DOCSLIB.ORG

Control of Dorsoventral Patterning of Somitic Derivatives by Notochord

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Control of Dorsoventral Patterning of Somitic Derivatives by Notochord Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 5242-5246, June 1993 Developmental Biology Control of dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives by notochord and floor plate (BEN glycoprotein/muscle differentiation/cartilage/myotome/sclerotome) OLIVIER POURQUI0*t, MONIQUE COLTEY*, MARIE-AIM1E TEILLET*, CHARLES ORDAHLt, AND NICOLE M. LE DOUARIN* *Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et du College de France, 49 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94 736 Nogent sur Marne Cedex, France; and tDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94116 Contributed by Nicole M. Le Douarin, February 22, 1993 ABSTRACT We have examined the effect of implantation between the paraxial mesoderm and the neural tube and of a supernumerary notochord or floor plate on dorsoventral examined the grafts' effects on somitic cell differentiation. somitic organization. We show that notochord and floor plate Our results indicate that the notochord and floor plate are are able to inhibit the differentiation of the dorsal somitic able to "ventralize" the somitic mesoderm, as was shown by derivatives-i.e., axial muscles and dermis-thus converting others to occur for the neural tube. This suggests a central the entire somite into cartilage, which normally arises only role for the notochord not only in the dorsoventral organi- from its ventral part. We infer from these results that the zation ofthe neural tube but also in that ofsomitic mesoderm. dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives is controlled by sigals provided by ventral axial structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the vertebrate embryo, one manifestation of anteroposte- Chicken embryos (JA 57 from Institut de Sdlection Animale, rior polarity is the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm Lyon, France) and quail embryos were obtained from com- into somites. The somites are formed by the organization of mercial sources. Microsurgery was performed in ovo at mesenchymal cells in epithelial balls which are progressively stages ranging from 8 to 25 somites. Three series of opera- generated according to a craniocaudal gradient on both sides tions were performed. In the first series (Fig. 1, arrows a and of the neural tube. They become secondarily polarized along b), either the notochord (n > 30) or various parts ofthe neural the dorsoventral axis by their segregation into a dorsal and a tube (n > 20) were grafted into a groove made with a and microscalpel between the neural tube and the paraxial me- ventral component, designated dermomyotome sclero- soderm. The notochord was removed from the trunk of tome, respectively. The dermomyotome arises from the embryos ranging from 8 to 20 somites after incubation for 5 dorsal part of the somite (1) and differentiates into striated min with 20% pancreatin (GIBCO) in Ca2+- and Mg2+-free muscles (for the myotome) and dermis (for the dermatome). Tyrode's solution. For neural tube grafts, the truncal region The sclerotome yields the axial skeleton-i.e., the vertebrae, of the neural tube from embryos at stages 15-22 of Ham- intervertebral disks, and ribs (2). The early epithelial somites burger and Hamilton (11) was enzymatically dissociated and can also be divided into a lateral and medial moiety which the ventral zone, including the endogenous floor plate, as differ by their origin during gastrulation and by their subse- well as dorsal and lateral portions were cut out using Pascheff quent fate (3, 4). scissors or microscalpels. Grafts were usually performed We are interested in the role of notochord and neural tube over a length corresponding to about 10 somites at the level in the development of somites and that of neural crest of the last somites formed and of the unsegmented plate. derivatives, which are intimately associated (5, 6). The After the operation, the embryos were incubated for 1-8 notochord is an axial structure of mesodermal origin which days. For sham operations (n = 8), a cat hair or a baby hair plays a critical role in establishing the dorsoventral polarity was grafted by the same protocol. No perturbation of devel- of the neural tube (7). It induces the ventral midline of the opment was observed in these cases. In a second series of neuroepithelium to differentiate into a specialized group of experiments (Fig. 1, arrow c), embryos which received an cells, the floor plate (8, 9), which in turn acquires inductive ectopic graft of notochord were used as donors of neural properties that promote differentiation of motoneurons in the tube. The neural tube was dissociated and the region of the ventral horns (7). Notochord and floor plate are able, when neuroepithelium facing the grafted notochord, including the grafted dorsally or laterally to the neural tube in 2-day induced floor plate, was isolated and grafted as in the first chicken embryos, to induce ectopically ventral-like struc- experimental series. As a control, the ventral region of the tures-i.e., floor plate and motoneurons (7, 9). Although the neural tube, including the endogenous floor plate, was grafted role of neural tube and notochord in the development of the according to the same procedure. In the third series of axial skeleton and in cartilage induction has been thoroughly experiments (Fig. 1, arrow d), 15- to 16-somite chicken studied (10), their role in the patterning of the mesoderm is embryos were deprived of the notochord in the unsegmented poorly understood. In view of the close developmental rela- region as