reporter

volume xxxix number one autumn 1973 NEW OFFICERS AND SENATORS

A distinguished historian, Professor John Hope Franklin, is the newly elected president of the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa. President Franklin, who succeeds Dr. Rosemary Park of Univer sity of California at Los Angeles, is the John Manly Distinguished Service Pro fessor of American History at the Uni versity of Chicago. He received his bachelor's degree from Fisk University and his master's and doctoral degrees from Harvard. He is a member of the executive council of the American His torical Association and a past president Howard Mumford Jones (center), historian, educator and author received the second of the Southern Historical Association. Phi Beta Kappa Award for Distinguished Service to the Humanities. With Professor Before joining the Chicago faculty in Jones are Dr. Rosemary Park, outgoing president of the United Chapters and Profes 1964, Professor Franklin taught at sor John Hope Franklin, newly elected president. Brooklyn College, Howard University, North Carolina College at Durham, and St. Augustine's College. COUNCIL HONORS HOWARD MUMFORD JONES

The new who has served on president, Vanderbilt University was the setting for the editorial boards of the Journal of the Thirtieth Council meeting of the NEW CHAPTERS Negro History and the Journal of Ameri United Chapters on August 7-10. Over of From can History, is the author two hundred delegates from one hundred ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Negro Slavery to Freedom: A History of and thirty-two chapters and thirteen asso Tempe after the Civil Americans; Reconstruction ciations attended. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT War; and The Emancipation Proclama IRVINE A highlight of the Council was the pres tion, and editor of A Fool's Errand; CALIFORNIA STATE XJNrVERSITY entation of the Phi Beta Kappa Award Army Life in a Black Regiment: and AT SAN DIEGO Ayers. for Distinguished Service to the Humani Civt7 War Diary of James T. COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, ties to Howard Mumford Jones, Law Fort Collins Professor Franklin was one of four Lin rence Lowell Professor of Humanities FURMAN UNIVERSITY, Greenville, coln Lecturers appointed in 1972 to mark emeritus at Harvard University. South Carolina the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Ful In accepting the award, Mr. Jones warned HAMLINE UNIVERSITY, St. Paul, bright international exchange program. that freedom in the classroom or in the Minnesota He travelled to East Asia, the South state must carry with it social, civic and HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY, Hempstead, Pacific and Latin America at lecturing intellectual responsibility. "In western New York universities. the participating During society, from the Nazis to the Nixon ad COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, President Franklin will be coming year, ministration, ethical deterioration origi Worcester, Massachusetts at Advanced in the the Center for Study nates somewhere. It is fatally easy to IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ames at Cali Behavioral Sciences Stanford, blame our failure of ethical nerve upon KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY, fornia. He will be completing two books, the church, the breakdown of the family, Manhattan one on life in the North as depicted by or lack of patriotism. I urge that these STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK ante bellum southern visitors, the second various breakdowns are really break AT ALBANY downs of and a biography of the Negro historian, traditional values tradi STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK George Washington Williams. tional values are a primary responsibility AT STONY BROOK of humanists. The civic duty of human TEMPLE UNIVERSITY, Philadelphia, ists," In his remarks upon assuming office, Mr. Jones continued, "is to insist Pennsylvania President Franklin noted the attendance with passion upon honesty, morality and TRINITY UNIVERSITY, San Antonio, at the Council of Theodore Currier, the the beauty we are bound to protect and Texas

advocate." delegate from Fisk University who had UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSEN MILWAUKEE (continued on back cover) (continued on back cover) www.pbk.org THE SCIENTIST AS SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN by Arthur W. Galston The fruits of science can be bitter or sweet, and the scientist ally the Democratic standard bearer. Ad hoc groups have nurturing their development cannot judge their platability until also formed against the supersonic transport, against chemical after the harvest. But the unpredictability goes further: a and biological warfare, and in support of various ecological fruit sweet when harvested may turn noxious with the passage causes. Medical Aid to Indochina arose to collect funds to of time, and its seeds when planted may yield harmful repair hospitals and medical installations in North Vietnam progeny. What is the cultivator of such an unpredictable damaged by the American bombardment late in 1972. Leftist to crop do? Should he cease his operations because of their scientists organized Science for Vietnam, a series of "collec

