DOCSLIB.ORG

Pelvic Anatomy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pelvic Anatomy Pelvic Anatomy District I ACOG Medical Student Education Module 2011 Gynecologic Viscera Uterus: thick, muscular organ Derived from the fusion of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts. These ducts also form the upper 2/3 of the vagina and the fallopian tubes. Divided into 3 segments: fundus, lower segment and cervix. 3 layers: serosa, myometrium (smooth muscle), and endometrium. Gynecologic Viscera Fallopian tubes: 10-14 cm in length, <1 cm in diameter. Isthmus - 1 mm in diameter - perfect spot for tubal ligation. Ampulla - 6mm in diameter - fertilization occurs here as well as most ectopics. Ligamentous Support Round Ligament: Fibrous and muscle tissue Anterior to the fallopian tubes Correlate with the male gubernaculums They extend laterally, cross the external iliac vessels, and enter the internal inguinal ring, and insert in the labia majora. Sampson’s artery, a branch of the uterine artery, runs along the length of the round ligament. Ligamentous Support Broad Ligament: Double reflection of the peritoneum, draped over the round ligaments. Cardinal Ligament: Found at the base of the broad ligament. Provides the main support for the uterus and cervix. It attaches to the cervix and extends laterally, connecting to the endopelvic fascia. Ligamentous Support Uterosacral Ligaments: Provide minor cervical support. Originate from the upper posterior cervix, travel around the rectum bilaterally, and fan out to attach to the 1st - 5th sacral vertebrae. Gynecologic Viscera Ovaries: Supported along the lateral pelvic sidewalls by the ovarian ligaments (attaching to the posteriolateral aspect of the uterus), the mesovarium (anastomotic region of the uterine and ovarian vessels), and the infundibulo- pelvic ligament (“The IP”), which are reflections of the broad ligament attaching the ovaries to the lateral pelvis. Ovaries They rest in the ovarian fossa, immediately adjacent to the iliac vessles and the ureters. They contain 3 distinct cell populations: Germ cells Stromal cells - tightly packed around developing follicles and secrete hormones. Epithelium Bladder and Rectum Don’t forget they are close by… Bladder is anterior to the uterus. Ureters originate in the renal calyces and insert in to the inferior bladder at the trigone. Careful attention to the ureters path in the pelvis is essential for dissection in gynecologic surgery. Key Points of the Ureter In the pelvis the ureter runs medial to and parallel with the internal iliac artery. Uterine artery crosses over the ureter (water under the bridge). The remaining 2-3cm of the ureter passes through the cardinal ligament into the bladder. Rectum Lies posterior to the uterus following the curvature of the sacrum. Blood Supply Majority originates from the internal iliac artery (aka: hypogastric artery). Additional supply comes from the ovarian arteries, the inferior mesenteric artery, and the external iliac artery. Common iliac --> external and internal iliac External becomes the femoral artery Internal iliac --> anterior and posterior divisions Posterior division - rarely seen in pelvic surgery, has three branches that supply the gluteal region: – Superior gluteal – Iliolumbar – Lateral sacral arteries Anterior division: Uterine Vaginal Superior, Middle, and Inferior Vesicals Middle and Inferior Rectal Obturator Inferior gluteal Internal Pudendal Obliterated umbilical arteries During retroperitoneal surgery the primary branches identified are the: Superior vesical artery Uterine artery Obturator artery Ovarian arteries Originate directly from the aorta, inferior to the renal arteries. Most frequently identified at the IP ligament. Ovarian veins: Left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein Right ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava. Lymph Drainage Cervical Cancer: Drains 1st to the parametrial nodes --> obturator nodes --> pelvic nodes --> para-aortic Uterine Cancer: Drains 1st to the pelvic nodes or para-aortic. Ovarian Cancer: Can metastasize to either the pelvic or para- aortic nodes. Pelvic Support Pelvic diaphragm is retroperitoneal and supports all the viscera. Composed of the: Levator ani group: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and ileococcygeus. Coccygeous muscles Question #1 In a CT scan of the pelvis, the uterus is located: A) Posterior to the bladder and rectum B) Posterior to the bladder and anterior to rectum C) Anterior to the bladder and rectum D) Anterior to the bladder and posterior to the rectum Answer B) Posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. Question #2 A 27 year-old woman is examined by her gynecologist. Upon rectal examination, a firm structure, directly in front of the rectum, in the midline, is palpated through the anterior wall of the rectum. The structure is: A) Bladder B) Body of uterus C) Cervix of uterus D) Pubic symphysis E) Vagina Answer C) Cervix of uterus The cervix of the uterus is anterior to the rectum Since the cervix is the inferior part of the uterus that is protruding into the vagina, it should feel like a firm structure upon palpation Although the vagina is directly anterior to the rectum, it would not feel like a distinct and firm structure upon palpation. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Artery Visualizations for Heart Disease Diagnosis