described (5). One day later, the operated embryos tionships between the axial structures (neural tube and no- [stages 18-19 of Hamburger and Hamilton (11)] were used as tochord) and the paraxial mesoderm in the vertebrate em- donors for grafts of the ventral part of the neural tube. Some bryo, we decided to examine how the notochord and the embryos deprived ofnotochord were fixed at different stages neural tube could act in the segregation of the different cell between embryonic day 3 (E3) and E7 as controls. lineages arising from the somites. For this purpose, we have The embryos were fixed in Carnoy's fixative, embedded in grafted the notochord or different portions of the neural tube paraffin, and serially sectioned. They were analyzed by immunocytochemistry using anti-BEN antibody to identify The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" Abbreviation: En, embryonic day n. in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. tTo whom reprint requests should be addressed. 5242 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 Developmental Biology: Pourqui6 et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 5243 A spinal cord and the differentiation of extra motoneurons in the dorsolateral half of the neural tube. This induction of tn-N ventral structures in the neural tube was evidenced by using an anti-BEN monoclonal antibody. BEN is a glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily whose expression in the neural tube is restricted to floor-plate cells and motoneurons (12, 14). Although in many cases the induced floor plate did not express the BEN epitope, a characteristic wedging ofthe neural tube was observed (15). The influence of the graft on the unsegmented mesoderm was already detectable at E2.5 and E3. At the level of the graft, somite segmentation proceeded normally, but the dermomyotome was greatly Z uvz reduced or completely absent (Fig. 2A). This resulted later on in the absence or extreme reduction of the myotome and dermis. In embryos examined from E7 onward, it was obvious that the sclerotomal derivatives of the somites were expanded in the vicinity of the implanted notochord. Carti- B lage was much more abundant on the operated than on the contralateral side, whereas the dorsal derivatives-i.e., para- tEct vertebral muscles and dermis-were absent (Fig. 2D). When the notochord was implanted at the level of the somites that were already formed, the result was merely a disturbance of the spatial relationships between myotome and sclerotome. The myotome appeared reduced and located c Somite more laterally and ventrally than in the normal situation. In the region at the border between segmented and unsegmented mesoderm, a transition between the total absence of the dermomyotome and its displacement to a lateroventral po- Graft sition was observed. In most cases, the development oflimb, girdle, and body wall muscles was normal. Therefore, cells derived from the lateral part of the somite were not affected Unsegmented pm by the graft. Grafts of Different Portions of the Neural Tube. Implanta- tion of an additional notochord laterally to the neural tube at E2 is thus able to inhibit the differentiation of dorsal muscles Hensen's node and dermis while increasing the size of ventral somitic derivatives-i.e., cartilage. This result extends the ventral- izing activity of the notochord on the neural tube to somitic derivatives. It cannot be excluded that the latter is indirectly mediated through the neural tube. To determine whether the FIG. 1. Schematic drawing of the grafting procedure. (A) Rep- ventralizing properties of the notochord on the mesoderm resentation of the different tissues used as implants (shaded) as were shared by the floor plate, we applied the same exper- indicated by arrows: a, notochord (n); b, ventral zone (vz) of the imental paradigm to different portions of the neural tube. neural tube, including the floor plate (black area), or lateral zone (lz), or dorsal zone (dz), including the roof plate from normal embryo; c, When the floor plate was included in the graft placed induced ectopic ventral zone (ivz) including the secondary floor plate laterally to the neural tube, the effect on somite differentia- from an embryo having received a graft of notochord (n'); d, tion was similar to that produced by the notochord.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3 Embryology and Development
    BIOL 6505 − INTRODUCTION TO FETAL MEDICINE 3. EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT Arlet G. Kurkchubasche, M.D. INTRODUCTION Embryology – the field of study that pertains to the developing organism/human Basic embryology –usually taught in the chronologic sequence of events. These events are the basis for understanding the congenital anomalies that we encounter in the fetus, and help explain the relationships to other organ system concerns. Below is a synopsis of some of the critical steps in embryogenesis from the anatomic rather than molecular basis. These concepts will be more intuitive and evident in conjunction with diagrams and animated sequences. This text is a synopsis of material provided in Langman’s Medical Embryology, 9th ed. First week – ovulation to fertilization to implantation Fertilization restores 1) the diploid number of chromosomes, 2) determines the chromosomal sex and 3) initiates cleavage. Cleavage of the fertilized ovum results in mitotic divisions generating blastomeres that form a 16-cell morula. The dense morula develops a central cavity and now forms the blastocyst, which restructures into 2 components. The inner cell mass forms the embryoblast and outer cell mass the trophoblast. Consequences for fetal management: Variances in cleavage, i.e. splitting of the zygote at various stages/locations - leads to monozygotic twinning with various relationships of the fetal membranes. Cleavage at later weeks will lead to conjoined twinning. Second week: the week of twos – marked by bilaminar germ disc formation. Commences with blastocyst partially embedded in endometrial stroma Trophoblast forms – 1) cytotrophoblast – mitotic cells that coalesce to form 2) syncytiotrophoblast – erodes into maternal tissues, forms lacunae which are critical to development of the uteroplacental circulation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zebrafish Presomitic Mesoderm Elongates Through Compression-Extension