tives" chancy nature? who supply scientific aid and information to the North Vietnamese. Most scientists have not slackened the pace of their work or engage in because of worries about its social consequences. Rather, they Finally, individual scientists occasionally initiate content themselves with the generalization that the harvests of one-man efforts that have some social consequences. One science have more often benefited than injured man. Further thinks in this connection of Linus Pauling's peace petition Matthew effective behind-the-scenes in more, they see man, whether he wills it or not, as increasingly campaign, Meselson's on struction of Senators on chemical and and dependent new scientific discovery for the solution of biological warfare, the James increasingly pressing social problems. Others argue that sci Shapiro-Jonathan Beckwith pronouncement on science and social ence is an inevitable consequence of man's curiosity and responsibility following their successful isolation of a gene. In own a sense of the need for cannot in any event be shut off. Still others, frequently in my case, involvement led me academic work, maintain that science is an aspect of human first to individual, then organizational action. But as often the events to experience that must be studied and understood by anyone occurs, leading social involvement seemed innocent of such implications. wishing to be liberally educated. But whatever the justification any for their activities, scientists have come to feel increasingly I have always been interested in biology, and in the course that they have a responsibility, because of their special of my university and graduate study, this interest came to knowledge, to society direct the application of their dis help center on plant physiology, the study of the life processes of coveries toward the satisfaction of human needs. the plant. I became fascinated by the fact that higher plants, unlike higher animals, have no germ plasm set The socially concerned scientist may adopt any one of a permanently aside and sequestered from the rest of the organism. number of activist stances, and can usually find an organiza Rather, Scientists' for most of its the plant vegetates and tion to fit his approach. For example, the Institute life, grows, producing scientists' only roots, stems, and leaves. at some regular for Public Information (SIPI) considers it the duty Then, definite, time, the plant point changes its nature and begins to present relevant facts to the public; the public must then growing to produce reproductive the flowers. In addition decide what to do with this information and how to do it. organs, to the showy petals and sepals, the flower contains the male SIPI preserves its tax-exempt status by not endorsing candi and female structures, the stamens and pistils. In these organs dates or particular political actions, although its magazine, are produced, through the process of the haploid Environment, frequently publishes articles that seem to point meiosis, cells that ultimately give rise to the sex the sperms and to a rather limited range of politically acceptable solutions. cells, eggs. The union of these cells produces the which By contrast, the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), zygote, Hill," then goes on to produce the embryo in the seed. which calls itself "the voice of science on Capitol In this way, sexual recombination and the of the plant in time produces carefully reasoned position papers on controversial continuity are made possible. issues involving scientific knowledge. Based on these it then issues news releases, lobbies for its positions in Washington, Obviously, everything depends on the decision, realized in the and advocates the passage of particular pieces of legislation. growing point, to differentiate flower primordia rather than Somewhat similar in approach to FAS are Common Cause, ordinary vegetative organs. What controls this decision? The "citizens' lobby" a that includes scientists, and Council fact that many it occurs at the same time each year, at least in for a Livable World, a Cambridge-based that con wild group plants, indicates the involvement of a precise regulatory centrates on fund to support desired political candi raising mechanism. At first, a chemical time-keeping process, rather dates. The latter two differ in that Common Cause like an frequently egg timer, was envisioned as built into the plant; when polls its members for collective advice on suggested courses "sand" some chemical is depleted from a chamber in the of while the Council operates more a action, inscrutably, timer, the plant changes its growth habit. But this group" theory small "in all decisions for action, which is was making quickly disproved when it was noted that a given lot of then circulated to potential contributors. The Society for when planted at seeds, different latitudes, produces plants Social in Science founded pacifists, at Responsibility (SSRS), by flowering different times. This speaks in favor of some includes scientists who refuse to engage in in many any way environmental control, and about 1920, it was established that research that could lead to the development of weapons of for many plants, daylength is the regulatory trigger. Some war, or to do work that they regard as ethically unacceptable. plants, like certain varieties of tobacco and soybeans, flower They have occasionally sponsored social action projects, such only when the daylength is less than a certain critical value; as an investigation of the use of herbicides in Vietnam, but such plants are called short-day plants. Others, like many their main activities involve education, exhortation, and a job cereals and spinach, flower only when the daylength exceeds placement service. a certain critical value and are called long-day plants. Still others, like the tomato, are day-neutral Occasionally organizations with more limited and concrete plants and flower almost entirely by internal in aims appear. In all recent presidential elections, scientists have controls; these, flowers appear after a certain number of vegetative organized into groups supporting particular candidates, usu- nodes have been produced.

Arthur G. professor at Yale Galston, of biology University, We now know that the length of day (or more properly was a 1972-73 Phi Beta Kappa Scholar. Visiting length of night) is measured in plant leaves by a pigment

