TIIE NA.TIONA.L

~GAZ.NE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY , INC . * October 195 7 Please address all coml111mications to THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC.

1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington 2, D. C.

OFFICERS P,'esident: Mr. Stuart M. Armstrong, Silver Spring, Maryland Fbrst Vice-President: Dr. Henry T. Skinner, Washington, D.C. Second Vice-President: Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, New York Secl'etG1'Y: Mr. Eugene Griffith, Takoma Park, Maryland Treas!wer: Miss Olive E. Weatherell, Olean, New York Editol': Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Pass Christian, Mississippi Managing Editor: Mr. James R. Harlow, Quinque, Virginia Editorial Staff: Miss May M. Blaine, Washington, D. C. Mr. Bernard T. Bridgers, Washington, D. C. Art Editor: Mr. Charles C. Dickson, Kensington, Maryland

DIRECTORS Tenns Expiring 1958 Te1'1'J1s Expvring 1959 Mr. Stuart Armstrong, Silver Spring, Mary- Dr. Donovan S. Correll, Renner, Texas land Dr. Frederick W. Coe, Bethesda, Maryland Dr. John L. Creech, Glenn Dale, Maryland Miss Margaret C. Lancaster, Takoma Park, Mrs. Peggie Schulz, Minneapolis, Minnesota Mary\a,nd Dr. R. P. White, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Frances Patteson-Knight, McLean, Mrs. Harry Wood, Swarthmore, Pennsyl­ Virginia vania Dr. Freeman A. Weiss, Washington, D.C.

DIRECTORS EMERITUS Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pennsylvania Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Mt. Kisco, New York Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Wallingford, Pennsylvania

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Dr. A. S. Crafts Mrs. Martha F. Maxwell American Society of Plant Physiologists EpiphylhtPn Society of America University of California 500 Grove Place Department of Botany Glendale 6, California Davis, California Dr. Dwight M. Moore Mr. Harry W. Dengler American Fel'n Society H ally Society of America University of Arkansas Maryland Extension Service Department of Botany and Bacteriology College Park, Maryland Fayetteville, Arkansas

Dr. Freeman S, Howlett Mr. W. D. Morton, J r. Amel'ican Society for Horticultural Science Amer,ican AmG1'yllis Society The Ohio State Uroiversity 3114 State Street Drive Department of Horticulture and Forestry New Orleans 25, Louisiana Wooster, Ohio Miss Gertrude M. Smith Mrs. Roy Arthur Hunt John J. Tyler Arboretwm Garden Chtb of America Lima, Middletown TOWl1Ship 4875 Ellsworth Avenue Delaware County, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania Dr. Donald P . Watson Mr. Woodson K. Jones American H odiculttwal Council Men's Gal'den Clubs of America Michigan State University 1827 Devine Street Department of HortiGulture Jackson 2, Mississippi East Lansing, Michigan The National Horticultural M.agazine

VOL. 36 Copyright, 1957) by THE AMERICAN H ORTICULTU RAL SOCIETY, l ~c. No.4

OCTOBER 1957

CONTENTS " Pl::mtai nlilies. FREDERI C P. LEE ______.______.______313 H~rdine ss ot 'the Running Bamboos. JOI -I N L. CmIEcH _. ______. ____ 334 Plant Responses to Extreme Climatic Departures from Normals in South- . ern California. GEORGE R. J OH NS TO NE ______340 Vegetative Propagation of Beach P lums. Vv. L. DORA N & J. S. BAILEL ______349 A Book or Two -______. ______353 T he Gardeners' Pocketbook A n Interim R@port on M ei~seq Hoia glytostroboides ______357 M andevl:Ua,· s Ple nd ens ______.______;______.______._. 358 B eg011tia paulensis ______360 ..: : ' Plants Tolerant to Irregular Flooding by Tidal \i\TateL ______361

S t eWG1, tia. 1nalac ho d endr 0 11 _:______363 The Palm Society ______365 Plant Explorati,on in the Mediterranean for Ornamentals ______365 S Olamh111, quitoe11se as an Ornamental ______36S Butterfl.y~eed, a Neglected Native Oni.amental PlanL______367 L y co r i s ------______368 Illdex to Volume 36______371

COVE R ILL USTRATIO N: Frwits of Fall Original painting by Erik Hans Krause The National Horticultural Magazine

The National H orticuiturai Magazine is a quarterly journal, being the official publication of The American Horticultural Society, Incorporated. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. The Journal is printed by Monumental Printing Company at Thirty-second Street and Elm Avenue in Baltimore, Maryland, and is entered as second class matter in the post office of that city in accordance with the Act of August 24, 1912. Additional entry for Washington, D. c., was authorized July IS, 1955, in accordance with the provisions of Section 132.122, Postal Manual. Subscription to the Journal is included in membership, which is $5.00 a calendar year. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural know ledges of plant mate­ rials of economic and aesthetic importance are most welcomed and will be published as promptly as possible. Material of lasting interest appearing in related journals will be re­ printed as available. Publications received for the Library will be reviewed and made avail­ able to members after publication of the reviews. These books are designated "Library" following the prices in the book reviews. Reviews of private collections will also be accepted and published. These books, however, are not available for loan to members of the Society. Manuscripts should be prepared to conform to the style adopted in the latest number of the current volume. The nomenclature uS!'d in manuscripts, whether treating horticultural or botanical subjects. should be in conformance insofar as possible with the Codes published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy. They should be typewritten with double­ spacing, leaving a one-inch margin at the left for editorial direction to the printer. Footnotes to text statements should be avoided unless they are absolutely necessary. UsuaUy the infor­ mation can be included in the text. parenthetically if necessary, without making the reading too cumbersome. Footnotes to tables are often necessary and should be designated by small Roman letters. Literature citations, footnotes and illustration legends should be on a separate sheet. Authors are requested to give for each citation, the author, or authors, year of publica­ tion. full title or citation without abbreviation of the journal or volume, in the case of jour­ nals, the beginning and ending pages ; of books the edition number and the number of pages, the name and address of the publisher. One set of the galley proofs will be sent to the author for corrections, which should be held to a minimum, and such c0rrections should be returned immediately. Reprints, saddle-stapled, will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus postage, and should be ordered at the time galley proof is returned by the author : Copies 2 pp 4pp 8 pp 12 pp 16 pp Covers 100 $ 6.60 $12.10 $25.30 $36.30 $47.30 $12.10 Additional 100s 1.65 1.87 3.30 5.06 6.05 1.65 The Journal is issued for the quarters commencing with January, April, July, and October. Manuscripts must reach the Editorial Office at the Society's Headquarters three months before publication is desired. Missing numbers wi ll be replaced without charge provided claim is received in the Editorial Office wi thin thirty days after release elate. Gottlieb H am pA er Longwood Ga rdens

The flo wers of lvl clIIdevilla splendens-an 184 1 introduction from the Organ Mountains of Brazil. See P age 339. Plantainlilies

FREDERIC P. LEE

P iantainlilies or bostas are controver­ As has already been vaguely hinted. sial plants. You like them or you despise the foli age of large hostas creates a strik­ them - no tolerant. dispassionate views ing impre sion. Fancy -leaf caladiums are heard. They are not gaudy in fl ower cannas, elephant ears, and pe1argoniulIls like a dahlia or marigold. Neither are are likewise fam ili ar plants with striking hostas shy and unobtrusive. Thei r habit fo liage in size, design, or color, but they and leaves are fl aunty. Leaf size and de­ are all tender t r 0 pic a I or subtropical sign and cool color variations in shades plants. The hostas are temperate - zone of green, and green and white, make plants that are hardy and permanent even hostas conspicuous, even a bit ostenta­ in our most northern states. There is no tious. You cannot ignore a large-leaf winter killing. hosta whether in or out of flower. Hostas are excellent fo r accents, fo r One gardener on vievv in g the Siebold la rg e or small edgings and boundary P lan tain lily (Hosta glall ca) will have lines, or for facing down sh rub . Their painfull y obtuse thoughts of an immense effect is heavy, not ai ry. Despite t'he cabbage before it has headed up ; another ponderous and unusual appearance of the that the plant is interestingly un i que, la rge hostas, their den e masses of foliage nothing quite like it in either nature or fit into naturalistic garden even better art. Such unimaginative horticulturists than in to formal gardens. H ostas can be wo uld , however, be left dazed by herba­ used in woodlands and in shrub borders. ceous perennials like the moisture-lovin g \ iV hile the excepti onal charader of their G unne r as (Gun·nero. 111.anicata and G. leaves make hostas primarily fo liage chilensis) , natives of Chile and Brazil, rather than fl owering plants, nevertheless, with hugh rhubarb-like leaves four to six their fl owers are good. Those of the Fra­ feet across on stalks up to six and eight grant Plantainlily (H. plantaginea) are feet. Many hostas have unusual ly large excellent. Hostas are one of the very few leaf blades, two of them over a square hardy herbaceous perennials having co n­ foot in area, but hostas are far from one spicuous blooms in summer shade. of the giant leaf herbaceous perennials Hostas are long-lived perennials. Edg­ of the plant world. Thus that ma jestic lily, ings of the Wavyleaf P lantainlily (H. WI'/J­ Cardiocri'/Il,u111! giganteum, is a temperate dulata) planted in great-grandmother's zone plant like the hostas, but its leaves day still endure. Undisturbed hosta plants are fifteen by eighteen inches, larger than a quarter century old are common. Be­ those of the largest hosta. On the other ing an herbaceous perennial, the soft, suc­ hand, most hostas are far from pygmies. The Siebold P lantainlily and the Giant culent stems and leaves die down while P lantainlily (H. fortul'l ei var. g·igantea) the crown and roots remain ali ve and pro­ would provide a garland suitable in past duce new stems and leaves in the spring. millenniums for adorning the brow of a In the 'Nashington, D.C., area hostas are mastodon. effective plants fro111 early May to Octo­ ber; the leaves appear in late spring and C hara.cteristics and Uses die with the first heavy frost. Hostas have several characteristics that Hostas do better in the shade than in are both uncommon and valuable for the the sun. They are one of the few shade home gardener. loving, rather than merely shade tolerat- 3.13 IIlg garden perennials. They \·vill stand in 1780 as Alef1'is japoniea, in 178+ as not only high shade of deciduous trees H e1neTocallis japo11iea" and in 1794 as but also somewhat denser types of shade, H e7lle rocallis laneifolia.. Aletris is the such as those to which many ferns and name now used for stargrass and hemer­ liIies-of-the-valley are adapted. Hostas ocalli s for the day lilies. The plantainlilies light up dark places. thus started out their nomenclatural ca­ The perennial roots are thid<, some­ reer as stargrasses and daylilies. what tuberous, and durable like heavy In 1812 the name H0sta was proposed cord. They form a dense clump. The by L. Trattini.ck while in the same year Fragrant and the Blue P lantainlilies (H. R. A. Salisbury placed two of the species, plantagin ea and H. velltricosa) are ex­ H. plantagi11ea and H. vent'rieosa, into ceptions. Thei r roots are rhizomes, a two new genera, Niobe and BTyocles, re­ shallow, knobby. branching rootstock, spectively. Then in 1817 Sprengel gave from which the leaf stalks rise and the the name Funkia (syns. Funekia and roots grow down. See Plate 3. The roots F~£nk ea) to the plants and it prevailed of hostas do not require regular division fo r many years. Until rather recently the for maintenance but propagate readily by plantainlilies have usually been found in division in the fall or early spring before the nursery catalogs under the name the leaves unfurl. F1mkia. Today, H osta (hos-tah or hoh­ A hosta may take two or three years stah) has become the accepted name for to become well establi shed but after that the genus. N icolaus Thomas Host ( 1761- it increases rapidly. In five to ten years 1834), from whom the name is derived. some of the larger hostas will make a was a botanist and physician to an Aus­ clum p of leaves fo ur to six feet wide. trian emperor. If given room hostas will gradually in­ crease the size of their clumps fo r many The Species Naj1f/,es years. When it comes to breaking down the genus H osta into species the difficulties The Gene1'ie N a11l/,e increase. Hostas as known today in the Confusion galore has prevailed among Western \ i\T orld are composed of plants botanists as to the proper generic name fo und in the wild, mainly in Japan ; plants for the plantainlilies. introduced into Europe from gardens in The plantainlilies bel 0 n g to the lily China and J apan over a century ago but family (LILIACEAE). Among the 200 or not known in the wild; and plants, mu­ so genera in that fam ily the genus 1110St tants or hybrids, developed in E urope closely r elated to the plantainlilies is from these introductions but not known H eme'rocallis (the daylilies). Incidentally, in the O rient in either gardens or the the plantainlilies are not kin of the Com­ wild; also one recent American hybrid. mon P lantain (Plantago majO?') that has The Fragrant P lantainlily ( H. planta­ di stinguished itself as a lawn and garden gin.ea) was introduced Into France from weed. The C0111mo n P lantain belongs to Chinese gardens the latter part of the a wholly different g r 0 u p, the plantain eighteelith century, and the Blue P lan­ fami ly (PLANTAGINACEAE). tainlily (H. vel'lh'ieosa) into England a El1~e l be rt Kaempfer, a German physi­ little later in the same century. From cian,' on a trip to Japan about 1690 saw 1830 on numerous hostas were brought the plants we no'w call H. lameifolia an'cl ii1·to H olland from Japanese gardens' by H . gi'a~~ea . Karl Peter Thunberg . made Siebold's nursery at Leiden. T he ' plants a trip .to Japan in the 1770's fo ll owi~;g in this country have come mainly fr011'! his a ppoi ntment as sturgeo n on a' ship of these European intr.oductions. Doubtless the Dutch East India I Company.' 'He de­ many species or g!~ rdell forms in Japan scribed the plant we now know as H. still remain to be introduced~a .; s u gges ­ lomeifolia, the Narrow-Leaved' Pla1'1tain­ tion for the P lant Introduction Secti-Gn ·.pf lily, under three different names,~ first our Department of Agriculture:'" ' no ,1 314 The obscure origin of most of these ers rest on short pedicels. The pedicel is vari ous plantainlilies makes them a bota­ usually surrounded by a promin ent leaf­ nist's nightmare. Taxonomic botanists dif­ like bract and occasionally, as in the Fra­ fer widely in their views a to the plants grant P lantainlily, with a small second that fa lJ within a parti,cular species of bract in side. The fl owering portion of the Hosta . Few genera are so baffling. Not scape co nstitutes a raceme. These bracts onl y are many of the alleged species gar­ around the fl ower pedicels ( not those on den forms but ome are probably hy­ the capes) wither rapidly and also oc­ brids. Charles Hervey Grey of England, casionally in their early stage wi lJ have in hi s Hardy Bulbs, in 1938, li sts around the same co lor as the fl ower. thirty species. This is indicative of the The flower of hostas range from fo ur large amount of material remaining to be to six inches long for the Fragrant P lan­ introduced from Japan for Grey ba ed tainlily to the more usual one and a half his li st on the works of the Japanese bota­ to two inches in length for most other nists Takenoshi Nakai, Gen'ichu Koid­ pecies. There i no clear di stinction be­ zumi, and F Ull1i s Nlaekawa. In 1940 Mae­ tween the three epals (calyx) and the kawa listed thirty-nine species based al­ three petals (corolla) and con equently most wholly on Japanese native and cul ­ these in combination constitute a perianth tivated plants, and in 1953 Jisaburo Oh­ of six simi lar-appearing lobes. The lobes wi, another Japanese botanist, considered are joined or fused part way lip from the that the nati ve Japanese plantainlilie con­ base in to a tube and then eparate and sisted of thirty-five species. flare into six limbs. The fl owers are u u­ Liberty Hyde Bailey, in Gentes H er­ ally funnel shaped and belJ-li ke, but the ba ri1l11l, 1930, listed seven and made brief F ragrant P lantainlily has long tubular mention of five more "not known to be flowers while the Blue Plantain lily and in cultivation in North A merica," and VV. the Blunt P lantainlily have Urt1- (cup) T. Stearn, of England, in The Garde'll e1's' shape fl owers. See Plate 1. Ch1'ol7icle, 1931 , starting w ith Bailey's The peri anth is dark or pale violet or account, winds up with seven species. white, although ome, as the Blue Plan­ Edgar T. \ N' herry, of the University of tainlily (H. vel1tricosa) and the Blunt Pennsylvania, lists ten in hi s key in The P lantainlily (H. decomta) , may be white National H ortiCilitural M agazi17e, 1946. penciled (streaked or striped) with vio­ Recently, N il s H ylander, of Sweden, in let on the insid e. Acti H orti Bergia17i, published in . 1954, recognized thirteen species mainly on th.e The ovary of the fl ower with its three basis of plants in ,gardens in .Sweden, a cells, surmounted by its single style ter­ country holding hostas in high esteem . . minating in the stigma, rests in the cen­ ter at the base of the perianth. Ovary, The Flowers style, and stigma constitute the pistil. The fl owers of hostas are distributed Each of the six stamens is composed of on scapes, that is, leafless flow er stalks. a filament topped by a pollen-bearing an­ The fl ower scapes arise from the crown ther. The anthers are attached crosswise formed by the leaf stalks as they emerge on the apex of the filaments and ~re cap­ from the roots, and extend above the able of turning. See Plate 2. The stqJ11ens mound of leaves. While the scapes do arise under the ovary or are attached to not have true leaves branching from them, sides of the fl ower tube. The single pistil they may have scales or bracts. These are is longer than the stamens and both are reduced, vestigial, leaf - like· structures. longer than the lobes of the perianth. Along the top portion of the scape are U sl1ally both pistil and sta m~ns are re­ the flowers, usually well spaced but oc­ flexed so that the stigma and anthers casionally, as in the Siebold PlantainIily face down and do not protrude beyond (H. glauco) and the Fragrant P lantain­ the perianth, at least until stigma and lily (R. plantaginea) , tc:wding to be anthers straighten out somewhat a's the bunched into a terminal cluster. The flow- flower wilts and closes. ··· t " 315 The specIes differ as to the number August : of fl owers in a raceme. The maximum H. decora /a number fo r some of the species and vari e­ H. 111~110r ties is approximately as foll ows: H. plantaginea H. deco'rata 28 H. 'Honeybell s' H. fOI'twn.ei var. gigantea, 40 H. !ol'tul1ei var. 11'/OI'gina to-aTba 36 Late August and early September : H. glauco. 24 H. lancifolia H. 'Honeybell s' 60 H. la?1cifol·ia var. albo -11wl'ginata H. lanciforia 15 September and early October : H . la:nc1:jolia var. tardiflora 24 H. lCl11cijolia var. tardifiora H. 11'I,tnor 8 H. pla11tagi Jl ea 26 T he fl owers of the F ragrant P lantain­ H, ~£ndu. lata var . 'U11ivittata 20 lily are strongly and pleasantly scented. So is its hybrid, H. 'Honeybells.' The H . ~bndulata var. e1' r 01'l1 el'.a 30 scent is even more notice3!ble at night.. H. ventricosa. 28 F lowers of the other species are without T he ,flowers open successively starting fragrance or only sli ghtly fragrant. from the bottom of the raceme. One or several of the fl owers in a raceme, but not The Leaves all , may be open at a time. On some days Hosta leaf blades range 111 size from none may be open . F lowers of most spe­ a maximum of twelve by eight inches cies open in the morning and close in the fo r the F ragrant P lantai nlily (H. pla11- evening. The F ragrant P lantainlily (H. taginea) , fo urteen by ten inches for the plantaginea) opens, however, early in the Giant P lantainlily (H. fortunei var. gi­ evening and remai ns open until early the gantea) , and fifteen by twelve inches for evening of the next day. 'Honeybells,' a Siebold P lantainlily (H. glmtca) , to seven hybrid, H. plantaginea X H . TancifoTia. by three inches for Narrow-leaved P lan­ takes an intermediate position . Its fl ow­ tainli ly (H. lancijolia) and five inches ers open in the morning and remain open by an inch and a half for the D warf Plan­ until the fo llow ing morni ng. Hot, dry tainlily (H. minol') . T he leaf blades are weather may expedite closing. more or less heart-shape at the base. Hostas may be fo und in bloom from Some are broadly heart-shape, others nar­ late J ti ne through September and into row and Ian ceo late. Most have pointed October. Blooming peri ods in the Vlash­ tips. Leaves have conspicuous curving ington, D.C., area are : nerves or side ribs running from either side of the midrib. See Plate 4. Late June or early July: The leaves of hostas vary in color from H. fortunei var. gigantea bright greens and dull greens, to bluish greens. Some have a gray, waxy cover­ H. fortunei var. 11~arginato - a l ba ing (bloom) on the top or bottom side, H. glauca (about the earliest) or both, of the leaf blade. Such leaves H. undulata are glaucous like the skin of some plums H. ~mdt£lata var. univittata from which the glaucescence or bloom H: undulata val'. el'I'011'lena can be rubbed off. The Siebold Plantain­ H. ventricosa lily is the conspicuous example of a hosta with glaucescent leaf blades. July : Some hostas, as the Wavy leaf P lan­ tainlily (H . und~tlata), and its variety H . fortunei var. Vil'idis-111ar,(]inata univittata, have white, irregular stripes H . lanc#olia va l'. jor~is down the mi ddle of the leaf blade and 316 down the greater part of the petiole. Oth­ Watering in dry spells helps a lot. Hos­ er hostas have w hite edging to the leaf tas 'prefer soils at least slightly acid . They blade. Thus H. fMt'bme'i var. qq1.a1'g'inato­ do well under the same growing condi­ alba has an irregular white margin. The tions as azaleas. Their c I i 111 a tic range, Whiterim P lantainlily (H. lancifolia var. however, includes the ,coldest areas in the albo-1nargi11ata) and the Blunt P lantain­ co untry if at least moderate rainfall is lily (H. decomta) each have a narrow, availa·ble. W hether it includes the Lower white band around the margin of the leaf South is not known; at least hostas are blade, extending down the edges of the not grown much there, perhaps because petiole. See Plate 5. T he Greenrim Plan­ sub-tropical fo liage plants are available, tainlily (H. fOl'tunei var. vi'l'idis-11W1'­ Hostas are permanent, durable, and with­ ginata) has yellowish green leaf blades stand neglect. They may be propagated with deep green edges becoming wholl y by di vision, preferably in the fall or eax­ deep green in summer. Iy sprin g. Their roots are tough and you The petioles connecting the leaf blades wi ll need a harp spade. maybe an axe with the crown are deeply grooved (can­ for some. aliculate) and usually longer than the If kept out of full sunlight and given blades. adequate moisture, hostas are li ttle sub­ The Siebold P lantainlily (H. gla Mea) , ject to diseases or pests unles one calls the Giant Plantainlily (H. fo1'tu11ei var. a heavy hail storm a pest when the hail­ g'igantea), the Blue P lantainlily (H, ve11- stones Ia;cerate and shred the leaves. For­ tricosa) , the Fragrant Plantainlily (H. tunately in J11 0st regions such storms are plan tagi l1,ea ), the Greenrim Plantainlily rare. Occasionally snails or crown rot or (H. fo rtune?: var. viridis-margil1ata ) , H . one of the leaf spots may troubl e hostas, f01'tul'I ei var. Yobusta, and H , 'Honey­ but rarely seri ously. Under some city bells' make clumps twenty-fo ur to thirty conditions the larger leaf plants need to inches high. They are large plants and be washed off occasionally to get rid of give heavy mass effects. H, fortwnei var. soot. In spring and early SU J11m er dur­ 'mal'g-il1Gto -alba: the Narrow -leaved P lan­ ing the grovv ing season for appearance tainlily (H. lal'Lcifolia) , the Bigjap P lan­ sake cut off damaged leaves; others will tainlily (H. lancifolia va r. fortis), the replace them or their absence will not be Whiterim P lantainlily (H. lancifolia var. noted. albo-ma1'ginata) , H. u·ndulata var. uni­ Exudate from tuli p tree scales in over­ vittata, and the Midsummer P lantainlily hanging trees may fall on hosta leaves ( H. ul1dulata var. eJ'Y01'l'I ena) are medium below. This "honeydew" is a clear liquid size plants. They make clumps fifteen to but a sooty fungus will quickly grow in twenty inches high and two or three feet it discoloring the hosta leaves. The fun­ wide in the same period of time. The gus wi ll wash off in rains, but slowly. The Dwarf P lantainlily (H. 'minoY) , the Au­ leaves may be badly damaged for the tumn Plantainlily (H. lancifolia var. ta1'­ season. dijlo1'a) , the Wavyleaf P lantainlily (H. undulata) , and the Blunt P lantainlily (H. D escription of Species and Vayieties deco1'ata) are small with clumps ten or twelve inches high , There are described below various hos­ ta plants availwble from the trade in this Cultu1'e country. The descriptions are of Wla,tU?'e, Hostas are not fussy as to soil, whether living plants in the Washington, D, c., light or heavy. A soil with humus is de­ area, not herbarium specimens. Size of sirable, A little fertilizer in early spring leaf, heights, and other figures in some is not amiss. The plants look !TIuch bet­ instances run larger tha n in the corre­ ter if grown in shade and if the soil is sponding botanical descriptions. somewhat moist. They will endure much The classification used is not intended dryness but it affects the appearance of for botanists, but gardeners. It is based the leaves. Edges and tips turn brown. mainly on using certain species or varietal 317 botanical names that have substantial ac­ fl ect the confusion among the botanical ceptance in this country. names. Different nurserymen give differ­ The ·botanists have differences among ent names to the same plant and the same name to different plants. We hope the themselves when it comes to naming hos­ following classification will be a useful tas. Such difficulties are to be expected working guide for the hosta gardeners in when species and varietal names are this country, Any botanist who pays the given to garden forms not known in the slightest attenti on to it, does so at his wi ld. Nurserymen's names fo r hostas re- peril.

