ia Why did the population — Super soap Wise Up Words After 1800, cheap soap became readily available. explode?— Soap is a powerful germ-killer (although before the alcoholic anaesthetic antiseptic 1860s people didn’t know that germscauseddisease). census immigrant immigration Between 1745 and 1 901, the population of Britain grew literacy maternity midwife so fast that one historian called it‘an explosion of people” on

There were about seven million people living in Britain Cleanercities e Analyse and explain howa variety in 1745, with anotherthree million in Ireland. By 1901, After the 1860s councils began to clean up their towns Britain’s population was nearly 40 million. In other words, of key factors affected the and cities. Clean water supplies and sewers were population after 1745. installed. Better housing was built too. The healthier the population had more than quadrupled! So what was towns included wider,lit streets and parks for the public 1 Write a sentence or twofor behindthis ‘explosion’? to use. & each of the following words:

There are only three possible waysfor a ~ a population. population to increase: 40 — Doctors and nurses 2a , Copy Source A into your i) the numberof births can increase After 1870, doctors started to use anaesthetics and B” book. Rememberto labelit — ii) the numberof deaths can decrease 30 — antiseptics to make operations safer and cleaner. clearly. iii) immigrants can move to the country. Fewer patients died of shock, pain or infection. Nurses werebetter trained too. They worked in a b Write downat least two Historians know that after 1745 the number of people 20 — growing number of hospitals. observations about the moving to Britain was similar to the numberof people information in the bar chart. leaving — so immigration couldn't have caused the 10 — 3 Makethreelists. In one, write population explosion. This leaves two other explanations! downall the factors that enghe Baby boom increased the number ofbirths. In Your task is to look through the following facts. Each has 1750 1800 1850 1900 After 1800 there were more and morefactories. the next, write downfactors that been identified by a historian as a cause of the population 7 million 11 million 21 million 37 million These employed child workers. Some parents had decreased the numberof deaths.In explosion between 1745 and 1901. Try to think whether i. more children knowing that they could send them the final list, write down factors that the information in each fact would: SOURCEA:This graph estimates the population of Britain out to earn money. did both. i) increase the numberof births between 1745 and 1901. Following 1801, and every ten years ii) decrease the number of deaths after, a census wastaken in , and Scotland. 4 @ ZI Use all you have However, it didn’t include Ireland's population. iii) do both. learned to answer this Sobering up essay question: Yr Fab farmers In the 1700s, there was a craze for drinking cheap ‘Why did the population “explode” After 1745, farmers produced morefood. People Young love gin. Lots of alcoholics died as a result. Also, heavy after 1745?’ had the opportunity to enjoy a healthier diet — gin drinking damaged unborn babies. In 1751, Your teacher will help you to plan fresh vegetables,fruit, meat, potatoes and dairy After 1745, people started to the governmentput a tax on gin, making it more products. All the protein and vitamins helped the — get married younger. This gave your essay carefully. It should expensive. Then fewer people were able to affordit. body to fight disease. } couples more time to have include: more children. An introduction — facts and figures about the increasein Clever kids population. Magic midwives Education improved. After 1870, better schools improved Paragraphs — each covering a After 1745, there were improvements in the care Jenner’s jabs literacy. Now people could read booklets giving advice different reason for increased of pregnant women by midwives. Some hospitals about health, diet, cleaning, childcare and care of the sick. In 1796, Edward Jenner births and decreased deaths. were even providing maternity beds by 1760. gi People began to lead healthier lives. discovered how to vaccinate Do you think some factors were against one of Britain's worst more important than others? diseases — smallpox. Gradually, Explain why. Smelly pants more and more people were

Hungry A conclusion — a summaryof your From 1800, started to replace wool as treated until in 1853 vaccination Find out how large the population of Britain Britain's most popular cloth. Cotton underwear was made compulsory for for More? findings. is today. Why not create a graph or chart to became very popular. Cotton is much easier to wash all. Eventually, smallpox than wool, so regular washingkilled off germs. disappeared. representBritain's population from 1745 to today? ae i From farming to i From farming to factories a

— —

LSA Bye more homework! Money-mad merchants and cash-crazy clothiers Many cloth merchants and clothiers made a fortune from the cloth trade — but they wanted more! They were helped in increasing their clothier domestic system Flying Shuttl In 1745, eight out of ten people lived in the countryside.Life profits by clever inventors who dreamed up machinesto speed up | wasvery tough in theseplaces and people tried to scrape © Explain how products were % the cloth-making process. If more cloth could be made, more cloth be _together enough food — by growingcrops andkeeping manutactured in Britain could be sold — which meant more profits for the clothiers! animals — to survive. But a bad harvest meantstarvation for before 1745. } the whole family if they couldn't afford to buy food from _ Great inventions © Examine how and why 4 / the local market. Many families protected themselves from Some weavers feared the new changed the way goods were famine by making products in their homes that they could sell In 1733, the machines would replace them. A for money. ae were these products? Who bought them? made in Britain, forever. was invented by John Kay. This group attacked Kay’s house and he not only enabled | CAN. | had to be smuggled outin a rolled- And whydidthis method of production come toanend? IIINAP stl et [me weavers to make cloth, much I up carpet! 2 wt \ quicker, it also let them make Ty Yer

