Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Urban Planning and Development Available online at www.sciarena.com 2018, Vol, 3 (2): 1-10

Instability in Downtown Khorramabad

Forouzan Biranvand Department of Geography, Malayer Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malayer, Iran. Abstract: Urban centers are also considered as the most important urban element influenced by the urbanization of modernism with profound transformations. In their social and economic dimensions, a large set of problems were created for these areas. In Iran, due to rapid physical growth, the influx of immigrants, lack of planning and, most importantly, the ineffectiveness of policies and methods in dealing with urban centers, as well as the lack of attention to the role of these centers in promoting social, economic, physical and ... Urban, problems and problems of urban centers have appeared more severely. This inattention, not only the urban centers of most cities in Iran, including Khorramabad, has caused the deaths of urban living spaces in unusual hours and days, but also a decline in the quality of the social environment, an increase in the process of physical degradation, a loss of balance between social welfare and economic efficiency (In the interest of economic efficiency) and, in general, the decline in the quality of urban life, and the city center, which is the heart of the city and the engine of any city, has been ineffective, functional, social, and so on. In the present article, these disturbances have been investigated in Khorramabad city center and the proposed solutions have been proposed.

Keywords: General, Inequalities

INTRODUCTION Today, urban centers, in addition to their main function as the focal point of most of the city's most important activities and functions, are the main symbol of the emergence of social interactions and the manifestation of collective memories, as well as the crystallization of civil life and the social identity of citizens (Basirat, Meysam, 2005). At the same time as population growth, urbanization and the need for urban development, as well as influenced by the urban development developments of modernism and urban management, are derived from it, urban centers due to its historical background, cultural, physical, etc. due to the domination of the rational point of view in insignificant and low case planning Considering urban planning and management and more than other urban areas were exposed to adverse effects of urban development, so that this process has caused a decrease in the quality of life environment in these centers. These areas, as the most important and most attractive public spaces in the city, faced with many problems, especially in the social, cultural and environmental spheres, which caused a general decrease in the quality of urban life in these centers. If the problems encountered by urban centers, especially in the Third World cities, can be summed up and summed up: • Social displacements in the form of an outflow of inhabited populations with a sense of belonging to a high income place and location, and replaced by a lack of sense of belonging population, which resulted in wear and tear, deterioration, social, legal, and ... urban texture. • Inconsistency of spaces and activities and the emergence of problems and problems arising from it. Specialty Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2018, Vol, 3 (2): 1-10

• Excessive population density and activity in the city center and inconsistency with the facilities and facilities needed. • Heavy traffic and the weakness of amenities and walking facilities as well as the weakness of the public transportation system. • Gradual withdrawal of specific economic activities from the city center and the resulting crises. • There are various types of contaminations; air pollution, sound, visual, etc. • The collapse of the population's balance of night and day due to the specific structure of the city center governing activity, which leads to the creation of undefended and nonresidenti al spaces, and ultimately the weakness of social security, vitality and spatial diversity, and so on. In Iran, due to rapid physical growth and the inappropriate policies and methods in facing urban centers, as well as the lack of attention to the role of these centers in promoting social, economic, physical and ... urban identity, the major problems and problems of urban centers Has taken. This neglect reduces the quality of the social environment, increases the process of physical destruction, overcoming the balance between social welfare and economic efficiency (in favor of economic efficiency) and, in general, the decline in the quality of urban life and the city center, which is the heart of the city and the motor of each city Has a functional, functional, social and ... disorder and disorder.