There fo llows a finding li st of the species and varieti es of the plantainlilies here described and their synonyms:

Fi'l//lia alba, see H osta plal/taginea, Page 319 H. fortunei var. 1'/,gosa, see H. fortul/ei, 321 F. caen,lea, see H. venf1"icosa, 319 H. f01'/nnei var. stenantha, see H, f01'tnnei, F. fortune1', see H . f01't1fnei, 320 320 F. glm,ca, see H. glauca, 319 H. fm' tnnei var, vin·dis-11w1'gina.ta, 32 1 F. g'randifiol'a, see H. plal1taginea, 319 H. glanca, 319 F. lall1;eolata, see H. lancifolia, 32 1 H . glG1iCa var. a'll rea va1'1:egata, 320 F. ovala, see H. ve1'ltricosa, 319 H. 'Honeybells: 322 F . sieboldia'lla, see H. glmtca, 319 H. japonica, see H. lancifolia, 321 F. snbco'rdata, see H, plal1tagillea, 319 H. lancifoI1:a, 321 F. 'Thomas Hogg,' see H . decm'ata, 324 H. lanci/olia var. a.!bo -111arginata, 322 F. undnlata, see H. 1/'1tdt,lata, 323 H. lancifolia var, fortis, 321 F. variegata, see H. tmd1~lata, 323 H, lancifolia var. tardifiora, 322 H asia albifim'a" see H osta minor, 322 H. min01', 322 .. H. albo-mal'ginata, see H. lancifolia var . albo­ H. 1/11'1/01' alba, see H. mi1/01', 322 marginata, 322 H. pla'l1tagillea, 319 H. albo-mG1'gillata var. alba, see H. 1ninor, 322 H. pla:ntaginea "ar. gralldifiom, see H. planta- f. H. albo-p'icta vi1'idis, see H. f01'/ilnei var. g'i:nea, 319 vil'idis-mm'ginata, 321 H. sieboldialla, see H. glauca, 319 H. crispula, see H. fortunei var. marginata­ alba, 321 H. siebold·ial1a var. elegans, see H. glauco., 319 H. deC01'ata, 324 H . sparsa, see H. lancifolia var. fardifiora, 322 H. dec01'ata var. 11101'ginata, see H. deco'rata, H. tardif/ora, see H. lancifolia var. tm'dijlora, 324 322 H. elata, see H. f01'tuI1ei var. gigantea, 320 H, t,ndu.lafa, 323 H. e1'1'0111ena, see H. undulata. var. en'omena, H . 1Mldulata var. erromel/a, 323 323. H. lIndll/ata var. 1Il/iviffata, 323 H. forhl1lei. 320 H. ventricosa, 319 H. f01'ttmei var. albo-mm'g·inata, see H . f01'­ twtei var. marginato-alba, 321 H. Ve l/l.Ista, 323 H. fortnnei var. hyacinthina, see H. fortune'i, N1'obe caentiea, see H osla ventricosa, 319 320 N. fO 'rtnnei, see H. fortt(l1ei, 320 H. fm'tunei var. gigantea" 320 N . jap01uca, see H. lancJfolia, ' 321 H : fo'rtt,nei var. marginato-alba, 321 N . plantaginea, see H. plalltaginea, 319 H . fa1'ttmei var. obscura, see H. fortlln ei, 320 N . sieboldialla, see H. glanca, 319 H. f01'tunei var. 1'obusfa, 32'1. N. 1tnd7(./ata, see H. 1indulata, 323 318 l. H. plallta,ginea (syns. F~tl1'/~ia sb£b­ 2. H. veil tricosa (SY ll S. Fun/~ia cae'nt­ cordata, Fu.nkia alba, FU11, /~ia gmndifiora, lea, Niobe cacntlea, FU'l1kia ova-ta (Blue H osta plamta,ginea var. gra11difio1'a, Niobe P laLltainlily) : plantag1'nea) (Fragrant P lantainlil y) :

Usuall y sQ ld by nurserymen as H osla Usually sold by nurserymen as H osta caernlea or Fl.In!?ia caerulea. or F~tl1kia Svtbcordata g1'andifi01'a. Distinguished especiall y by its large, Distinguished especially by its long. glossy, dark green leaves and urn-shape, tubular, scented 'white fl owers opening in dark violet flowers. the evening. The leaves are broad at the base, have The leaves are a b rig h t yellowish a twisted point, and are sometimes wavy. green and both sides are glossy. The leaf They are a glossy, deep green above and blades are twelve inches long and eight a glossy, grayer green beneath. The leaf inches wide with about nine nerves on blades are ten inches long and eight inches either side of the midri·b. The wide­ wide, with about ten nerves either side spreading foliage forms a mound twenty­ of the midri·b. T he leaf mound rises to fo ur inches high. twenty-four inches. It fo rms large dense The flo wers are the finest among hos­ clumps. tas reminding one of the white trumpet The fl owers are deep violet (campan­ among some of the "true" lilies. They ula violet, HCC 37/ 2) lavender and white are a pure, waxy white, fo ur to six inches stri ped and streaked (pencilled) especial­ long, two to three inches wide, and tubu­ ly inside. They are the darkest fl owers lar. There is supposed to be a variety, of any hosta, two and a quarter inches gmndifio1'a, which are the plants 'with long and one and a half inches wide. The five to six inch long fl owers. fl owers are urn-shape, abruptly enlarging The slender tube of the flo wer is long­ midway. The species name is derived er than the limbs. The stamens have from its suddenly swollen (ventricose) white filaments and yellow anthers; the fl ovver tube. The stamens have white fila­ style is white. The stamens are refl exed ments with purple anthers; the pistil a and so do not extend as far as the top white style with yellow stigma. The fl ow­ of the perianth. The pistil is not reflexecl er scape extends to forty inches in height and is about the same length as the per­ and usually has several leaf-like bracts. ianth. The flow er scape is thirty inches The flow er raceme is wel! above the tall and usually has a single leaf -like mound of foliage and has up to twenty­ bract. The flow ers are horizontaL and rest eight fl owers to the cluster. The fl owers on a pedicel surrounded by two leaf-like bloom in late June and early J uly. See 4 6. . . bmcts, a small one inside a much larger Pla·tes a:nd one. The Hower raceme is well above the leaf mound. The flowers are dose to­ gether in the raceme making a crowded 3. H. glauca (syns. Funkia gla·nca, terminal duster with about twenty- six P 'nnkia sieboldiana, H osta sieboldia1ia, flowers to the duster. Niobe sieboldiana) (Siebold or Sh01:t­ The flowers are very fragrant; some cluster Plantainlily) .:.,' ,j call it an orange-like scent. They open i.n the early evening and remain open .~~r o ughout the night and following day Freque\Jtly sold by ~ nurserymen under until early · evenil~g . H . plwntagi1'bea. (ex­ the name H osta sieboldiana. G:~p t for its hybrid, 'Honeybells') is the Distinguished especially by the large, ·only hasta with fragrant, night~bloc)1::nilllg deep ' gray-green, glaucous leaves. Here flowers. The blooming" period .is through- the "grayness" is "bloom'" 'that will rub ·aut! A Ugl~St. S'ee' Plate 1'6. · .· f off readily. The low flow er scapes bring 31'9 the raceme of fl owers little, if any, above H. j01'tull ei is probably not a species the mound of leaves. but a group of hybrids and there is a The leaves are most attractive. The tendency to dump any unclassifi ed hosta leaf ob I a des are broad, roundish. and into the group. The result is that plants wrinkled. and the lobes frequently over­ under the name of H . fortul1ei show a lap at the base. The leaf blades are fifteen good deal of variation_ inches long and twelve inches wid e. They The plant that has usually been sold are a deep gray green on top and a light­ as the typical "species" is that now called er gray green below. Both sides are glau­ H. ~£ndu la.ta var. e'/"/'0111,e1'ba, or sometimes cous. The leaves have about seventeen treated as a separate species H. el',},O l'ne­ nerves on either side of the midrib. The '/'I a . It is described later. plant forms a loose leaf mound twenty­ There is, however, a number of "vari­ four inches high. Stephen F. Hamblin eties" of H. fortunei that are di stinctive says the Siebold Plantainlily may be used and are described below. Two of these as an a:ccent "where a very large bang is H. fort~~nei var. giga,ntea, which is some~ required." times treated as a separate species, H, H . gla.~~ca has fine foliage but poor elata, and the similar H, fortlm ei var. 1'0- flowers. The fl owers are white faintly busta, are closely related to H, gla'Mco flu shed purple, bell-shape, two inches particularly the form of it sold under the long and an inch wide. The stamens have name H. sieboldiana, Two other varieties greenish white filaments with yellow and are variegated leaf forms, H. fortunei brown anthers; the pistil has a greeni sh var. 111.G-rgi11ato -alba frequently treated as white style and stigI11a. The fl ower scapes a separate species, H. erispula, and H. are usually a:bo ut t he same height as the f01'tunei vaL viridis-l1wfrginata frequent­ leaf mound and the leaves tend to hide ly treated as a separate species, H, albo­ the fl owers. The fl owers, however, droop pieta. and wither quickly, hang on, and are un­ Nils Hylander places under H, for­ tidy, so it is well that they a re partly hid­ tu,l'bei four varieti es, stenantha, rugosa, den. The fl owers bloo111 in late June and obsel,wa, and hyaeinthina. They are not early July. The scapes have one or two known in this country, at least by those leaf-like bracts. The fl owers are close to­ names. A ll seem closely related to H, gether on the raceme and tend to crowd jOl'tunei va r. rrigantea (H. elata) and H , into a dense terminal cluster. The cluster glauco (1-[ , sieboldiana). has up to twenty-four fl owers. S ee Plate H , fortullei var. gigantea (syn. Hosta 10. elata) (Giant Plantainlily) : It has large, _ The above is probably the plant des­ glossy l eaves, deep green above and ignated by Nils Hylander as H osta sie­ grayer green underneath, fourteen inches boldi vaL elega11s. Some plants sold un­ in length and ten inches in width, with der the name H osta sieboldiana h a v e about fourteen nerves either side of mid­ leaves less square or broader at the base rib, sometimes wavy margins. more pointed, and less glaucous than H: The fl owers are two inches long and gla~~ca . Also the fl ower scapes may rise one and a quarter inches wide. Their eight inches or so above the leaf mound. H. aoki may belong in this area. color is white fa intly flu shed purple. The stamens have white filaments and yellow There is a plant sold as H osta glauca and green anthers; the pistil has a white var. aU1'ea· variega,ta with a wide yellow­ ish green margin to the leaf. style and stigma. Some flower scapes do not top the leaf mound; others extend eight inches or so above it. The flowers are in dense clusters of about forty and 4. H. f01' t~m e 'i (syns. P 'u-nkia fortunei bloom in late June and early July. See Niobe fortunei) (Fortune or Tallcluste; Plates 4, 7, and 13. P lantai nlily) : This plant might well be regarded as 320 a hyurid of H. gla'uea or at least of the inches tall and has two leaf-like bracts. form of it sold as H. sieboldiana. The The fl owers bloom in early July. flowers are as poor as those of H. glat£co, The flowers of H. fortwl'I.ei var. vi'ridis­ but the leaves are fine and the huge plant l1'/.argi'/'wta are much like those of H. U11- in1Jpressive. d~/la , ta var. erro mel1a. The flowers of both H. fOTt'U-l'I ei var. 'robusta: This, while are slenderer and the segments of both large, is smaller than H. f. var. gigantea. flare more widely than those of H. glat/,co The leaves are gray green, glall'cescent and H. f01'tul1ei va r. gl:gal1 tea. underneath, not wavy, eight inches wide and ten inches long, with about eleven nerves either side of the midrib. The leaf mound is twenty-four in ches high. This might also be a hybrid of H. glauco. H. fOrt.£lQ el: var. m.a.1'gi11a.to-alba (syns. S. H. lancifolia (syns. H osta jap01'lica, H osta. fortu.nei var. a,[bo-l',w rgl:na ta" H os­ F1J£'J1.kia, lal1ceolata , Niobe japo1'1'ica) (N ar­ ta crispu.la) ; This has dark green, wavy­ row leaved Plantainlily): margined leaves, glossy on the under­ side, and the leaf mound is twenty inches tall. The leaf blade is up to ten inches long and six inches wide with an Distinguished especiall y by its narrow irregular white margi!l, broader than in leaves and late blooming period. H . decomta and in H. lancifolia var. albo­ Frequ ently sold by nurserymen as wta1'ginata. The flo wer scape is forty-two Fvmkia lanceo /ata. inches tall. The leave are narrow and long, and clark gree n and glossy on both sides. Their The fl owers are one and three-quarters lenoth runs seven inches and thei r width inches long, and one inch wide. The color to> three inches, with about five ne rves on is white faintly flu shed purple. T he sta­ ei ther side of the midri,b. The leaf mound mens have white filaments with yellow is dense anel rises to twenty inches in and green anthers; the pistil a white style height. The plant spreads readily. There and stigma. There are up to thirty-six i a form w ith longer anel narrower leaves. flowers to a cluster. They bloom in late The fl owers are violet (violet, HCC June and early July. See Plate 11 . 36/ 2) with some white streaks or lines. H. f01' tJmei var. viridis-111,a1'ginata (syn. They are one and a half inches long anel H osta albo-picta f. viridis) (Greenrim one inch wiele. and bell -shape. P lantainlily) : This is the only well known The slenel er tube is about one-third the hosta with leaves in two shades of green. length of the fl owers. The fl ower scape The leaf blades are a light yellow green is thirty inches tall anel bas two to four with a darker green margin, turning dark leaf-like bracts. The flow er raceme ex­ green a ll over in early summer ; under­ tends well above the leaf mound and the neath they are gray green and glaucescent. flowers are well spaced on the raceme. The leaf blades are twelve inches in length There are about fifteen .fl owers to the and seven inches in width, with about ten cluster. The stamens have white filaments nerves either side the midrib. The leaf with dark purplish anthers. The pistil is mound is dense and twenty-four inches a little longer tban the stamens alJd is high. white. The flowers bloon1 in late August The flowers are two inches long, one and September. and a quarter inches wide, and bell shape; There are several varieties: white faintly flushed and penciled violet H. lancifolia var. f01,tis (Bigjap P lan­ (bishops violet, HCC 34/3). The fila­ tainlily): This variety bas broader leaf ment is white and the anthers violet; the blades seven inches in length anel five style and stigma are white. There are inches in width, and pointed. They are about thirty-six flowers to the dense clus­ dark green, grayer,. and glaucous under­ ter. The flower scape is up to thirty neath, with about nine nerves on either 321 side of the midrib. There is a very fine introduced this hybrid of H . plantaginea white line around the leaf margin. The and H, lancifol-ia in 1952, The leaves are variety blooms in late July, earlier than long, not broad at base, and are wavy and the type species. The leaf mound is dense glossy. They are a light green and eleven and twenty inches high. inches long and seven inches wide with The flower scape is twenty-six inches about ten nerves on either side of the mid­ tall and has four small leaf-like bracts. rib, The leaf Ill ound ri ses to twenty-four There are about thirty-six fl owers to the inches. dense cluster. The fl owers are one and The fl owers are white pencilled violet three-quarters inches long, three-quarters (bishops violet, H CC 34/ 3). They are inch wide. and white flushed and penciled two inches long and an inch and a half violet (bishops violet, HCC 34/3) . The wide. The filaments are white, the an­ stigma is white and the filaments are thers purple and yellow, and the style white with dark purple anthers. The and stigma white. The scapes extend far fl owers bloom in mid-July. above the leaf mound and may reach H. la17cifolia var. tardiflora ( H . t01'di­ fifty inches. They have two leaf-like flom) (Autumn Plantainlily) : It blooms bracts. There may be up to sixty flow­ in September and October and is much ers in a cluster. dwarfer than the type species. The leaf The flowers have a fragrance like H . blades are deep green and glossy. six plantaginea. They open throughout the inches long and two and a half inches morning and close the fo llowing morning. wide. There are about seven nerves on H, 'Honeybell s' blo0111s the latter half of either side of the midrib. The leaves August. S ee Plate 9. form a low, loose clump tvvelve inches high. The fl owers are flu shed pale violet 7. H. mino?' (syns. H osta minor alba, (cobalt violet, HCC 634/3), and are one H osta albo-ma?-ginata var. alba, H osta and a half inches long and wide. The albiflom) ( Dwarf PlantainIily) : anthers are yellow. The fl ower scape is about eighteen inches tall, has two leaf­ like bracts, and the fl owers are crowded Distingui shed especially by its small on the terminal of the raceme. There are size, solid green leaves, and white fl owers. around twenty-four fl owers to the cluster. Nurseri es di stribute an excellent dwarf Variety ta.rdiflora is treated as a sepa­ hosta witl~ white fl owers. The leaves look rate species by vv. T. Stearn. H. span!) like a small H. la11 cifolia. Usually it is may be a clone of H. lall cifolia var. t01'di- sold under the name of H. mino?' or H. f1 O1'a. . minor alba. The plant is not described H. lancifolia var. albo-111.wrginata (syn. in most botani,cal li stin g-s, at least under H. albo-margi/1,ata,) (\ i\T hiterim P lantain­ this name, It is not the H. 1111:no?' of li ly): This has light green leaves with Takenoshi Nakai. EdQ'ar T. Wherry as­ narrow white margins and white edging signed the plant the horticultural epithet. to petioles. Leaf blades rUll five by three "albiflora." Nils Hylander recentl y desig­ inches with about five nerves on either nated it as a form of the plant here calleel side of the midrib. The leaf mound is H . lancifol-ia var. albo -11wrginata. dense and fifteen inches high. The plant The leaves of H. minor are narrow. is sometimes treated as a separate specie . They are a dark green and glossy on both H. albo-1'1largi11ata . The fl owers are simi­ sides. In size the leaves run up to fi ve lar to those of H. lancifolia. inches long, and an inch and a half wide. with about three nerves on either side of the midrib.' The small, dense leaf mound 6. H. 'Honeybells': is about ten inches high, Bristol N urseries, Bri stol, Connecticut. The fl owers are white and one inch 322 wide. The stamens have white fi laments The leaf mound is dense and twenty and yellow anthers and the pistil is white. inches high. Occasional leaves may be The flower scape extends twenty-six all green mutants. inches in height, well above the leaf The fl ower scape is about fo rty inches mound. It has two leaf-like bracts. There tall with three leaf-like bracts also striped are up to twelve fl owers to a cluster. H. white. T here are about twenty flowers lIIinor has been called "a large fl owered to the -cluster, well spaced in the raceme. Lily-of-the-Valley blooming in A ugust. " The flow ers are two inches long, one and See Plate 16. a half inches wide, and bell shape; white H. vellllsta is a similar dwarf form Jut flu shed and penciled violet (bishops violet, with violet fl owers. Bee 34/ 3). The fil ament is white and the anther violet ; the style and stigma are white. The fl owers bloom in ea rly July. S ee Plate 14. 8. H . uHd ,,£lata (syns. Funkia ll17dulata , Yiobe lI 71dlllata) (\iVavyleaf Plantainlily) : H . undulaia var. errO lN ell a ( H. eJ'1'O ­ lII ena,) (Midsummer P lantainlily) : This vari ety appear to be a solid green leaf form of H. ulldulata var. ~£ 11ivittata . Some Distinguished especially -by its white botanists treat it, however. a a separate and green wavy leaves and small size. species, H. err011/ena. F requently sold by nurserymen as The leave are eight inches long and F Itnkia variegata. five inches wide, with a-bout ten nerves on The leaves have broad white centers either side of the midrib. and are dark and margins in two shades of green, the green and glossy on the underside. The darker green on the outside. The white leaf mound is twenty-four inches high. extends down through the petiole which The leaves are somewhat wavy but not so has a narrow green edging. The leaves much as H. und1llata var. uNivittata. are fi ve and a half inches long and two The fl owers are white flu shed and pen-· and a half inches wide and are wavy, twisted at the tip, and vvith about seven cil ed violet (bishops violet, Bee 34/ 3) , two and a quarter inches long and bell­ nerves either side of the midrib. T he leaf shape; the stamens have white filaments mound is ten inches hi gh. and deep purple anthers; the pistil has a The fl owers are tvvo inches long and white style and pale yellow sti!2'ma. The light purple in color, and bell-shape. The fl ower scape rises to fo rty-eight inches fl ower scape is about twenty-four inches and has two to fi ve leaf-like bracts. The tall, extends well above the leaf mound, fl owers are horizontal to the flower scape. and has four large leaf-like bracts. The The fl ower raceme extends well above the flowers bloo l11 in July. See Plates 5 and 15. leaf mound and has about thirty flowers to the cluster. The .fl owers are well scat­ This is a common plant widely grown tered in the raceme. They bloom in early for edgings. July. "Midsummer" is hardly an appro­ H. undulata var. univittata: This is a priate common name. larger plant with a much narrower white There is in the trade a plant similar to center. H. undulata var. enomena save that the The leaves are glossy, pointed, and flowers are a little small er (one and three­ wavy. They are eight inches long and quarters inch long and one and a quarter six inches wide, and are dark green, with inch wide) and are the same violet color some li ghter green toward the center, and all over, not merely white flushed and more narrowly striped or splashed white penciled. The throat, however, has white down the center. The white may extend stripes extending to the point where the down through the center of the petiole the segments separate. The fl ower scape is greater part of the way. There are about shorter, thirty-six inches or less, with nine nerves on either sid e of the midrib. about thirty-six fl owers to the cluster. 323 9. H. decorata (syns. F unl?ia 'Thomas B CC 34/ 2), two inches long a nd one and Hogg,' H osta decorata var. margi11Q.ta) a half inches wi de. T hey are urn-shape (Blu nt P lantain lily ) : like the fl owers of H. ventricosa and have a very narrow tube. The stamens have Distinguished especially by its narrow white fi laments and cream anthers. The leaves which together with the petiole are pistil is white. The flowers are held hori­ white margined ; also ·blunt leaves. zontal on the fl ower scape. The scape is F requently sold by nurserymen under a;bo l1t twenty-fo ur inches tall and has four the name H osta or Funkia 'Thomas B ogg.' leaf -like bracts. T he fl ower raceme is T he name is taken from t hat of the nur­ well above the leaf mound and has up to seryman who brought the plant from twenty-eight fl owers to the cluster. The Japan to this country, a:bout 1884. flowers bloom throughout August. See T he leaves are broad at the base, blunt, Plates 5, 12, and 16. and somewhat wavy at the margins. They Note : N urseries offering by catalog a wide are seven inches long and fo ur inches range of hosta species and varieties a re few. wide, with six nerves on either side of the Thos.e known to have a good range of vari eties midrib. T he leaves are a dark green, are lI sted b~ l ow. Omi ssion of any such nursery merely mdlcates lack of info rmation on the grayer on the underside, with narrow part of the writer. white margins extending down the edges Fairmount Gardens (Mrs. T homas Nesmith ) 166 Fairmount Street, Lowell, Massachusetts. ' of the l)etiole. The plant is compact and Mackwoods Gardens, Lotus \iV oods Sprin o' small with a low, dense mound of leaves Grove, Illinois. '" twelve inches high. Carl Starker, J el1l1 ings Lodge, Oregon. H. A. Zager, 4215 U rbandale Avenue Des T he fl owers are violet (bishops violet, Moines 10, Iowa. '