THE KEY www.pbk.org REPORTER created an even better called phytochrome. A properly stimulated leaf produces a herbicides paradoxically sometimes previously. So far mobile stimulus, called a flowering hormone, that migrates milieu for guerrilla operations than existed campaign is the selective aerial to the distant growing point where it induces the formation of as the crop-killing concerned, the flowers. If we knew the nature of that presumed hormone, spraying of isolated upland rice plantings, presumably such we could probably spray it on plants at will and induce prompt source of guerrilla nutrition, was probably misguided; an ethnic blooming. What a boon that would be! Since most harvests fields were probably the property of Montagnards, "hillbillies." of Vietnamese Deprived result from the production of flower, fruit, and seed, such a ally distinct population Montagnards were forced into the lowland chemical would greatly increase our production of food and of their food, the patterns other plant products. It could also extend useful agriculture settlement centers, and for many of them, age-old life disrupted. Given the deleterious effects of into northerly or arid regions not now able to support crop were permanently overall balance sheet does not show a production because of the shortness of the growing season. herbicidal sprays, the men as well as It is no wonder that many plant physiologists entered into a strong surplus of benefits, and many military operation. search for the flowering hormone, a search which after almost scientists have come to question the entire half a is still unsuccessful. But in when I practice? century 1940, Why were biologists especially concerned by this started graduate work, I could not have known that, and it my In an era of increasing attention to environmental quality chose to join the ranks of floral hormone hunters. seemed paradoxical that vast acreages of Vietnamese forest should be deliberately destroyed. How replaceable is this In my researches, I found that a chemical substance called resource? Several studies have put timber export high on the triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA for convenience) which could list of possible trade items for a postwar Vietnam. It is clear cause premature flowering in the day-neutral tomato could that repeated spraying has killed a good part of the exportable significantly increase the number of flowers and fruits on hardwood, and the invasion of valuable teak and other short-day soybean plants, but only if they had first received hardwood land less valuable timber and scrub bamboo the proper daylength stimulus. Like almost all useful chem by may be irreversible. The economic blow to Vietnam is cer icals, the concentration of TIBA needed to be accurately tainly serious. Even more important may have been the controlled, since low levels were ineffective and overly high depletion of mineral resources from the forest ecosystem. In levels caused deleterious effects including the shedding of tropical forests, a good part of the usable mineral and organic leaves and buds. These results were sufficient to insure a resources are in the stands of trees. This is the basis for and after I entered into-war- thesis, successfully defending it, burn" "slash and agriculture widely used by some forest related research and ultimately into military service. peoples; the operation leads to the return of minerals to the When I returned and resumed academic work, I found that soil, which can then be used to grow food crops for several my thesis had produced several unanticipated sequelae. An years. When the soil is again exhausted by repeated plantings, Illinois chemical company, interested in the possibility of the land is allowed to return spontaneously to forest, the roots improving soybean yields during a time when soybean acreage of the new growth once more mobilize new mineral resources was expanding rapidly, found that TIBA could produce the from rock and deep soil, and the cycle is repeated. Sudden desired result under a sufficient number of conditions as to defoliation, especially in an area of monsoonal rains, can lead make a patent and commercial exploitation feasible. For to irreversible leaching and loss of essential minerals. Further more than a decade, TIBA was sold for this purpose, until more, tropical soil, highly leached and high in clay content, supplanted by improved chemicals. And at Frederick, Mary is stabilized only by the continued contribution of organic land, the Army Chemical Corps laboratories, noting that matters from the roots of the existing forests. Thus, killing higher concentrations of TIBA could cause the premature the trees may lead these lateritic soils to become indurated shedding of leaves, investigated its possible use as a defoliating into brick-like masses, possibly permanently altered into a agent for jungle warfare. Although it was never employed as substratum incapable of supporting any plant growth whatso a military agent, studies of its action helped pave the way ever. Such transformations have occurred in cleared jungle for the development of the superior agents that ultimately land in South America, and similar changes could occur under found such widespread use in the Indochina war, especially similar conditions in Southeast Asia. in South Vietnam. In that conflict, more than 6 million acres While forest trees subjected to a single defoliation operation of forest and crop lands, an area about the size of Massa usually recover partially, the mangrove swamps lining the chusetts, were defoliated by more than 100 million pounds of estuaries turned out to be unpredictably sensitive, and entire chemicals. About % of the forests of South Vietnam were areas were killed after a single spraying as early as 1961. affected and about 6 pounds of noxious chemicals were Such areas have shown little or no recovery more than a dropped for every man, woman, and child in the country. decade later, and even optimistic estimates of recovery times indicate twenty-five as a The object of this military use of herbicidal chemicals was years minimum; more realistic twofold. First, a forest stripped of its leaves is not so hospi estimates might double that time, if recovery occurs at all. In the what will table a hiding place for infiltrating guerrillas; trails become meantime, happen to the area occupied by the visible to aerial observation, and the movement of men and mangroves? These extraordinary plants live in saline waters that would kill most other equipment can be more easily monitored and interdicted. plants; perhaps their surprising Secondly, the selective destruction of food crops such as rice sensitivity to the defoliating chemicals is related to that fact. destined primarily for guerrilla use could interfere significantly Normally, the estuarine zone, where nutrient-laden freshwater streams their with the operation of isolated, semiautonomous military units. dump contents into saline waters, is a richly productive and the It is hard to know whether herbicides actually afforded much habitat, plants that live there are the base for a vast pyramid of life and of a military advantage in Vietnam. They were probably forms, including many fish shellfish important in the Vietnamese diet. With the mangrove effective along the estuaries, where a single aerial spray could communities now it is to be expected effectively kill the mangroves lining a waterway and thus cut nonproductive, that the fish and shellfish will move down on the incidence of ambushes to patrol and cargo populations elsewhere. Such a dislocation could produce vessels. In the forests, however, defoliation of the upper deleterious effects on the Viet namese food supply. canopy of vegetation provided new light sources for forest floor vegetation, which proceeded to spread into previously As the military use of herbicides in Vietnam increased year barren areas. Among such volunteer plants were the various by year, scientists aware of the possible ecological backlash kinds of bamboo, whose dense growth and insensitivity to of this practice mounted a program of alerting their col-

AUTUMN, 1973 www.pbk.org issue. It in leagues, fellow citizens, the Congress, and the President to science spoke with a unified voice on this is, fact, involved. Out the dangers. During the peak years of the Vietnam war few astounding how few scientists were crucially Meselson of sympathetic ears could be found. Arguments based on a standing among them were Matthew Harvard, E. W. Pfeiffer of possible ecological catastrophe in Vietnam were ineffectual Arthur Westing of Windham College, and Vietnam per while considerable American blood was being spilled on the University of Montana. All three visited spread their Vietnamese soil. A critical turn in events came when labora sonally, gathered data on the spot and returned to Some scientific tory investigations forced by critics of the herbicide program findings by the written and spoken word. end to chem revealed that these agents, previously considered without societies responded by resolutions supporting an Advancement deleterious consequences to man or animals, could cause ical warfare; the American Association for the significant Herbicide Assess damage to mice and rats, and by inference, to men of Science, goaded by Pfeiffer, established a also. When added staffed to the diet of pregnant female laboratory ment Commission headed by Meselson and by Westing animals at relevant moderate levels, one of the agents used in Vietnam, and gave it $80,000 for investigations. But many other known as caused a 2,4,5-T, variety of malformations in societies took no action at all. For example, in spite of all the embryos developing in utero, including cleft palate, cystic recent excitement about preservation of the environment, no kidneys, anencephaly, and sometimes death. If the concerned itself with the blindness, ecological society has explicitly same dosages were considered effective then at organi in humans, destruction of the Vietnamese vegetation, and my own the known rates of herbicide application and assumed refused rainfall, zation, the American Society of Plant Physiologists, Vietnamese water contained enough 5-T to cause drinking 2,4, even to place the item on the agenda of a business meeting in hazards for pregnant women who had consumed as little as been 1966. Indeed, it is fair to say that most scientists have two liters per day. Faced with the that our possibility sup either unaware of, unconcerned with, or hostile to the efforts innocuous herbicides were Vietnamese posedly poisoning of the small minority of activists to introduce the subject and the then Presidential Science Adviser ordered a babies, to organize scientists into groups to take political action. Thus, Scientists' termination of the use of the chemical. The use Committee on offending when a small group formed the of the chemical in this was also restricted. ad- country severely Chemical and Biological Warfare and placed a full page

