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Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 04 (D), pp. 38236-38240, April, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

ENGINEERING OF MORPHOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMICALS AND BENEFICIAL IMPACT OF sp

1Babita Kumari and Hitesh Solanki2

1Department of Bio-technology, Sophitorium Institute of Technology and Life Skills Khordha, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha-752050 2Department of Gujarat University Ahmedabad Gujarat -380009

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1104.5267

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: Butea are commonly known as flame of the forest or the flame belongs to the subfamily “Caesalpinioideae,” of family or Leguminosae. It grows all over . Butea are Received 10th January, 2020 nd commonly termed as Palash Tree in India.They are also rich source of minerals like iron, calcium, Received in revised form 2 potassium and magnesium. The several states of India is not only a forest of natural rich state but February, 2020 also has a rich availability of Butea. It is used for timber, resin, fodder, medicine, and dye. The Accepted 26th March, 2020 th wood is dirty white and soft. Being durable under water, it is used for well-curbs and water scoops. Published online 28 April, 2020 Spoons and ladles made of this tree are used in various Hindu rituals to pour into the fire. Good charcoal can be obtained from it. The are usually very leathery and not eaten by cattle. The leaves were used by earlier generations of people to serve food instead of plastic plates. The gum is Key Words: known as Bengal Kino and is considered valuable by druggists because of its astringent qualities and Butea, , Butea by leather workers because of its tannin, In context, it is used in certain food dishes. The are braamiana , Butea buteiformis and Butea mostly used to prepare traditional colour called "Kesari". It is also used as a dye for fabric. superb., Morphology, Phytochemical The objective of this paper is to review the comprehensive study on morphological and phytochemical compounds present in Butea . compounds etc.

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INTRODUCTION Kinshuk, Polash, Bengali, Pauk (Burmese), Polāx in Assamese, Porasum, Parasu (Tam.), Muriku, Shamata Butea are the most diligent ever in the world. The (Mal.), Modugu (Telugu), various parts of this plant such as , bark, , and seed Khakda (Guj.), Kela (Sinh.)Ploso (Javanese), Palash gum are used in traditional medicine. The significant impact (Odia), Semarkat Api (Malay). of Butea on pharmacological activities such as anti- hyperglycemic, anti-tumorous, anti-cancerous, anti-oxidant, The literacy in India symbolizes many folk on palash as the wound healing, antibacterial and antiviral activities (Kritikar forest fire. The beauty of dry forests of Palash is et al. 2011, Dubey et al. 2012).The varied species of Butea in found in several states like, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, south-East Asia ranging from India, , , but it is called a State Flower of . , SriLanka, , , , and The tree is a form Agni based on the God of fire and war. The . In India, The plant observed in Assam, , flowers are specially used in the worship of Lord on Karnataka, , adjacent parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and occasion of Shivaratri in Southern India which is commonly Chhattisgarh (Das et al. 2009). Much Indian culture associated called Modugu chettu in district of Andhra Pradesh. with Butea on its bright orange flame-like flower to fire.The The term plasu and chamata and vishalnarayan is used in tree of Palash is associated with folk tradition in Jharkhand, Kerela. Chamata is widely used for their fire ritual. The Also widely used in ethno- botanical study (Kornkanok et al. ayurvedic formulations made from this plant are used to 2003). Butea known as Bastard Teak, Parrot reduce the vāta and kapha among the tridoas.

Tree (Eng.), Chichra tesu, desukajhad, dhaak, palaash, chalcha, kankrei (), PaLash (Marathi), Kesudo (Gujarati) Palashpapra (), Muthuga (.),

*Corresponding author: Babita Kumari Department of Bio-technology, Sophitorium Institute of Technology and Life Skills Khordha, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha-752050 International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 04 (D), pp. 38236-38240, April, 2020