Plate 1. For ms of Hosta flowe rs a: R asta plantaginea long tubular shape b : Rasta vent1'icosa urn or cup shape c: J-i osta fartunei val'. gigantea funnel or bell shape

324 Plate 2. Stamens and pistil in H os tas Hosta plantaginea (Fragrant Plantainlily), a bove Hosta fOTttlnei var. gigantea (G iant Plantainlily), below

Plate 3. Rootstock of Hosta ventTicosa (Blue Plantainlily)

325 l'late 4. H osta leaves H as/a fartunei var. gigal1iea (Giant Planta inlily), le(l lIasta ventricasa (Blue Pan tainlily) , righ t

Plate 5. Variegated H osta leaves H asta clecarata (Blunt Plan tainli.1 y), lefL H asta uncl ulctta ("Vavy leaE Plantainlily), ri ght

326 Plate 6. N asta vent ricasa (Blue Plantainlil))

Engravings for Plates 1 through 7 are loaned through th e courtesy of the Bailey Hortorium, lthaca, New York. Photographs from which Plates 8 through J 5 were made were ta ke n by jvfarian A. Lee.

327 Plate 7. Hosta fortunei var. gigantea (Giant Plantainlily)

328 Plate 8. Pale chartreuse shoots of Hos/a for/ lln ei val'. gigrrn/ea (G iant Plantainlil~ ) emerging in spring

Plate 9. H osta 'I-Ione) beUs' :l h yb rid of H. lancifolia X H. jJlanlaginea

329 Plate 10. Hosla glauca (Siebold Plantainlily)

Plate II. Leaves of Hosta fortunei val'. marginato-alba

330 Plate 12. Leaves of Hosla decorola (Blunt Planlainlil y)

Plate 13 . Leaves of Hosla fortunei var. gigantea (G iant Plantainlil)') growing among Azaleas, Daffodils, and Lilies

331 Plate 14. Hasla tmdulata var. univittata

Plate 15. H osta undulata (Wavyleaf Plantain lily)

332 Plate 16. Hosta plantaginea (Fragrant Plantainlily)

Hosta decomta Hosta minor (Blunt Plantainlily) (Dwarf Plan tainlily)

333 A fine grove of Phyllostachys nuda (P.l. 103938) at Glenn Dale, Maryland, showing normal development following the winteT's ten b elow temperatures. This grove pro­ duces cu lms up to thirty feet. An American holly plant can be seen at the edge of the plan Ling while other trees are shown growing in the grove.

Photographs-W a lter O. Hawley

334 Hardiness of the Running Bamboos

JOH N L CREECH

The O riental bamboos of China and areas, where the temperature sel dom goes Japan are gradually a suming more fre­ below five degree Fahrenheit. These quent roles in American gardens and a hardy ba111b oos fall into several genera: number of landscape architect have fo und Phyllostach'ys contains the large t running that a cl ump of bamboo provides an exotic specie. The remaining genera, more of a focal point in a landscape plan. A fi lmy clumpy nature de pite their running rhi­ plot of the graceful Golden Bamboo, Phyl­ zome . include 1rulldillaria, Pselldosasa, lostach3!S allrea, or a dense planting of Sasa, Se11lianllldinar'ia, and Shibata ea. the A rrow Bamboo, Psendosasa japol1ica. They are all lower-growi ng ort, rarely can add a di stinctly OTiental touch to a exceedin o' fi fteen feet in height in culti ­ prosaic foundation planting and can be \·atiOll. maintained with comparatively little diffi ­ The hardy bamboo are all evergreen culty. Although we have not acquired the when the telllperature cl oe not fall below skill in the u e of bamboo a employed by five degree' but begin to 111 ani fest several the Japanese v"here a tall species normally ymptom of winter injury as the tempera- 20 feet may be used to fill in a small tri­ ture drops below this point. The first angle formed by merging walks and be symptom 111ay be on ly scorching of the held to a height of 3 feet, or the u e of a leaf margins: then alm o t complete leaf bamboo as a ground cover to fill in a killing; and at - 10 0 F., loss of all leaves, narrow strip between house and walk, \·ve buds and culms of many species. Although now grow these majestic grasses in some the temperature at Glenn Dale, Maryland, places as hedges, screen plantings, and reached - 23 0 F . in 1934-35, none of the specim en clumps. Only after consider­ plants in the large coll ection was com­ able acquaintance with the bamboos can pletel y killed out. the more subtle uses be attempted, for Bamboo culms, being giant grasses, the species vary greatly in their habits. make thei r enti re height during about six weeks of the spring. This growth may Bamboos fall into two main groups, the \'ary from only one foot to sixty feet. ac­ clump forms and the running forms. cording to species. By the time the culm The former are tropical and sub-tropical has completed its growth, most of the bamboos and derive their name from the leaves have unfo lded. Two to six leaves fact that each new rhizome promptly turns are fo rmed on each twig and they are held upward, growing int a culm and result­ until a utumn in the case of the oldest of ing in a dense clump. In the running a set while the remainder drops after the bamboos, however, the underground rhi­ new leaves unfold in the following spring. zome continues its ramifying hori zontal The culms li ve for several years, develop­ development and culms come up at inter­ ing a new set of leaves each year on the vals from lateral buds on the rhizomes. twigs which arise from the lateral buds. Thus, a loose sort of grove results, if not If a culm is subj ected to severe winter in­ controlled, gradually filling in to form a jury and all the buds are killed, there will dense thi·cket. be no further activi ty from that cul m

In bo-e neral we believe that the hardy although it may continue to li ve fo r a

rUl1l1i no'b bamboos are most thoroughly year or more. (Being the kind of plant adapted to the southern and mid-Atlantic it is, the bamboo produces no adventitious States because they will maintain their shoots.) Thus following severe winter beauty t'hroughout the winter in such injury, it becomes necessary to cut severe- 335 Phyllostachys aarea (P. 1. 70744) showing de­ Semim'undinaria fastuosa (P. 1. 75146) showing velopment of new culms after old ones had new shoots with leaves just beginning to unfold been remo,'ed after old clllms had been removed

OPPOSITE: A planting of psetlclosasa japonica (P.I. 70745)

Branches are borne to the ground by the weight of snow. This clump was completely killed above gro und by temperatures ranging between zero and ten below (Fahrenheit). Old culms are n ow completely winter killed but new culms are seen springing up around the base of the clump. All old culms have been removed and the new clllms form a ring at the perimeter of the clump.

336 . r-rr'"1.• . .~-....

337 Iy damaged culms back to the base. This P. nuda, P.I. 103938 pruning should 'be delayed until late spring P . sulphurea var. 7!i1'idis, p.r. 77257 after it becomes obvious that the buds P. vi1'idis, P .I. 75160 have been killed. These species were not killed to the During J anuary, 1957, the temperature ground and developed normal twigs 011 at Glenn Dale, Maryland. dropped to the old ,culms. Not all of the buds were _10° F. and that was the coldest period alive and eventually it will be necessary since 1935. The bamboo species were so to cut out such culms. This can be done severely hupt by this cold snap that the gradually Dver a period of two or three leaves hung in straw-co lored tatters. Not years. a single species held its foliage following The bamboos which killed to the ground this ·freeze except a nearby La rge grove of but produced new shoots are as follows: Phyllostach'ys nu.da where some leaves in Phyllostachys a~wea, P.I. 70744 the innermost part of the planting were P. ba111busoides, and cultivars not injured. Most of the species in the P. mal?inoi, P .I. 195284 Glenn Dal'e collection are grown in huge, P. 1%eyeTi, P.I. 116768 steel, open-ended drums and these inten­ P. nig1'a, P.I. 75 159 ti onally restrict the development of the Sasa spp. clumps. T his cultural pra·cti,ce also inten ­ Pseu.dosasa japonica, P.I. 70745 sified the amount of win ter injury by re­ An:m,dinaria spp. ducing the vigor and protective quality Se1%ian~ndinaria jast$bOSa, P.I. 75146 which charaderizes a large grove. How­ Shibataea llu.masasa, P.I. 75157 ever, a planting o[ Ps e~ (. dosa;sa japonica A winter-killed planting, wch as one of that was not restricted was completely P seudosasa japonica, must be cut to the killed to the ground. ground. Since fewer new culms are pro­ The damage to a ,bamboo culm by win­ duced in the middle of the clump, a rather ter injury is effected by ki lling of the buds rag-ged hollow, ringed by new sprouts, re­ on the old twigs or by complete killing of sults. But when the new rhizomes invade the culm itself. The development D[ the this cut-over area, it is covered up within new twigs and leaves coincides '""ith the two years. The Phyllostach,)is species. sprouting of new culms from. the lateral because of their robust s i z~ and smaller, buds on t he liast year's rhizomes . Thus more numerous leaves. do not present when the new cu lrn sprouts appear in such a ragged appearance during the sea­ March and April, the new growth on the son following such a severe pruning, and old culms should also develop. the clumps' scarcely lose any of their at­ Of the entire coll ection, only the species tractiveness after the new shoots have of Ph,)iUostach'ys prodwced new twigs and growll. leaves on the old culms. The Sasas, Arull­ The large planting of Phyllostachys dinarias, and. other simil ar types were all nu.da owned by Dr. George Darrow, our bud injured and stood stark and dead Glenn Dale nei ghbor, was planted about except for the skirting of new culms that 1923 . There is 110t much in the literature was sprouting around the perimeter of concerning this species but in this area the planting. A I! of the bamboos put up it produces culms up to thirty feet at new sprouts, however, but these will be maturity. Being a carefully managed reduced in stature during this year. A I! grove and in excellent vigor, this sp~c i es clumps of those types which had killed survived the winter with only leaf dam­ to the base required rejuvenation by re­ age and no loss of culms. Even here, the moving the old culm s completely. number of new culms has probably been The bamboos which indicated the great­ reduced this spring and they may 110t at­ est hardiness on the basis of the past tain their full height this year. But con­ winter are as follows: si dering the conditions, the damage IS Phyllostachys aureosulcata, p . I. 5571 3 moderate and an encouraging note to P . jk"'Mosa, P.I. 75156 those interested ill planting bamboos 111 P. nig1'a cv. 'Henan,' P.I. 75 158 this area. 338 A clump of Se'mianmdinaria fastu,osa (P, 1. 75146) , left, still defoliated during sprout­ ing period. Culms are all winter killed. A clump of Phyllostachys flexuosa (P_ 1. 75156) , right, with new leaves on the old culros and new sprouts arising arollnd the perimeter.