It's a family affair! much widerstrips of material. Soon,all weavers were using the The domestic system (‘domestic’ I’m freezing, he’s Slave | Old loom faster Flying Shuttle! Be a Top Historian

describes the home or family) involved taken all my wool. driver! Top historians understand ¥

the whole household, with mums, dads In 1764, howinventors and their inventions and children all having their part to play. invented the Spinning Jenny. can bring huge changes. Think By turning a single wheel, how both John Kay and James The type of goods they made depended the operator could spin eight | Pes on the area they came from but could threads at once - instead of AR Hargreaves completely changed the be anything from shoes, socks, buttons, just one! Later, the Spinning way people worked! lace, hats, gloves, nails, chains or clay Jennys had over 80 spools ae making the production of pots. One of the most popular goods aeabing wheel thread even quicker. New Spinning Jenny 7 made in people’s homes was woollen cloth. This high-quality material became 1 Match each word on theleft with its famous around the world and, as the

straighteningit. This was Our cloth is some of the He’s getting a called carding carding a special machine that best around. The clothier baa-gain! ii) the spinner — the woman weavesyarninto cloth

sells it all over Europe. in the centre is twisting the spinning the process of untangling woollen fibres into single wheelwool

threads on a spinning wheel It wasn't just wool that was turned iii) the man on theleft who yarn a man who trades wool

into cloth. The soft fibres of the is weaving the threads, or loom fine threads made by cotton plant were brought to yarn, into cloth on a special twisting wool Britain from warmer countries machinecalled a loom. like India and America. The skilled 2 Explain how the Flying Shuttle and British spinners would turn this Spinning: Jenny increased profits. into thread and then the expert The death of the domestic system? 4 The clothier returns to collect the cloth Both the Flying Shuttle and Spinning Jenny increased the profits 3 F You are a clothier who needs weavers would weaveit into a light and pays the family for what they have of the clothiers — but still allowed more families to turn wool and comfortable cloth. Cotton cloth produced. He then gives them the the cloth to be producedin into cloth. Create a leaflet to push soon became more popular than wool for next week's order and takes homes. They were powered by either turning a handle or pressing through letter boxes that explains wool! Source A showscloth-making 3 The family could work whatever hours the cloth away to be dyeddifferent a pedal and were small enough to fit inside a cottage. But the next how the domestic system works and in a homein the 1750s. they wanted... as long as they met colours by another family, before invention changedall that — and life in Britain was never going to their deadlines. being sold. how people could make money. \X SJ be the same again!

Bee i From farming to factories i From farming to factories €

Bt

x ; re Pa F - es: Nomore homework! — ns Voymiky a { BAe. fever! ne ; ops z rs . pa Arkwright's method of manufacture (and the huge profits he Pian : eS 5 ‘ Sts factory system was making) inspired others to invent machines that produced spinning mule Arkwright and the first factory Fun for all the family? cloth even more quickly and cheaply. In 1779, The man most responsible for the ending of the Factory work didn’t mean an end to the whole family invented the spinning mule, which produced thread of a higher domestic system was a former wig maker called working — Arkwright employed womenandchildren quality than Arkwright's. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright designed ee . In 1769, he invented the spinning to work at , too. In fact, some factory owners which sped up the weaving process to the the power loom, frame — a machine that produced good, strong thread refused to employ men unless they brought their wives point where workers could keep up with the spinners. More and 1 Explain what ‘factory system’ means. B,. very quickly. The only problem was thatit was so big it and children with them! morefactories were built and, by 1820, many people had left their 2 “Sa fz) Match these

Pe couldn't fit in people's homesand it was so heavy that The domestic system was The economy of scale villages and gone to work in factories. descriptions to the x it needed to be powered by a-waterwheel. Arkwright's dying out - and being replaced by the factory system. Asthe numbers on the factory diagram. The reason that Cromford was such a success was solution was to put his huge spinning machinesin factories grew,their owners built more and more housesfor their This waterwheel is turned by the because it could produce cloth much more cheaply specially created buildings — knownas factories or workersto live in — and this was to lead to an even greater change river and provides powerfor the than under the domestic system. In one week, an mills. His first factory opened in 1771 at Cromford in to life in Britain. spinning framesin the factory. operator working his factory machine could produce Derbyshire and it was a massive success. This clock lets the workers know over 60 times more cloth than a whole family working ‘We used to gather potatoes before we came here. When not doing exactly what time it is. Anybodylate Open all hours! at home - for a fraction of the wages. This meant that, I used to mend fences or make baskets. We cameto the factory for work will be severely punished. All the machinesin Arkwright’s factory were powered Arkwright could sell his cloth for a much lower price five years ago, it’s regular work you see. I work on spinning machines The factory owner, who pocketsall by one waterwheel. As the wheel turned all day and of the profits! but still make a big profit! Soon, Arkwright opened and myfamily still works with me. The wife helps a machine operator night it meant that the machines (and workers) could more factories and the only cloth that people wanted and the kids clean. Paid oncea fortnight, family wage, in my pocket. These machinesare running Mindyou, I miss the freedom. When you’re your own boss, you 24 hours a day, producing cloth. work 24 hours a day! This led to people working ‘shifts; was his. Before long, this former wig maker had earned work whenyoulike. Now it’s all clock, clock, clock...’ meaning they had to turn up to work when Arkwright enough to build himself a huge mansion! Men, womenand children work told them to. The days of working the hours that suited shifts to operate the machines and SOURCEA:A factory worker in 1800. receive a regular wage. you were gone forever! b Explain how Arkwright made higher When working at home, people were used profits despite selling his cloth for less of ten years, to working whenever it suited them. The ‘Within the space ‘Wanted at Cromford. money. Frame- a poor man worth factories changed all that. Now workers had to from being work-knitters and weavers Arkwright has 3 Look at Source A. In one of Arkwright’s mills, one man was fired for work when the factory owner told them to. £5, Richard with large families, Likewise