vertisment in Science for adherence and contributions, These frightening implications are not much altered by the calling the returns failed even to cover the initial cost of the ad. If fact that pure 2,4,5-T was found not to be the offending our government's policies had agent: the blame was assigned instead to a class of impurities those favoring action against of their failure to attract wide called dioxins, which are formed under certain conditions of become disheartened because their fight would synthesis of 2,4,5-T. Although the chemical companies can spread support amongst their colleagues, individuals per now apparently insure that 2,4, 5-T can be synthesized sub have been lost. As it was, enough concerned conclusion total ban on herbi stantially free of dioxins, the millions of pounds of 2,4,5-T sisted to see the successful a used in Vietnam did contain dioxins, and samples of fish cide use late in the Indochina war. harvested from sprayed areas have been shown to contain While involvement in social concerns can be satisfying to the significant quantities of these materials. we are faced Thus, scientist, it is not without its frustrations and negative aspects. with the possibility that American chemical warfare against As everyone knows, science is a difficult business, and it is plants has resulted in increased infant mortality and em hard enough to keep a research program going in the midst bryonic malformations. This point is difficult to prove, be of everyday duties and distractions without adding endless cause of both the lack of reliable baseline statistics and the hours for social agitation. Some scientists who plunge into continuing military operations that make field investigations political activity suffer in terms of their productivity and risky or impossible. ultimately, ability. They may accordingly lose credibility The battle to halt the wartime use of herbicides had inter among their scientific colleagues, and find themselves without national implications far beyond Vietnam. In using these a suitable forum. The job thus becomes a delicate balancing budget agents, the United States became the first country to rein of duties and responsibilities, all competing for a finite troduce massive chemical warfare since the gas warfare of of time, energy, and creativity. World War I. The Geneva Gas Protocol of 1925, written but There is no universal guide for the perplexed concerned never ratified by the United States in the postwar rejection of scientists, only sets of individual case histories. For me, the Wilsonian doctrines, calls for the signatories to abjure the guiding generalizations are relatively few. One cannot avoid use in war of "poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous antisocial consequences of science devices." involvement in the simply liquids, materials or The Protocol, now signed by by eschewing projects that appear to be directed toward de eighty-four nations, and reendorsed at the United Nations by structive ends, since almost any scientific finding can be per nations the United States, is credited with many including verted under appropriate economic and social pressures. The having played some role in dissuading nations from the use only recourse is to follow a discovery until the end, wherever of chemical agents. When President Nixon announced his that happens to be. Responsibility does not always cease with intention in 1968 to submit the treaty to the Senate for ratifi the publication of a scientific paper; if a discovery is translated cation, the effort faltered because the President included an into some impact on the world outside sci "understanding" the laboratory, the that two kinds of chemicals used in Vietnam, entist should remain aware of its applications to see that it is herbicides and riot control agents, would be excluded from used for constructive rather than antihuman purposes. No control because they had not existed at the time the original moral imperative can be invoked here. Some individuals feel treaty was written. The Senate Foreign Relations committee moved to respond to such a social challenge, while others shun wisely concluded that U.S. ratification with such exclusions such activity, either through timidity, aversion to political would weaken rather than strengthen the treaty; it therefore is" argumentation, or a feeling that others "whose business it quietly killed the President's request. There the matter rests should handle the social spillover. At the very least, the reluc for the moment. tant social warriors should feel responsible enough to stimu In the political fight against the military use of herbicides, late appropriate politicians or social scientists into activity. the voices of scientists were extremely important. They had Neglect of even this responsibility could further turn public the knowledge that Congress and even the Presidential Science goodwill and financial support away from science. Social Adviser lacked, and their repeated testimony and lobbying in concern is thus both good ethics and good business for the Washington were critical. But one should not assume that scientist.

THE KEY REPORTER www.pbk.org Comprehensive, emphasizing Turner's signifi cance in many branches of history other than frontier, this sympathetic biography recommended the book committee reader the subject was reading by convinces the that indeed one of America's half-dozen really influential historians. humanities guy a. cardwell, Robert b. heilman, FREDERICK J. CROSSON Edgar Allan Poe, A Phenomenological View. SOCial Sciences earl W. count, richard beale davis, Davis Halliburton. Princeton. $15. LEONARD W. DOOB, ANDREW GYORGY, Poe in Norlhlight: The Scandinavian Re MADELINE R. ROBINTON, VICTORIA SCHUCK, sponse to his Life and Work. Carl L. J. RAYMOND WALSH Anderson, Duke. $5.75. Edgar Poe: Seer and Craftsman. Stuart natural sciences j. t. Baldwin, jr., kirtley f. mather Levine. Everett/Edwards. $13. The Levine and Halliburton studies List" rightly ROBERT B. HEILMAN is of great historical utility. The de concentrate on Poe's work, and despite the scriptions and judgments of plays survey a down-to- provocative title of the are Metaphors Self: Auto latter, of The Meaning of pivotal theatrical period fascinatingly. perceptive critical appraisals well biography. James Olney. Princeton. $12.50. earth, attention of anyone well- worth the wishing to A belated note on an original and The Life of Ivy Compton-Burnett. Elizabeth understand this writer's work. Levine con written book. Treating a man's writings Spriggs. Braziller. $7.95. centrates on prose, Halliburton covers it all the corpus or key works as his auto What holds the reader here is not the un and is especially good on the poems. biography, Olney presents perceptive studies spectacular surface events of a life, but the Anderson's much-needed study shows the of seven figures as diverse as Montaigne portrayal of the singular mind and per critical reception of Poe in a group of (essays), Jung (his works as a whole), and sonality that he behind a great series of nations which have considered him a major Eliot (the Quartets). witty, penetrating comic novels, always writer for a and at the same imaginative, often fantastic and ruthless. long time, Jean Racine: Dramatist. Martin Turnell. time presents a significant essay by a