There is no ornamental planting with the cool, moist perimeter and an occasion­ more elegance and charm than a large al pine can be inter-planted in an interest­ clump of such a bamboo. Selective cut­ lng manner. ting permits walking within the grove and Fortunately the running bamboos show yet makes a complete screen from a dis­ a great range of adaptation as well as the tance. It affords protection for birds and degree of winter hardiness and. with their serves as a windbreak, not to mention its increased availability in the nursery trade, value as a source of poles. It is possible they offer wider experiences in plant cul­ to plant shade-loving evergreens such as ture than any other kind of ornamental hollies, mahonias, nandina. and azaleas in species. 339 Plant Responses to Extreme Climatic Departures from Normals in Southern California

GEORGE R. J OHNSTONE1

Plants growing at the physiological The climatological data for California margins of tolerance in their natural or (14) show that January 1953 was the artificial distributions may develop ano­ vvarmest on record, that February 1953 malous growth and reproductive patterns was the driest on record beginning in because of extreme climatic departures 1897, that September 1939 (15) was the from normals, thirty-year averages ( 16) 2. warmest, and that September 1955 was Delayed foliation and flo ration among the second warmest on record. cold-weather deciduous trees and shrubs, and second or autumnal flowering and Historical Review fruiting among spring-flowering plants Results of extensive experimental work are anomalous behavior patterns which on the "rest" period in plants (9) and occur in Mediterranean climates. Local the influence of cold in stimulating growth data will be employed to illustrate these of plants (5) indicate that winter chilling phenomena. by initiating a protective adaptation has Los Angeles climatological data and become a physiological necessity in the local anomalous plant patterns, plant re­ li fe-histories of cold-weather trees and sponses, can be correlated as cause and shrubs, and the lack of this chilling limits effect. Such correlations need not be as­ the extent of their geographical distribu­ sumed as finality without overwhelming tion towards the tropics. These conclu­ evidence. An attempt will be made to sions are further supported by recent ex­ provide available evidence. Climatological perimental work. data representing two extreme climatic More info rmation is now available on departures from no rmals, one departure the physiological significance of climatic occurring in winter and the other in early extremes. Bennett and Skoog (3) have autumn, will be presented and correlated again dem011strated that low temperature, with local plant responses. either in the field or in cold storage, is These conditions and initiated plant re­ essential for normal breaking of the rest sponses are: 1) mild winters causing pro­ period of fruit-tree buds. As a result of longed dormancy (delayed response) of exposure to low temperature, a precursor cold-weather deciduous plants, and 2) of aux in accumulates in the buds, fo llowed heat waves of several days' duration dur­ by the gradual appearance of the auxin. ing early autumn, September, initiating Dormant leaf and fl ower buds may differ, various degrees of necrosis, and second however, in their stimulus requirements flowering among normally spring-flower­ for activation. This was demonstrated by ing plants. 'Weinberger (17) at Fort Valley, Georgia, Some extreme climatic departures fr0111 United States Horticultural Laboratory, normals will be given more expli citly for where he determined the ch illing require­ Los Angeles, California, but first. general ments of sixty-four peach varieties. More introductory statements for the State as of his findings wi ll appear under the topic, a whole appear significant. mild winters and foliation. The influence of climatic extremes has been advanced 1 Emeritus Professor of Botany, University of by Detling (7) to explain the degree of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, Cali fornia. 2 Numbers in parentheses refer to literature endemism in the flora of a given area as cited at end of paper. being directly correlated with the total 340 number of environmental factors reaching non was attributed to relatively high thei r extremes in the area. He further temperatures. A n drew ( 1) reported the concluded that the centers of floral areas occurrence of second flowering in Vib'MY­ richest in endemic species coincide with lIlf1n OP'bilus as of September t" 1922, at the area in which occur the end points of E lwood, Indiana, and beli eved that high a number of climatic gradients. temperature might have in fl uenced the plant to renew fru iting activity. Kerner Economic Aspect (lO) wrote on econd flowering of sev­ This abnormal fl owering and fruiting eral species in years characterized by par­ in deciduous orchards wa given particu­ ticularly mild autumn s : apples, gentians, lar attention n~L r1y fifty years ago. E. B. hors-e--chestnuts, violets, strawberries, Babcock at IVhittier, California. began primula , amI anemones. Such phenome­ peach hybridization in 1907 which led na have variou Iy evaluated significance. eventually (1 1) to combining better fruit Data on plant re pon _es to September characters with adaptation to warm win­ heat waves wi ll follow the account of ters possessed by varieties of Honey and chilling requirements of cold-weather de­ Peen-to groups. Collaboration with C. O. ciduous plants in a l'1editerranean cli­ Smith occurred in the early stages of the mate. work. I n 1924, H . B. F rost and J. IV. This current examination of the avail­ Lesley of the Citrus Experiment Station, able literature on cold-weather deciduous Riverside, California, selected thirty hy­ plants and observations in the field justify brids as worthy of further testing. George a further correlation of climatological P. IV eldon, pomologist, Chaffey Junior (15) and symptomological data for the Coll ege. Ontario, California, selected one winters and early springs from December of these hybrids which was introduced in 1951 through March 1956. These data are 1938 as the Babcock peach (11, 19). This summarized in Table 1. Particular use is problem of intolerance of warm winters by made of "heating degree days" in thi certain cold-weather deciduous trees was table. A heating degree day, base 65 early recognized as an obscure di ease (8) degrees Fahrenheit, is the number of de­ in sout hern California, later designated grees required to bring the mean tem­ "prolonged do rmancy," and solved eco­ perature of that day up to 650. If the nomically on a scientific basis ·by selection mean temperature is 65° or above, there of hybri ds especially adapted to mild win­ are no heating degrees for that day; hence, ters ( 11 ). A twenty-one year (1916-17 the larger the number of heating degree to 1936-37) temperature and humidity days for any period, the colder the period. chart shows eight springs when, because of warm winters, there "vas inj urious de­ 1951-1952. Cold, heavy rainfall. No re­ lay in opening of buds of deciduous fruit corded data on young peach trees, no trees in parts of southern California (4 ). deviation from normal, trees had born e J ust the opposite of chilling require­ fruit . ments, the resting buds of some ki nds of 1952-1 953. Warm, light rainfall. Normal plants may be activated by September fl oration, spectacular delayed fo liation of heat waves. terminal shoots. Young fruit formed, none matured. Historical Data on Hea,t- T,if1ave Plant 1953-1954. Warm, light rainfall. Poor Resp011ses flo ration, delayed fo li ation of terminal Records of heat waves as a cause of shoots. Excessive sucker growth. No second or autumnal flowering among crop. normally sp r i n g~flowe rin g plants appear 1954-1955. Cool, light rainfall. Normal in the Mediterranean literature, but seem fi orati on and foli-ati0t1. Excessive sucker to lack emphasis. Francis Darwin and A. growth. A good crop o·f fruit. Shrub.bs (6) listed seventy-five species 1955-1956. Colel, more rainfall. Normal of plants in England whi·ch were observed fl o ration and fo li ation. Ex·cessive sucker to fl ower a second time and the phenome- growth. A heavy crop of fruit. 341 TABLE I. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA ( 15 ) : FIVE \iVINTERS AND EARLY SPRING SEASONS (1951-1 956). NORMAL ( 16) THIRTY-YEAR AVERAGES ( 192 1-1 950). INTERPRETATION OF DATA A N D S U MMARY OF PLAN T RESPONSES. Heating degree days, base 65 degrees Fahrenheit, seasonal totals since July first to end of each month, December through March. 1951- 1952- 1953- 1954- 1955- 1921- Month 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1950 12 452 495 303 324 487 451 1 823 652 595 669 759 779 2 1005 832 693 892 1096 1023 3 1315 1026 935 1034 1246 1235 Inches of rainfall. Seasonal totals to the end of March. 24.64 8.46 11.76 8.43 11.82 13.04 Interpretation of the above data and summary of plant responses: data on two, local, Cling peach trees.

T.he effects of prolonged dormancy of terminal-sh oot buds of the Silver lvfaple. The illustrations are of the same tree vIewed from different angles and show progressive fo lia tion on June 10. 1953 (left) and June 22. 1953 (righ t)

342 Norma l floration of Cling peach followed by prolonged dormancy of term inal-shoot leaf buds. Immature fruit, but no leaves on terminal Sh OOlS, were visible un May 24, 1953 (left) and leaves were formed on terminal shoots by June 7, 19.53 (right)

l1-fild Winters and Foliation of June 1953; the two crops were light. Tlhis same mulberry tree bore two heavy The unusual amount of prolonged leaf­ crops during 1955, and a May 1956 crop. bud dormancy of cold-weather, deciduous This tree is now in full bloom; t·he first trees during the 1953 spring season at­ autumn 1956 inflorescences were observed tracted considerable attention in southern September 29. California. Apparently normal fl owering The significance of mild winters has of terminal shoots of seedling Cling peach been further establi hed. The chilling re­ was followed by delayed opening of the quir(,1l1ents of sixty-four peach varieties leaf buds on these shoots. Evidence of were determined by Weinberger (17) at delayed foliation is sho-wn in the accom­ the United States Horticultural Field panying illustrations of Cling peach and Labora:tory, Fort Valley, Georgia. During Silver maple. a twelve-year period, 1937 to 1949, the Irregular fl owering and fruiting have accumulation of the hours of temperature, been observed anlong a number of other 45 degrees Fahrenheit or lower, was de­ deciduous trees. A heavy crop of ma­ termined. Two vari eties, A u s t r a li an ture fruit on a seedling plum was accom­ Saucer and Jewel, required no chilling. panied with scattered fl owers late in June; Of the 62 remaining vari eties: leaf buds a Vlhite lVl ulberry, N! orus alba, fl owered of 24 (38.7 per cent ) required the same and frui ted a second time before the end amount of chilling as their flower buds, 343 leaf buds of 34 (54.8 per cent) required flowering period for Y. whipplei from more chilling than their flower buds, and my own observations in these mountains leaf buds of 4 (6.46 per cent) required is May-June. Somewhat more extensive less chilling than their flower buds for observations on responses of plants to activation. the 1955, September heat wave have been In contrast to mild winters, there are made. early autumn heat waves in southern California which have profound influences Heat Wave of 1955 on plant behavior patterns. Among the res·ponses of plants to the 1955 heat wave are necroses of leaves Septembe1' H eat Waves of several species, rapid abscission of old­ Two early, autumn heat waves in Los er leaves a few days after the end of the Angeles, California, are comparable in heat waves, death of tree" where lack of time of occurrence, intensity, duration and water was the limiting factor augmented the resulting responses of plants. Seven by the heat wave, and fin.ally second or days from September 17 to 23, 1939, had autumnal flowering and fruiting. an avera:ge daily maximum of 103.4 de­ The mesic, Rice Paper Plant, Tetra­ grees and during August 31 to September panax papyrif e1'$£11~, showed considerable 7, 1955, the average maximum was 103.1 leaf damage a few days after the end of degrees Fahrenheit. Further data com­ the September heat wave. One group on paring these heat waves are shown m the campus of the University of South­ Table II. ern California in the accompanying illus­ stration suggests that lack of water was Heat U/ave of 1939 not the "limitin.g" factor, but rather the Some recorded responses of plants to inadequate shade of the Canary Island the 1939, September heat wave empha­ Palm, Phoe11ix canar'ie11sis. size se'cond or autumnal flowering. I The xeric-appearing Rubber Plant, made particular note of the autumnal Fic~£s elastica, grows successfully in ex­ Howering of the Scrub Oak, Que1'C$£S du­ tremes of shade and sunlight. Some Rub­ '/%0 sa. This Scrub Oak has its normal ber Plants were olb s e r v e d growing on flow ering peak during April (2). The Los Angeles Times on December 23, south and east exposures to full sunlight 1939, published a photogra'ph of Yucca showing a minimum of leaf necrosis, not whipplei in full bloom. The photograph to ex,ceed a fraction' of one per cent. was taken the day before on the William The heavy, late summer foliage o.f the H ume property in Las Flores canyon, Santa Rosa Plum was rapidly depleted Santa Monica Mountains. The normal within a few days after the end of the

TA BLE II. Significant Heat-Wave Data From The United States Vveather Bureau For Los Angeles, California (14, 15 ). C1 imatological September 17 August 31 to criteria to 23, 1939 Sept. 7, 1955 Highest Maximum lOr 110° 1 A verage Maximum 103.4 103.1 Highest 1VIinimum 84.01 83.0 Average Minimum 74.4 74.5 Highest Mean Thr.ee days, 94.0 96.01 Consecutive days, 100 or above 7 8 Relative Humidity, N 0011 19 26 Precipitation September 19 .04 o September 21 Trace o Septem ber 23 Trace ------o 1Highest on record for Los Angeles, California. 344 The mesic, Rice Paper Plant, T etrapanax tJapyriterum, seven days (September 15) after the end of the September 1955 hea t wave

heat wave; only the youngest leaves re­ drainage of a cesspool and a thoroughly mained on the tips of the branches. This watered lawn . This tree has a trunk di­ rapid defoli.ation was augmented by wind. ameter of two feet and six inches, and The Blue Gum, Eu.calyptus globulus, is an estimated h e ig ht of seventy feet. ·believed to be the most rapidly growing Greatly contrasting with this tree is a tree in southern California, in good soil Blue Gum on a south exposure, subject and adequate water. However, under the to no artificial watering, and unfavored conditions of the chaparral vegetation of for natural precipitation because of be­ the Santa Monica Mountains about twen­ ing near a black-top pavement. Although ty miles inland from the coast, its suc­ approximately thirty years old, this Blue cess seems to be directly related to the Gum succumbed to the September 1955 water supply. Early autumn is a critical heat wave. A third Blue Gum, growing period for the Blue Gum under these in approximately intermediate moisture local conditions. This tree's capacity to co nditions, was dependent entirely upon intercept night fogs is noteworthy. \i\Th en natural precipitation including intercep­ these autumn fogs occur, so much mois­ tion of fog; may be favored by moisture ture is condensed by the foliage of the accumulation near its root system because Blue Gum that the ground beneath be­ of the peculiar terrain at the foot ' of a comes visibly as wet as i.f a rainstorm canyon. This tree showed up to fifty per had occurred. Three categories of plant cent necrosis of the surface of many of behavior of the Blue Gum were observed last year's leaves. This necrosis did not in this locality. The best growth is that appear to affect abscission. The illustra­ of a twenty-one-year-old on a north slope tions show these three Blue Gum and the of the Santa Monica mountains below the necrotic ad'ult leaves. 345 Two Blue Gums, Eucalyptus globltius, in extreme edaphic co nditions of soil m oisture: Adequately supplied with soil water and no eviden ce of leaf injury (left) No artifi cia l watering and dead with persisting dead leaves (right)

A Blue Gum tree at the base of a small canyon and adult leaves showing extent of n ecrosis (Photograph ed July 20, 1956) 346 The second or autumnal fl owering and tures, but the later had greater delaying fruiting of the 'White NI ulberry was par­ effect on leaf buds. The data and results ticularly im pressive; the fruit matured at Los Angeles are comparable to those and was weeter than the earlier crop in in Georgia. The daily record of temper­ May of the sa me year, 1955 . F urthermore ature in Los Angeles for January 1953 this tree has also produced an ea rl y 1956 ( 15) show three cattered, two-day pe­ crop, and the fir t appearance of the 1956 ri ods having mean temperatures of 66 or autumn al inflores·cences was observed on above, and fin all y a four-day period at September 29. This tree appears healthy; the end of the month with mean temper­ it is sixteen years old, has a trunk diam­ atures of 66 or above. Under these con­ eter of eight inches and a crown radiu ditions, the Cl ing fl ower buds were activ­ of fifteen and one-half feet. ated, but the leaf buds were delayed. Further analysis of the data will ap­ Vl hereas fo r January 1955 the conditions pear in the discu sion. were very different with only one day having a mean temperature of 66. Both DisclIssio ll fl ower and leaf buds of Cling had nor­ The climatic extremes studied 111 this mal acti vity and a 1955 crop of fruit southern California area are mild winter 111 a tu red. and early autumn heat wave. The prin­ The spectacular protective effects of a ciple of multiple causation has not been E ucalyptu windbreak by shading mild­ ignored as an im portant guid in the in­ winter sen itive peach va rieties were terpretation of field observations. How­ agai n establi shed by \ i\Teldon (20) in ever, an attempt is made to emphasize 1934 at Ontario. California. There were the factor which, because of its increased five rovvs of Salway and Southern Tus­ intensity, has a predominating influence, can varities. within 111 feet of this 80- and therefore serves as a clue to the foot windbreak, which came into bloom causes of the changes in behavior patterns. by April 7 and bore a full crop of fruit. The analysis of the data presented here The ea rl y leafage was due to rhe cooli ng shows that January 1953 with 157 heat­ effect of th e shade mostl y between De­ ing degree days had the smallest number cember 1 and February 1. Beyond the of any January of the five years studied, sixth row the fol iage had hardly started i. e .. the least chilling, was effecti ve in pro­ by April 7 and no fruit occurred, al­ longing the dormancy of Cling leaf buds. though there was a scattering of flowers. Whereas January 1955 with more than I personally observed the r esults of twice as many heating degree days, more this augmented chilling by shade of the than twice as much chilling, was effective Eucalyptus windbreak during a Southern in breaking the dormancy of Cling leaf California Botanist's field trip conducted buds. Yet the total chilling at the end of by Weldon on March 30, 1940. January 1955 ex·ceeded that at the end This cooling effect of shade suggests of January 1953 by only 17 heating de­ that the upper branches of Cling peach gree days. However, at the end of Feb­ and Silver maple may have shaded the ruary 1955 the total chilling had in­ lower parts of the trees, thus providing creased over that at the end of F ebruary enough additional chilling to ,Jctivate the 1953 by 60 heating degree days, result­ leaf buds in the lower parts of these trees ing in good florati on and foliation of while the leaf buds on the terminal shoots Cling peach of 1955. had prolonged dormancy as shown in the The conclusions of Vveinberger (18) illustrations. from his Georgia experiments with Sul­ Dormancy in woody plants reviewed livan E lberta peach have some bearing by Samish (13) indicates that chilling re­ on the interpretation of res u Its with quirements have been determined for a Cling. He concluded that contin uous large number of varieti es. moderately higher temperatures delayed In contrast to the mild winters and de­ breaking of the rest of flower buds more layed responses of plants, the Sep.tember than did brief periods of high tempera- heat waves have received much less at- 347 tention. It appears that conditions unfav­ California. Ecolog ical 111 ollographs 6: 409- 454. 1936. oraJble for vegetative activity have initi­ 3. Bennett, J. P. and F. Skoog. Prelimina ry ated second flo ration am·ong certain experiments Ol~ the relations of growth-pro­ spring-.flowering plants. There is more moting substances to the rest period in fruit trees. Pla'nt Physiolog')J 13 (1): 219-225. information available on the physiology 1938. of fl owering than provided for in the 4. Chandler, W. H. and Dillon S. Brown, De­ scope of this paper. ciduous orchards jn California winters. Cah­ fornia Ag 'ric ~tlt7tml E ...: tension Se'rvice Ci'r­ cldar 179: 1-40. 195 1. S 'lit 11111'1.a.ry 5. Covi ll e, F. W. The influence of cold in stim­ ulati mg the growth of plants . .7 owmal Agr'i­ 1. The correlation of plant responses culttwal Resea'rch 20: 151-1 60. 1920. of Cling peach with climatological data 6. Darwin, Francis and A. Shrubbs. Records of autumnal or second fl owering of plants. has been extended to include the five­ New Phytologist 21 (1): 48. 1922. year period of 1951 -52 to 1955-56. 7. Detling, Leroy E . Environm ental extremes 2. Evidence is presented to s upport and endemism. Madrono 9 : 137-149. 1948. 8. Horne, Wm. T, Geo. P. Weldon and E. B. this correlation. Babcock. Resistance of peach hybrids to an 3. Cold-weather deciduous plants, long obscure d i s eas e in southern California . known to be adversely affected by mild .T olwnal of Heredity 17: 98-104. 1926. 9. Howard, W. L. An experimental study of winters in a MediterraNean climate, are the rest period in plants. M issotw·i Ag1'ic~£i­ illustrated with orchard and ornamental t7,wa.1 Exper11'n.en,t Stat-io'n. Resea1'Ch Bnlle­ ( shade) plants. tim 1: 1. 105. 1910. 10. Kerner, Anton]' The Na.tuml History of 4. Delayed foliatioll of Silver maple PllJlnts . Trans. from the German by F. W. because of mild winters is equally spec­ Oliver I (2) : 488-749. 1895 . Henry Holt tacular with that of Cling peach. and Company, New York, N.Y. 11. Lesley, ]. W. Five new peach varieties 5. Climatological data on two Septem­ adapted to mild wi nters. California Agric~d ­ ber heat waves, 1939 and 1955, are cor­ tlwal Expe 'ri1nel~t S tation B1~ll e tin 632: 1-1 9. 1938. related with plant responses. 12. ______.______and M. M. Win·slow. Peach 6. The Rice Paper plant in partial varieties for a warm c lim ate. Calif01'IMa shade showed excessive defoliation of Ag 'ri c l~lt7£1'al Station Cirw!(]!r 406: 1-8. 1953. 13. Samish, R. M. Dormancy in woody plants. Qlder leaves within seven days after the AnJmal R ev·il?'w of Plallt Physiology 5: 183- end of the September 1955 heat wave. 204. 1954. 7. Autumnal flowering has been ob­ 14. U nited States Department of Commerce. Weather BLJreau. Clvmatological Data, Cali­ served in Scrub Oak, which has its nor­ fo rnia. XLIII (9) 71, 1939; LVII (1) 2, mal fl oweriNg peak during April. (2) 26, 1953; LIX (8) 234, (9) 261, 1955. 8. The White Mulberry bore two heavy 15. ______... ______Low! Climatolog'ical Data, Los Angeles, California. Sept. 1939, and crops of fruit during 1955, one in May December 1951 to MaFch 1956. and the o ther in November. A heavy 16. ___ .______.______T empe1'at~we and Prec·ipita­ May 1956 crop is now followed ·by full tion N orma.ls. Los Angeles, California. J an­ flo ration, first observed September 29. uary 1, 1953. 17. \ i\T einberger, ]. H. Chilling requirements of 9. It is now further concluded that ex­ peach varieties. P,'oceedings A11'l,erican So­ treme climatic departures .from normals c·iehJ H o 'rt·iwlt~wa, l Science 56: 122-128. 1950. disturb plant behavior patterns, particu­ 18. ______Effects of high temperature larly among plants at the physiological during the breaking of the rest of Sullivan margins of their distribution. E lberta peach buds. Proceedings Ame1'·ican Society HOl,timlM.wal Science 63: 157-1 62. 10. Field observations and a review of 1954. their literature support this conclusion. 19. Weldon, Geo. P. and J. W. Lesley. The Babcock peach. California. Agr ·ic~dt~wal E ...: ­ periment Station Ci1'cula:r 328: 1-5 (Out of Lite1'at~we Cited print). 1933. 20. Weldon, Geo. P. Fifteen years study of de­ 1. Andrews, F. M . Second blooming of Snow­ layed foliation of deciduous fruit trees in ball Bush in the same year. Proceedings southern California. The Mon thly Bulletin. Indiana Academy Scien:;e: 270-271. 1922. Department of Agriculture. State of Cali­ 2. Bauer, Harry L. Moisture relations in the fornia. Sacramento, Cali fo rnia. July to Sep­ cha.parral of the Santa Monica Mountains, tember XXIII (7.8.9): 161-181: 1934. 348 Vegetative Propagation of Beach Plums