    Evaluation of Artery Visualizations for Heart Disease Diagnosis Michelle A. Borkin, Student Member, IEEE, Krzysztof Z. Gajos, Amanda Peters, Dimitrios Mitsouras, Simone Melchionna, Frank J. Rybicki, Charles L. Feldman, and Hanspeter Pfister, Senior Member, IEEE Fig. 1. Left: Traditional 2D projection (A) of a single artery, and 3D representation (C) of a right coronary artery tree with a rainbow color map. Right: 2D tree diagram representation (B) and equivalent 3D representation (D) of a left coronary artery tree with a diverging color map. Abstract—Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States, and finding indicators of the disease at an early stage is critical for treatment and prevention. In this paper we evaluate visualization techniques that enable the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A key physical quantity of medical interest is endothelial shear stress (ESS). Low ESS has been associated with sites of lesion formation and rapid progression of disease in the coronary arteries. Having effective visualizations of a patient’s ESS data is vital for the quick and thorough non-invasive evaluation by a cardiologist. We present a task taxonomy for hemodynamics based on a formative user study with domain experts. Based on the results of this study we developed HemoVis, an interactive visualization application for heart disease diagnosis that uses a novel 2D tree diagram representation of coronary artery trees. We present the results of a formal quantitative user study with domain experts that evaluates the effect of 2D versus 3D artery representations and of color maps on identifying regions of low ESS. We show statistically significant results demonstrating that our 2D visualizations are more accurate and efficient than 3D representations, and that a perceptually appropriate color map leads to fewer diagnostic mistakes than a rainbow color map.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 28 *Lecture Powepoint
    Chapter 28 *Lecture PowePoint The Female Reproductive System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The female reproductive system is more complex than the male system because it serves more purposes – Produces and delivers gametes – Provides nutrition and safe harbor for fetal development – Gives birth – Nourishes infant • Female system is more cyclic, and the hormones are secreted in a more complex sequence than the relatively steady secretion in the male 28-2 Sexual Differentiation • The two sexes indistinguishable for first 8 to 10 weeks of development • Female reproductive tract develops from the paramesonephric ducts – Not because of the positive action of any hormone – Because of the absence of testosterone and müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) 28-3 Reproductive Anatomy • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the structure of the ovary – Trace the female reproductive tract and describe the gross anatomy and histology of each organ – Identify the ligaments that support the female reproductive organs – Describe the blood supply to the female reproductive tract – Identify the external genitalia of the female – Describe the structure of the nonlactating breast 28-4 Sexual Differentiation • Without testosterone: – Causes mesonephric ducts to degenerate – Genital tubercle becomes the glans clitoris – Urogenital folds become the labia minora – Labioscrotal folds
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphology, Androgenic Function, Hyperplasia, and Tumors of the Human Ovarian Hilus Cells * William H
    THE MORPHOLOGY, ANDROGENIC FUNCTION, HYPERPLASIA, AND TUMORS OF THE HUMAN OVARIAN HILUS CELLS * WILLIAM H. STERNBERG, M.D. (From the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tulane University of Louisiana and the Charity Hospital of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.) The hilus of the human ovary contains nests of cells morphologically identical with testicular Leydig cells, and which, in all probability, pro- duce androgens. Multiple sections through the ovarian hilus and meso- varium will reveal these small nests microscopically in at least 8o per cent of adult ovaries; probably in all adult ovaries if sufficient sections are made. Although they had been noted previously by a number of authors (Aichel,l Bucura,2 and von Winiwarter 3"4) who failed to recog- nize their significance, Berger,5-9 in 1922 and in subsequent years, pre- sented the first sound morphologic studies of the ovarian hilus cells. Nevertheless, there is comparatively little reference to these cells in the American medical literature, and they are not mentioned in stand- ard textbooks of histology, gynecologic pathology, nor in monographs on ovarian tumors (with the exception of Selye's recent "Atlas of Ovarian Tumors"10). The hilus cells are found in clusters along the length of the ovarian hilus and in the adjacent mesovarium. They are, almost without excep- tion, found in contiguity with the nonmyelinated nerves of the hilus, often in intimate relationship to the abundant vascular and lymphatic spaces in this area. Cytologically, a point for point correspondence with the testicular Leydig cells can be established in terms of nuclear and cyto- plasmic detail, lipids, lipochrome pigment, and crystalloids of Reinke.