New Directions. $17.75. Modern Heroism: Essays on D. H . Lawrence, Scandinavian translated and presented to the Turnell writes an easy, many-sided criticism William Empson, and J. R. R. Tolkien. English-speaking public for the first time. that combines professional competence with Roger Sale. California. $10. Tidewater Towns: City in Colonial informality and vivacity. He looks at The definition of a hero a man who, Planning Virginia and Maryland. John W. Reps. characterization, structure, and style in resisting both the cliche of the lost Eden Colonial Foundation. $15. forming a rounded estimate that places each and his own inner pressures, makes affirma Williamsburg The Flower World Williamsburg. Joan drama with respect to others and to tive perceptions that can create community of Dutton. Colonial Foun European drama generally. is the key to fresh and enlightening ex Parry Williamsburg dation. $5.95. plications of an unexpected trinity. The Impossible Friendship: Boswell and Mr. Jefferson, Architect. Desmond Guinness Mrs. Thrale. Mary Hyde. Harvard. $7.50. North of Jamaica. Louis Simpson. Harper & and Julius T. Sadler, Jr. Viking. $14.95. The primary materials on this relationship Row. $6.95. The Harpsichord or Spinnet Miscellany. are scanty, and Ms. Hyde amplifies them Less a formal autobiography than a series Robert Bremner. Colonial Williamsburg with a full account of the interesting per of impressions related to the major experi Foundation. $5.95. sonal and social orbits of these rival Johnson ences of Simpson as a student, combat in Four charming books concerned with the admirers and biographers. fantryman, teacher, and man of letters. fine arts in early America, most of them Often passionate or witty, at times preju illustrated profusely in color. The architec Happy Rural Seat: The English Country diced, always perceptive. tural and music volumes contain much new House and the Literary Imagination. Richard and revealing material. Gill. Yale. $9.75. RICHARD BEALE DAVIS A relaxed of the house as survey country Political Justice in a Republic: James symbol, once of paradise or prison, more Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph: The Fenimore Cooper's America. John P. Mc- recently of values that survive or decay, American People 1939-1945. Per- Williams, Jr. California. $10.75. "community." Geoffrey above all of James Henry rett. Coward, McCann & Geohegan. $10. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Reference Bibliog gets fullest treatment. A fascinating, complex, terse, sweeping ac raphy 1900-1971. Beatrix Ricks, Joseph D. count of the American people in an era the Adams, and Jack O. Hazelrig. G. K. Hall. The Sinner from Toledo and Other Stories. author suggests have marked peak $16.50. Anton Chekhov. Translated by Arnold may the of their accomplishment. The Man Letters in New England and Hinchliffe. Fairleigh Dickinson. $8. of the South: Essays on the History of the Twenty stories, eight untranslated before, Perspectives in Early American History: Literary Vocation in America. Lewis P. show Chekhov's wide range in his 20s: trick Essays in Honor of Richard B. Morris. Simpson. Louisiana. $10. endings, psychological folk farce, tales, Edited Alden T. Vaughan and George A. by Despite some disturbing awkwardness in pathos, black and ironic complica comedy, Billias. Harper & Row. McWilliams' $10. style, is the best book to date tions that anticipate the major plays. and American Society: Essays History of on Cooper's political ideas and idealism. David M. Potter. Edited Don E. Fehren- Getting Married. August Strindberg. Trans by Simpson's collection considers some eminent bacher. Oxford. $10. lated from the Swedish, edited and intro and once-eminent figures and is especially Essays on the American Revolution. Edited duced by Mary Sandbach. Viking. $7.95. stimulating in the southern-subject pieces Wall" by Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. such Some thirty stories and sketches about as "O'Donnell's and "The North Carolina. $12.50. married and sexual life, not really mis- Southern Novelist and Southern National Collections of essays distinguished his ism." ogynic, but critical of liberationist extremes. by The Hawthorne bibliography will be torians relate to various elements which Despite thematic and tonal sameness, they indispensable to the literary student. prepared for and formed the to easily maintain interest by passionate con Revolution, historians and historiography of the early viction, keen perception of reality, and tart FREDERICK J. CROSSON period, and to one deceased schol and ironic observation. recently ar's evaluations of national character and The Politics of Motion. Thomas A. Spragens, English Drama 1900-1930: The Beginnings of other historians. For this reader the two Jr. Kentucky. $7.75. of the Modern Period. Allardyce Nicoll. most essays were those in the interesting Analyses of Hobbes have tended either to Cambridge. $49.50. Vaughan-Billias volume on Becker Klein by trace his politics to his physics or to view A rare combination of encyclopedic ex and on Gipson Morris. by the latter as a retrospective rationale for an pertise, critical acuteness and detachment, Frederick Jackson Turner, Scholar Historian, already determined theory of politics. and stylistic grace. The immense "Hand- Teacher. A. Billington. Spragens' Ray Oxford. $17.50. clear and well-argued book lays