\ \T. L. DORAN & J. S. BAILEY

For many years beach plum jell y has of cuttings were tried: hardwood stem been offered for sale on nearly every cuttings, softwood stem cuttings, and root roadside stand in the Cape Cod section cuttings. Root cuttings seemed especially of Massachusetts. This unique and tangy promising, judging by previous work. jelly is made from the fruit of the small Material to make the cuttings was ob­ plum. Pnmus 11W.l'iti111,a Marsh. tained from bushes growing in Amh erst, There are thousands of acres of these Brewster, Dennis, and Wareham, Mas­ plums growing wild in the sand dunes sachusetts. Most of the work was done and on the coastal plain s from Virginia in a greenhouse with sand as the propa­ to New Brunswick. Since they are all gating medium. seedlings. they differ markedly in growth habit and size of bush, as well as in color. Occasional reference is made to the flavor of fruit, and many other character­ use of indolebutyric acid, usually a:bbre­ istics. Because of this great varia:b ility. viated ·hereafter to IBA. IBA, 8 mg. per some bushes bear more and better fruit gram of talc, corresponds to Hormodin than others. Unfortunately, crops are un­ No.3 ; IBA, 3 mg. per gm . .talc, to Hor- certain. A large crop is produced only 111 0din No.2; and IBA, 1 mg. per gm. once in three or four years. talc, to Hormodin No. 1. These are the Naturally, the jelly manufacturers powder-dip treatments that were used and would like a more reliable and more pro­ compared with each other and with solu­ ductive type of bush that produces better tion-immersion treatments, such as IBA, quality fruit. Several attempts have been 50 mg. per liter of water, for the numbers made to ·bring about the desired im prove­ of hours indicated . ment. \iVhenever a ·better bush is found, Resttlts with H a1'dwood Ste1'/1 Cttttings it must be multiplied to take advantage of its good qualities. Since beach plums. Hardwood stem cuttings were taken while the plants were dormant frol11 De­ like cultivated plums, will not "come true cember through March, and vari ously from seed," some form of asexual prop­ handled and treated. The results ob­ agation, such as the rooting of cuttings, tained with hardwood cuttings were not must be resorted to. Several methods of encou ragl ng. asexual propagation have been. tried with Ordinary stem cut tin g s made from varying degrees of success. None has wood of the current year failed to root proved entirely satisfactory. No improve­ or rooted in very low percentages wheth­ ment program will be fully successful un­ er or not they were treated with IBA, til an easy and rapid method of propa­ 8 mg. per gm. talc. Storage in moist spha­ gation is developed. gnum at about 50°F . for 46, 83, or 111 The work described in this report is days at 50°F. had no effect on the re­ an attempt to find a better solution of sponse to this treatment. this problem of propagation. Propagation Hardwood c u tt i n g s made from two­ by cuttings seemed to offer the most year-old wood, with a bit of older wood promise because of the number of cut­ at the base, were taken. in late February ings which can be obtained from a single and immediately planted in the green­ bush and the ease and speed with which house. Only 10 per cent .of the untreated they can ·be made. Therefore, three types ,cuttings rooted. Treatment with IBA, 8 l Contribution No. 1077 of the University of mg. per gm. talc, resulted in the rooting Massachusetts, College of Agriwlture Experj­ ment Stattion, Amherst, Mass. of 18 per cent.

349 Results with Softwood Stem Cuttings parts of that fun gicide and H ormodin No. In earlier work of the writers (2), 3 than by Hormodin No. 3 used alone. Similarly, sof.twood cuttings taken in (3) ,2 sof.twood cuttings of beach plum rooted better if taken in June, when fruits early July rooted in lower percentages were one-eighth to one-fourth inch in di­ a ft e r treatment with Hormodin No. 3 ameter, rather than in Mayor July. Cut­ than aft er treatment with a mixture of tings that rooted best were made from one part of the fungicide Captan ( 50 per short lateral shoots with the basal cut cent N -trichloro methylmercapto -4- cy­ made at the base of the current year's clophexene -1 , 2 cJi.carboximide) and six growth. Treatments with indolebutyric parts of H ormodin No. 3. acid, 50 mg. per liter of water, for fo ur In .four instances, solution - immersion hours or with lEA, 1 mg. per gm. talc, treatments gave better results than pow­ markedly in creased the percentages of der-dip treatments. In two instances, per­ cuttings that rooted, the powder-di p treat­ centages of cuttings that rooted were ment giving the better results. higher with powder-dip treatments, and In later work, softwood cuttings were in one instance the percentages that root­ succesfully taken from June 15 to July 15 ed were approxim ately equal wit h these in four different years. Cuttings taken two types of treatments. earlier or later rooted in low percentages R e s ~d ts W1:t h R oo t Cuttings or not at all. Cuttings taken in July some­ tim es rooted better if made from the tips Creech ( 1) lists several species and of shoots rather than from entire shoots. genera of woody plants that have been Rooting of softwood cuttings was com­ propagated by root cuttings. These in­ pleted in fo ur to nine weeks. Cuttings clude, in addition to beach plum, A lbizia taken early in the season usually rooted jbllib1'issin Durazz. (silk-tree), Chamo­ in less time than those taken later. meles (Japa n quince), Clethra (sweet There was usually no rooting of un­ pe p per bush ), Cyrilla race111ijlo1'a L. treated cuttings and rarely more than 10 (leatherwoo d), D aphne, flex ( h o lly) per cent rooted. There was 29 to 70 per Koelreuteria ( China-tree ) , Syringa (li ­ cent rooting of treated softwood cuttings. lac), TIVisteria, and Xanthoceras. Rooting of softwood cuttings was im­ Graves (6) has described a method of proved by powder - dip treatment with propagating beach plums by root cut­ lEA, 8 mg. or 3 mg. per gram talc Root­ tings. He prefers to make them in au­ ing was usually less improved by lEA, tumn, using roots the diameter of a lead 1 mg. per gm. talc. pencil. These are cu.t into short lengths l EA, 3 mg. per gm. talc, gave better and planted verticall y in frames or open re.sults than lEA, 8 mg. per gm. tak , ground, their tops ,covered with an inch wlth softwood cuttings taken in late June of soil. If planted in fl ats in a cold green­ and early July. house, the tops are set flu sh with the sur­ Indolebutyric acid applied to softwood face of the soil. Or root cuttings may be cuttings by the solution-immersion meth­ planted horizontally out-doors and cov­ od also improved rooting. Effective treat­ ered with two to three inches of soil. H e ments were l EA, 50 mg. per liter of wa­ adds that cuttings planted in frames or ter, for 5 or 7 hours. This treatment usu­ outdoors should be well mulched. all y gave better results than treatment for Most of the work of the writers with 16 or 24 hours. root cuttings of beach plum was done in The addition of the fu ngicide Phygon the greenhouse. Larger percentages sur­ CS ? per cent 2,3 - dichloro - 1, 4 naptho­ vived and grew than was the case when qU1l1 0ne), 600 mg. per liter, resulted in cuttings were planted in the field and further im provement in rootinoO" · mulched or when placed in a cold frame. Rooti ng of softwood cuttings taken in This was true of cuttings taken both in early July was more improved by equal spring and fall. F orty to 52 per cent of 2N umbers in parentheses refer to li terature the cuttings taken in October and N 0 - cited at end of paper. vember made top and root growth in a

350 greenhouse, and not more than 12 per Root cuttings taken in early October cent of the cuttings taken at that time were divided into three groups on the lived in a sash-covered cold frame. basi of diameter. Forty-four per cent of Root cuttings were made by cutting those with a diameter of one-half inch the roots with pruning shears into pieces and 41 per cent of those with a diameter about 3 inches in length. It may be im­ of one-fourth to one-half inch made root portant later to distinguish between the and shoot growth. proximal or upper end of the root cut­ Age of plant i also a factor ill root­ ting, the end nearest to the crown of the ing. Root cutting were taken in late plant or the base of the stem. and the dis­ November from roots of plal~ts three tal or lower end, the end farthest from years old and from roots of plants known the crown of the plant. The cut at the to be much older. Root cuttings from the proximal end was accordingly made older plants all died. but 43 per cent of squarely across or at rig-ht angles to the root cuttings from the yo unger pia n t s length of the root, and the cut at the di s­ made shoot and root growth within three tal end was made diagonally. months. Root cuttin gs taken from old Horizontal lower branche of beach plant in late April also died without plum that have become buried in and making growth. and from whkh shoots grow may also be Root cuttings made from upper and used as a source of root cuttings. , i\Then lower parts of roots may give equally such cut tin g s were taken from three good results. Thus cuttings taken in early plants in early November and planted March from two-year-old plants rooted horizontally, 50, 41. and 22 per cent of and grew to the extent of 94 to 100 per them made top and root growth. These cent whether made from upper or lower results were as good as those obtained parts of roots. When there were differ­ with ordinary root cuttings made from ences, root cuttings made from the upper the roots of these plants at that time. parts of roots gave better results. Eggert (5), in his work with an apple, It is interesting to note that, as re­ !VI alus robusta (Carr.) Rehd., found that ported by Creech (1), root cuttings of the diameter of the root from which root species of ten other genera have given cuttings are made is important. Seventy­ better results when taken fr0111 those parts six per cent of the root cuttings of this of the root nearest the base or crown of species developed into trees when made the plant. from roots one-fourt:h inch in dian1eter, Root cuttings were in some cases treat­ and only 22 per cent developed into trees ed with indolebutyric acid or with nap­ when cuttings were made from roots one­ thaleneacetic acid applied to t:he distal, balf to one inch in diameter. lower end of the cutting or to the entire Root cuttings of beach plum made from cutting. Such treatments, so important roots three-.fourths to one inch in diame­ with softwood stem cuttings, were wholly ter sometimes made root and shoot without effect on root cuttings. Results growth, but cuttings made from roots of with root cuttings taken in October, N 0- small er diameter gave better results. Root vember, and March were in no way im­ cuttings taken in early November lived proved by treatments with indolebutyric and grew when roots were one-fourth to acid, 1, 3 or 8 mg. per gm. talc; indole­ one - half inch in diameter, but cuttings butyric acid, 50, 100, or 200 mg. per liter, from larger roots all died. Twenty-seven for 5, 12, or 24 hours. per ,cent of the root cuttings made in Root cuttings were planted either hori­ mid-October li ved and grew when made zontally or vertically; when vertically, from roots one-fourth to one-half inch either covered or with the proximal end in diameter. None of the cuttings made extending about one-half inch above the from larger roots survived. Fifty-two per surface of the rooting medium. Best re­ cent of the root cuttings taken in early sults were obtained in four of five cases, December lived, and none was more than when root cuttings were planted verti­ a balf inch in diameter. cally with the proximal end exposed.

351 ~T hen root cuttings were planted ver­ Softwood stem cuttings, made from the tically, with the proximal end down, and current year's growth, ro.oted best when wholly covered, polarity "vas evident. taken between June 15 and July 15. Shoots then grew from the proximal end, The rooting of softwood cuttings was and roots from the distal end. markedly impr.oved by powder-dip treat­ Roots cuttings of an elm. a variety of ment with indolebutyric acid, 3 mg. or 8 Ul111{,~tS mrpinifolia Gleditsch, also made mg. per gram talc, or by solution-immer­ better root and shoot growth when they sion treatment with lEA, 50 mg. per liter were inserted in the rooting mediul11 with of water, for 5 or 7 hours. the proximal end exposed rather than Root cuttings survived and grew in wholly covered (4) . greater percentages when made from roots If sand is placed around the base of one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter new shoots growing from root cuttings. rather than from larger roots. They gave roots may grow from the lower parts of better results when made from young such shoots ; in whkh case. such shoots rather than old plants. Root cuttings made may be detached. More plants are thus from the upper parts of roots are prefer­ obtained, but they may be less vigorous able to those made from the lower parts. or survive in lower percentages than Root cuttings did not respond to treat­ plants that began as an entire root cut­ ments 'With indolebutyri.c acid or naptha­ ting-. leneacetk acid. Root cutti ngs were successfully taken, Larger percentages of root cuttings at least from some plants, in October, lived and made subsequent growth when November, December, March, and April. planted vertically with the up per end In all propagation of woody plants by above the surface of the rooting medium. cuttings, there is the possibility of clonal Some individual plants are much more differences in ahility of ·cuttings to root. readily propagated by root cuttings than That is certainly true .of the beach plum. are others. Root cuttings made from some plants Literat~we Cited may give better results than those .from other plants. Root cuttings were taken 1. Creech, J ohn L. Root cuttings. Nat. H 01't. Mag. 33:1 :21-24. 1954. from four young plants in early N ovem­ 2. Doran W. L. and Bailey, ]. S. Propagation ber, kept separately, and all were planted of beach plums by softwood cuttings. Ame'r. NUirserYn1an 76:6 :7. 1942. horizontally. The percentages of the root 3 . .. ____ .. ___ ._ .... ___ ... __ A second note on the pro- cuttings that made shoot growth were 33, pagation of beach plum by softwood cut­ 0, 53, and 20. tings. Amer. Nu,rseryman 78:8 :7-8. 1943. 4. .. ______.. ______and McKenzie, M.A, The Summary vegetative propagation of a few species of elm, J owr. of Forestry. 47: 10 :810-812. 1949. The beach plum can be propagated by 5. Eggert. Russell. Propagation of apples from root and hardwood cuttings. Paper present­ root cuttings and ,by softwood stem cut­ ed at regional meetings of Am.er. Soc. Hart, tings. Sci., Cambridge, Mass, Jan. 27-28, 1956. Hardwood stem cuttings taken during 6. Graves, Geor~e. The beach plum, its writ­ ten record. Nat, Hart. Maog. 23 :2:73-97. dormancy gave poor results. 1944.

352 A Book or Two

(Boo/ts designated" (LI:brary)" a1'1! aV01wble for loan to the Members/vip)

Roses to?' Pleasu·re. How to S elect, Ga1'denil1g Ind001'S U nder L ights. Grow, Use a/1d En.joy Them. Frederick H . K ranz & Jacqueline L. Kranz. Richard Thomson & Helen Van P elt Wil­ The Viking Press, New York. 1957. 24 1 son. D. Van No trand Com.pany, Inc., pages. IlIu trated . $4.95 (Library) . Princeton, New Jersey. 1957. 207 pages. Illustrated. $5.95. (Library) . Growing of plant entirely under artificial li ght giv es a gardener an opportunity of grow­ ing plants wi thout a greenhou e and without It is poss ibl e, of co urse, that rose can be the need of an outdoor area. The authors have grown for other reasons than pl ea ure; but it written thi s fo r the person without technical is difficult to fi gure out what those reasons backgrowld. They explain the theory of grow­ might be, because it is a well known fact that in g plants under artificia l light and describe the even the commeri cal man who grows roses, several ways in which this may be done. pres umably for profit, derives more pleasure These sugge ted use range from simple than pecuniary gain from his rose-growing ef­ lamps or lights over plants in the home to fo rts. larger in stall ations of rooms or areas where Aside from its redundant title, the book is many kinds of plants may be grown together. worthy of a place on any book shelf. It is The e are followed with info rmation 0 11 the wr itten in an easy smooth - flowing tyle by soil , temperature, and general culture of such two .individually charming people who ap­ plant. Suggestions are made on the use of such pa rently get pleasure out of writing about lights for the propagation of plants and start­ roses as well as growing them. ing seedlings for the garden. The short hi story of the origin of our pres­ There is much information which would be ent day roses is sufficient for the average helpful to the home greenhouse gardener who gardener. The selections of species, shrubs, could adapt some of these practices to the climbers, old er roses, hybrid teas, polyanthas greenhouse or who could supplement his grow­ and fl oribundas are well chosen. Great care ing area by making use of cellar space with has been used to make sure that all roses artificial light. listed are available in the trade. CONRAD B. LINK Ch ~p t e r s on soil preparation, planting, prun­ ing and general care are precise and easil y The H011'l,e GGJrdeni11g Encyclopaed1·a. fo ll owed ; but when it comes to pests and pest Philosophical Library, Inc., New York, 1955. control, the authors choose to li st the various 368 pages. Illustrated. $6.00. (Library). troubles in alphabet.ical order thus mi x ing in­ sects of various types with animals and fun­ As desirable as it may be to have one handy­ gous and bacterial di seases. This procedure sized book as a source for information on any may cause a slight confusion. H owever, in garden problem, the ques tion is bound to arise each case a good description of the offending as to whether such a -book is possibl e. It is true pest is followed by remedial procedure and that this book does contain something about al­ speci fi c material to use in controlling it. most any subject pertaining to gardenin g, but the gardener is apt to find this somewhat too The last part of the book contains refer­ sketchy to be of help. An even more serious ences to the six main climatic divisions in the drawback of this particular book for the Ameri­ U nited States. Included is a li st of roses or can gardener is the fact that it was written rose types whi ch can be expected to do well for British gardeners and not only are climatic in each zone. This part also has a chapter conditions in the British ' Isles quite different on how to use roses in the large as well as from those in most of this country, but the in the small garden. It is followed by a valu­ types of plants suitable for and available in Brit­ able guide to the important matter of judging ain are apt to be quite different from those here. and exhibiting roses. The final chapter is As an exampl e, there are included colored illus­ a·bout the American Rose Society, its many trations of twelve apples, not one of which is functions and its value to rose lovers and grown in this country to any extent. rose growers all over the United States. For those 'W ho feel that such a limited "en­ Beautiful plates in color and black and cyclopedia" is of use, there are several written white together with a number 0'£ line draw­ for Amer.ican gardeners that 'Would be far more ings add to the value of this attractive book. practical here. NIELS]. HANSEN D. G. H.

