal l that they may not trigger Byers and Braham (1949). They also defined the the warnina device of the anemometer network "pressure nose" to be a sma ll mesoscale high installed and operated at major U.S. -
The Role of Biomass Burning As Derived from the Tropospheric CO Vertical Profiles Measured by IAGOS Aircraft in 2002–2017
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17277–17306, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17277-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The role of biomass burning as derived from the tropospheric CO vertical profiles measured by IAGOS aircraft in 2002–2017 Hervé Petetin1, Bastien Sauvage1, Mark Parrington2, Hannah Clark3, Alain Fontaine1, Gilles Athier1, Romain Blot1, Damien Boulanger4, Jean-Marc Cousin1, Philippe Nédélec1, and Valérie Thouret1 1Laboratoire d’Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France 2European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, UK 3IAGOS-AISBL, Brussels, Belgium 4Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France Correspondence: Hervé Petetin ([email protected]) Received: 1 July 2018 – Discussion started: 20 July 2018 Revised: 2 November 2018 – Accepted: 12 November 2018 – Published: 6 December 2018 Abstract. This study investigates the role of biomass burning mertime in the northern United States, during winter/spring and long-range transport in the anomalies of carbon monox- in Japan, during spring in south-east China, during the non- ide (CO) regularly observed along the tropospheric vertical monsoon seasons in south-east Asia and south India, and profiles measured in the framework of the In-service Air- during summer/fall in Windhoek, Namibia. Depending on craft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS). Considering the location, these strong anomalies are observed in differ- the high interannual variability -
Downloaded 10/04/21 05:59 AM UTC 206 Vol
news from our chapters1 Central Illinois It was announced that the Dr. Harry Hawkins Service Award The chapter held its first meeting of the season on 8 November would be presented to Howard Friedman of the Atlantic at the Loomis Laboratory on the campus of the University of Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory's Hurricane Re- Illinois. Frederick Sanders, a professor at the Massachusetts search Division. The award is given to the member who has Institute of Technology (MIT), spoke on 18 years of daily fore- contributed the most to the chapter. Freidman was not present, casting at MIT. He discussed the history of this forecasting so the award will be presented at a later date by Hawkin's son experiment, and how it has been used to define and document Jeffery in honor of his father. the state of the art in forecasting skill. Four of the National Hurricane Center's hurricane special- The new officers for the year were announced. They are: ists entertained the group with stories of embarrassing bloop- John Gyakum, president; Dave Tucek, vice president; Sharon ers. Robert A. Case told of how he had briefed the head of the Gould-Stewart, treasurer; and Steve Savageau, secre- Weather Service into a thunderstorm while on station in Ju- tary.—Steve Savageau, Secretary neau, Alaska. Hal Gerrish told why his weather unit at a cer- tain Air Force Base was the most popular,- there were pinups under the weather maps. Miles Lawrence did some statistical digging and announced that the average error for 24-hour storm Central Virginia forecast positions was 180 km. -
Variability of Marine Fog Along the California Coast
VARIABILITY OF MARINE FOG ALONG THE CALIFORNIA COAST Maria K. Filonczuk, Daniel R. Cayan, and Laurence G. Riddle Climate Research Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0224 SIO REFERENCE NO. 95-2 July 1995 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................1 2 . Climatological and Topographic Influences ................................2 2.1. General Climatology ...................................................2 2.2. Topography .............................................................3 3 . Background and Objectives ...................................................5 3.1 . Fog Mechanisms .......................................................5 3 .2. Objectives ...............................................................6 4 . Data .............................................................................6 5 . Climatology of West Coast Fog .............................................13 5.1. Seasonal Variability .................................................. 13 5.1.1. Coastal Station Fog Climatology .................................. 13 5.1.2. Marine Fog Climatology .............................................16 5.2. Interannual Variability ...............................................21 5.2.1. Coastal Stations .......................................................21 5.2.2. Marine Observations .................................................31 6 . Local Connections with Marine Fog ...................................... -
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society J Uly 2012
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Bulletin of the American Meteorological >ŝďƌĂƌŝĞƐ͗WůĞĂƐĞĮůĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƵůůĞƟŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƌŝĐĂŶDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ, Vol. 93, Issue 7 July 2012 July 93 Vol. 7 No. Supplement STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Associate Editors Howard J. Diamond Martin O. Jeffries Ted A. Scambos A. Johannes Dolman Michele L. Newlin Wassila M. Thiaw Ryan L. Fogt James A. Renwick Peter W. Thorne Margarita C. Gregg Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Scott J. Weaver Bradley D. Hall Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Kate M. Willett AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Copies of this report can be downloaded from doi: 10.1175/2012BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 and http://www.ncdc.noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/ This report was printed on 85%–100% post-consumer recycled paper. Cover credits: Front: ©Jakob Dall Photography — Wajir, Kenya, July 2011 Back: ©Jonathan Wood/Getty Images — Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, January 2011 HOW TO CITE THIS DOCUMENT Citing the complete report: Blunden, J., and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2012: State of the Climate in 2011. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), S1–S264. Citing a chapter (example): Gregg, M. C., and M. L. Newlin, Eds., 2012: Global oceans [in “State of the Climate in 2011”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), S57–S92. Citing a section (example): Johnson, G. C., and J. M. Lyman, 2012: [Global oceans] Sea surface salinity [in “State of the Climate in 2011”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), S68–S69. EDITOR & AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (ALPHABETICAL BY NAME) Achberger, C., Earth Sciences