AUTUMN, 1973 www.pbk.org plantation out a middle way which takes the idea of Vedas and Upanishads, his organization is one of the giants in the history of to the (Galilean) motion as primary, but concedes logical rather than historical, distinguishing rubber, for he contributed largely Rubber Plantations the impossibility of any logical derivation of six fundamental schools. success of the Firestone Hobbes' a politics. Rather he shows that Good Tidings: The Belief in Progress from in Liberia perhaps the best such planta under the genius thought emerges in the context of an Darwin to Marcuse. W. Warren Wager. tion in the world. Trained Aristotelian conceptual framework, once the Indiana. $11.50. of Professor E. C. Stakman, University of Mclndoe went in 1931 to idea of motion is changed, and by way of a An urbane, competent and well-written his Minnesota, young Research Depart highly systematic transformation of that tory of the waxing and waning of the idea Harbel, Liberia, to be the framework. of progress from 1880 through the trauma ment and effectively transformed the plant of the first World War to its contemporary ings from seedlings to clones, thus insuring Ego and Archetype. Edward F. Edinger. Firestone's invest resurgence. Wager is curiously reticent to the economic growth of C. G. Jung Foundation. $12.50. financial status of affirm any other than a personal belief in ments and improving the Developing Jung's conclusion that it is im the reality of any progress. the country. possible to distinguish empirically between Indiana. symbols of God and symbols of the self, Born To Sing. Charles Hartshorne. this profusely illustrated study moves be J. T. BALDWEV, JR. $10. tween modern dreams and historical texts, For a professor of philosophy to publish The Carnivores. R. F. Ewer. Cornell. $21.50. myths and illusUations of archetypal images books in his field and, contemporaneously, The author is Lecturer in Univer to draw the congruence. The process of Zoology, write ornithological papers in not really sity of Ghana. She attempted with fairly individuation depends on the religious func surprising, but for him Professor Harts high degree of success to make a wide tion of the psyche, which is to come to horne of the University of Texas to pro synthesis of the anatomy, physiology, ecol terms with that unconscious part of the self duce likewise a book subtitled An Introduc ogy, and behavior of many of the carnivores which is expressed and addressed in the tion and World Survey of Bird Song is, in of the world; she reports upon two hundred archetypal God-images. While Jung cauti truth, extraordinary. Surely, there are few thirty-nine species, though, admittedly, spe ously formulated this identity as extensional. qualified biomusicologists and each of cific and even generic lines are in many Edinger appears to reduce theology to them need seek help, I suspect, for the field instances not easily defined. Scattered litera psychology, or at least to ignore any con is so broad, and most probably none other a frequent lack of limitations of ceivable distinction between them. ture, data, than Hartshorne is a philosopher. time and publication space prevented the The writing and thinking of this book are The carrying-out of the plan in its entirety. Planetary Man. Wilfred Desan. Mac in the pattern of the philosopher: To under millan. $9.95. Moreover, full consideration of all facets of stand fully ourselves or other animals we This is a quite original attempt to think the study as mentioned would have led must "see that all activity is motivated by through the form in which away "from the animals themselves and their systematically the sense of possible harmonies and by the problems of knowledge and ethics are cast adaptations, which constitute the main theme flight from the twin evils of discord and book." if one begins at the opposite pole of the Indeed, the title is too broad; monotony," from and: "The main theme of this and indeed from all of the subject encompasses too much for a Descartes, virtually book is the possible scientific uses of the the philosophical tradition. Its point single volume. In consequence, the author starting aesthetic analogy (my italics) between other is not the individual but the totum humanum has largely followed her own interests. animals, especially birds, and man with in space and and Desan's effort is to music." time, respect to Trees Pennsylvania. Hui-Lin Li. Penn sustain the perspective of an outside observer of To maintain is the chief function sylvania. $17.50. territory who regards the whole of mankind and its of bird song, as related to mating, nesting, The author describes and illustrates one at once. The ghost of Hegel lies history warnings, of flock. Birds often hundred eighteen kinds of trees integrity close to the surface at despite Desan's (including "sing" times, 5,000 (1,000, more or species some of the bigger shrubs) all the trees less) determination to exorcise it by rejecting any of which the author has surveyed ca. that are native to Pennsylvania and a few do, privileged moment of historical completion. 200 kinds with differentiated songs. introduced species now naturalized. The stu highly The light in which he analyzes a number of dent on various levels of can classical issues brings stimulating insights. training easily identify the plants from drawings and ANDREW GYORGY Agape. Gene Outka. Yale. $11. photographs and from the descriptions or The Communist States in Disarray 1965- Since Anders Nygren distinguished and op resort to keys based on summer or winter 1971. Adam Bromke and Teresa Rakowska- characteristics. Several pages posed agape and eros forty years ago, the treat the struc Harmstone. Minnesota. $4.95. literature on the subject has been immense. tural elements of trees; a glossary explains This survey of six turbulent years in the This volume, recommended for its organi essential terms, though technicalities are history of World Communism is part of zation and conceptual precision, aims to kept to a minimum; a bibliography directs the Carleton University series in Soviet and sort out the issues which have proven the student to literature in which he may East European Studies. Particularly signifi pivotal to understanding love of neighbor. pursue his interest in more detail than cant are treatments of the Sino-Soviet con Those issues are of concern to anyone who presented in Li's simple and useful book. flict and the spread of nationalism in the reflects on how far his responsibility for his Reflections of a Rubber Planter. W. E. Communist world, especially in Eastern fellow human beings lays claim on him. Klippert. Vantage. $5.95. Europe. An invaluable addition to the litera Though the topic derives from theology, The Rubber Tree in Liberia. K. C. Mclndoe. ture of Communism dealing with individual Outka's treatment is a model of philosophical John Mclndoe Ltd., New Zealand. countries as well as functional topics. analysis, and much indebted to contempo Privately distributed: 1022 Love's Point Lees- moral philosophy. Drive, rary The Foreign Research of burg, Florida 32748. Policy Institute the University of Pennsylvania recently had The Philosophical Traditions of India. P. T. At the age of twenty-two Klippert began three important publications added to its Raju. Pittsburgh. $7.95. various foreign assignments for the Good Research Monograph Series. These are: Intended as an introduction for those who year Rubber Company and on occasion was Aden and British Strategy 1839-1968, No. know little or nothing about Indian philoso on loan to the United States Government 12; The Impact of President Nixon's Visit phy, this is the best of its kind which I have for rubber work; in these capacities he saw to Peking on International Politics, No. 13; seen. It is careful about substituting Western much of the world. The result is a document, and The United Stales and the Demands of notions for Indian ones, yet the author (of moving in its modesty, common-sense, zest, Detente Diplomacy, No. 14. Of particular three other volumes on comparative phi sentimentality, and adventurousness. Klip- significance is William Kintner's thoughtful losophy) is familiar enough with Western pert's understanding of natural rubber and and well-informed study since he is the new thought to locate the similarities and differ of its interplay with the politics of various United States Ambassador to Thailand. ences in a reasonably common logical space. governments has been of immense signifi characterizes as cance in war and peace. Indian philosophy he aptly Memoir of a Revolutionary. Milovan Djilas. a series of footnotes to the Upanishads, and Surely one who reads this little book (76 Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. $12. after an initial section on the texts of the pages) will realize that Doctor Mclndoe is This is the second volume in the life story of