Survey and Collection of Specimen Morphological Study

The Specimen of Buteasp. was collected from Khordha, Butea classify into Butea monosperma, Butea braamiana , Odisha. Khordha district come under Butea buteiformis and Butea superb. the Indian state of Odisha, also known as the Hindu Butea monosperma belongs to the family Fabaceae or pilgrimage city of Puri. It is located at Latitude 20° 10' 57.65" Leguminosae. The Sepal is are uniseriate, multicellular N and Longitude 85° 36' 58.64" E.Khordha is an trichomes and bunch of secretory canals present on lower administrative division of the state of Odisha, India. The surface, epidermis followed by three or four-layered, thin- capital city of Bhubaneswar is located in this district. Khurda walled, loosely arranged parenchymatous cells on both upper is the most urbanized of all the districts of Odisha. and lower surfaces. The middle part of the standard petal was 500 μm thick (Figure 2a). The leaves of Butea monosperma grow alternately on the s tem (spirally arranged). The leaf is compound, trifoliate. The leaflets are dark green- coloured above and paler beneath (Figure 2b). The leaf is coriaceous andpubescent on both sides. The leaflets have a 0.8-1 cm long petiole. The leaflet of Butea monosperma is 8-12 cm long and 6-8 cm wide. The shape of the blade is ovate, the apex is acute, the base is cuneate or oblique and the margins are entire. The venation of the leaf is reticulate with a prominent midrib. Flower is a unique character of plant identification, the petal arrangement in this plant plays a major role in identifying this plant. Even though Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia has included a monograph of this flower, an elaborate microscopic study of the flower is crucial as flower has been used in traditional medicine. Stamens are diadelphous (Figure 2c). The petal was 500 μm thick in the middle and 150 μm thick along the margin, the marginal part was thick and bluntly conical. The middle part of the keel petal was curved, and it was estimated

Figure 1 MapShowing (Arrow) Collection of Butea sp. from (Jatni) Khorda, about 400 μm thick (Figure 2d). A complete mature plant is Odisha. shown in Figure 2e.It has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 feet). Seasonal Adaptation Butea braamiana The seasonal variation is most significant factors for to survive in land. The adaptation of plant Butea found in the The plant is woody with climbing shrubs. The old branches areas should have the capacity for an annual rainfall of more are grayish brown. The young branchlets are blackish brown, than 35000mm (Das et al. 2009). The significant types of soils velutinous, with whitish yellow hairs. The Petiole 10-13 cm; need for cultivation are black cotton soil, clay loam and stipels subulate, ca. 3 mm, hairy; petiolules ca. 5 mm, like shallow soil. The Plant gradually reproduces from seed. The petiole densely velutinous with whitish yellow hairs; leaflets pH need for growth ranging 6 to 7 under high temperature and obovate-rhomboid, 6-8 × 4-6.5 cm, densely velutinous with vigor humidity. whitish yellow hairs on both surfaces, especially on margin

Cultivation of Plant and abaxially, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, conspicuous on both surfaces, reticulate veins indistinct, areoles obscure abaxially, To cultivate the plant, First of all the dispersing of ripe seeds base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex emarginate or not; was done during the rainy season. The regular interval of terminal leaflet (immature) ca. 6 cm from lateral ones. watering and weeding was carried out and the seedlings are few flowered. Calyx are light green. The leaves are transplanted during the rainy season after the stem is trimmed pinnate, with an 8–16 cm (3.1–6.3 in) petiole and three to 3 cm. Several workers reported that the growth of seedlings leaflets, each leaflet 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long. of Butea is observed better in pure black soil (Verma et al. The flowers are 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long, bright orange-red, and 1998). produced in racemes up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long. The is