    [Show full text]
  • Corona Mortis: the Abnormal Obturator Vessels in Filipino Cadavers
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Corona Mortis: the Abnormal Obturator Vessels in Filipino Cadavers Imelda A. Luna Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila ABSTRACT Objectives. This is a descriptive study to determine the origin of abnormal obturator arteries, the drainage of abnormal obturator veins, and if any anastomoses exist between these abnormal vessels in Filipino cadavers. Methods. A total of 54 cadaver halves, 50 dissected by UP medical students and 4 by UP Dentistry students were included in this survey. Results. Results showed the abnormal obturator arteries arising from the inferior epigastric arteries in 7 halves (12.96%) and the abnormal communicating veins draining into the inferior epigastric or external iliac veins in 16 (29.62%). There were also arterial anastomoses in 5 (9.25%) with the inferior epigastric artery, and venous anastomoses in 16 (29.62%) with the inferior epigastric or external iliac veins. Bilateral abnormalities were noted in a total 6 cadavers, 3 with both arterial and venous, and the remaining 3 with only venous anastomoses. Conclusion. It is important to be aware of the presence of these abnormalities that if found during surgery, must first be ligated to avoid intraoperative bleeding complications. Key Words: obturator vessels, abnormal, corona mortis INtroDUCTION The main artery to the pelvic region is the internal iliac artery (IIA) with two exceptions: the ovarian/testicular artery arises directly from the aorta and the superior rectal artery from the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). The internal iliac or hypogastric artery is one of the most variable arterial systems of the human body, its parietal branches, particularly the obturator artery (OBA) accounts for most of its variability.
    [Show full text]
  • PERIPHERAL VASCULATURE Average Vessel Diameter
    PERIPHERAL VASCULATURE Average Vessel Diameter A Trio of Technologies. Peripheral Embolization Solutions A Single Solution. Fathom™ Steerable Guidewires Total Hypotube Tip Proximal/ UPN Length (cm) Length (cm) Length (cm) Distal O.D. Hepatic, Gastro-Intestinal and Splenic Vasculature 24 8-10 mm Common Iliac Artery 39 2-4 mm Internal Pudendal Artery M00150 900 0 140 10 10 cm .016 in 25 6-8 mm External Iliac Artery 40 2-4 mm Middle Rectal M00150 901 0 140 20 20 cm .016 in 26 4-6 mm Internal Iliac Artery 41 2-4 mm Obturator Artery M00150 910 0 180 10 10 cm .016 in 27 5-8 mm Renal Vein 42 2-4 mm Inferior Vesical Artery 28 43 M00150 911 0 180 20 20 cm .016 in 15-25 mm Vena Cava 2-4 mm Superficial Epigastric Artery 29 44 M00150 811 0 200 10 10 cm pre-shaped .014 in 6-8 mm Superior Mesenteric Artery 5-8 mm Femoral Artery 30 3-5 mm Inferior Mesenteric Artery 45 2-4 mm External Pudendal Artery M00150 810 0 200 10 10 cm .014 in 31 1-3 mm Intestinal Arteries M00150 814 0 300 10 10 cm .014 in 32 Male 2-4 mm Superior Rectal Artery A M00150 815 0 300 10 10 cm .014 in 33 1-3 mm Testicular Arteries 1-3 mm Middle Sacral Artery B 1-3 mm Testicular Veins 34 2-4 mm Inferior Epigastric Artery Direxion™ Torqueable Microcatheters 35 2-4 mm Iliolumbar Artery Female 36 2-4 mm Lateral Sacral Artery C 1-3 mm Ovarian Arteries Usable 37 D UPN Tip Shape RO Markers 3-5 mm Superior Gluteal Artery 1-3 mm Ovarian Veins Length (cm) 38 2-4 mm Inferior Gluteal Artery E 2-4 mm Uterine Artery M001195200 105 Straight 1 M001195210 130 Straight 1 M001195220 155 Straight 1 Pelvic
    [Show full text]
  • The Reproductive System
    27 The Reproductive System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The reproductive system is designed to perpetuate the species • The male produces gametes called sperm cells • The female produces gametes called ova • The joining of a sperm cell and an ovum is fertilization • Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • Overview of the Male Reproductive System • Testis • Epididymis • Ductus deferens • Ejaculatory duct • Spongy urethra (penile urethra) • Seminal gland • Prostate gland • Bulbo-urethral gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 The Male Reproductive System, Part I Pubic symphysis Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Seminal gland Membranous urethra Rectum Corpus cavernosum Prostate gland Corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens Penis Bulbo-urethral gland Epididymis Anus Testis External urethral orifice Scrotum Sigmoid colon (cut) Rectum Internal urethral orifice Rectus abdominis Prostatic urethra Urinary bladder Prostate gland Pubic symphysis Bristle within ejaculatory duct Membranous urethra Penis Spongy urethra Spongy urethra within corpus spongiosum Bulbospongiosus muscle Corpus cavernosum Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • The Testes • Testes hang inside a pouch called the scrotum, which is on the outside of the body
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
    Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails ­proficiency­in­communicating­with­healthcare­professionals­such­as­physicians,­nurses,­ or dentists.
