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Water Resources Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida

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Water Resources Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida STATE OF FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF CONSERVATION DIVISION OF GEOLOGY FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert O. Vernon, Director REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS NO. 40 WATER RESOURCES OF ESCAMBIA AND SANTA ROSA COUNTIES, FLORIDA By Rufus H. Musgrove, Jack T. Barraclough, and Rodney G. Grantham Prepared by the UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY in cooperation with the FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, ESCAMBIA COUNTY, SANTA ROSA COUNTY, and the CITY OF PENSACOLA Tallahassee 1965 V4o,1 4o AGRI- CULTURAL LIBRARY FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF CONSERVATION HAYDON BURNS Governor TOM ADAMS EARL FAIRCLOTH Secretary of State Attorney General BROWARD WILLIAMS RAY E. GREEN Treasurer Comptroller THOMAS D. BAILEY DOYLE CONNER Superintendent of Public Instruction Commissioner of Agriculture W. RANDOLPH HODGES Director LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TALLAHASSEE January 28, 1965 Governor Haydon Burns, Chairman State Board of Conservation Tallahassee, Florida Dear Governor Burns: The Florida Geological Survey is publishing the "Water Resources of Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Florida," as its Report of Investiga- tions No. 40. This report was prepared from a cooperative program be- tween the U. S. Geological Survey, the Florida Geological Survey, Escambia County, Santa Rosa County, and the City of Pensacola. As you know, Escambia and Santa Rosa counties are the westernmost counties in Florida. Much of the recent industrial growth of this section of Florida has been placed in this area. The impact and demand for water resources have been greatly accelerated, and this study was un- dertaken by this department, the counties, and the City of Pensacola, through the cooperative program to monitor the salt-water-fresh-water contact, to determine the total demand for water at the moment, and to try to meet the future needs of the area. I believe that the details pre- sented in the report will meet the intended purpose. Respectfully yours, Robert O. Vernon Director and State Geologist Completed manuscript received November 30, 1964 Published for the Florida Geological Survey By Rose Printing Company Tallahassee 1965 PREFACE This report is the result of a 4-year investigation dealing with the water resources of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, Florida. The mild climate and excellent water supplies are prime reasons for industrial de- velopment in this section of Florida. Information on the water resources of the area prior to this investigation was sketchy and based on a minimum of documented data. The purpose of this project was to collect water data to combine with data previously collected into an interpreta- tive report that will be beneficial to water users. In 1958, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Florida Geological Survey began a detailed investigation of the surface-water and ground-water resources of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, Flor- ida. The investigation was financed by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Florida Geological Survey, Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, and the city of Pensacola. The investigation was made by the following personnel of the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey: Rufus H. Musgrove, hydraulic engineer, Surface Water Branch; Jack T. Barraclough, hydrau- lic engineer, Ground Water Branch; and Rodney G. Grantham, chemist, Quality of Water Branch. Owen T. Marsh, geologist, Ground Water Branch, did the basic geologic study and was transferred before the completion of the investigation. The work was supervised by A. O. Patterson, district engineer, Surface Water Branch; M. I. Rorabaugh, succeeded by C. S. Conover, district engineers, Ground Water Branch; and J. W. Guerin, district chemist, succeeded by K. A. Mac Kichan, district engineer, Quality of Water Branch. Appreciation is expressed to the many individuals who furnished in- formation and in particular to the following persons for providing infor- mation and extending courtesies which greatly facilitated the investiga- tion: M. E. Batz, B. T. Dean, C. P. Neiswender, and C. A. Witcher, Jr.- The Chemstrand Corporation D. W. Young, C. E. Adams, and J. A. Hamm, Jr.-St. Regis Paper Company E. L. Russell, W. E. Moore, H. E. Province, Duncan Goldthwaite, J. F. Schindler, and J. S. Porter-The California Company R. C. Howard and M. F. Kirby-Gulf Oil Corporation Stanley Sweeney and J. P. Bowers-Water Department, city of Pensacola v PREFACE J. J. Pinke-American Cyanamid Company J. J. Petruska-Newport Industries Division A. G. Symons-Layne-Central Company C. G. Mauriello and Robert Schneider-Bureau of Sanitary Engineer- ing, Florida State Board of Health Lehmon Spillers-Spillers Well and Pump Company D. M. Harvey-Harvey Hardware and Mill Supply vi CONTENTS Page Abstract ...... ...