Classification a pod 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) long and 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in) broad. Kingdom: Plantae Butea buteiformis Subkingdom:Tracheobionta Division:Magnoliophyta This type of Butea is found at average altitudes of 2000- Class:Magnoliopsida 2200 m North East India, Myanmar, Nepal and China. The Subclass:Rosidae flowering season occurs in April-August. This Butea is a Order: shrub or perennial herb. Stems are erect, velvety with Family:Fabaceae brownish hairs. Leaves are trifolitae, with stalks 10-20 cm :Butea long. Leaflets are broadly ovate- elliptic, 15-45 × 12-35 cm, Species:monosperma silky with brownish hairs, lateral veins 10-12 pairs, base 38237 | P a g e Babita Kumari and Hitesh Solanki., Engineering of Morphology, Phytochemicals and Beneficial Impact of Butea sp rounded or flat, tip pointed. Flowers are borne in many reproduction, and skeleton growth in humans and to cure skin flowered racemes or panicles. Sepal cup is 6-8 mm, velvety illnesses, scabies, piles, and rheumatism. Zinc is composed of with brownish hairs. Flowers are orange-red, pea-flower many metalloenzymes and also is membrane stabilizer and shaped. Standard petal is broadly elliptic, recurved, about 1.5 stimulator of the immune response. Its deficiency leads to loss cm; wings are narrowly ovate, falcate, about 1.3 cm; keel of appetite and weakens immune function and hair loss, ovate, about 1.7 cm. Pods are 6-10 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, delayed sexual maturation, impotence and hypogonadism in velvety with brownish hairs. males, and eye and skin lesions. Chromium assists carbohydrate metabolism and supports transmission in the is a vining shrub native to , Vietnam, neuromuscular system its deficiency causes diabetes in and India thought by locals to be an aphrodisiac among other humans (Table 1). effects. It is abundantly distributed in the Thai deciduous forest and has been popular among Thai males for its Table 1 Showing the Organic Elements in different parts of supposed effects on rejuvenation and sexual vigor. In English Butea sp. it has variously been called red kwao krua, creeping butea, In Organic Elements Plant Parts butea gum tree, flame of the forest, and climbing palash. Leaves Stem Bark Flower Zn 67.0 52.3 72.8 43.3 Mn 57.2 38.0 65.0 39.2 Cu 32.6 43.2 49.1 38.0 Cr 39.0 26.0 32.0 29.2 Pb 30.0 24.5 20.3 13.0

Phytochemical compounds in different parts of Butea sp.

In Butea sp., the phytochemical compound plays a vital role to signify the pharmacological activity.The flower contain triterpenes and flavonoids (Figure3a). The major glycoside of the flower is butrin. The bright color of the flower is due to the presence of chalcones and aurones (Madhavi et al. 2013). It also contains palsitrin, histidine, aspartic acid, alanine of phenyl-1-alanine, myricylalcohol, stearic, palmitic, arachidic and lignoceric acids, fructose, glucose, aspartic acid, alanine and phenylalanine and a new bioactive flavones glycoside(5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4'-trimethoxyflavone-7-Oalpha- L-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-- >4)-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside) (Wagner et al. 1986) .

Figure 2 a Sepals in healthy form

2b: A pair of Leaf of Butea sp. 2c : Some healthy pair of Stamens 2d: Petals of Butea sp. 2e: A complete flower of Butea sp. 2f: The mature tree of Butea. Sp.

Composition of Minerals

During present study, mineral elements in the dried flower Figure 3 a The Structure of triterpenes in Flower parts of Butea sp. powder were found produce significant therapeutic effects in Bark the human body. Minerals are also responsible of imparting color to the natural products. Chromium imparts orange color, The bark is hard and woody in nature contains Kino-tannic whereas Copper imparts red color and Manganese imparts acid and major glycosides like butrin, alanind, allophonic acid, orange yellow color. The present study has found the presence butolic acid, cyaniding, histidin, lupenone and lupeol of mineral elements in the dried flower powder. Various (Bandana et al. 1990) (Figure 3b) studies have shown minerals as having therapeutic effects in the humans. Copper deficiency results in chronic or repeated diarrhea and low resistance to infection and anemia. Manganese is needed for hemoglobin development, 38238 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 04 (D), pp. 38236-38240, April, 2020

Stem

The stem portion of Butea contains prunetin. In addition four compounds isolated from the stem of Butea monosperma have been characterized as 3-methoxy-8,9- methylenedioxypterocarp-6- ene, 21- methylene-22-hydroxy- 24-oxooctacosanoic acid Me ester, 4-pentacosanylphenol and pentacosanyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (Figure 3e).

Figure 3 b The Structure of Kino-tannic acid in Bark of Butea sp.

Leaf

The leaves contains glucoside, kino-oil that containing Figure 3e Showing the Chemical Structure of Prunetin. palmitic acid, lignoceric acid, oleic and linoleic acid (Verma et al. 1998, Hazare et al. 2013) (Figure 3c). Resins

The resins contain Z-amyrin, e-sitosterone glucoside and sucrose, lactone-nheneicosanoic acid-delta-lactone, laccijalaric esters I, II (Terpenic acid), jalaric esters I, II (Figure 3f).