Theoretical Framework: city center: If we assume that cities are as living and living organisms, the central part of the cities will be their heart (Shokuwi, 2000). The term "central part" of the city may in the first instance center the geometric and spatial center of a city, but due to the shape and spatial structure of a city, its center does not necessarily have its geometric and spatial center. Therefore, it seems that The city center has a functional-functional function, not just physical (Kazemian, Gholamrezaei and friends, 2007). Friedman says: "Each geographic system consists of two spatial sub-systems: one center, the pioneering heart and The dynamism of the system and the other is that it can be considered as the rest of the system and is in a state of dependence and domination of the center (Papelli Yazdi, 2008). In other definitions of the city center, concentration of population and activity has been widely considered. from this The viewpoint is the city center area with a mixed, compact, high-density, convenient transportation environment for pedestrians and pedestrians. In these definitions, the city center as "the most active neighborhood of each city" and a combination of administrative, commercial, artistic, and cultural centers of the whole city are "the social manifestation of all the people of the city" (Basirat, Meysam, 2004). In general, according to the definitions given in this research and the wide semantic scope of the city center, and the necessity of considering the practical aspects of the "city center concept", the following definition for the "city center" is the subject of this research and is the basis for studying it: "The city center can be defined as the central part of the city - not necessarily in its geometric sense - which is the major part There are also activities and economic interactions of the city, and in addition to being the basis for the occurrence and formation of collective memories and the tumultuous social presence of all the people of the city, historically (sometimes) is the initial destination of stagnation and urbanization, and somehow markers The identity and character of the city. " Based on this definition and according to the studies and experiences, the most important features and characteristics of the city center can be summarized as follows: • The most important or at least one of the most important urban elements in the development and development of the city.

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• City centers accept social tasks as the main public arena of the city and the place of social relations in the city (Tamadon, 2005). • In the central part of the cities, there is a collection of memories and a valuable public sphere familiar to the inhabitants of the city. (Tallon, 2004). • The central part of the cities has an important economic role and perhaps the most important and most important function of the central part of the city is its economic function (Basirat, 1998). • The importance of the economic function of the central part of the city is such that even today, despite increasing employment in the suburbs, many CBDs still have a high concentration of employment, which indicates that economic gatherings (the benefits of aggregating economic activities) are still important in some markets (Voith, 1998). • The central part also plays an important historical role, so that in most cases the central part of the presentd ay cities is the same core and its historical center, and the changes of each city can be searched at its center (Razzu, 2005). • The population density in the central part of cities is maximized at certain times of the day; That part is naughty at night. (Shakibamanesh, 2008). • The traffic function of the central part of the city is another important function of the central part and features. The main feature of the city center is its accessibility. This feature is the most important factor affecting the spatial decisions of users of the city center (Kazemian, 2001). This capability attracts and deploy various activities to the city center. It is noteworthy that the importance of Shahr's center is not due to the gravity power of those subjects, which is more than anything dependent on its communication and multifunctionality. Sustainable Development The concept of sustainability in the 1970 decade is the result of human knowledge of the issues of the environment and socio-economic and economic problems. This concept is rooted in an ecological principle. According to this principle, if in any environment the natural capacity of the environment is produced or exploited, the principle of capital (ecological resources) remains stable and our use of the environment is as constant as it produces. The term "development" dates from the seventeenth century to English.Development, in its most general form, is a set of organized, organized and planned activities that are defined in a region or in a country over a period of time, in order to meet certain expectations. The concept of sustainable development was originally proposed in support of ecological programs such as the World Conservation Strategy, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, which identified the main causes of the degradation of natural habitats, including poverty, population growth, social inequality and trading conditions. This initial step was in fact a very important move in explaining the relationship between the environment and development trends (Rafiei and friends, 2016) Sustainable development is a dynamic, sustainable, multi-dimensional, technology-based, and justice-based process, so sustainable development is not an event that happens at once, but a dynamic and purposeful process that is realized over time and with planning and Its purpose is to promote the level of human life and requires intelligence, experience, cognition and creativity. The important point of this theory is the attention to social justice, that is, sustainable development should always consider social justice and its cultural and economic inequalities in its course. The final point of this definition is the increase of human resources and empowerment of society. In other words, sustainable development in the process should increase human resources to educate knowledgeable, efficient and creative people (Islami, 2002). Sustainable urban development is a form of modern development that ensures the sustainable development of cities and communities in future generations. Physically, sustainable urban development means changes in land use and density levels that meet the needs of the city's residents in terms of housing, transportation,

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Specialty Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2018, Vol, 3 (2): 1-10 leisure and food, over time, of the city in terms of environmentally sustainable Habitat and life (clean water, safe drinking water, landscapes, surface water and groundwater without pollution, etc.), economically durable (urban economy with technical and industrial changes to maintain its basic occupations and affordable and affordable housing). Its inhabitants are consistent with a fair per capita tax burden (and socially correlated land use patterns) Promote social solidarity and citizens' sense of belonging to the heritage of the city. (Rafiei and friend, 2016). Reviews: Khorramabad city center of Lorestan province at 48 degrees and 21 minutes east and 33 degrees and 29 minutes wide north is located. The total area of the city is about 4100 hectares.