    [Show full text]
  • Vessels and Circulation
    CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OUTLINE 23.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 684 23.1a Blood Vessel Tunics 684 23.1b Arteries 685 23.1c Capillaries 688 23 23.1d Veins 689 23.2 Blood Pressure 691 23.3 Systemic Circulation 692 Vessels and 23.3a General Arterial Flow Out of the Heart 693 23.3b General Venous Return to the Heart 693 23.3c Blood Flow Through the Head and Neck 693 23.3d Blood Flow Through the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 697 23.3e Blood Flow Through the Thoracic Organs 700 Circulation 23.3f Blood Flow Through the Gastrointestinal Tract 701 23.3g Blood Flow Through the Posterior Abdominal Organs, Pelvis, and Perineum 705 23.3h Blood Flow Through the Upper Limb 705 23.3i Blood Flow Through the Lower Limb 709 23.4 Pulmonary Circulation 712 23.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation 714 23.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 715 23.7 Blood Vessel Development 716 23.7a Artery Development 716 23.7b Vein Development 717 23.7c Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation 718 MODULE 9: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM mck78097_ch23_683-723.indd 683 2/14/11 4:31 PM 684 Chapter Twenty-Three Vessels and Circulation lood vessels are analogous to highways—they are an efficient larger as they merge and come closer to the heart. The site where B mode of transport for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hor- two or more arteries (or two or more veins) converge to supply the mones, and waste products to and from body tissues. The heart is same body region is called an anastomosis (ă-nas ′tō -mō′ sis; pl., the mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Anomalies Compressing the Oesophagus and Trachea
    Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.24.3.295 on 1 May 1969. Downloaded from T7horax (1969), 24, 295. Vascular anomalies compressing the oesophagus and trachea J. C. R. LINCOLN, P. B. DEVERALL, J. STARK, E. ABERDEEN, AND D. J. WATERSTON From the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London W.C.I Vascular rings formed by anomalies of major arteries can compress the trachea and oesophagus so much as to cause respiratory distress and dysphagia. Twenty-nine patients with this condition are reviewed and discussed in five groups. The symptoms and signs are noted. Radiological examination by barium swallow is the most useful diagnostic aid. Symptoms can only be relieved by operation. The trachea is often deformed at the site of the constricting ring. Only infrequently is there immediate relief from the pre-operative symptoms. Two babies were successfully treated for an aberrant left pulmonary artery. The diagnosis and treatment of major arterial DOUBLE AORTIC ARCH Nineteen children were anomalies which cause compression of the oeso- treated for some form of double aortic arch. Their phagus and trachea are now well established. age at operation ranged from 1 week to 11 months, Although an aberrant right subclavian artery was but the majority were treated at about the age of described in 1794 by Bayford (Fig. 1), who gave 5 to 6 months (Fig. 2). Frequently the presenting the detailed post-mortem finding in a woman who symptoms had been noticed since birth but for had died from starvation secondary to this varying reasons there was delay in making the http://thorax.bmj.com/ anomaly, and a double aortic arch was described correct diagnosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Pelvic Anatomy
    SECTION ONE • Fundamentals 1 Clinical pelvic anatomy Introduction 1 Anatomical points for obstetric analgesia 3 Obstetric anatomy 1 Gynaecological anatomy 5 The pelvic organs during pregnancy 1 Anatomy of the lower urinary tract 13 the necks of the femora tends to compress the pelvis Introduction from the sides, reducing the transverse diameters of this part of the pelvis (Fig. 1.1). At an intermediate level, opposite A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy is essential for the third segment of the sacrum, the canal retains a circular clinical practice. Not only does it facilitate an understanding cross-section. With this picture in mind, the ‘average’ of the process of labour, it also allows an appreciation of diameters of the pelvis at brim, cavity, and outlet levels can the mechanisms of sexual function and reproduction, and be readily understood (Table 1.1). establishes a background to the understanding