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.11.434927; this version posted March 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. The zebrafish presomitic mesoderm elongates through compression-extension Lewis Thomson1, Leila Muresan2 and Benjamin Steventon1* 1) Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EH 2) Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK *[email protected] Abstract In vertebrate embryos the presomitic mesoderm become progressively segmented into somites at the anterior end while extending along the anterior- posterior axis. A commonly adopted model to explain how this tissue elongates is that of posterior growth, driven in part by the addition of new cells from uncommitted progenitor populations in the tailbud. However, in zebrafish, much of somitogenesis is associated with an absence of overall volume increase and posterior progenitors do not contribute new cells until the final stages of somitogenesis. Here, we perform a comprehensive 3D morphometric analysis of the paraxial mesoderm and reveal that extension is linked to a volumetric decrease, compression in both dorsal-ventral and medio-lateral axes, and an increase in cell density. We also find that individual cells decrease in their cell volume over successive somite stages. Live cell tracking confirms that much of this tissue deformation occurs within the presomitic mesoderm progenitor zone and is associated with non-directional rearrangement. Furthermore, unlike the trunk somites that are laid down during gastrulation, tail somites develop from a tissue that can continue to elongate in the absence of functional PCP signalling.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration of Neural Crest Cells and the Growth of Motor Axons Through the Rostral Half of the Chick Somite
    /. Embryol. exp. Morph. 90, 437-455 (1985) 437 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of motor axons through the rostral half of the chick somite M. RICKMANN, J. W. FAWCETT The Salk Institute and The Clayton Foundation for Research, California division, P.O. Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92138, U.S.A. AND R. J. KEYNES Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, U.K. SUMMARY We have studied the pathway of migration of neural crest cells through the somites of the developing chick embryo, using the monoclonal antibodies NC-1 and HNK-1 to stain them. Crest cells, as they migrate ventrally from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, pass through the lateral part of the sclerotome, but only through that part of the sclerotome which lies in the rostral half of each somite. This migration pathway is almost identical to the path which pre- sumptive motor axons take when they grow out from the neural tube shortly after the onset of neural crest migration. In order to see whether the ventral root axons are guided along this pathway by neural crest cells, we surgically excised the neural crest from a series of embryos, and examined the pattern of axon outgrowth approximately 24 h later. In somites which contained no neural crest cells, ventral root axons were still found only in the rostral half of the somite, although axonal growth was slightly delayed. These axons were surrounded by sheath cells, which had presumably migrated out of the neural tube, to a point about 50 jan proximal to the growth cones.
    [Show full text]
  • From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal Interactions During Embryonic Development
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal Interactions during Embryonic Development Nitza Kahane and Chaya Kalcheim * Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: To ensure the formation of a properly patterned embryo, multiple processes must operate harmoniously at sequential phases of development. This is implemented by mutual interactions between cells and tissues that together regulate the segregation and specification of cells, their growth and morphogenesis. The formation of the spinal cord and paraxial mesoderm derivatives exquisitely illustrate these processes. Following early gastrulation, while the vertebrate body elongates, a pop- ulation of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors resident in the posterior region of the embryo generate both neural and mesodermal lineages. At later stages, the somitic mesoderm regulates aspects of neural patterning and differentiation of both central and peripheral neural progenitors. Reciprocally, neural precursors influence the paraxial mesoderm to regulate somite-derived myogen- esis and additional processes by distinct mechanisms. Central to this crosstalk is the activity of the axial notochord, which, via sonic hedgehog signaling, plays pivotal roles in neural, skeletal muscle and cartilage ontogeny. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular basis underlying this complex Citation: Kahane, N.; Kalcheim, C. developmental plan, with a focus on the logic of sonic hedgehog activities in the coordination of the From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal neural-mesodermal axis.