Map 1: location of Lorestan in the Iran

This city is one of the oldest centers of Iranian and Iranian civilization. The natural bedrock of Khorramabad city is a formidable valley with a northern-southern direction in the Zagros Mountains. This feature, along with the communication status of this city (located in the north-south direction of communication), has a significant effect on the direction of physical development It has rich water resources in the natural habitat of the city including rivers, and Khoram Abad and also several springs facilitating their settlement needs.

Figure 1: Location of Khorram Abad city among western Zagros

In order to determine the city center, according to the considerations and specific conditions of each city, the criteria and Indicators associated with it. Accordingly, according to the set of theories and studies, in order to

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Specialty Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2018, Vol, 3 (2): 1-10 identify and determine the central zone of Khorramabad city in the present situation, four major criteria have been introduced and are based on planning. • Historical and identity (the core of the city, the staging of the historical expansion of the city, the elements of the city, etc.). • Functional and economic (Shahr market, the concentration of business units, the activities of financial institutions, insurance and supply Social density, employment density, diversity of economic activities). • social and demographic (growth rate, population density during certain hours of the day). • traffic and displacement (the number of internally absorbed people, accessibility, the point of traffic, the density of transport stations Inside the city).

The investigations carried out to determine the size of the city center of Khorramabad represent the following: • From the functional point of view, the central area of Khorramabad city with its axes and activity zones is considered to be the main activity center in the city (with the functional level of the trans- city). These axes have a high concentration of activity, which also affects the surrounding axis of the surrounding area. The activity of specific activities in the central area indicates the attractiveness of the scope for attracting such activities. The activities most of which require them to have a high threshold of population and require special conditions such as high access, the need for adjacency with high profit activities and more. In addition, some of these activities are of a kind of luxury and Specialists are not located in any place in the city. This is due to the multi-functional nature and the capability of the central section to attract various activities, as well as the privileges and facilities that this range provides for various uses. • Almost all urban centers devoted to commercial, financial and administrative activities, on the other hand, face an uncertain growth rate if there is no integrated planning and unit with a reduction in the population of the same population, and an increase in the employed or utilized population. The population in the center of Khorramabad is negative. Also, the areas around the central area are more populous. In other words, the tendency to settle in these areas is more than other areas of the city. Noteworthy about the center of the city of Khorramabad is that although the central areas (mostly the major centers of the city) have a negative growth rate, but because of the presence of attractions (identity, access to services and transportation facilities, as well as Close proximity to the centers of activity) also occupy an important part of the city's population. Historically and historically, the central area of Khorramabad city, which contains the core of this city, has the focus is on the historical and cultural resources and resources of the city of Khorramabad, which have a strong connection with the history and past of the city and has given it a special identity. These works also form a kind of collective memories of citizens. One of the most important and most prominent historical and identity of the city of Khorramabad is "Falak Olafakl Castle", which shows itself like a Negevina in the center of this city over the hill. In terms of traffic, the city center is the focal point of all intra-city traffic systems, and measuring the role of the city center as one of the criteria for determining it is used here. Investigations have shown that the central area of Khorramabad city (which has the most concentration of important economic activities) has the most attraction of trips in different parts of Khorramabad city than in other parts of the city. Compared to these two types of travel, attraction Its rides have a significant share. These axes form the main structure of the old part of Khorramabad city. In the case of walking, 11a of the attraction of walking trips, which is the most popular in all parts of the area, is in the central area of Khorramabad city. Investigating lines of traffic inclination in which the volume and percentage of trips between studied areas are studied, also indicates the intensity of travel attraction to the city's central area. Therefore, due to the role of the city center, this area is the focal point of all intra-urban traffic systems, and the present is also characterized by passing traffic

