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Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy: Common Problems and Approaches

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Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy: Common Problems and Approaches United States Department of Agriculture Proceedings of the Third Forest Service International Symposium Pacific Southwest Research Station on Fire Economics, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-227 (English) Planning, and Policy: November 2009 Common Problems and Approaches The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Technical Coordinator Armando González-Cabán is a research economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507. Papers were provided by the authors in camera-ready form for printing. Authors are responsible for the content and accuracy. Opinions expressed may not necessarily reflect the position of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy: Common Problems and Approaches Armando González-Cabán Technical Coordinator U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California General Technical Report PSW-GTR-227 (English) November 2009 Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy Abstract González-Cabán, Armando. 2009. Proceedings of the third international symposium on fire economics, planning, and policy: common problems and approaches. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-227 (English). Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 395 p. These proceedings summarize the results of a symposium designed to address current issues of agencies with wildland fire protection responsibility at the federal and state levels in the United States as well as agencies in the international community. The topics discussed at the symposium included regional, national, and global vision of forest fires: common problems and approaches, theory and models for strategic fire planning, economic analysis and modeling for fire management, forest fires and sustainable forest management, public policies and forest management, hazardous fuels treatment, wildland fire use and fire suppression activities, examples of fire management plans and strategic fire resource allocation, and a round table on the role of international organizations in forest fire solutions. Representatives from international organizations with fire protection respon- sibilities in 12 countries presented and discussed their experiences on the same issues. Thirty-six invited and contributed papers and 18 posters were presented at the symposium that described the issues and presented state-of-the-art techniques to address technical issues on fire economics, planning, and policy currently faced by land and fire managers. Keywords: Fire economics, fuel treatment tradeoffs, nonmarket valuation, public policy and wildland fires, strategic fire planning, sustainable forest management. ii GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-227 Preface The costs of wildfire management have escalated in the past decade, largely owing to increased expenditures for suppressing large wildfires. Frequent siege-like fire incidents have enormous costs in loss of life, property, and natural resources. Additionally, there is growing recognition of the futility of fighting fires in ecosystems where prior fire exclusion policies have led to dangerous fuel accumulations. This is also true in countries with significant wildland fire problems such as Argentina, Chile, Spain, Canada, and Australia, and Central American countries like Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Colombia. In the Caribbean basin, countries like Cuba and the Dominican Republic are experiencing similar situations. In Puerto Rico, for the first time, in 2005 there were large wildland-urban interface fires in the Municipality of Mayagüez. Political and social pressures, such as those encountered in urban interface and multiple-use areas, complicate recent shifts in agency philosophies toward managing sustainable ecosystems. The economic consequences of alternative management strategies are poorly understood. Cost-effectiveness comparisons between prescribed fire and other treatments are compounded by analytical difficulties. Expenditures on large fires may bear little relation to values at risk. Current analysis tools for justifying budgets and displaying tradeoffs rarely incorporate consideration of all relevant contributors to fire management costs and net value changes. Outside of North America (Canada and USA), and most recently Spain, very little work has been done on analyzing the economic consequences of alternative fire management strategies. Many countries have recently recognized the need for the economic analysis of their wildland fire management investments. However, few have developed the necessary tools to perform this work. In the USA, numerous reports have recognized the importance of optimizing fire management costs, yet progress toward this end has been slow, uncertain, and elusive. Recommendations contained in several fire policy reviews following the disastrous 1994 fire season, and more recently the 1998, 2000, and 2003 fire seasons, suggest a clear need for a forum in which policymakers, natural resource managers, and fire managers and practitioners can exchange ideas and learn from mutual concerns and experiences. In spring 2004, the Second International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy: A World View was held in Córdoba, Spain, to address the issues outlined here. Since then, disastrous events in the 2003, 2004, and 2005 fire seasons have exacerbated the problem. Many changes in policy have taken place in response to the new challenges. There is the need again to bring together the community of wildland fire agency managers and practitioners, natural resource managers, researchers, foresters, economists, students, and policymakers to discuss recent problems, experiences, and responses to wildland fire. The goals of the proposed symposium are (1) to bring together individuals interested in exchanging ideas regarding the economics, planning and policies of wildland fire management; (2) share the most recent developments and technologies for optimizing fire management iii Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy expenditures; (3) explore the tradeoffs among hazardous fuels treatments, wildland fire use, and suppression expenditures; and (4) share recent developments in strategic fire planning models. Thank you! Armando González-Cabán Carolina, Puerto Rico April 29, 2008 iv GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-227 Contents 1 Forest Fires in the Mediterranean Basin Ricardo Vélez Muñoz 8 Asia and Australasia Wildfire Management: A Regional Perspective Gary Morgan 24 Approaches to Protection From Forest Fires in Central and South America Guillermo Julio Alvear 34 Toward Advancing the Theory of Wildland Fire Economics Douglas Rideout, Yu Wei, and Andy Kirsch 46 The Problem of Forest Fires in Costa Rica, the Country’s Volunteer System and Organizational Structure Alberto Vázquez Rodríguez 57 Seasonal Predictions for Wildland Fire Severity Shyh-Chin Chen, Haiganoush Preisler, Francis Fujioka, John W. Benoit, and John O. Roads 70 Do Repeated Wildfires Change Homebuyers’ Demand for Homes in High-Risk Areas? Julie M. Mueller, John D. Loomis, and Armando González-Cabán 82 The Total Cost of Fire in Australia B.S.W. Ashe, K.J. McAneney, and A.J. Pitman 102 Health and Economic Impact of Wildfires: Literature Review and Impact Assessment Ikuho Kochi, John Loomis, Patricia Champ, and Geoffrey Donovan 116 Developing a Probability-Based Approach to Support Wildland Fire Management Decisions Yu Wei and Douglas Rideout 124 A Mixed Logit Model of Homeowner Preferences for Wildfire Hazard Reduction Thomas P. Holmes, John Loomis, and Armando González-Cabán 137 A Choice Modeling Approach to Value a Fire Prevention Program in Catalonia (Spain) Robert Mavsar and Veronica Farreras 151 The Impact of Fire and the Socioeconomic Vulnerability of Forest Ecosystems: A Methodological Approach Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems F. Rodríguez y Silva, J.R. Molina Martínez, M.A. Herrera Machuca, and R. Zamora Díaz 168 Willingness-to-Pay Function
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