an estate of £20,000; a_|n what wayshasthe factory system purchased childrenofall ‘being late for no reason! Anotherwasfired for when ages may have while thousands of women, constant changed this worker's life? ‘terrifying S. Pearson with an ugly face’ and ‘putting employment. Boys work, must work a they can get and young men mayhave b What do you think the worker means Mr Haynes’ dog in a bucket of hot water’ card, spin and reel . long day to trades taught them, which by ‘clock, clock, clock...’? of cotton, and for this will 5040 yards enable them to maintain just four-pence or five- 4 Look at Source B. Doesthis source Some workers they have a family in a short time.’ more.’ criticize or praise Richard Arkwright? couldn't get used to pence and no Explain your answer carefully. working for a‘boss’ A SOURCE©:An advert when they were A SOURCEB:An extract from 5 Read Source C. What do you think used to working with from The Derby Mercury, It was dangerous An Impartial Representation of the attracted people to Cromford? their families. Factory 20 September, 1781. work with no safety Case of the Poor Cotton Spinnersin owners were forced 6 @ The Big Write! guards or factory Lancashire, 1780. to introducestrict inspectors to check codesofdiscipline. a SOURCED:Cromford Mill People came from all over the world to up on dangerous s Ne in Derbyshire, one of the most visit Cromford. Imagine you are a German conditions.

i : important buildingsin British, visitor, who has to write a report for “i “34 and world, history. someoneconsidering opening a factory. Describe how the factory operates, what

you have seen and so on. Perhapsinclude

a picture or diagram. In order to focus The factory , Women and children worked in Water power meantthat

your writing, you must write no more \ owners made the factories as well as the men. the machines (and workers) i huge profits. They were cheap to employ. could work non-stop. than 150 words.

ce 1 From farming to factories 1 From farming to factories r N)|

in-7.6 rhow did factories create ~ Ve SOURCE C: Some of Britain's 1800 \ __| built-up areas major industrial towns. towns? \ Leeds and Liverpool he Mission ObRao Eight out of ten people lived in the countryside in 1745. The few towns e Explain how factories caused the population of that did exist were very small and their towns To increase. biggest buildings would have been a church or cathedral. But the new ° Suggest reasons why steam engines replaced factories changedall this. So how did waterwheels as the source of power for factories. factories create towns? How were these e Evaluate the positive and negative effects that this factories poweredif they weren't next to new power source had. rivers? And whatdid these new towns e Analyse the significance of both Watt and Boulton. look like?

The countryside empties WV SOURCEA:Thebirth ofa town. CI The new factories were like magnets. They pulled people from the countryside with the promise of regular work and good wages. When factory owners started to build housesfor their workers, shops, churches and inns soon followed. Places that were previously / es He-oneet tiny villages grew into large towns and small towns became huge, irming! overcrowdedcities. SourceA illustrates how the building of a factory foventry © could lead to the creation of a large town. Source B shows how some of Britain's most famous towns and cities grew between 1745

and 1851. Source C shows where some of these major industrial towns were situated whilst Source illustrates how one town — Bradford — grew in size from 1800 to 1873. Population increases in someBritish towns

1745 1801 1851 1 Look at Source A. Imagine you have built a factory that is Liverpool 35,000 82,000 376,000 E going to create a town. You must: D Manchester 45,000 75,000 303,000 = give your company a name

Leeds 14,000 53,000 172,000 decide what product you are going to make explain how you're going to attract workers Bradford 7,000 25,000 105,000 explain all the ‘knock-on’effects their arrival is going to have. Birmingham 30,000 71,000 233,000 Finally, when you have explained how a town has been created,

give your town a name. SOURCEB:Factories towns saw huge population increase. 2 @) a Turn the figures for one of the towns in SourceB into a bar chart. Be a Top Historian Cle b What doesthis source tell us about the growth of Top historians need to apply the skills they learn More houses More se More—s Schools,— towns? in other subjects, such as Geography, to help them. On

pages 18-21 3 Look at Source you can draw on what you've learned about Dh, D. In your own words, explain how Bradford the growthofsettlements and population changein expanded between 1800 and 1873. Use Source D and some of your fh BD SOURCED: A map which shows how Bradford Geographylessons. the information in Source B in your explanation. NG expanded between 1800 and 1873. Morebuilders, aM drivers, shopkeepers, cobblers,tailors, teachers,nnurses etc. fies i From farming to factories i From farming to factories