353 Greenhouse Gardening Arownd the Year. T hi s is an outstanding work fo r horticultur­ ists on the wild species, subspecies, and varie­ Mari on D ulles. The Macmillan Company, ties of Gala1'ltlws and Le~lcoj~11'I1, and the cul­ New York. 1956. 195 pages. Illustrated. $3.75. tivated fo rms and hybrids of the fo rmer. Sir (Library) . Frederi ck Stern deals with cl assification and Gardening ill a Small Greenhouse. taxonomy, and history and geogra]}hy, of these plants, based on studies begun in co llabora­ Mary Noble & J . L. :Me rkel. D. Van Nos­ tion with the late E . A. Bowles. Garden cul­ trand Co mpany, Inc., P rinceton, New J ersey. tivation is covered briefly, but adequately. 1956. 236 pages. Illustrated. $4.95 (Library). The illustrations are superb; the typograph­ The Complete Book of G1'eenhouse ical arrangement equally superb. GOi'dening. T oday there are available in cultivation, particul arly in E ngland, many snowdrops and H enry T . Northen & Rebecca T . Northen. snowfl akes beyond the common snowdrops The Ronald P ress, New York. 1956. 353 (G. nivalis and elwesi) and the spring and pages. Illustrated. $6.50. (Library) . sum mer snowfl akes (L. ven1wm and aestiv'!lm) Small home greenhouses are of increasing in­ that are well known to American gardeners. te rest fo r gardeners who, if they don't have Wishfull y, Snowdrops and Snowflakes may one, probably are at least dreaming or plan­ induce American and D utch nurserymen to ning for one. A greenhouse prov ides an oppor­ carry a greater range of these small bulbs. tunity of enj oying plants the year around. It's Most bloom in very early spring and are a hobby that becomes endless sin ce there will adapted to woodland conditions as well as probably never be space enough fo r all the sunny beds. many plants you would like. It can become a greenhouse of special groups of plants or one The late summer and fall blooming L. with as many kin ds as possible. rosenn4 with pi nk fl owers and L. autumnale with pink-tinged fl owers, and the November­ Each of these books is organized in a some­ flowe ring G. co'rcyrellsis are rarely seen here. what different manner but includes the essentials More gardeners should try the garden fo rms as to ki nds and locations to construct a gree n­ of snowdrops, as, 'So Af'nott,' 'Strafflan,' house, soil s, propagat ion, management and pest 'Akinsi,' and 'Colesbourne.' control. This book takes its pla·ce alongside Bowles,' The fi rst book is organi zed on a calendar C1'OCUS and Colchicm'l1s and his T he N ards­ basis of jobs to be done each month. T hi s ar­ S~IS, W ooc1cock and Stearn's, Lilies of the rangement does not lend itself to easy reading World, and H all's T he GeN'11S T~llipa, as com­ about a plant or operation in one place but prehensive treatments of genera of "bulbs" requires looking at several spots in the book, or written fo r the serious gardener. W e hope one it may not d.ilways be timely such as the dis­ of the these days British horticulturists will cussion of Chrysanthem um s which is mainly in the November chapter. A group of several chap­ also tackle in the same fashion such genera ters in the back of the book give brief notes on as Scilla., MtlScari, Allitl1n, and others. the culture of many kinds of plants. FREDERI C P. L EE

Noble and Merkel have incl ud ed other struc­ Intercrossing A11wng Pink Calla, W hite tures in which to grow plants that are useful under certain conditio ns such as shade or lath Ca lla, a11d Yellow Calla L ilies. houses and cloth houses. Another chapter is Ryoshitsu Shihuya. Kasai Publi shing and devoted to cold frames, hotbeds, window green­ Printing Company. Tokyo, Japan. 1956. houses and other small structures . T hey in cl ude 57 pages. Illustrated. many tropicd.il shrubs and vin es in their chapter on greenh ouse pl ants. Many of these are not This is an extensive discourse into the ge- commonl y seen in gree nhouses. netics of call a lily breeding. It is the kind of effort that seldom is approached by ornamen­ The Complete Book of Greenhouse Gardening tal research workers mainly because of the is the best of the three mentioned to be used as intensity appli ed. The main objective was to a reference by the amateur operator. T he many procl uce call as with a wid e range of spathe plants that are suggested fo r greenh ouse cul­ ture are grouped into chapters of related ki nd s co lors. The breeding work from 1937 to 1955 either botanically, as the Gesneri ads or with somewhat resembles the intensity of another simi lar cul ture as bulbs for fo rcing. 'This ar­ Japanese worker who studies natural variati ons rangement is easy to turn to to fin d the in for­ in Lilvmn speciosl/./'Il. It serves to illustrate the mation on a given plant. T here are many il ­ keen perception in the J apanese fo r detail ed lustrations of plants and sketches to help the variation in ornamental plants. It is a good reader. book for the serious breeder at least to look CONRAD B. LINK through fo r an id ea of what is involved in proper recording of breeding results. It is Snowd1'oPS and S11Owftal?es. not a book that one would want for light F. C. Stern. The Royal Horticul tural Soci­ reading or fo r general education in plant ety, London. 1956. 128 pages. 18 plates, 5 breedi ng. in co lor. 20 line draw ings. $3.82 J. L. C.

354 47th A nnual R eport of the Northern A .H.C. Handb oo l~ for Plant Originators N llt GrO'lvers fl ssociation, Ill c. and R egistrars. George L. Slate, Publications Chairman. Commis io n on omenclature and Reaistra­ Geneva, New York. 1956. 160 pp. (Library). tion. Ameri can H orticulture Co un cd .'" 1956. 43 .pages. Obtainable from the Bail ey H or­ This yearbook is not only of interest to as- tonum, Co rnell U ni ver ity Ithaca New sociation members for the proceedinas of the York. $1.00. " annual meetings but to horticulturi t~ in O'en­ eral for up-to-date information on the p e~ial ­ This publicati on of the American H orticul­ lzed fi eld of nut culture. The Ii t of nut-bear­ tural ouncil was prepared by one of its C0111 - ing tree recommended fo r planting at the H ol­ n~i ss i o l1 s headed by. George H . M. Lawrence, den Arboretum, Mentor, Ohio, might well serve chrector of the Batl ey Hortorium. Dr. Lawr­ as a guide for other institutions and individuals ence i a leading taxonomist in the field of wi hing to e tabli sh a general coll ection of edi­ ornamen ta-l s and has represented the plant so­ bl e nuts. cietie of this country at the sessions of the Several of the papers pertain to the problem I nternati onal Horticultural Congre se 111 re­ of bl ight res i tance in the Ameri can chestnut. cent years. The U. S. F orest Service has undertaken a The H andbook tate for new pl ant intro­ scree ning program to test urVlVIll O tree in the bl ight- wept area. Thei r methods a re out­ ducers. registrar of the vari ou special pl ant lined in a paper by J esse D . Mi ll er. Several societie, horticultural writers, and others in­ hort reports fo ll ow on breeding problems with terested in the naming of pl ants, the principles di sease-resi tant Chinese che tnuts. The discov­ embod ied in two international codes adopted by ery of an orange-kernel charactel' is reported the International H orticultural Congress. One is the Internati ona l Code of Nomenclature fo r by ]. VI . M cKay. This color shows up when a certain lines are pollinated by certain other Culti vated P lants, adopted in 1952 relatin to breeding lines but ha not yet been fi xed in one the principles governing the nami;lg of c~lt i­ variety. The orange-colored kernels contai ned va ted va rieti es of plants; the other, the Code 5.Y, time as much total ca rotenoids and 3Y, of Registration Procedure, adopted in 1955, re­ tImes as much carotine or vitamin A as normal lating to the registration of names of cultivated kernel. varieties of pl ant and co mpi lati on of li sts of uch names. There is an excell ent glossary of V aluable observatio ns on fe rtility in the vari­ terms which the gardener needs to know for hi s ous species and hybrids of the J UG LANDACEAE own protecti on in purchasing plants, as "cl one." as related to the poll en parent are reported in "cultivar," "grex." "species," "variety," ((hy ­ a pap.er .by ]. C. McDaniel of the Unive r ity brid." and others. of IllInoIs, Urbana. The dates of fl owerino' at that location and other notes are o'iven '" for The H andbook is a thoroughl y co mpetent • • b many vanetles. pi ece of work, ski llfully presented. that goes a long way in making the abstruse field of plant American persimmons receive attention in ar­ nomenclature clearer to the layman. ticles by Loui s Gerardi and ]. C. McDaniel. Both agree that 'Garretson,' 'Killen' and 'Early Golden' are the choice varieties for pl anting over the country where Oriental persimmons are not hardy, Fundamentals of H O1,tiC1tlture. H AROLD F. VVI NTERS ]. B. E dmond, A . M. M usser & F. S. An­ drews. McGraw - Hill Book Company, Inc., lew York. 1957. 456 pages. Illustrated. $6.75. LOU)11 s and Lal1dscapi11g HG11dbo ol? (Library) . Thomas H. Everett. ARCO Publishing Co m­ This is a second edition of a textbook in­ pany, Inc., N ew York. 1956. 144 pages .. Illus, tended for a college course in general horticul­ trated. $2.00 (Library), ture. It is written in a manner to fir st give a This book is a member of "The Do-It-Your­ working knowledge of the fundamentals of self Series" of the Fawcett Publicati ons. Inc. plant growth and then to foll ow through and Other membe:s of the series have gain ed wid e help devel op the ab ility to appl y these to the acceptance wIth the general publi c in recent solution of practical problems. The final 'sec­ years. This is a hard-back publication, very in­ tion of the book is devoted to a brief discus­ formative and profusely illustrated for the ben­ sion of the principal horticultural crops of this efit of the amateur gardener who intends to do country. The authors have done a good job in hi s own landscaping. preparing a text for a general horticultural course which is a diffi cult one to teach because Primary considerations of small property de­ of the great di ve rsity of crops and their rela­ velopment are di scussed with special emphasis tive importanc e in the different sections of the on lawn building and maintenance. country. This book, especially the first part on Thomas H. Everett, curator of Education plant growth and development and the second and Horticulturist of the New York Botanical part on horticultural practices would be excel­ Garden, is the author of a number of books on lent reading for the amateur who wants to be­ flowers and gardening and has al so written sev­ come better acquainted with plant growth and eral gardening editions of the Fawcett hand- basic horticultural practices. hooks. V-I. O. H. CO)!RAD B. LINK

355 Li Glossary of Mycology. Ill~ t st1'Qted GHide to Trees and Sl'wubs. Walter H . Snell & Esther A. Dick. Har­ Arthur Harmount Graves. Harper & Broth­ vard University Press, Cambridge, Mas­ ers, Publishers, New York. 1956. 271 pages. sachusetts. 1957. 202 pages. Illustrated. $5 .00 Illustrated. $6.00. This is a second edition to the 1952 guide which was privately published. The new edi­ Dictionar'J! of J1tlicrobiology. tion incl ud es the W inter Key to VV oody Morris B. Jacobs, Maurice J. Gerstein & Plants which was published as a suppl ement \'V illiam G. Walter. D. Van Nostrand Com­ to the first edition. It is an illustrated (ex­ pany, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey. 1957. cell ent pen and ink drawings, mostly by Miss 300 pages. Illustrated $6.75. Maud H. Purdy) guide to the woody plants Time was when mycophagy, the eating of -trees, slhrubs, vines--o,f the northeastern mushrooms (though the term has a conno­ United States and adjacent regions, whether tation of scientific curiosity and discrimina­ cultivated or commonly found woody plants. ti on fa r beyond this sensual equi valent), was The guide is highly recommended for all a prevalent and honored interest of some hor­ interested in identifying the woody plants ticulturists and many more lay gardeners and around them. nature lover s. Now, with cann ed or frozen mushrooms (carrying at least the implied en­ dorsement of the pure food authorities as to wholesomeness) available at nearly every Japanese Gardens. grocery store, amateur mushroom hunting has Jiro Harada. Charl es T. Branford Company, gone into a decline. At the same time, in­ Boston. 1956. 160 pages. 200 illustrati ons. dustrial and nuedical mycology has, sin ce the $8.50. (Library) . discovery of penicjl1.in, been en joying a pro­ This is the successor to The Gardens of Ja­ tracted boom. Thus the even hand of justice pan and is intended to be an interpretation of preserves the balance of interest in mycology as a whole. Indeed, the subj ect is attaining­ the meaning of Japanese gardens and an ex­ or regaining-cultural interest quite apart pression of a national way of life for the J apa­ nese, that being the need for conditions of from its material ends. deep meditation and peaceful surroundings such This is the excuse, then, for mentioning in as is onl y provided in the casual but serene a horticultural j oum al books that seemingly crypts of a smal! Japanese garden. are dedicated to professional mycologists and bacteriologists. The plates are tastefully selected and are in The earli er compilation uf T hree Thousand warm tones that do much for the book which it Mycological Terms by the senior author of is based entirely on photographs. These portray the Glossary has now been expanded to nearly the various eras of Japanese gardens and their 7,000. Technical terms not 011l1y have in­ history. There are no di scussions of pl ant ma­ creased in number but have gain ed in preci­ terials and that may have been deliberate sin ce sion, necessitating greater refinement in their the purpose is not scholastic but rather pre­ definiti'on. Many of those in the Glossary­ sumably "to open your eyes to the need for, especially terms of form, color, surface and and the value of rest and spi ritual refreshm ent." structure - apply almost equall y to the seed It is a good book to have for simple quiet plants that are more famil.iar to horticultur­ reading. J. L. C. ists. Besides these, there is a wide range of other terms-"modern or obsolete, popular or trivial, old wives' or scientifi c"-everything Botany. An I11tr oductio11> to Pla17 t relating to the growth and properties of fungi Science. is explai ned in conci se dictionary style. Wilfred W. Robbins, T . Elliot Weir & For those to whom the term microbiology c. is not too formidable, a veritable dictionary in Ralph Stocking. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York. 1957. 578 pages. Illustrated. thi s fi eld will be of maj or interes t. Profes­ sional mycologists, but not they alone will $6.95. welcome the Dictiol1a1'3' of Microbiology by Critical attention to every chapter has im ­ Jacobs, Gerstein, and Walter, fo r there has been nothing of comparable scope available proved and modernized this text, used .in more heretofore. The book reall y covers mi cro­ than 250 col'leges in its first edition. There are many new illustrations- including color o r gan i ~ms and their activities-their names scientific and popular, the materials used i l~ plates. and resulting fwm their metabolism, the The text is designed to emphasize the plant methods used in cultivatin g them. An amaz­ as a whole as a li ving, functioning organism; ing amount of information has been co n­ the second edition gives increased stress to densed into small compass. plant physiology. The di scussion of photo­ Chem ists, veterinarians, and physicians, to synthesis and respiration is accurately yet whom modern microbiology was or is becom­ simply presented and illustrated by diagrams ing something less than familiar-even writers similar to those used for nitrogen and life of science, both technical and popular-will cycles. find this small volume amona- the most used of .The text is suitable both for science majors their reference works. '" and as a terminal course for liberal arts stu­ }'REEMAN \'VErss dents.

356 The Gardeners' Pocketbook

An Inte'l'i111 Report 011 Nletasequoia son for loss was given. This poi nts up glyptostroboides the q u e s t io n of cold requirements fo r Metasequoia 9l-yptostroboides. the Dawn breaki ng dormancy as a possi/ble factor. Redwood, wa fo und in Szechuan Prov­ Another 'possi'ble factor is early start of ince, Chi na, in 1941, by P rofessor T. Kan. spring growth fo ll owed by fro ts. In Ohi o and was later identifi ed by Dr. Ralph VV . some seedli ngs withstood temperatures up Chaney, a paleo ntologist. In 1948 Dr. E . to 105°F. and as low as -14° in full sun D. Merrill. Harvard U niversity, obtained and are reportedly making thrifty growth. and di stributed seeds of this "LivinO" Fo!:'- Other cooperators, from South Caroli na sil. " b to Ohi o. reported temperatures from 95 ° to 104° without noting summer injury to T he U . S. Plant Introduction Garden the metasequoia seedlings. All these seed­ obtained some of these seeds and distrib­ li ngs survi ved periods during the winter uted seedlings under P. 1. 16 1688 and when the temperature dropped well be­ 165854, during 1949-1 950, fo r evaluation low 32°F. and hardi ness stl1 dies. T hey were distrib­ uted from central F lori da to upstate New Drought reportedly was a facto r in the York ; from Co nnecticut to Colorado. cleath of trees in New York, Nebraska and one area in Ohio. Two trees were After these seedli ngs had been planted phnted near V-Ias hington, D.C., one in a fo r over six years it was deemed desir­ dry upland area and the other in a moist able to check on their hardiness. The li ghtly shaded area. T he former is fair' recipients were requested to evaluate thei r about five feet tall. T he latter is ma ki n~' plants and submit reports that would give thrifty growth and is ~bo u t twenty fee~ an over-all preliminary picture of the eco­ tall. Metasequoi.as have do ne we1l in the logical requi rements of the species. United States Nati onal Arboretum Wash- The distribution range had been deli b­ ington, D .C. ' erately selected to ascertain the plant's W hile juvenil e cuttings of metasequUl a possible habitat in North America. A can be rooted, only one horticulturist re­ high 1110 rtality rate was anti,cipated at the pOI-ted that he had done so . Softwood \ temperature and hum i d i t y extremes. cuttings of nJetasequoia taken during the These expectations were reali zed. Several summer will root readily. From the stand­ seedli ngs succumbed to accidents such as point of subsequ ent survival, it is deemed being cut down by a cutter-bar and salt­ desirahle to wait until the termi nal bud water fl ooding. has developed before taking the cuttings. Only one of ten survived Iowa's -30°F. It appears that the clim atic and eda'Phic and dry alkaline soil. The sole survivor requirements of this spocies lim~ t its is barely holding its own. None survived range to areas where the temperature re­ Colorado's _32 °, but fo ur trees in a shi n­ mains between _15 ° and 105 °F . and that ment of four li ved through _20 ° in Colo­ rado, with winter burning. These fou r partia l shade and a moist soil are desir­ are reportedly doing fairly well. R eports able. Geographically this restricts it to of temperatures as low as _14 °, _12 ° and the eastern U nited States north of Flor­ -11 ° were received. These metasequoias ida (\Vyman's Hardiness Zones 6 7 8 survived and are making thrifty growth, and 'possibly some areas in 5 and 9') ~n d although fi ve r e po rte dly were winter roughly south of the 42nd parallel (New killed in Connecticut, but the minimum Yark City) and areas on the Pacific Coast temperature was not reported and there with a similar climate. - E UGE NE GRI F­ was no mention of a sudden freeze. FITH, U. S. Plant [11t1'oducti011 Ga1'den, None survi ved in Florida, ·but no rea- Gle1111 Dale, Ma'l'yland.

357 Gottlieb Hampfler Longwood Gardens

Mandell illa splende11s trained on fan-shaped wire support

358 Malldevilla splendel1s racemose inflorescences are produced from alternate leafaxils. Each bears up to 20 Many plants have in the past been flowers, of which one to four are open brought into cultivation, en joyed a period at a time. When each funnel-shaped flow­ of popularity and then, for one reason or er first opens it is about 2.5 inches in another, have disappeared. In many cases diameter and is Dawn Pink (RHS Hor­ the reason can be easily guessed. Either ticultural Colour Chart 523/3) with a they are extremely diffi,cult to grow or flu sh of Rose Madder (23/3) and a dark­ they have little horticultural merit. In er (23/1) throat. During the three or other cases, however, their loss of popu­ four days that a flower lasts, it expands larity is difficult to account for. An out­ and darkens. reaching a diameter of 4 standing example of this is Mal7dev111a inches and becoming a dark Ro e Mad­ sple11de11s. der (23/ 1). In 1841 a woody vine with la rg e, A plant bearing numerous inflores­ showy. pink flowers called Dipladellia cences is a striking sight, and its long amoena was introduced into horticulture flowering season, from April through from the Organ Mountains of Brazil by November, makes it a v e r y desirable the Veitch Nursery in England. During greenhouse plant. The fruits which are the next 50 or 75 years it became quite occasionally produced consist of two long, popular as a greenhouse plant in Ameri­ slender follicles about 10 inches long and ca as well as in Europe. Some twenty a half inch in diameter. years ago it was obtained by Longwood The plants do well in any good, well­ Gardens from the Mitchel Estate at Oys­ drained soil. Here a mixture of one part ter Bay, N.Y. It has been grown here chopped osmunda fiber to 4 or 5 parts ever since, but has disappeared from most loam with enough sand to give a light, other collections. If readers know of plants well-drained texture is used. Flowers will that did not come from here recently, I appear the first or second year from root­ would appreciate hearing about them. ed cuttings and a three-year-old plant re­ The plant at Longwood Gardens was quires a 12 in. pot or tub. They do well grown under the name Dipladenia a1noe- trained on dome or fan-shaped wire forms 17a until the winter of 1955 when I sent as shown in the illustration. Warm tem­ a specimen to Dr. Robert E . Woodson, peratures are best with 65° to 75° day Jr., at the Missouri Botanical Garden. and 60° night readings being excellent. Dr. Woodson, an authority on the dog­ vVatering should be tapered off in late bane family to which the plant belongs, fall when flowering stops and a few leaves identified it as M andevilla splendens. vVe drop to be stepped up when growth re­ are treating the plant under this name sumes in early spring. although there is some evidence that it Cuttings from resting plants root read­ may not ,be correct. Chance seedlings of ily in sand or vermiculite in from three the plant grown at Longwood Gardens to five weeks. have smaller, lighter colored flowers indi­ The plants at Longwood Gardens at­ cating that the parent plant may be a hy­ tract a great deal of attention and it is :brid instead of a true species. fe lt that the species would be a valuable The species is a woody climber with addition to any greenhouse. In the past large, tuberous rootstocks which is trained two years rooted cutting have been dis­ on wire frames so that its ultimate size tributed to several other institutions and cannot be judged, but it could lU1doubt­ a few nurseries. It is expected that stock edly produce branches at least 24-30 feet will become available to the public in the long. Its opposite, dark green, rugose, near future - DONALD G. HUTTLESTON, lustrous leaves are oblong-elliptic, 3-8 Longwood Gardens, Kennettt Square. inches long by 2 - 4 inches broad. The P en1'bsylvania.