- -- .......-- ..........-..----............----- --- - 1 Introduction _--- --- ---- _ -------- -- - - --- 2 Purpose and scope --..---.-.--- --.----... ----.---......-- -- 2 Previous work ---- ---- ------- - -- - ---- 3 Description of the area -.....---....--------..- .... - --..-....... 4 Rainfall -_..............-....--_...-_._...........----- ----.. 6 Temperature ..------...--..-...---............- _.---..-----. -- 8 Well-numbering system ..---.............---...........----------- - 8 Geology .............-...-_---......- ............ _ . ..... 9 General statement ---- - ___ -_------------ 9 Collection of data .--......--------......- -----....... -.--- 9 Stratigraphy _.................------------.--- - . 11 Aquifers --------------------------------- - -----. -------.-- 11 Sand-and-gravel aquifer ---....------------------- ----------------- 11 Floridan aquifer --..-__..... _....--- - --.- _-- ---- 16 Aquicludes _- .............__-- .._18.......- . Aquicludes within the sand-and-gravel aquifer ----- ---- 18 Aquicludes below the sand-and-gravel aquifer --- 20 Aquicludes within the Floridan aquifer __ -_----- 21 Aquiclude below the Floridan aquifer ------- ----------- 21 Regional dip __- __ -__------ 21 Relation of geology to ground water -----..----.. ------. ---------- ---- 23 Movement of water -..............----.--.------..----- ---- ----- 23 Relation of geology to quality of water ------ 23 Zones of fresh and salty water ---------------- 23 Mineralization and hardness of ground water ------- - 24 Relation of quality of water to geologic history of the Gulf Coast -- 24 Surface water .------.....----...----.....................------- -- 25 Collection of data ___-- _ 27 Flow-duration curves ------ _ 29 Perdido River basin 0----------------_______----30 Occurrence of water ------... ------.--- ---- --- 30 Mineral content ....---- ...--------....----- - ----------.- 39 Escambia River basin -..---......---. ----...--- - --- 39 Occurrence of water ----.--------------- - -__------- -39 Mineral content ....------.__ ...--.---.--.....---- ------- 47 Blackwater River basin ...------...--....--.---.------... .-- 49 Occurrence of water ......--------------....------. --------------.-- 49 Mineral content - --------- --- ----------- 55 Yellow River basin _------------ ----------- 55 Occurrence of water - ------- ----------- 55 Mineral content -_------------------.------- 55 Ground water ---------_------- - -- -- ------- 56 Principles of occurrence ___ ---- _--- -56 Hydrologic properties of the aquifers -- -56 Sand-and-gravel aquifer ------ ----- 57 vii CONTENTS Page FIoridan aquifer -- _-57 Movement of water ________-58 Ground-water velocities ______ _ -62 Areas of artesian flow _________63 Fluctuation of the water level _____ _______64 Temperature of ground water ______-__--72 Specific capacity ------___--- ---- --- 73 Quantitative studies _ ___ 73 'Mineral content ____76 Sand-and-gravel aquifer ------ - 76 Floridan aquifer ___ 82 Use of water 82 Surface water ____________82 Ground water _________ 83 Sand-and-gravel aquifer ___83 Use by industries ______ 83 Use by municipalities _ 85 Use by military operations __87 Use by agriculture ____87 Supplies for domestic use _______ ______ _88 FIoridan aquifer __88 Water problems ___89 Problems from natural causes _____ ________--------89 Periods of low rainfall ______ _89 Decline of water levels _____----__ __-__ -- ------ 89 Salt-water encroachment ___...___ 89 Periods of high rainfall ____---------___---__-90 Man-made problems _____ ------ 90 Large drawdowns ------------ __-- 91 Salt-water encroachment ________91 Industrial waste disposal --- - -------- -- 95 Potential water supplies __96 Surface water _____----------____-- 96 Ground water _____-________--- -- 98 Sand-and-gravel aquifer ---------- 98 Areas of abundant fresh ground water ____ --_ 98 Factors which limit the amount of fresh ground water -____ 98 Floridan aquifer 99 References ___----________---____ -- 101 viii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map of Florida showing location of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties 5 2. Graph of rainfall at Pensacola, Fla., and Brewton, Ala., showing monthly averages, maximums and minimums, and yearly rainfall for the period 1926-61 - _ ___ 7 3. Map of Florida showing the well-numbering system 8 4. Geologic sequence in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, as shown by representative log of oil test well near Pensacola 10 5. Map of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties showing locations of selected wells from which information was obtained and the water supplies that can be developed from wells in the sand-and-gravel aquifer __ 10 6. Geologic section across Escambia and Santa Rosa counties showing aqui- fers and aquicludes along section A-A' in figure 11 _12 7. Geologic section along the Gulf Coast from Mobile Bay to the Choctaw- hatchee River showing aquifers and aquicludes - 14
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