    [Show full text]
  • Induction of Motor Neurons by Sonic Hedgehog Is Independent of Floor Plate Differentiation Yasuto Tanabe, Henk Roelink and Thomas M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Induction of motor neurons by Sonic hedgehog is independent of floor plate differentiation Yasuto Tanabe, Henk Roelink and Thomas M. Jessell Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Deptartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA. Background: The differentiation of floor plate cells and transfected with Shh induced both floor plate cells and motor neurons in the vertebrate neural tube appears to be motor neurons when grown in contact with neural plate induced by signals from the notochord. The secreted pro- explants, whereas only motor neurons were induced when tein encoded by the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene is expressed the explants were grown at a distance from Shh-trans- by axial midline cells and can induce floor plate cells in fected COS cells. Direct transfection of neural plate cells vivo and in vitro. Motor neurons can also be induced in with an Shh-expression construct induced both floor plate vitro by cells that synthesize Sonic hedgehog protein cells and motor neurons, with motor neuron differentia- (Shh). It remains unclear, however, if the motor-neuron- tion occurring prior to, or coincidentally with, floor plate inducing activity of Shh depends on the synthesis of a dis- differentiation. The induction of motor neurons appears, tinct signaling molecule by floor plate cells. To resolve therefore, not to depend on floor plate differentiation. this issue, we have developed an in vitro assay which Conclusions: The induction of motor neurons by uncouples the notochord-mediated induction of motor Shh does not depend on distinct floor-plate-derived neurons from floor plate differentiation, and have used signaling molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond
    cells Review Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond Sarah Kuhn y, Laura Gritti y, Daniel Crooks and Yvonne Dombrowski * Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (D.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +0044-28-9097-6127 These authors contributed equally. y Received: 15 October 2019; Accepted: 7 November 2019; Published: 12 November 2019 Abstract: Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
    REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm.
    [Show full text]
  • Sonic Hedgehog Induces the Lateral Floor Plate
    Development 129, 4785-4796 (2002) 4785 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 DEV2912 Dual origin of the floor plate in the avian embryo Jean-Baptiste Charrier, Françoise Lapointe, Nicole M. Le Douarin and Marie-Aimée Teillet* Institut d’Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS and Collège de France, UMR 7128, 49bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 30 July 2002 SUMMARY Molecular analysis carried out on quail-chick chimeras, in development, one can experimentally obtain a complete which quail Hensen’s node was substituted for its chick floor plate in the neural epithelium by the inductive action counterpart at the five- to six-somite stage (ss), showed that of either a notochord or a MFP. The competence of the the floor plate of the avian neural tube is composed of neuroepithelium to respond to notochord or MFP signals is distinct areas: (1) a median one (medial floor plate or MFP) restricted to a short time window, as only the posterior-most derived from Hensen’s node and characterised by the same region of the neural plate of embryos younger than 15 ss is gene expression pattern as the node cells (i.e. expression of able to differentiate a complete floor plate comprising MFP HNF3β and Shh to the exclusion of genes early expressed and LFP. Moreover, MFP differentiation requires between in the neural ectoderm such as CSox1); and (2) lateral 4 and 5 days of exposure to the inducing tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Induction of Floor Plate Differentiation by Contact-Dependent
    Development 117, 205-218 (1993) 205 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1993 Induction of floor plate differentiation by contact-dependent, homeogenetic signals Marysia Placzek1, Thomas M. Jessell2 and Jane Dodd1,* 1Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and 1,2Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA *Author for correspondence SUMMARY The floor plate is located at the ventral midline of the derive from medial floor plate cells. The response of neural tube and has been implicated in neural cell pat- neural plate cells to inductive signals declines with terning and axon guidance. To address the cellular embryonic age, suggesting that the mediolateral extent mechanisms involved in floor plate differentiation, we of the floor plate is limited by a loss of competence of have used an assay that monitors the expression of floor- neural cells. The rostral boundary of the floor plate at plate-specific antigens in neural plate explants cultured the midbrain-forebrain junction appears to result from in the presence of inducing tissues. Contact-mediated the lack of inducing activity in prechordal mesoderm signals from both the notochord and the floor plate act and the inability of rostral neural plate cells to respond directly on neural plate cells to induce floor plate differ- to inductive signals. entiation. Floor plate induction is initiated medially by a signal from the notochord, but appears to be propa- gated to more lateral cells by homeogenetic signals that Key words: floor plate, notochord, neural plate, induction.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Dorsoventral Patterning of Somitic Derivatives by Notochord