359 Montreal Botanical Garden Courtesy. American Begonia Society

Begonia paulensis

360 Begonia paulensis web pattern. The infant leaves arise re­ sembling in their hairy juvenile stage the It Begollia pa.uleJlsis was di scovered by B. pau.le11sis parent. may take a second St H ilaire in Brazil in 1859. Although generati on to produce a sturdier off­ spring with the much desired spider-web this plant has not had wide publicity or distri,bution, it is of interest to the hobby­ vein pattern. ist as well a being a specimen for di s­ This begonia requires much the same play in a botanical garden. This begonia care as B . howeri--humidity, well-drained with its shiny, medium green, almost soil and just enough water to keep alive. round, peltate leaf. is distinctively strikino It is grown succe sfully as a hanging with its ivory-white sinus or eye fron~ basket specimen in soi l or sphagnum 1110SS which radiate the main vein s. The promi­ culture or as a specimen pot plant usuall y nent veins first carry the ivory color on et on a shelf in the greenhouse. The the sinus, then slowly merge into the petioles are long requiring considerable green of the leaf. becoming recessive. The space for this begonia. radial veins are joined by cross vein s which tend in a circle giving a fascinatino' It is propagated from cuttings or side spider-web effect There are short, whit: shoots. (I still am experimenting with stubble-like hairs running the rim of each leaf propagation, but so far have not had "spider-web" secti on. On the underside satisfactory results.) - LOUISE CRAMER, of the leaf, we find the hairs are red Editor, The Begonia.11, Pasadena, Calif. showing up distinctly on an apple-greel~ background and pointin g the vein pattern. The leaf petiole is light green, covered with one-quarter inch hair. New leaves Plants Tolerant to hregulwr appear quite red on the back with their Flooding by Tidal Wate1' concentrated red tomentum. When light shines through a new leaf, the web pattern on the leaf surfa:ce appears to be outlined All horticul tural perspectives do not in red and the leaf bordered with the same originate from hard and fa st experiments. color. If so, this would not have been written. It all began with a discarded fig tree The large white flowers in long, upright which refused to die, even after it had panicles are covered with red hair similar been cast aside as part of an organic fi ll to Begonia scharffiana, which gives them in a salt marsh area back of my house. a pink cast when viewed at a distance. The original objective was to create a The male fl owers with hairy sepals and low-level terrace, so as to better observe the many species of birds which frequent I~ ai rl ess petals open first and are prac­ tIcally gone before the hairy female flow­ the salt marshes of Tidewater Virginia. ers are matured. This possibly accounts The fig tree's tenacity to life under for the lack of seed unless someone holds adverse conditions prompted the writer the pollen and hand pollinizes when the to plant it, hoping that in time it would female flowers are ready. The red, hairy provide shade. The elevation at which it ovary wings form one corner-one very was placed was approximately fifteen red. Other wings may also form here inches above normal ,high water or four while the other ovary corners are only feet above mean low water. The tides in red lined. Seeds do set readily when pol­ this secti on of Tidewater Virgina vary linized with pollen from other begonias. approximately two and eight-tenths feet. In hybridizing, I have seen some .inter­ This tree five years ago started my in­ esting downward-cupped infant plants; terest with what might be called "salt tol­ some with red ,backing a1ld vein pattern; erant plants." I hope eventually to land­ but none with the peltate leaf or spider- scape my low- level t e rrace with such

36 1 plants and encourage orhers to experi­ One of the broad - leaved evergreens ment with plants suitable to their salt which really seems to thrive is the Japa­ water locality and conditions. nese Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobim). In order to better understand existing My first three-foot specimen plant grew conditions under which this terrace is be­ to cover eight feet in about three years. ing bui[.t, I will evaluate ·certain facts It was uprooted by hurr;icane "Hazel," which have come under my observation. but was reset and is do,ing fine. Among This is necessary, for dealing with tidal the fill material happened to be a couple action in one section of the country would of the th}"brid Daylilies (H emerocaUis not in its entirety be applicable in an­ hy.). For the last two seasons these two other. I am, of course, referring to the day lilies have produced flower spikes that fluctuation of tides. There is one index, were equal to those which were produced which I believe is quite constant. That under garden conditions. My g r ea t est index is the type of vegetation which thrill, however, was to discover that the naturally grows along the tidal areas. French or Bigleaf Hydrangea (Hydran­ From my point of observation I note that gea hortensis, or H. 111,acroph'ylla) grows the so -calIed "marsh grass" will grow well under those conditions. [It is be­ only where tides wiII flood it up to a lieved that these plants have been used few inches. It seldom grows out of wa­ extensively as sea-side plants for fifty ter. Then just above normal high tides years or more. Ed.] These plants pro­ with its roots in the marsh mud we find duce the bluest of blue flowers that I what is commonly called in these parts have ever seen. If this adventure in salt "salt water bush," the Sea-Myrtle (Bac­ marsh gardening brings no further con­ ch-Mis haZ,i111,ifolia). This plant seems to clusive results, I shall ,be satisfied to land­ grow equaIly well several feet above nor­ scape my lower terrace with PittosporW11 mal high tides, in fad often miles inland and Yaupon for a background and Hy­ where salt water never reaches. It is in drangea and DayIilies for a foreground, this "Baccharis growing area" that I be­ with a fig tree for shade and accent. came interested as a result of the fig tree Moreover, Vinca 1najor and E1,1011,Y111US episode. f01'tq,mei var. vegetus are ground covers In the last six years I have planted that love the same surroundings; also quite a number of plant species under o xalis (an undetermined species of). the most trying conditions. I have not This year I expect to complete a thou­ been meti,culous about their planting or sand square feet of terrace. It wiII aver­ care because I am in the process of fill­ age approximately eighteen inches above ing in nhe area with organic refuse from normal high water. my upper garden, consisting of weeds N ow a word about what I can expect and clippings, and under no systematic from tidal invasions. At least once a or planned procedure. month the terrace will be inundated not Those species to date that have thrived only by storm tides but rby spring tides under this t r eat me nt are, of course. which, built up by a northeast wind, will worthy of mention. The Yaupon Holly raise the water level from eighteen to (flex v0111,itoria) I was not surprised to twenty- four inches above normal. Then ~nd suitable because along Myrtle Beach perhaps three or four times a year storm tides wiII cover this area with at least two 111 North Carolina it lines the beach as a beautiful wind-swept shrub. I was dis­ feet of salt water. Then when another storm like hurricane "Bar,bara" comes appointed, however. that the other spe­ along, I can expect at least four feet of cies of hoIIies, including the American salt water. I do not expect to plant any­ HoIly (1. opaca) , did not survive the acid thing on the terrace which will not survive test of the Baccharis level which in this such tests as these. instance means at less than two feet ele­ There are, of course, numerous plants, vation above normal high water. Aucuba native and otherwise, that will survive japonica survived for two years but final­ the occasional flooding such as a "Bar­ ly succumbed to repeated floodings. bara" might ,bring. Here in Tidewater 362 Virginia many home owners experience sized timber tree reaching 80 feet at ma­ this fl ooding at low levels. With the turi ty and disti llctive in appearance be­ usual precaution of watering heavily after cause of its smooth, flaking, orange bark. such saline invasions, few of our orna­ Mrs. Mary G. Henry's article The mental suffer, not even azaleas and Stewartias, published originally in April, camelli as whi'ch are planted in abundance 1938 and reprinted in the October, 1955 in thi s region. Anniversary Issue of the National H orti­ I might mention that of all the native C71lt~l1'al }.II a gazine i 11 u s t rat e s several tree which border our salt marshes the species . Red or Bull Bay (Persea borbonia) ' will venture out to get its feet wet more than S. 1'11alachodel'ld1'0J1, the "Silky Camel­ any of the others. These others include lia," is interesting in that it occurs on the suoh trees as the Loblolly Pine (Pinus coastal plain from Texas to the eastern taeda) , the Live Oak (Quercus vir­ shore of Virginia as its northern limit. g'inia.na) , and the Bald Cypress (Taxod­ Throughout this range it is locally rare iU7n distichum). The Bald Cypress, while and in many cases proba·bly unknown to more often associated with tidal waters the people living near by. When not in where water is only on the brackish side bloom it might be mistaken for a black or diluted with the fresh water, will grow gum sapling or some equally common and prosper a couple feet above normal scrub tree. Certainly its general appear­ salt tides. ance is not distinctive enough when out There is, of course, much data to be of bloom to prevent it from being cut as sought out about plants tolerant to salt, worthless scrub. No doubt this is one especially those of economic value. I reason it is always mentioned as being hope that this note will prompt others to rare even in nature. For a tree that has experiment and report their findings. I been known and in cultivation for over am sure that many already have such data two hundred years, few people in this on hand. One thing I have found, how­ country know it by sight or nan1e and ever, is that the road is strewn with even fewer can tell you when it blooms. heartaches, because when you think some On the latter score even the botany texts plant may survive, as did my Aucubas for are wrong, listing its period of bloom as two years, later they up and leave for "early June." Certainly throughout its higher elevations. native range few if any of this species I am grateful to Mr. Aubrey D. Hus­ bloom this late. Early May is a much tead, meteorologist for the United States more li kely date at the northern limit of Weather Bureau in Norfolk, for the in­ the range. The mistake is probably easily formation concerning tidal action her('.­ explained, for in cultivation north of its FREDERIC HEUTTE, Superintendent, Bu­ range it may bloom in June; and all of the reau of Pa1'ks and Forest1'y, Norfolk, Va. other species bloom much later, usually in late June or July. Stewartia 11tLalachodendron A trip to the Norfolk, Virginia, area in T he genus Stewartia is a small one early June of this year was unsuccessful comprising two American and perhaps a in locating a native stand of S. malacho­ half dozen Asiatic species of deciduous dendron. Three mature specimens out trees. The native Ameri'can species occur of bloom were seen in the garden of Mrs. Asperngreen in Norfolk and we were in the southeastern United States, while the Asiatic species are found in eastern shown pictures taken in late April, close on the heels of the flowering dogwood, China, Japan and Korea. These members showing these trees in full bloom. The of the Tea or Camellia Family are alike three- to four-inch bowl.-shaped white in producing good size, showy white or flower, reminiscent of a single camellia, creamy flowers. Most of the members is set off by a pom-pom of dark purple of the genus are small trees under thirty stamens in the center. As the flowers are feet in height, but S. monodelph{]), a south­ produced in considerable number and ern Japanese species with the smallest open near the same time, a tree in full leaves and flowers of the genus, is a good- bloom is very showy. These 15 -18 foot 363 Flowers of Stewartia malacodendroll

trees had been ,collected from a small berry (Va.ccl:11i.!1% sp.) and the Swamp grove in a wooded area near the town of Azalea (Rhododend1'o11 mscosu111/.). Shel­ Pung'o below Norfolk several yea rs be­ ter from strong wind and culture similar fore. An attempt to locate the original to that given rhododendrons and camel­ stand this spring yielded a typical story. lias suit the "Silky Camellia" to perfec­ The "scrub" trees had been cleared and tion. a fl ourishing corn field grew in their 'place. The day after the visit to see the trees In com1110 n with Franklinia, S. mala­ in cultivation we visited the Eastern chodendron is hardy much north of its Shore of V irginia and saw a wooded sec­ range. It is grown successfully in Phila­ tion near Wachapreague that still is said delphia and near the coast on Long Is­ to harbor a grove of the "Silky Camel­ land. Ceptainly if a source of supply can lia," Mature loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) be found, the tree should be tried in re­ growing in light sandy soil with water gions that are suitable for hybrid rhodo­ just a few feet ,below the surface shel­ dendfons.-FREDERICK W. COE, Bethesda, tered plants such as the high bush blue- Maryla11d. 364 The Pal111. Society objective was to locate not only fresh This, perhaps the youngest of our si - germplasm of plants already in cultiva­ ter H orticultural Societies, was informal­ tion in the United Sta;tes , but also kinds ly organized in November, 1955, largely of plants either lost to cultivation or es­ through the enthusiasm and work of Mr. sentially unknown in this country as D:nt Smith of Daytona Beach, Florida. garden plants. This kind of plant intro­ FnTe months later. in April of 1956 a duction program ca rries with it many consti·tution and by -laws were adopted practical applications of a long term na­ and officers and directors elected. In the ture in view of the tremendous interest short 18-month period of its existence in ornamental gardening now prevalent this Vo Iu~lt a r y organization has grown in ~ in the United States. Several hundred to a vmle youn g Society of over 300 co llecti ons have resulted from Dr. Mey­ er's travels in these Mediterranean coun­ 111:1111~ ers . Starting in January of 1956 wIth IDformal processed bulletins. it now tries. The majority are destined for trial in comparable cli matic areas in the Unit­ finds itself, a year and a half later COI11 - pleting- the first letterpress volume' of its ed States as well as under conservatorv conditions. 0 new illustrated quarterly journal, Pril1- cipes. Thi Mediterranean work is the sec­ The purpose of the Society is to dis­ ond in a sustained program of explora­ seminate infornlation atb 0 u t the palms, tion for ornamental material for Ameri­ both scientific and horticultural, and to can horticulture. It is sponsored .by Long­ promote a wilder interest in these noble wood Gardens of the Longwood Founda­ plants. Officers of the Society at present ti on, Inc., Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, are: President, W. H. Hodge, of Long­ cooperating with the Plant Introduction wood Gardens; Vice-President, R. Bruce unit of the U.S. Department of Agricul­ Ledin, of the University of FJ.orida Sub­ ture, Beltsville, Maryland. The first ex­ Tropical Experiment Station ; Executive ploration under this new program was Secretary, Lucita H. \iVait; and Treasur­ undertaken in the fall of 1956 in southern er, Nat J. De Leon. Harold E. Moore, Japan by Dr. John L. Creech, horticul­ J r. , of the Bai ley Hortori um of Cornell turist of the U. S. Plant Introduction University, serves as editor of P.rincipes. Garden, Glenn Dale, ~aryland. . ~n~one keenly interested in the palms IS IDvlted to join the Society. Further information may be obtained from the S ola11.u111. quitoense as an O'rnamental Executive Secretary. Mrs. Lucita H . Wait, 7229 S.\V. 54th Avenue, Miami One of the most flavorsome and re­ 43, Florida. freshin g- of tropical fruit juices is ob­ tained from the .tomato-like fruits of S 0- lamu1n quitoense, a large her·b Llative to the mild (70°-85°F.), humid (60-100 Plant K"Cplomtion in the inches of well-distributed annual rain­ M editenanean for Ornamentals fall) , eastern slopes (4000-5000 feet ele­ vation) o·f the Andes of Ecuador. Al­ During the four-month period, March though this species is relatively well­ to July, 1957, Dr. Frederick G. Meyer, known to horticulture in that republic dendrologist on leave of absence from the (under the name 11amnjilla, literally "lit­ Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, tle orange") as well as in neighboring conducted an exploration for ornamental Colombia, it has received until recently plants throughout Spain, Portugal, Italy scant attention elsewhere. At present at­ and sou,thern France. tempts are being made to extend the Visiting botanical gardens, private es­ range of utilization and commercial cul­ tates, nurseries, and experiment statiDns ture to favorable areas in other parts of in these countries, Dr. Meyer's primary the American tropics.

365 Gottlieb H ampfier Longwood Gardens

The attractive foliage of Solanum quitoense

366 Quite apart from its prime importance suspected that this species. like many oth­ as a source of an important fruit, S. qui­ ers native to equatorial latitudes, may re­ toense is an attractive ornamental plant. quire the ratio of day and night to which The purpose of th is note is to call atten­ it is accustomed in its home to properly tion to its possi-ble use, when properly complete its life cycle. It does, however, grown, as an interesting foliage orna­ set fruit at Homestead. F lorida, where it mental for greenhouse or conservatory. has been successfully grown at the Sub­ tropical Experiment Station of the U ni­ By nature the species is a rather coarse versity of Florida. perennial herb, in hClJbit of growth re­ sembling that of its relative, the more S. quitoense is readily grown from seed diminutive eggplant, S. 1nelol1gella. How­ or from rooted stem cuttin gs. Fresh seed ever, S. quitoel1se may attain an ultimate germinates easily. but its length of via­ height of 6 to 8 feet with large leaves bility may be expected to be limited as sometim es as much as 2 feet in over-all with the tomato with which it shares sim­ length. The leaves are what give this ilar requirements with regard to soil. U n­ species its chief ornamental value. not like the tomato the 1wmnjilla does best on ly because of their size and interesting in partial shade rather than full sun, and form, but also because of the attractive to expect the best development it should pattern made by the bold vei n system. be grown under humid tropical green­ whi·ch is often. par.ticularly in juvenile house conditions. The species is a heavy leaves, a striking purple color. At matur­ feeder. likes ri ch compost, and if kept ity the leaves are a rich deep-green above potted up shoul d be fed regularly once and lil;ht-green ·below, but when young its roots have become connned. Under they also are colored purple beneath. As such a regime it should prove an inter­ an added feature all aeri al portions of the estin g and unusual addition to a conser­ plant are clothed with soft hairs, which vatory collection of ornamental foliage are especially plush and attractive on the plantS-IV. H. HODGE, Longwood GaT­ youngest growth. dens, Kel111ett Sq'Vt.a1'e, Pennsylvania. Specim en plants best serve as orna­ mentals in their youth p rior to flower­ Butte1'fiyweed, a Neglected Native ing, for as the plants mature they incline 01'11 amental Plan t to become too tall and leggy, the older 'N hen one visits the gardens of Europe, lower leaves then yellowing and dropping. especially in England and the Scandinavi­ P lants 3 to 5 feet tall are below average an countri es, one is impressed by the eye-level permitting enjoyment of the in­ number of Ameri can "weeds" that are teresting living mosaic produced by the grown and cherished. Wisley Gardens, large leaves. in Surrey, a plant testing ground of the Royal H orticultural Society, gives much The white star -shaped fl owers, typi­ space to our various wild flowers, especial­ cally solanaceous in form, are compara­ ly those in the Sunflower Family. Many tively small and not particularly showy of the small suburban gardens of Stock­ being somewhat hidden at each node holm proudly display massive plantings where they are borne in corymbose clus­ of such plants as our ordinary goldenrod. ters. Although the species fl owers freely Another such "weed," less frequently under conservatory culture, it is said not grown, is our widely distributed Asclepias to set fruit in temperate latitudes. At t'l!~be1'Osa, commonly called "butterfly­ Longwood Gardens the plants now on weed," "pleurisy root," and sometimes, display are still (July, 1957) too young uncomplimentarily, "ahiggerweed." This to determine their fruit-setting ability, plant, as well as many others of our wild but plants grown at The N ew York Bo­ species, deserves a larger place in our tanical Garden during the period 1945 to ornamental planning. We should cer­ 1947 were reported by Dr. A. B. Stout tainly have as much interest in them as to have produced abortive pollen. It is our European friends.