of gynae- The distortions from a circular cross-section, however, cological pathology. Congenital abnormalities are discussed are very modest. If, in circumstances of malnutrition or in Chapter 3. metabolic bone disease, the consolidation of bone is impaired, more gross distortion of the pelvic shape is liable to occur, and labour is likely to involve mechanical difficulty. Obstetric anatomy This is termed cephalopelvic disproportion. The changing cross-sectional shape of the true pelvis at different levels The bony pelvis – transverse oval at the brim and anteroposterior oval at the outlet – usually determines a fundamental feature of The girdle of bones formed by the sacrum and the two labour, i.e. that the ovoid fetal head enters the brim with its innominate bones has several important functions (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digestive System
    69 chapter four THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is structurally divided into two main parts: a long, winding tube that carries food through its length, and a series of supportive organs outside of the tube. The long tube is called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus, and consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intes- tine. It is here that the functions of mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and release of solid waste material take place. The supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract are known as accessory organs, and include the teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Because most organs of the digestive system lie within body cavities, you will perform a dissection procedure that exposes the cavities before you begin identifying individual organs. You will also observe the cavities and their associated membranes before proceeding with your study of the digestive system. EXPOSING THE BODY CAVITIES should feel like the wall of a stretched balloon. With your skinned cat on its dorsal side, examine the cutting lines shown in Figure 4.1 and plan 2. Extend the cut laterally in both direc- out your dissection. Note that the numbers tions, roughly 4 inches, still working with indicate the sequence of the cutting procedure. your scissors. Cut in a curved pattern as Palpate the long, bony sternum and the softer, shown in Figure 4.1, which follows the cartilaginous xiphoid process to find the ventral contour of the diaphragm.
    [Show full text]
  • Artery/Vein Classification of Blood Vessel Tree in Retinal Imaging
    Artery/vein Classification of Blood Vessel Tree in Retinal Imaging Joaquim de Moura1, Jorge Novo1, Marcos Ortega1, Noelia Barreira1 and Pablo Charlon´ 2 1Departamento de Computacion,´ Universidade da Coruna,˜ A Coruna,˜ Spain 2Instituto Oftalmologico´ Victoria de Rojas, A Coruna,˜ Spain joaquim.demoura, jnovo, mortega, nbarreira @udc.es, [email protected] { } Keywords: Retinal Imaging, Vascular Tree, Segmentation, Artery/vein Classification. Abstract: Alterations in the retinal microcirculation are signs of relevant diseases such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, or diabetes. Specifically, arterial constriction and narrowing were associated with early stages of hypertension. Moreover, retinal vasculature abnormalities may be useful indicators for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. The Arterio-Venous Ratio (AVR), that measures the relation between arteries and veins, is one of the most referenced ways of quantifying the changes in the retinal vessel tree. Since these alterations affect differently arteries and veins, a precise characterization of both types of vessels is a key issue in the development of automatic diagnosis systems. In this work, we propose a methodology for the automatic vessel classification between arteries and veins in eye fundus images. The proposal was tested and validated with 19 near-infrared reflectance retinographies. The methodology provided satisfactory results, in a complex domain as is the retinal vessel tree identification and classification. 1 INTRODUCTION Hence, direct analysis of many injuries caused by oc- ular pathologies can be achieved, as is the case, for The analysis of the eye fundus offers useful infor- example, the diabetic retinopathy (DR). The DR is a mation about the status of the different structures the diabetes mellitus complication, one of the principal human visual system integrates, as happens with the causes of blindness in the world (Pascolini, 2011).
    [Show full text]