|

; rs ee ee How did factories create towns? | go, ‘We look in astonishmentas our coach drives on. The further we 16 December: a3 the more housesthere; are, collected; along; the road. AllSteearound we Be a - Theriveris frozen. Our waterwheelwill not see flames, hissing andrattling. The windowsoffactories s _ ingas industry Lunar Society mechanized an : ore. Tied got the power! ae awe i no power. The workers have been sent we go by. The sun darkensas if cloud has blockedit; suddenly it is ‘sun-and-planet’gear system ; ; ; ause their looms do not function. evening on a bright day! As our horses stop, we see By 1800, factories were producing all sorts of things 29 May:Thehotweatherhas madethe River Ribble ve this is a ditty, evil-smelling town.’ — and making their owners lots of money. But low. In the afternoons, our looms go very slow. 4 factory owners faced a problem. They wantedtheir 28 August: Work has stopped in 30 mills in Blackburn SOURCE ©:Written by George Weerth, a German writer, living in machinesto run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year in Work will notstart until it rains again, Bradford, England,in 1840. order to maximize their profits. Most of the early SOURCE factories used water power — created by a huge A:Based ona factory owner's diary, 1805. CI wheel that would be turned by ariver—todrivethe Full steam ahead! machinery. But despite being free and clean, this Water power wasjust not reliable enough — so factory ) water power had its problems (see SourceA). owners turned to a new form of power that scientists | : had been developing — the ! These had 4’Sun-and-planet’ gears changethe vertical Fivet b J Fudd d mi aa mation inte a cireularone —awbich turns rst been used to pump water out of un ergroun mines the wheel. The wheel powers the machines but they were slow, expensive and kept breaking down. aT he in a factory Then, in 1768, a Scottish inventor named met EL -: a businessman called at a science club SE SS called the in Birmingham. Together they 2 Steam ; developed a new kind of steam engine that Watt had pushes : been working on. It included a new ( ) piston upin |i} 3 Steam . . eylindey ,| removed gear system that turned a wheel just as a river would (see i || here, which Source B). Factory owners started to notice when they «e+ F I een realized they could power all their machines — by steam! 7M t |* ly : Factory fever! {h Nf | QIN The effect this had on Britain was incredible. Not only was Sa Wy} L : ©) steam powerfaster and morereliable, it also meant that

W\4 UA 2 a factories no longer had to be built next to fast-flowing NZ “ee ; eC >| rivers — they could be built anywhere! Steam-powered (\Z aa él } factories started to spring up all over Britain and more and ll SOURCED: Bradford after industrialization, : f ‘L 1 Water more people left the countryside to go and work in them. | w=) . k, \\ turnedto |/Z Factory towns like Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, WV “A steam Yi L YQ LL Bolton and Bradford started to grow and grow.By 1850, The Lunar forLgMore?NA at a Ltig a Britain's factories produced two-thirds of the world’s Society was : 1 a Read Source A. Whattype of poweris used in this factory? cotton cloth — even though cotton didn’t growin Britain! a group of b Name two problems thatthis type of power caused the factory owner. ' brilliant men who used \ Nearly half of the world s hardware (tools, pots, pans and 1 2 Look at Source B. Write ; Wheel attached to belts which a sentenceto explain the role of the following: SO On) also came from Britain. had become to get together at Boulton’s ; d-nlsnstacare « beard» boller« wheel arive factory machines and Britain was now knownas ‘the workshop house in Birmingham to share eicog) avplston Geumaniesp ane’ SOURCEB: A steam engine’job is to turn a wheel. To of the world! Also,for the first time in history, more people and discuss ideas. They met 3 Name two advantages that steam power had over water powerfor dothis, coalis burnedto turn the waterin the boiler into were now living in towns and cities than in the countryside! once a month — on the Monday factory owners. steam.This steam escapesinto the cylinder and pushes that : _ was closestto the full ; ; . as up the piston — whichin turn pushes up one end of the ritten before or after Britain's : a moon — and were committed 4 Read Source C. Do you nefoe Bae Bo vouP aneWEL beam. Whenthe piston reaches the top of the cylinder, [=] g to using the new developments INGUtSy Meal DECOmNTe Wriseisnlzee? Give teas y , the steam escapes and the piston — and beam — are Z in science to improve people's 5 Look at Source D. allowed to fall back down. The whole process then begins lives. See if you can find out any ae ce a Howdo you think the mills and factories of Bradford were powered? oeae nee beam is used to turn more about the Lunar Society's Explain your answer. # EN EETIOROUQN ENS SUPANE BISEL GES members, ideas and innovations. b What negative effects does this form of power cause? S/S

Re i From farming to factories 1 From farmingi to factoriesi 4

Wise Up Words

overseer pauper apprentice

If you could visit one of Britain's early factories, perhapsthe first thing ~ poor children have always worked throughout 1 5 you would notice would be the disgusting and dangerous working | history. They did jobs out on the farms like 3 conditions. Most factory owners only cared about making aprofit, © Investigate whatit was 4 | weeding and looking after animals. These jobs not wasting money on providing a safe place to work. The machines | were boring but not particularly hard. In the 1 @ Write a sentence or two to explain these words: like to work in some of } were notfitted with any safety covers or guards and workers were not F factories life got much tougher! ‘ * overseer + Pauper apprentice Britain’s first factories. wa ‘| provided with gogglesto protect their eyes. Factories were so noisy

| that people often went deaf and

the dust made everyonesick. FACTORY RULES This’ll teach you not to work so slowly! -_. These hot, sweaty places would mE) I’m scared of Mr 1. Any workerlate for work — 3d I start work around 5:30am and | smell as well... the stench would | overseer. am fined if I’m late. Willis, the fine. They will notbe let into | comefrom overflowi ngtoiletoe Hello, I’m Peter. I’m woken up at the factory until breakfast | bucketsat the eadofeachoonta ; about 4:00am for work. time. 2. Any worker leaving the room

without permission — 3d fine. SP

. All broken brushes, oil cans, w

Child labour windows, wheels etc. will be AINE You would also notice a lot of paid for by the worker. children. Poor children didn't go 4. Any worker seen talking to another, heard whistling, to school, so boys and girls (some singing or swearing — 6d fine. as young as five) would go to