367 According to R. E. \Voodson, an au­ from the wild and placed them under cul­ thority on the Milkweed Family, to which tivation in Maryland. These were ob­ this plant belongs, four subspecies COI11- tained either personally or from some of prise the butterflyweed which, when com­ my colleagues from Maryland, Virginia, bined, have an area of distribution from \Vest Virginia, North Carolina and South southern Ontario, south to Florida, west Carolina. The plants not only varied con­ to Nebraska and South Dakota, and south­ siderably in hahit but the flow er-color west to Sonora, Mexico. They occur from varied from pale lemon-yellow to dark near sea level up to 6,000 feet altitude, reddish brown, with many intermediate and are nearly ubiquitous as far as theit shades of color. The greatest color varia ­ habitat requirements are concerned. Plants tion was fo und to occur in plants growing may be found on all types of soils from in sandy soil of Tidewater Virginia. In limestone to strongly acid sands in dry the meantime, during 1957, I have seen sterile fields, thickets, pine barrens, flat­ many plants in the Caddo Lake region of woods, arroyos, canyons, meadowlands northeast Texas that have tight inflores­ or on rocky slopes and in tight clays. cences of brilliant red fl owers on excep­ tionally strict stems, a form that was not Tlhe plant ,consists of a long simp le or included in the 1955 collection. slightly branched taproot from whose crown one to many leafy stems a rise to a n There is a wealth of material available average of 1 Y;; feet tall. At the summit of in this polymorphic species for some en­ each stem is borne an umbelliform cyme terprising hortinllturist to produce some of showy small flowers that vary in color really worthwhile ornamental stock It from bright orange to orange-red or light is hoped that this note will encourage some yellow. The plant frequently forms a one to carry t hrough to completion an massive clump. inclusive horticultural study of our beauti­ ful butterflyweed. - DO NOVAN S. COR­ Because of its ubiquitous nature, butter­ RELL, T e,"CGs Reseo,1'Ch PM/.ndation, R en­ fl yweedcan be depended upon to thrive ner, T exas. in nearly any type of so il in most locations except dense forests and areas that are too wet. In fact, it seems to do best in the poorer and dryer soils. The plants are Lycoris long-lived and will "stay put" when used either as a border plant or in single or Lycoris is a genus of late-blooming mass plantings. The long roots may be bulbs whose striking and beautiful fl ow­ successfully transplanted any time of the ers are of great value for summer and year, even when in fl ower, if the stems fall gardens. All the Lycores are hardy, are cut off just above the root crown. at least as far north on the eastern coast The fl owering period often extends over as Washington, D. c., except L. aurea a month, a nd frequently there is a second less showy blooming season of one or which is tender north of the Gulf States. two weeks' duration. Butterflies are at­ The Lycores may be grown in hi gh shade tracted to the fl owering plants and thus as well as full sun and are evdapted to add to uheir desirability as garden plants. the same conditions as azaleas and many ferns. Since the flow ers bloom on .bare Although several nurseries include but­ stalks long after the leaves have dis­ terflyweed in their catalogues, these are appeared, planting among ferns affords usually the conventional plants with 2n effective accompanying foliage at orange-colored flo wers. There is a need blooming time. for horticultural investigation of thi s species which exhibits so much variability The Lycores are members of the Am­ in its habit and flower color. Even sim­ arylli s Family and all the species obtain­ ple selecti,on would be of some value. able in this country are natives of China With this in mind, during 1955, with the and Japan although some extend their encouragement of Dr. C. O. E rlanson, I habitats into Formosa and Upper Burma. brought together nearly fifty selecti'ons \Vhil e the Hardy Amarylli s (L. squa111i-

368 gera), and Red Spider Lily (L. radiata) to the spider form of chrysanthemum. long confused with the tender Nerine sa1'- They have 110 tube or a very short tube 1'lfiellsis, and the Hurricane Lily (L. au­ and the segments are separated and nar­ rea) are familiar to many gardeners, par­ row and about an inch and a half long ticularly in the southeastern United States, and have wavy margins. Flowers, in­ other fine species are rarely seen. cluding stamens, are a brilliant orange For

The other species of thi s subgenus The Hurri cane Lily (L. a~l1'ea) is cad­ have a similar form of fl ower. They in­ mium yellow and blooms in September clude the Sprenger Lycoris (L. sp1'en­ with fo ur or more flowers to the cluster geri) that blooms in September and Octo­ on fl ower stalks up to twenty-four inches. ber. The flowers on an eighteen inch The leaves appear in the fall. It is widely stalk are pink with purplish and bluish grown in the Gulf States but generally tips. The Fragrant Lycoris (L. in.car- tender farther north. A recently named 1wla) is twenty-six inches tall and blooms species, L. traubi, has S:lffron yellow flow­ in late A ugust and early September. It ers and wider flower seS!ments. It is is also hardy into the New England twelve inches tall. The P lant Introduction States. The flowers are three in ches long Garden, U.S.D.A., at Glenn Dale, Mary­ and white with a center stripe of reddish land, has a plant (P. 1. 162443) received purple on the outside of each purple­ under the name L. aurea, similar to L. tipped segment and oocasionally with traubi and L. aU'rea, but blooming earli er other stripes. Stamens have reddish pur­ (late July and August ) on twelve-inch ple fi laments and yellow anthers. L. stalks with fou r or 11l0re flowers to the incarnata is slenderer than L. squalNligem duster. The color is chrome yell ow, but its clu sters of six fl owers are more (Hee, 605/ 2). The leaves appear in lovely in their color effect. The Orange early spri ng. The plant is much hardier Lycoris (L. sa.ngui11ea) is sixteen inches than th e Hurricane Lily, being satisfac­ tall and blooms in August but the leaves tory at Washington, D. C. Some botan­ appear in October and last until May. ists propose to name it as a new species. Its fl owers are about five to a cluster. The color is an orange red (Hee, carrot There are three other new species, not red, 612/ 1) . readily availClib le in the trade, that have The other subgenus is headed by the been recently named. They are L. h.ay­ Red Spider Lily (L. radiata). The form wa1'di, a bluish pink, similar to L. spren­ of the fl owers bears some resemblance gen; L. houdysheli, a fine large chalky

369 P.I. 162443-Like L ycoris a.urea but hardier and earlier blooming­ perhaps a new unnamed sepcies. white ot the spider form blooming in late form of fl ower, are yet to be introduced August; and L. caldwelli, a pale straw into this country. yellow of the spider form aging to creamy Lycoris bulbs should be planted shal­ white, perhaps similar to L. stm11ll,inea low, just below the surface of the soil, in whid1 appears to be lost to cultivation in this country. L. caldwelli blooms just light shade wi th leaf mold or humus. before L. albifiom but the foliage does Commonly, they may not bloom the first not come up until early spring. It is two year after planting. In general, they fee t tall. bloom irregularly in that all bulbs in a planting of anyone kind are not likely The P lant Introduction Garden at to bloom regularly each year. Most Ly­ Glenn Dale has a hy.brid of the Red Spi­ coris bulbs increase readily. der Lily and P. 1. 162443 mentioned a,bove . There is also a hybrid of L. tmu­ Dr. John L. Creech, head of the Plant bi and the Reel Spider L ily, known as Introducti on Gard en, U. S. D. A., at L. woodi. Glenn Dale, Maryland, has cooperated extensively in the preparation of these L. a1'gentea, mauve, and L. kOl'eana, notes. - FREDERIC P. LEE, Bethesda, orange reel, both with the L. squamigera Maryland.

370 INDEX TO VOLUME 36 Illustrations Clre in dicateel in italic

A book or two, 308, 353 Chunnenuggee Horticultural Franklinia alatamaha, 248 A belia grandiflo"a, 211 Society and Public Garden, Fruits of Fall, October cover Abies nOTmanniana, 269 289 illustration Acacia lepTOsa, 264, 256 Cibotiu m schiedei, 265 Funkia, see H osla spp. AceI' saccharin u 111, 3-12. 348 Clethra, 350 Galle, Fred C. : Adventuring with h ollies, 185 Clima tic departures, 340 North American hollies, 10 Aeschynomene hispida, 303 Coe, Frederick W .: Gardeners' pocketbook, th ~, A Ibizia julibTissin, 35 0 StewQ?·tia malachodendron, 357 AletTis japonica, 314 363, 364 Allium, 307 Gordonia, 248 Colchicum luteum, 307 Gravatt, G. Flippo: AEsophila australis, 265 Condit, Ira J.: Diseases of holly in the East, A Estonia spathulata, 303 F ig tree for ornamental 106 Amaryllis, 201 , 202, 203 planting, 253 Griffith, Eugene: A P"il cover illustration Comus rClcemosa, 210 An interim report on /lif e/a­ American Rhododendron So­ Correll, Donovan S. : se quo i a glyptostroboieles, Butterflyweed, a neglected ciety test gardens-Portland, 357 Oregon, 280 native ornamental plant, 367 Annona pa/ust,-is, 304 Cramer, Louise: H amilton, Clyde C.: An thony, Mark J. and J ohn L. Begonia paulensis, 360 Holly p es ts in the East, 91 Threlkeld: Creech, John L.: Handbook of H ollies, 1-192 Camellias in Descanso Car­ Hardiness of the running H ardiness of the r unning bam­ dens, 225 bamboos, 334 boos, 334 Axgyroxiphium, 219 Creech, J ohn L. and Roger H edges, for North America, Arundinaria spp., 338 , ,yo Pease: 204 Asclepias tuberosa, 367, 368 Propagating hollies, III lists of species, 214, 215, 217 Aucuba japonica, 362 Crocus speciosum, 307 Hemerocallis, 314 Avery, Jr., George S.: Culture of the hollies, 86 H enniniera eiatJhToxylon, 304 Bonsai hollies, 153 CYTilla racemiflora, 350 H eutte, Frederic: Pla nts tolerant to irregular Azalea hybrids, dwarf, 295, Danae mcemosa, 200 298, 299, 300 flooding by tidal water, 36 1 de Vos, Francis: HiptJeastnlln proce,-um, 264 Holl y collections, 183 Hirt, R ay R.: Baccharis halimifolia, 362 Dengler, H arry W illiam: Bailey, J. S. and W . L. Doran; Adventuring with hollies, English hollies, 65 185 Vegetative propagation of Folklore and legendS (hol­ beach Plums, 349 H odge, W. H .: lies), I Longwood Gardens, 260 Balsa, 302, 303 Gu es t editor, Handbook of Bamboos, hardiness of the, 334 Plant explora tion in the Hollies, 1-193 Mediterranean for ornamen­ Batchelor, J ackson M.: Descanso Gardens, 225 tals, 365 Orcharding (holly) in the Dip/adenia amoena, 359 South, 170 Solanum quitoense as an Diseases of English hollies in ornamen ta l, 365 Beach plums, vegetative propa- the Pacific Northwest, 108 ga tion of, 349 Holl y (hollies) : Diseases of holly in the East, adventuring with, 185 Begonia spp., 360, 36 1 106 and landscape architec ture, Berberis thunbergi erecta, 210 Doran, W. L. and J. S. Bailey: Blasdale, 'Walter C.: 130 Vegetative propagation of arrangemen ts, 178 Oxalis rubra, 285 beach plums, 349 barriers, 139 Boller, C. A. and A. N. R ob­ Dugdale, Elizabeth Cabell: bonsa i, 153 erts: Virginia H ouse and Garden, Orcharding (holly) in the 193 care of cut, 182 clones, list of, 187 Pacific Northwest, 155 Dwarf Azalea hybrids, 295 Bonsai hollies, 153 collections, 183 Brase, K. D.: Eleagnus pungens, 200 contribu tors, iii Rootstock problems in prop­ English hollies, 65 cultivars, list of, 187 agating dwarf p ear trees, 220 English holly insects in the culture of, 86 Brosimum a/icastrum, 304 Pacific Northwest, 103 cu t, 182 Buddenhagen, I va n "V. and Enright, L. J.: cut arrangements, 178 Roy A. Young: Pruning hollies, 88 diseases of, in the East, 106 Diseases of English hollies Eu.ca lyptus globulus, 345, 346 - in the Pacific Northwest, in the Pacific Northwest, 108 Euonymus, 210, 362 108 Butterflyweed, a neglected na­ EveFgreen hedges, list of spe­ English, 65 tive ornamental plant, 367 cies, 217 evergreen, for the United Bux us spp_, f-193 , 195, 211 , Evergreen hollies for the States, 136 212,216 United States, 136 folklore, 1 for hedges, screens, and California Southern, plant re­ Fenton, Daniel G.: barriers, 139 sponses to extreme climatic Orcharding (holly) in the for topiary, 147 departures hom normals in, Middle A tlantic area, 167 hedges, 139 340 Ficus sPtJ., 253-259, f-25 3, 257 , h ybridizing, 121 Camellias, 225-252, 226, 267 258, 264 in cut arrangements, 178 Carpinus betula, 216 Fig trees for ornamental plant­ in landscape architecture, Care of cut hollies, 182 ing, 253 130 Cm'diocrinum giganteum, 313 Flooding, plants tolerant to, index of names, 187 Cavanillesia platanifo/ia, 304 361 insects in the Pacific North­ Cedrus atlantica, 200 Folklore & legends (holly), 1 west, 103 371 introduction to the, 1 iVlarvin, Robert E.: Rhododendron spp" 265, 280- landscape architecture, for Hollies and landscape archi­ 284, 280·282, 284, 295·301 , use in, 130 tecture, 130 298·300 legends, 1 Mattoon, H. Gleason: Ribes alpinum, 211 North American, 10 Evergreen hollies for the Roberts, A. N. and of the world, 7 United States, 136 C. A. Boller: orcharding in the Middle McClintock, Elizabeth: Orcharding (Holly) in the Atlantic area, 167 Hydrangeas, 270 Pacific Northwest, 155 -in the Pacific Northwest, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, the Rootstock problems in propa­ 155 Illiau, 218 gating dwarf pear trees, 220, -in the South, 170 McLean, Stewart: 221 Oriental, 31 Planting hollies, 86 pests in the East, 91 NIedinilla magnifica, 264 Sasa sppp. 338 planting, 86 Mediterranean, plant txplora­ Schizophragma, 278 propagating, III tion for orm.amentals in the, Semiarundinaria, 336, 337 , 338, pruning, 88 365 339 screens, 139 Menninger, Edwin A.: SeFsanous, C. I.: selections, list of, 187 The lightest wood, 302 American Rhododendron So­ species, list of, 187 Metasequoia gylptostroboides, ciety Test Gardens - Port­ topiary, 147 am. interim report on, 357 land, Oregon, 280 use oE, 130 Morus alba, 343, 348 Shi bataea kumasasa, 338 varieties, list of, 187 Solanum melongena, 367 world, 7 N adina domestiCC!, 198 quitoense, 365, 366, 367 Hopkins, Alden: Nelson, Ira S.: as an ornamental, 365 Hollies for topiary, 147 Amm'yblis evansiae, 201 StenLbergia lutea, 307 H oTtensis mac'rophyLla, 270 Ne?'ine sa?'niensis, 369 Stewartia, 363, 364, ~64 Hosta spp., 313-333, 324-333, Niobe, see Hosta spp. Swenson, K. G.: See 318 for index of spp. North American hollies, 10 English holly insects in the Hu, Shiu.ying: Pacific Northwest, 103 Oriental Nollies, 31 Ochroma lagopus, 302, 303 Taxodium, 261 , 363 Huttleston, Donald G.: Orcharding (holly), in the TaXlls, 210, 213 Mandevilla splendens, 358 Middle Atlantic Area, 167 Tetrapanax, 344, 345, 348 Hybridizing hol1ies, 121 -in the Pacific Northwest, Teucheria spectabilis, 248 HydTOfflgea spp., 270-279, 274, 155 The6! sinensis, 248 275, 362, 363 -in the Sou th, 170 Threlkeld, John L. and Oriental hollies, 31 Ilex Mark J. Anthony: Orr, Henry P.: Camellias in Descanso Gar­ cf holly (hollies) Hollies in cut arrangements, cf 187 for index of holl y dens, 225 178 Thuja, 204, 210 names appearing in the Oxalis spp., 285·288, 285, 286 Handbook ot Hollies TTitonia crocosmaefiora, 307 T suga. cm'o/in iana, 211 e'quifo1ium, 216 Palm Society, the, 365 cTenata, 212 Peach, 343, 348 U/mtls cm'pinifolia 353 opaca, 195, 362, JanuaTY Pease, Roger YV. and U?'e do oxa/iclis, 288 coveT illustration John L. Creech: Uses of the hollies, 130 vomitMia, 362 Propagating hollies, III lonoxalis spp., 285, 287, 288 Penea bm-bonia, 363 Vegetative propagation of his kaempfe?'i, 195 Phoenix cana,-iensis, 344 beach plums, 349 Jamestown festival, 200 Phot!nia serl"ulata, 195, 196, Veltheimia vi?' idifolia, 264 Johnstone, George R.: 197 Viburnum, 200, 341 Plant responses to extreme Phyllostachys sp1J " 334, 335, Vinca ma.jo'l", 362 olimatic departures from 336, 337, 338, 339, 339 Virginia House and Gardens, normal in Southern Cali­ P,'nus taeda, 363, 364 193 , f-193 , 194, 196, 197, fornia, 340 Pittospontm tobi?'a, 362 198, 199 Plant exploration in the Medi­ Kasperski, Victoria R: Water, tidal, plants tolerant to terranean for ornamen tals, irregular flooding by, 361 Care of cut hollies, 182 365 Koelreuteria, 350 Watson, Donald P.: -responses to extreme cli­ Recen t research results, 305 Kosar, Wm. F.: matic departures from nor­ Hybridizing hollies, 121 Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, the mal in Southern California, llliau, 218, 218 Lee, Frederic p,: 340 Wiste?-ia, 350 Lycoris, 368 Plantainlily: See Hosta sjJP. sinensis, July cover illustra­ Plantainlilies, 313 Planting hollies, 86 tion Longwood Gardens, 260, 260, Plants tolerant to irregular Wood, the lightest, 302 262, 263, 265, 267 flooding by tidal waters, 361 'Wyman, Donald: Louisiana Society for Horti­ P?'imula mutabilis, 270 Hedges for North America, cultural Research, 203 Propagating hollies, III 204 Lowry, Lucile Cary: Pruning hollies, 88 Hollies for hedges, screens, Chunnenuggee Horticultural Prunus maritima, 349 and barriers, 139 Society and Public Garden Pryor, Robert L.: 289 ' Dwarf azalea hybrids, 295 Xanthoceras, 350 Lycoris spp., 307, 368·370, 370 Pseudosasa, 335, 336, 337, 338 p)>ncostachys dawei, 264 Young, Roy A. and Magnolia, 195, 260, 278 Pyrus,220·224,221,222, 223 Ivan Buddenhagen: Mahonia aquifolium, 288 Diseases of English Holly in Malus robusta, 351 Quercus, 344, 348, 363 the Pacific Northwest, 108 Mandevilla splendens, 264, 265, Yucca whipp lei, 344 t-313, 358, 359 Recen t research resul ts, 305 Zephyranthes candida, 307 372

Organizations Affiliated With The American Horticultural Society American Association of Nurserymen American Begonia Society American Begonia Society, San Francisco Branch American Camellia Society American Gloxinia Society American Hibiscus Society American Iris Society American. Peony Society American Rhododendron Society American Rhododendron Society, Middle Atlantic Chapter American Rose Society Arkansas FederatioLl of Garden Clubs Bethesda Community Garden Club (Maryland) Birmingham Horticultural Society (Alabama) California Garden Clubs, Inc. California Horticultural Society Central Florida Horticult1:1ral Society (Orlando) Chester Horticultural Society (Virginia) Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club Garden Center of Greater Cin.cinnati Garden Center of Greater Cleveland Garden Club of Alexandria (Virginia) Garden Club of Bellport, New York Garden Club of Chevy Chase, Maryland Garden Club of Danville (Virgin.ia) Garden Club of Fairfax (Virginia) Garden Club of Virginia Garden Study Club, Delray Beach, Florida Georgetown Garden Club (D. C.) Herb Society of America Holly Society of America Houston Horticultural Society Hunting Creek (Alexandria, Virginia) Garden Club Iowa State Horticultural Society Kenwood Garden Club (Maryland) La Salle Horticultural Society (Montreal) Manitowoc: Men's Garden Club (Wisconsin) Men's Garden Clubs of America Men's Garden Club of Montgomery (Maryland) County Men's Horticultural Society (Tennessee) Michigan Horticultural Society Midwest Horticultural Society Moline (Illinois) Horticultural Society, Inc. National Capital Garden Club League Nati€mal Council of State Garden Clubs Neighborhood Garden Club (Virginia) New Orleans Garden Society, Inc. North American Lily Society Northern Nut Growers' Association, Inc. Ohio Association of Garden Clubs Pennsylvania Horticultural Society Perennial Garden Club (D. C.) Pittsburgh Garden Center Plainfield Garden Club (New Jersey) Potomac Rose Society (D. C.) San Francisco Garden Club Seven Seas Garden Club (Maryland) Southern California Camellia Society Takoma H orticultural Club (Maryland-D. C.) Talbot County Garden Cl1:1b (Maryland) W aterfront Garden Club (Alabama) W orcester County H orticultural Society (Massachusetts)