THE KEY REPORTER www.pbk.org a distinguished champion and critic of the deeply trances and other forms of possession ideology of Communism who is both a attributed to spirits which are observable in professional revolutionary and an incurable a variety of traditional and non-traditional the art of idealist. The book is especially interesting societies and which are not necessarily in in recreating the atmosphere of the Univer duced by drugs. Heroic intellectual efforts sity of Belgrade in the 1930's. are made, usually successfully, to relate the "sacred" genesis of these very personal, politics Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The phenomena to conditions within the social Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930. milieu and to indicate their effects upon Zvi Y. Gitelman. Princeton. $20. change or non-change. Promising overall Professor Gitelman of the University of hypotheses are probed. A superficial, irrele in the Michigan has written a most illuminating vant question cannot be squashed: what account of the evolution of the Jewish sec significance should be attached to the fact tions of the Communist Party in the Soviet that all the authors of this book happen to Union. This scholarly work is brilliantly be women? halls of documented and lucidly written. Body Consciousness: You Are What You The Anglo-Soviet Accord. Richard H. Feel. Seymour Fisher. Prentice-Hall. $5.95, Ullman. Princeton. $17.50. p. $2.45. academe... This microscopically-detailed analysis of Documented, and, more frequently than not, early Anglo-Soviet diplomatic, military and administrator of a shrewdly undocumented assertions concern a top leading university, economic relations is the third volume in "Pandarus," ing the role of the physical body in man's under the pseudonym reveals Professor Ullman's scholarly series on the consciousness and yes unconscious what goes on behind the ivied walls in entire of sweep British-USSR relations. Part Politics," view of himself and others. The author's "One's Own Primer of Academic III, dealing with the Anglo-Russian rivalry perspective as per is largely ethnocentric, which appears in the new Autumn issue in the East, is most timely. haps it must be if he is to ask neosensible of The American Scholar. Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for questions like this one: "Why should women Stalingrad. William Craig. Reader's Digest be more comfortable than men about tuning Also featured

sensations?" Press. E. P. Dutton. $10. in on their body The thesis sug Watergate: One End, but Which? An exceptionally well documented historical gested by the smarty subtitle (for which we Gerald W. Johnson of one of the great points in blame the publisher) of course study turning charitably The Image of Man in Encounter Groups world history. It is also well written in a is an exaggeration, Freudian or Marxist any Sigmund Koch breezy journalistic style. The long siege of must assert, but it does suggest 2.4 grains of Black Studies: Phase Two Stalingrad emerges with great clarity and in truth. S. Walker frightening detail. The book unfortunately is Jay Hallucinogens and Shamanism. Edited by marred typographical errors. Reminiscences of a Print Collector by many Michael J. Harner. Oxford. $8.50. Lessing J. Rosenwald Witness to History 1929-1969. Charles E. A dispassionate report on the effects hal Costume and Convention Bohlen. Norton. $12.50. lucinogenic drugs actually or allegedly have Anne Hollander One of the most distinguished career am or have had upon heterogeneous groups: bassadors in American diplomatic history, Indians in the Upper Amazon who lead tra Take advantage of this opportunity to a top American specialist on the Soviet ditional lives, American Indian whose pat receive a FREE of this Union, reminisces over a period of 40 years. terns obviously have been disrupted, Euro copy exciting when enter an This book is most meaningful when de peans in the Middle Ages who plagued issue you introductory scribing Bohlen's long tenure as U.S. Am themselves with witchcraft, and 35 modern subscription to The American Scholar. bassador in Moscow. Interesting footnotes to Chileans who participated in an experiment. You'll continue to receive, each quarter, are offered Most of the contributors to this com history in the chapters on "Exile young perceptive, informative articles on topics Manila," Crisis," in "The Cuban Missile and pact, factual volume report their own sensa from science to literature Moscow." ranging painting, "A Last Look at tions after ingesting a drug during their to current affairs. field work. Drug-users customarily seek to Twice Through the Lines. Otto John. Harper foretell the future, cure illness, or combat FREE with a trial subscription & Row. $8.95. evil ones. simi Politics" spirits, especially Startlingly Don't miss "Academic it's These are the memoirs of a leader of the lar effects appear under diverse cultural cir sure controversial and other anti-Nazi German resistance, the record of to be cumstances; an expression containing the a life of "conspiracy, danger, frustration "trip," leading administrators have been invited failure," word for example, has designated the and as observed by Hugh Trevor- to comment in the next issue. subjective consequence of a drug-taking both Roper. An exciting story of a man who in an Amazon rain forest and the U.S. Just send the coupon below with your first opposed Hitler, then was a famous spy for England in World War II and finally was Towards an African Literature: The Emer instructions now and the Autumn issue kidnapped by the Russians after the War. gence of Literary Form in Xhosa. A. C. Jor of The American Scholar will be sent dan. California. $6. to you immediately. Interest Groups in Soviet Politics. Edited by A historical account, by an African speaker H. Gordon and Franklyn Griffiths. Skilling of the language who was also a skilled Princeton. $3.95. linguist and scholar, of the traditional and This major contribution to a better under The American modern forms of literary expression in a Scholar standing of Soviet domestic politics is "Xhosa," finally southern African society. when 1811 Q Street, N.W.-Washington, D.C. 20009 published in paperback edition. Important properly pronounced, contains a startling Please send me the Autumn issue of THE AMERICAN chapters deal with the Security Police, the SCHOLAR without charge and enter subscription for click which should warn Westerners that my Military, the Economists and the Writers. the term checked below. these varied forms have strange, subtle D V4 year $3.50 ? 1 year $6 50 meanings and functions. "The elephant does