. Any worker whoisill and on work with their parents. Other fails to find someoneto do their children working in the factories e jobs — 6d fine. | ie i 2 Some nasty factory owners advanced the 5 Overseers were factory managers who were were pauper apprentices. They ees factory clocks by 15 minutes in the morning given the job of making the children work as 7 Workers weren't just fired or sacked for were often orphans who were 1 The apprentice house was usually just so that all of the workers were late and were hard as possible. The more workthe children 6 Factory rules werevery strict. 6d was breaking rules — they were sometimes sent to work in the factories by the a short walk from the factory. fined. did, the more the overseers were paid. about half a day's pay for a woman. beaten with sticks or whipped.

authorities in the towns that were

meantto look after them. In return Myjob is to load, unload and Accidents are common here for food, clothing and a bed in carry around these heavy T hardly feel like eating my — none of the machines have covers or guards. the ‘apprentice house’ next to the baskets full of equipment breakfast because the dust, heat and smell make me factory, the owners agreed to take all day. It’s exhausting! feel sick. care of the orphans, train them and ‘keep them off the streets!In reality, the factory practically owned them.

Now put yourself in the shoes of Peter, a pauper apprentice who worked in one of Britain’s mills. While reading his story, ask yourself the question, ‘Would you have 9 The workers would get between 30 been tough enough to survive?’ minutes and an hour fordinner. In 8 Acommon punishmentin one nail-making somefactories, the pauper apprentices factory in the Midlands 10 In 1833, two out ofevery five accident 3 Some children spent years pulling was to hammera nail didn’t get any plates — instead theyjust through the offender's cases received at Manchester Infirmary and pushing heavy baskets, and their 4 Atabout 8:00am there was a half-an-hour ear into a wooden held out the bottom of their shirts and bench. were caused by factory machinery. break. the cooks poured in the food. bodies became deformedasa result.

1 From farming to factories Al dies i From farming to factories

(itae ia oe Lo5 i (i i Inspector: Tell me boy, where do you live? ie es Child: 26 Duke Street, Leeds. Me aMet ) Ne I: Do you workin the factories?

iu IE Pp C: Yes, Sir. | I’m exhausted... now it’s back to the apprentice house. es f I: At what age did you begin to work in | cary, them? | C: Iwas nearly eight years, I think. | I: How many hours a day do you work? C: From six in the morning until seven

\ ‘ \ Nh | at night. | F i | i c ‘ Z | I: Are you beaten at work?

C: Yes, Sir. If we look up from our workor | f\,|A speakto eachother, we are beaten. SOURCE A: Adrawing showing an L If you don’t go as fast as the machines, iad ae= | overseer aboutto punish a child. are you beaten? 1 11 On average, pauper apprentices like Peter were smaller and C: Yes, Sir. There’s screaming among the | 1| ee lighter than boys and girls of a similar age who didn’t work in 12 Theyyg generally y worked a 12-hour our d day, but at busy timesof the boys andgirls all day. They make black year it could be as long as 14 or 15 hours. a and blue marks on our bodies.

I: Are you allowedto ‘make water’ any Us pauper apprentices work for no wages time of the day? We get some of our wages C: but are given food, clothing and shelter. The e2,Robert Owenbuilt quality houses, schools,shops with cheap paid in tokens, Which can only No, only when a boy comesto tell you ordinary workers get paid though. for his workers in Scotland. He even reduced : be spent at the owner's shop. ' Bpeds, and“aid it’s your turn. Whether you wantto | oa go or not, that’s the only time you’re

FACTORY TRUCK SHOP / allowed to go. — S Can you hold your waterfor that long?

No, we’re forced to let it go. 4\ Zo i = Gaieke at@ f AVG Do you spoil and wet yourself then? »~ What Happened When?

all Yes.

= Conte The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (now gf, the RSPCA) was set up in 1824. At this time, animals seemed to SOURCEB:An inspector's report on children in factories. What do you think is meant by the more protection than the pauper apprentices! have had | _J phrase ‘make water’? 13 Even the children who weren't orphans and lived with their parents earned abouthalf the amount that women did... 14 Goods at the owner's shop were usually of poor quality — and the so it was cheaper for the factory owner to employ women workers generally rented their house from the factory owners and children over men. too! 1 a Make your own 24-hour timeline for a typical Include the following sections: An introduction — addressed to the audience of your weekdayin your life today. Be careful to include: It’s work, work, work, The pauper apprentices workin shifts — some all your sleep time report Monday to Saturday. of us work in the day, others work nights. — What On Sunday we work times for food, travel, breaks and any spare time Dangerous and unhealthy conditions a short day, which what work you do (a paper round perhaps). accidents have you heard about? Whyare some is four to six hours NOTE: You will also have to include something that a children deformed? Whatdiseases and illnesses do of cleaning. factory boyor girl wouldn't have done... school! workers catch? b Write at least five sentences, each one stating how Cruelty and punishments — How are rule breakers your day is different (or similar) to a child’s in 1820. treated? Are punishments appropriate? ¢ Why do youthink the treatmentof children in Britain - The future — Why do some owners seem unwilling has changed so much? Explain your answer carefully to maketheir factories safer? What improvements — you are being asked for your opinion here. could be made? You could include an interview with a factory owner 2 @ The Big Write!

and/or a worker, written out like a play script, and a \ N So picture or diagram to illustrate your points.