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Specialty Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2018, Vol, 3 (2): 1-10 through its central role in establishing communication between the north and south of the city. Also, most of the vehicle replacement stations are located in the central part of the city. The set of these factors and features gave this part of the city a special functional diversity and classified it as a zone an almost distinct city centered city has distinguished itself from other parts of the city. The formation of the central part of this city is the result of a set of historical, identity, economic, sociodemogr aphic, and traffic factors. Nevertheless, historical factors (due to the relative alignment of the central part with the historical range) and economics (given the concentration of more economic activities with The transactional performance level) have a greater role, and this feature provides an opportunity to strengthen and fix its functions. The results of the study and the adaptation of the boundaries resulting from the criteria mentioned in the center of Khorramabad city are presented in accordance with the following map:

Map 3: Map of the central texture of Khorramabad city

The main characteristics and characteristics of the center of Khorramabad city can be expressed as follows: • The privileged environmental and ecological status and the existence of positive potentials from this point of view • The richness of water resources in the natural bed of the city including the Khorramabad River and the various fountains facilitating Housing needs. • Having diverse environmental capabilities (groundwater resources, Khorramabad River, linear green space and Historical, beautiful landscape of mountains and hills)

Figure 2: An example of the mosque streets of the city center of Khorramabad

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the green space of the border of the passageways.

• The main area of concentration of activity and performance in the city, • The presence of important elements of historical and cultural significance in the city center. • The privileged position of the city center for holding religious and indigenous ritual and ritual ceremonies in this city. • The existence of distinct identities and identities.

Verification of functional instability: Population and activity are the main determinants of the spatial organization of each city that are interconnected and interconnected. The lack of equilibrium in the distribution and distribution of each and the lack of coordination between them causes disturbances in the city. On the other hand, the activity axes are considered as privileged opportunities for linking the various parts of the city and as effective forces, they can lead the activity and vitality into the boundaries and consequently urban neighborhoods, and vice versa. The center of Khorramabad city is the main focus of the activities of the third sector (services) in the different dimensions and variety of economic functions. The main function of Khorramabad is its function, depending on its linear pattern, the concentration of various activities and applications (especially with high functional level) in the body of the main axis of the city and important urban nodes and the old context of the city. This is due to the multifunction al nature and the capability of the central section to attract various activities, as well as the privileges and facilities that this range provides for various uses. In Khorramabad, there is a disproportionate pattern in the distribution of activities, which has resulted in traffic congestion and increasing problems caused by disruptions in the central sector. On the other hand, the concentration of activity and the physical limitations of the city's suburbs, as well as the lack of proper planning by the city administration, have affected the minor axes associated with the main axes and, as a result, the activity spreads to the residential context. The above mentioned feature and lack of proper planning to control those major problems are as follows is: • High user focus has increased the use of space. • The existence of inconsistent elements and activities within the boundaries has caused the land use system to be in equilibrium. • Weakness in the quantity and quality of facilities and leisure facilities and tourism at the city center level • The imbalance between the resident population and the population of the exploiter: Urban centers due to the concentration of important activities and activities of the city, with a large number of employed people (interest It) should be noted that the focus of this volume of activities in the central sector, usually with a decrease in the population on the one hand, and an increase in the employed population or in the interest Vector, on the other hand faces.

Therefore, the result of the current process is to: • Overcome the population balance of night and day. • Reduce nightlife in this area. • The collapse of the daily balance of the city center, which endangers social security and spatial vitality in the context of the city, is another feature of the city center. • The problem of the evacuation of residential units and, in some cases, their replacement by workshops and warehouses and other business-related uses, will in the long run lead to an increase in the share of vacant houses and replacement by commercialrel ated functions. Therefore, increasing functional concentration (due to the governing structure of the governing body) at the level of the range, and mainly the service and business functions, on the one hand, increase the price and rent

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Specialty Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2018, Vol, 3 (2): 1-10 of the units made, and on the other hand, by overcoming the population balance (night and day), decrease the vitality Space and housing values. In addition to disturbing the calmness of neighborhoods, the cavalry movement in parts of the area has also led to a decline in the quality of housing and has made it difficult for the members of local communities and their localities to interact. In such a situation, the lack of public and leisure spaces is also due to the fact that life has diminished in dense areas of activity.