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 5242-5246, June 1993 Developmental Biology Control of dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives by notochord and floor plate (BEN glycoprotein/muscle differentiation/cartilage/myotome/sclerotome) OLIVIER POURQUI0*t, MONIQUE COLTEY*, MARIE-AIM1E TEILLET*, CHARLES ORDAHLt, AND NICOLE M. LE DOUARIN* *Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et du College de France, 49 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94 736 Nogent sur Marne Cedex, France; and tDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94116 Contributed by Nicole M. Le Douarin, February 22, 1993 ABSTRACT We have examined the effect of implantation between the paraxial mesoderm and the neural tube and of a supernumerary notochord or floor plate on dorsoventral examined the grafts' effects on somitic cell differentiation. somitic organization. We show that notochord and floor plate Our results indicate that the notochord and floor plate are are able to inhibit the differentiation of the dorsal somitic able to "ventralize" the somitic mesoderm, as was shown by derivatives-i.e., axial muscles and dermis-thus converting others to occur for the neural tube. This suggests a central the entire somite into cartilage, which normally arises only role for the notochord not only in the dorsoventral organi- from its ventral part. We infer from these results that the zation ofthe neural tube but also in that ofsomitic mesoderm. dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives is controlled by sigals provided by ventral axial structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the vertebrate embryo, one manifestation of anteroposte- Chicken embryos (JA 57 from Institut de Sdlection Animale, rior polarity is the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm Lyon, France) and quail embryos were obtained from com- into somites.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutations Affecting Cell Fates and Cellular Rearrangements During Gastrulation in Zebrafish
    Development 123, 67-80 67 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 DEV3335 Mutations affecting cell fates and cellular rearrangements during gastrulation in zebrafish Lilianna Solnica-Krezel†, Derek L. Stemple, Eliza Mountcastle-Shah, Zehava Rangini‡, Stephan C. F. Neuhauss, Jarema Malicki, Alexander F. Schier§, Didier Y. R. Stainier¶, Fried Zwartkruis**, Salim Abdelilah and Wolfgang Driever* Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Bldg. 149, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA †Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Box 1820, Station B, Nashville, TN 37235, USA ‡Present address: Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel §Present address: Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA ¶Present address: School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0554, USA **Present address: Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) SUMMARY One of the major challenges of developmental biology is mutations in these two groups identify genes necessary for understanding the inductive and morphogenetic processes the formation, maintenance or function of the dorsal that shape the vertebrate embryo. In a large-scale genetic organizer and the ventral signaling pathway, respectively. screen for zygotic effect, embryonic lethal mutations in Mutations in the third group affect primarily cellular zebrafish we have identified 25 mutations that affect spec- rearrangements during gastrulation and have complex ification of cell fates and/or cellular rearrangements during effects on cell fates in the embryo.
    [Show full text]
  • Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish
    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 2032553’10 (1995) Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish CHARLES B. KIMMEL, WILLIAM W. BALLARD, SETH R. KIMMEL, BONNIE ULLMANN, AND THOMAS F. SCHILLING Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1254 (C.B.K., S.R.K., B.U., T.F.S.); Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 (W.W.B.) ABSTRACT We describe a series of stages for Segmentation Period (10-24 h) 274 development of the embryo of the zebrafish, Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. We define seven broad peri- Pharyngula Period (24-48 h) 285 ods of embryogenesis-the zygote, cleavage, blas- Hatching Period (48-72 h) 298 tula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, and hatching periods. These divisions highlight the Early Larval Period 303 changing spectrum of major developmental pro- Acknowledgments 303 cesses that occur during the first 3 days after fer- tilization, and we review some of what is known Glossary 303 about morphogenesis and other significant events that occur during each of the periods. Stages sub- References 309 divide the periods. Stages are named, not num- INTRODUCTION bered as in most other series, providing for flexi- A staging series is a tool that provides accuracy in bility and continued evolution of the staging series developmental studies. This is because different em- as we learn more about development in this spe- bryos, even together within a single clutch, develop at cies. The stages, and their names, are based on slightly different rates. We have seen asynchrony ap- morphological features, generally readily identi- pearing in the development of zebrafish, Danio fied by examination of the live embryo with the (Brachydanio) rerio, embryos fertilized simultaneously dissecting stereomicroscope.
    [Show full text]