0o0:l iE) Imagine you have been given the job of carrying oO out a factory inspection. Write a report for the Remember, reports should use formal language,and be 15 When one group gotin at the end ofthe day, the other crawled 16 The pauper apprentices were ownedbythe factory until they governmentbased on the information on pages 22-25. structured with headings. out of the same filthy sheets on the beds that they shared. were 21. Then theyoften gota job in the same factory. |

jie 1 From farming to factories 1 From farming to factories ea

‘a What was black gold? Daniel's story Wise Up Words harder. In fact, mining As the mines got deeper, the work got ga jobsin the country. Read the | A was one of the most dangerous bearer coalface drawer miner trappers fs typical day for Daniel following diary entry carefully.It outlines a is a hard, black rock that is buried underground. Onceit rank en. 15-year-old boy ina Welsh mine. s a Douglas, a is lit, it burns for a long time - much longer than wood. Atthe | WWission Obje Cs

start of the eighteenth century, Britain had a lot of coal in many z, | areas. It was very cheap and was used mainly to cook with and ° Mngerhiane why aoa Poe “14 August 1839 cage “sh | heat houses. The workers that got the coal out of the ground -— called ‘black gold: ‘\ day! I’m on the night shift this week, so I have to get to the - 500 mix in the evening. This mine is one of the deepest around here €|| miners - didn’t have to dig very deepto getatit at first. They © Investigate the dangers of coal half a minute. The metres - but the drop to the bottom only takes about | | _ got all they needed from large pits near the surface.Sowhy did — mining in the 1800s. lift is dark, noisy and very scary. trip in the _ the demandfor coal suddenly increase? Why did coalmining peri etoee sar from fresh air and daylight, I start to Walk out’. The 6km walk to the My | _ turn into one of the country’s most dangerous jobs?And why ia) te ’ \face takes forever. By the time I actually start working, I've been down an hour! did somepeople starttorefer to coalas ‘black gold’? e pit for over ing up my safety lamp (it burns brighter if there’s any poisonous i : epee ¥ ote ea about) Ptight : candle Fa bit of extra glow and start to dig. Using my pick and shovel, chisels and hammers, I More coal! knock out lumps of coal from the seam. The coal lies in these seams, or layers, between After 1745, more coal was needed... much, much more! There were many ordinary rock. I pull out the coal and throw it into a large, strong sack. Young girls called people with homes to heat and food to cook for a start. It was also needed bearers take our sacks away from the coalface and put the lumps of coal into wagons. to power steam engines in new factories that were springing up all over For all of us, work in the mines is torture - swollen knees, bruised ribs, broken fingers and bleeding heads. The coal dust makes us cough and vomit. the country and was used in the making of bricks, pottery, glass, beer, After eight hours it’s time to make my way back sugar, soap and . Coal was also required to power the steam trains up to the surface. I always have a chat with some that travelled across the country and steam ships that sailed the seas. And of the trappers on my way out because it was the the need for more coal meant more moneyfor the mine owners.In fact, job I used to do when I first started working here ten years ago. Thoselittle children open and close some mine owners were making so much moneyfrom their coal that they trapdoors to let the coal wagons pass by on the began to refer to it as ‘black gold’ underground tracks. Drawers push and pull the loaded wagons towards the lifts that take them up to the Deeper and deeper surface. Although the demand for coal meant more money for mine owners, soon When they're not taking any coal up, the lifts take us back up to the surface - about 11 hours after I first started! It’s daylight when I finish work. The mine never the coal near to the surface began to run out — so the miners had to dig SOURCEA:The coalfields of Britain closes and it must be making the owner a fortune. No wonder they've started to call deeper and deeper underground to getit. in 1800. coal black gold’. Before I collapse into bed, I eat before falling into a very deep sleep. I'll be back Causesof Death- Age («) at the lift later this evening when it starts all over again. ‘Because of the water, the Fi

Under 13 13-18 18+ filth and the heat, men,

Gas explosion 12 21 43 womenand children often worked Timefor change? =] Gunpowder explosion 1 0) 1 stark naked in the slushy, black As you can see, conditions in the mudin the dark tunnels. It is Crushed 0 0 3 mines were very poor — and eventually 1 After 1745, why were deeper mines needed? little wonderthat they lived like Suffocated (by choke damp) 3 0 8 the governmenttook notice of this. animals below ground, and often 2 What were the dangers involved in mining? Sources B and C will Drowned 8 3 9 A report on mining was published in Hit by falling coal, stones and rubbish 23 20 55 little better when they reached help you. 1842 and the interviews, information Fall from the shafts 7 15 35 the surface... working 12 or more and pictures shocked people. Soon, 3 Read Daniel Douglas’ diary entry carefully. Fall from the rope breaking 0 2 3 hours underthe ground, and new laws wereintroduced banning a At what age did he begin working down the mine? ; ; Fall when ascending 2 2 6 going down before dawn and and children under ten from b Explain carefully what Daniel used to do when hefirst started to wor Hit by wagons 5 3 9 coming up after dark, many saw working in mines. Inspectors were mi ee Drawn over the pulley 5 2 3 daylight only on Sunday.’ appointed too, Now these small c What did bearersaand ‘drawers’ do? . Injuries in coal mines (unspecified) 10 6 25 d Why might Daniel be able to see daylight when he was trying to get changes certainly didn’t make mining Total 76 74 200 A SOURCEC: A modern historian, 3 to sleep after work? Peter Moss, describes a miner‘life, paren safer job... but it was a move e According to Daniel, whyis the mine owner making so much money? in the SOURCEB:Causes ofdeath in a Yorkshire mine, 1805. History Alive 3, 1789-1914. right direction!