Figure 3 c: The Chemical structure of Kino-tannic acid in Bark of Butea sp.

Seed

The fresh seeds of Butea contain lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes (Acharya et al. 2009, Mishra et al. 2012, 2013).

Fatty acids like myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, Figure 3f Showing the Chemical Structure Z-amyrin. arachidic acid, oleic, linoleic acid and linolenic(Figure 3 d). Roots: The root of Butea contains glycine and an aromatic hydroxy compound (Figure 3 g).

Figure 3g Showing the Chemical Structure Glycine.

CONCLUSION

The plant of Butea is a traditional phenomenon, which need a sophisticated documentation and having tremendous pharmacological aspects. The present overview becomes necessary to symbolize the presence of phytochemical

Figure 3d Mechanism of lipolytic enzyme along with Chemical Structure. compound such as flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, Z- amyrine, lipids etc. The flower contains huge amount of flavanoids which enhanced the role as antiviral, antcancer, 38239 | P a g e Babita Kumari and Hitesh Solanki., Engineering of Morphology, Phytochemicals and Beneficial Impact of Butea sp anti-inflamatory agent. Thus, came to concluded that Butea 8. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants, Edn 2, has a diverse research in modern inventions not in Vol-I, Lalit Mohan Basu Allahabad, India, 1935, 785- Biodiversity impact but also emerges out the pharmacological 788. studies to fight against pathetic disease, 9. .Kornkanok I, Prapapan T, Kanchanaporn C, Thitaree Y, Warawit T. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 89:261-264.. References 10. Madhavi A. An overview of Butea monosperma (Flame

1. Acharyya S, Patra A, Bag PK. Evaluation of the of Forest). World J. of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against Sciences. 2013; 3:307-319. enteric bacteria with particular reference to multi-drug 11. Mishra A, Verma S, Mishra AP. A plant review: Butea resistant Vibrio cholera. Tropical journal of monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze. Research Journal of pharmaceutical Research, 2009, 8(3). Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2. Bandara BR, Kumar NS, Wimalasiri KM. Constituents 2012; 3(1):700-714. of the stem bark from Butea monosperma 12. Mishra M, Yogendra S. Kumar S.Euphane triterpenoid (Leguminosae). Journal of the National Science Council and lipid constituents from Butea monosperma. of . 1990; 18(2):97-103. Phytochemistry. 2000; 54:835-838. 3. Das S, Khan ML, Rabha A, Bhattacharjya DK. Ethnomedicinal plants of Manas National Park, Assam, 13. Verma M, Shukla YN, Jain SP, Kumar S. Chemistry Northeast India, 2009. and biology of the Indian dhak tree Butea monosperma. 4. Das S, Khan ML, Rabha A, Bhattacharjya DK. Journal of Medicinal and aromatic plant sciences. 1998; Ethnomedicinal plants of Manas National Park, Assam, 20:85-92. Northeast India, 2009. 5. Dubey D, Rath S, Sahu MC, Debata NK, Padhy RN. 14. Wagner H,Geyer B, Fiebig M, Kiso Y,Hikino H. Antimicrobials of plant origin against TB and other Isoputrin and butrin, the antihepatotoxic principles of infections and Economics of plant drugs–Introspection, Butea monosperma flowers1. Planta medica. 1986; 2012. 52(02):77-79. 6. Gupta P, Chauhan NS, Pande M, Pathak A. Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Butea monosperma (Palash). International Journal of Agronomy and plant production. 2012; 3(7):255-8. 7. Hajare AG, Choudhary MD, Gupta NS. Plant Review: Phytochemical Constituents and Their Important Characterization of Butea Monosperma (Palash). International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Special Issue for National Conference on Recent Advances in Technology and Management for Integrated Growth. 2013; 5:1-4.

How to cite this article:

Babita Kumari and Hitesh Solanki.2020, Engineering of Morphology, Phytochemicals and Beneficial Impact of Butea sp. Int J Recent Sci Res. 11(04), pp. 38236-38240. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1104.5267

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