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perhaps suggests that this culture will sur ? Payment enclosed ? Please bill me Religion, Altered States of Consciousness, vive. A line from a praise poem to Britain and Social Change. Edited by Erika Bour- Name. in 1925: "She sent us the Bible, and barrels guignon. Ohio State. $12.50. brandy." of collection A splendidly unified of essays by Address . a septet of anthropologists, sociologists, and Few Comforts or Surprises: The Arkansas one linguist who examine both broadly and (continued on back cover) City

. 1973 State -Zip. AUTUMN, www.pbk.org BOOK of Columbia University; Howard REVIEWS ELECTIONS (continued from page 1) history, (continued) Robert Swearer, president, Carleton Col been John Hope Franklin's teacher of lege; Carolyn Eisele, professor of mathe Delta. Eugene Richards. M.I.T. $9.95. history and had made possible his stu emeritus, Hunter College; Douglas A collection of matics, moving, photo horrifying dent's graduate work at Harvard. Pro graphs W. Steeples, professor of history, Earlham depicting the cruelty inflicted upon fessor Franklin is married to the former F. Wendell the people of College; Neal W. Klausner, this delta area, largely black, Aurelia E. by the natural Whittington. They have one Miller professor of philosophy, Grinnell environment and especially by other human son, John a graduate stu J. D. professor of beings, largely white. The text Whittington, College; Williams, did the dent in and education at and director of the ("Why policeman have to shoot him, anthropology political science twice Stanford. Why under his arm and through his Hinckley Institute of Politics, University chest?") and the captions are equally biting. of Utah; and Robert M. Lumiansky. The Council chose as vice president H. Abelson, president of the Robert M. Lumiansky, Avalon Professor Philip Carnegie Institution, was elected for a of the Humanities at the University of NEW three-year term to complete the term of SIBLEY FELLOW Pennsylvania. Vice president Lumiansky a Senator who had resigned. is a graduate of The Citadel and holds a master's degree from the Elizabeth Asmis, assistant professor of University of South Carolina and a classics at Cornell University, has been doctorate from the from page of North Carolina. He COUNCIL (continued 1) awarded the 1973 Mary Isabel Sibley University taught at Tulane where he was dean in Greek studies. The $6,000 University, Fellowship In her presentation to Professor Jones, Dr. of the Graduate School for nine grant will enable Miss Asmis to prepare years, Rosemary Park said that he was hon and at Duke before being a University joining comprehensive study of early stoic ored for a life-time of devotion to literature, the English Department at Pennsylvania ethics. Miss Asmis, a Canadian citizen, philosophy, and the fine arts. She noted too, as chairman in 1965. A noted Chaucerian "his humanistic attention to the received first class honors for her under sciences scholar, Mr. Lumiansky is chairman of and unquenchable curiosity about areas of graduate work at the University of To the board of directors of the American human experience not ordinarily associated ronto. She completed her doctorate at letters." Council of Learned Societies and Fellow with polite Another of Howard Jones' Yale University. Mumford she of the Medieval of many distinctions, said, Academy America. 'education' "is that he rescued the word Next year the Fellowship will be offered from its dolorous associations by writing hundreds of lively and passionate pages for French language and literature stud Twelve Senators were elected for the defining humanistic education. ies. Candidates must be unmarried term 1973-79. The new Senators are: women between 25 and 35 years of age Robert B. Heilman, professor of English, who hold the doctorate or who have ful University of Washington; Rosemary Discussion at Council business sessions cen filled all the requirements for the doc Park, professor of higher education, tered upon the establishment of new chap torate except the dissertation. They must UCLA; Edgar F. Shannon, professor of ters and the report of the Committee on the Role of Phi Beta Kappa. The report was be planning to devote fulltime work to Enghsh and president, University of received with commendation the Council research during the fellowship year, Virginia; Catherine Strateman Sims, dean by and the chapters and associations were urged which begins September 1, 1974. Further and professor of history and political to give its recommendations serious consid information and applications may be science, Sweet Briar College; Hallett D. eration in the new triennium. However, lack obtained to the Mary Isabel Smith, professor of California by writing English, of a quorum precluded a vote on the pro Phi Beta Institute of and Senior Re Sibley Fellowship Committee, Technology posed new model chapter constitution. Con search Kappa, 1811 Q Street, N.W., Washington, Associate, Henry E. Huntington sequently the current model chapter con D. C. 20009. Library; Fritz Stern, Seth Low professor stitution remains in force.

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volume xxxix number one autumn 1973

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