Bees i From farming to factories i From farming to factories €3

| | kings of ! The = numberof factories grew,so did the “% As the population and the faced a problem — Britain for iron. But the producersofiron demand wood) was needed to cast iron ironworks out of forests! Charcoal (made from was running was possible wroughtiron } The eighteenth century Saw major advancesin the use and harder to find. It | make the iron, and charcoal was getting too | | iN __production of iron. t had been producedin Britain since iron, but coal contains Roman to use coal, instead of charcoal, to make ie times but in the1700s it began to be usedin all areas oflife. quality iron. Luckily for The much sulphur (a chemical) and makes poor | lhe! army, used it for cannons,the navyfor ‘iron-clad’ ships, and the new © Discover how iron was 3 family called the Darbys gotinvolved in the iron industry! q Britain, Cc . | factories were held up with iron girders and used iron machines ‘ produced. E+E 1 Using no more than three | | 2 tat: were poweredbyiron steam engines!It was used to make make 2 Investigate how iron- 0d 1 discovered a way of using coal to sentences, explain how iron it first in order to || ie Ls tools, eae their tracks, and at homepeople sat around 4 making became such an iron! All you need to do is heat is produced. fireplaces with iron grates and cooked on iron stovesusing iron remove the sulphur. This makes something called important business. coke We pans. So how was iron made? Howwasthisprocessimproved? coke (not the drink!). Cast iron made With 2 Explain the difference between is much better quality than cast iron made with a FIREAnd who wentax S ‘iron° Amad’inradiosthis x P gf cast iron and wroughtiron. | new‘Age ofiron’? ‘ 4 coal — iron production could continue! bff | 2 FY Be uid « 3 Explain why Abraham Darby|

was so important in increasing the process invented by my So, how is iron actually made? Read through cartoons 1-4 to find out: I improved Britain's iron production. father, removing even more impurities Wroughtiron to be made and allowing Abraham Darby|, 1678-1717 4 Copy and complete the from coke-fired coal! 1 Iron ore is 2 The ore is then following paragraph: dug from the melted together ground. Iron with limestone (to I carried on the good The most famous iron makers of work of my father ore is a rock remove impurities) them all were the and grandfather from which and charcoal family from : iron, a type of (baked wood)in and decided to show metal, can be a furnace. Huge whatis possible Shropshire. Their was removed. bellows‘blast’ using their iron with one of the finest in the world. air in to raise the this magnificent One memberof the family was temperature. The iron bridge! Now so keen to showhisiron off, he our ironworks at metal (iron) gets built the world’s first so hot it melts Coalbrookdale is over the River and pours out of famous throughout Abraham DarbyIll, the world! the bottom of the Abraham DarbyII, 1750-1789 furnace. i =1/63 a | , Look at Source B. Ironbridg'e — one of the wonders of the world! N@® Draw a bar chart to The iron bridge over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, was show howBritain's iron production increased. | a massive success. When it opened on New Year's Day 1781, it caused a 3 Red-hot,liquid 4 When castiron sensation. Writers, artists and rich tourists came from all over the world to b Write a description to iron is then is reheated and accompany the chart, poured into see this modern miracle — and Darby charged every one of them to walk hammered, the explaining the increase. casts shapedlike pocketsofair are across it! It was also a fantastic advertisement for what could be achieved pots, pans,pipes, removed and it with iron, and iron production became oneofBritain’s most important 6 List three iron items that were cannons, beams becomes wrought industries (see Source B). No wonder people began to call the period the essential for Britain's industry to and so on. Cast iron. This is purer, Age ofiron’ become mechanized. iron is strong stronger, more but contains air bendy and is used bubbles that can for chains,tools, Year How much wasproducedin Britain? makeit brittle. furniture, train tracks 1745 30,000 tons and so on. It wasn't just the Darbys who were obsessed with 1800 250,000 tons finding new usesforiron. John ‘iron mad’ Wilkinson 1850 2,000,000 tons built an iron barge in 1787 and,later, built an iron 1901 6,000,000 tons churchfor his workers. When he died, he was even SOURCEB:/ron producedin Britain 1745-1901. After 1856, buried in an iron coffin under an iron monument! SOURCE A: Howto makeiron in the 1700s. .

(made from iron) started to be producedin Britain, too.