Figure 3: The beautiful castle of Falak ol Aflak

Solutions to address these issues: According to the studies carried out and in order to get out of the disturbances in the center of Khorramabad city "Functional Refinement Approach. "This approach, while paying attention to the influences and resources of historical and cultural value and utilizing them, seeks to relocate and transfer some unnecessary and nonessential activities and activities in the main city center to Nuclei and new urban centers. In other words, this approach is in some way responsive to three main challenges facing the center of Khorramabad city, and while paying attention to monuments and works of historical value and the need for active and systematic protection of them, the background and bed The acceptance of contemporary urbanization practices and the possibility of accepting future projected functions for the city in over-the-top plans. This approach, based on the laws governing the dynamics and life of the city center, and the replacement of activities and functions that are adapted to the new and modern spatial needs of the modern city centers, seek to provide a city center that meets the three main challenges mentioned above, the urban center It can capture the historical values and cultural heritage in the course of its dynamism and life, adopt new contemporary urban functions and needs, and provide capacity building for the adoption of future activities and activities. Finally, it can be said that the refinement approach, because it provides an appropriate response to the major challenges facing the center of the city and allows for the realization of future needs through the transfer and transfer of activity and activity within itself, is a more logical and realistic approach It is more contemporary because, while paying attention to the historical heritage of the city center, it considers the new and future needs of the city center in terms of their type, composition and pattern of spatial deployment. In order to realize the abovementioned approach, "policy of prioritizing the deployment of activities" is suggested. Obviously, the main function of the center of the city of Khorramabad is in the field of activity and function (land use). Therefore, in order to modify the land use system of the city center, it is necessary to prioritize the deployment of the functions and activities proposed in the framework of the Purpose Purification Purpose Purpose Activity and function of the center. Since the city-centered activity-center refinement focuses on the replacement of unnecessary and inconsistent activities by leisure and tourism activities in the first place and

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Specialty Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2018, Vol, 3 (2): 1-10 the activities and activities of commercial, financial and commercial tourism with the urban and trans-urban scale. In the next level, attention to urban planning in the city center Therefore, the policy of prioritizing the deployment of activities in the center of Khorramabad city can be elaborated as follows: • Due to the interconnection of elements and collections of historical and cultural elements and natural attractions on one side, as well as the concentration of resources and attraction of the tourism index in the city center and the possibility Its communication and spatial association with the elements of the northern and southern cities of tourism, which results in the attraction of capital by attracting more tourists, increasing the duration of stay, etc. The first priority of the activity in this center is the activities and activities of tourism and Leisure given. • Because of the concentration and overload of business activities and other complementary activities in the city center Khoram Abad, as well as the role of supporting these activities for tourism and leisure activities on the one hand, and the incompatibility of the traffic pattern and accessibility and user density on the other hand, there should be some kind of refinement and relocation within this activity. Therefore, the planning of the center Khorramabad city, use of commercial and financial activities and other complementary uses as the second priority of deployment. It also proposes and also tries to refine and optimize it.

Summing up: The emergence of problems with urban centers has been the result of traditional thinking aimed at accessing them. The cavalry to these centers and consequently the adaptation of the city center texture to other parts of the city, regardless of social, cultural, historical and ... social values, have been unconsciously involved in this context and have not been properly planned for organizing it. Now, after identifying the negative aspects of this thinking in the field of urbanization, the urban planning look at urban centers as one of the most important elements of the city, focuses on the simultaneous consideration of social, economic, environmental, cultural aspects ... In addition to Physical and functional dimensions are planned in the process. On the other hand, urban centers, in addition to their economic function (as a functional function), are the subject of social interactions and the cultural-historical identity of citizens, and because of this, they have a close relationship with the spaces and uses of the population on the one hand and the population exploiting They have another side. The realization of this important need to pay attention to social, cultural, economic and other factors The framework is the foundation for sustainable development in the city center.

References

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