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. oe of the — The end anaes Up meeeto 1.8 I go on my hands and feet... the havea belt around my waist... and 4 way [pregnant].’ are worse when weare in the family pelt and chain have been born on the same days as I reformer Factory ‘ve had three or four children ‘cripple Fouroutof later. have gone back to work nineor ten days at work and In 1800,a factory in Manchester was givena still-born.’ > my eight children were hae ne : —__ terrifying nickname It was knownasthe ‘Cripple enera arte on interviews with two women, m the mines report of 1842, based ! geeRERE ts Factory’. Years and years of heavylifting, broken arms J SOURCED:fro wagons). factory owners were | Maly Hardman and Betty Harris (who pulled coal along in large ee sand, severe beatings meantthat many of the young ° Identify why some oR men,women and children who worked there were | unwilling to improve working conditions. eo 1 a Howdid the ‘Cripple Factory’ Changeis comin getits terrifying nickname? _ crippled forever. The mines weren't much better acted. From 1833, new laws or Acts vat eveniia After reading the reports, Parliament er Selectntcent2) Revers ing li b In your opinion, were the Ks improvedlife f itain’ Ih mines just as bad as some dite 4 made great ie 7 ~ worl “ Or mole aN eNNaM NIE . her jobin Source A. Source B also givesan ~~ mp Heston Paifains Workers i ook after themselves. factories? Support your | Hie i describes eetna ty : at pg oie P eg EONAER.TY GEERTTE* TT4 was believed, cou 1(imeiBscourteidea of whatev herNajobagaentailed. + ae sy is ; TAAT. Theyfelt politicians had no right answer using evidence from - i : 7 Some factory owners hated the changes. IF Pear fe wee & Mca ae , sources. and thought of ways to avoid keeping to some of the to interfere in their business — Time to refo ‘ they began 2a) Explain the ware I rim the new rules. But the new laws kept coming and, gradually, British aov Id | and more workers. Inspectors were even appointed WD e6ormer’ Today. y, the go emment would notlet this sort of thing ‘I go downthepit at two in the morning to protect more and mines had become safer and b Lawn did reformers bring nappen. Many people in 1800 thought that politicians had no and I don’t come up againuntil the next to enforce them! By 1900,factories weren't particularly pleasant places to work but about changesto working right to interfere with the working conditions in factories. They afternoon.I go to bedat six at nightto be snore bearable. Theystill to look after the more conditions? believed that it was up to the owners to decide how they ran ready for work the next morning... I carry Parliament had accepted that they had a duty their factories and mines.After all, they owned them,didn’t they? coal tubs up laddersall day. Each coaltub inerable people in societ 3 Look at Source| C. holds 47/4 ewt* [216 kg — about as heavy as eric PEOP : a Write downthree words or However, others argued that people might work harder if they three adults] and I get beaten when I don’t phrasesthat a reader ofthis were treated better! Reformerslike Lord Shaftesbury, Richard work hard enough.’ 1833 FACTORY ACT —No children undernine to work in the factories. report mightfeel. Oastler, John Fielden and Michael Sadler began to campaign for children aged nine to thirteen. b Why mightthis interview for laws to protect the men, womenandchildren who worked —— A: A workerdescribes workingin a ming — Ninehours of work per day 1842. (*cwt = hundredweight) — Two hours of schoolper day. NOTbetotally reliable? Give in the factories and mines. Some of these people collected _ Factory inspectors appointed (but there were only four!). ) reasons for your answer. a P ey ( y

evidence to prove how bad things were. Their findings shocked c Doanyof Joseph's answers

the nation. Sources C and D have been taken from two of the Interviewer: Were you sometimeslate? Ga seem a bit exaggerated? ACT investigations and reports. 1842 MINES ACT Explain your answer. Joseph: Yes, and if we were even ten 1847 TEN HOUR — No womenorchildren under for all five minutes late, we were beaten black ten-hour day d How could a historian get a down a mine. _ Maximum to work workers under 18. more reliable view of factory and blue by the overseer. He hit us with appointed. women and — Mineinspectors life in the 1800s? You might a strap. question L wantto discuss this Interviewer: Do you knowof any accidents? Joseph: Yes, there was a boy who got hit by a 1844 FACTORY ACT Teed aon : ssichReUp classtratese

machine. Hebroke both legs and oneof them — No womento work more — Machinesto only be operated teacher. oe open from his knee to his waist. His : 2aMper day. aneieee eee 4 [= Look at Source E. ead wascut, his eyes were nearly torn out S to be madesafer. : eee _@ a Write down what you

and he broke both arms. think are three of the most

1895 FACTORY important changes to SOURCE C:A few questions and answers from the 1871 TRADE UNION ACT i iti ie"9pia pres Sadler Report, an investigation into factory conditions — Trade unions madelegal. Workers all doing ; AGT b an hy lal in 1832 by an MP called Michael Sadler. Dozens of the same job(trade) — like railway workers or ~ Children under Nest ad oon as aren workers like Joseph Hebergram wereinterviewed. dockers, for example — were allowed to join He to work a of 30 why you i Iwes-en aN Somehistorians think Sadler exaggerated together (unionize) to negotiate with their aoe SS the answers whenwriting up his investigations. He employersfor improvementsto pay andd workingworki ours per week, WeeMET CHARS , ae © “7 hae wanted conditions to appear even worsethan they conditions. Asa last resort, all union members 7 onstrike!: : SOURCE E: New acts to werentillustration of a g girl' bent already were. Regardless of this, the Sadler Report couldgo

ying codl. made a huge impact. protect workers. 1 From farming to factories a a Poni fapeiinp so Sactatiog