Behavior Research Methods &Instrumentation 1974, Vol. 6, No.2, 159-166 SESSION VI TUTORIAL

JOSEPH B. SIDOWSKI, University ofSouth Florida, Presider On-line computer text processing: A tutorial* RICHARD . ROIST ACHER Center for Advanced Computation and College of Commerce University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801

The use of an on-line computer system for preparing manuscripts affords the scholar many advantages. This tutorial discusses text editing, file and output processing systems, and how they may be used for producing and disseminating scientific documents.

Text processing is a powerful computing utility whose necessary resources, and because there were not so many user community is rapidly growing. Text processing as text users among the insiders as to overload the available used here refers to the storage and editing of resources. However, the potential market for computer manuscripts maintained as computer files of text and the text processing was so wide as to make university use of computer programs to format those manuscript computing administrators fear for their ability to files into documents. Text processing as used in this support a drastically increased community of users, most tutorial does not include either information retrieval, in of whom would have to operate on internal funds. which a file of information is scanned for a desired Text processing systems have now evolved to the entry, or such areas as computer-based analysis of point where they should find more general use, literary text. especially among those who use on-line systems in the The aim of this tutorial is to introduce computer text course of their other work. Text processing systems can processing to a reader who has had some experience with be found on many time-sharing systems, including IBM's on-line computer systems, but who is not necessarily a for OS/360, Digital Equipment . While this paper reviews several systems Corporation's TOPS, and Bolt, Beranek, and Newman's and machines, it is not meant to be a complete review of TENEX for the PDP-lO, the Burroughs B-6700 MCP, the the field. The particular machines, systems, and 's , and criticisms presented here are drawn primarily from the the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's . author's experience, rather than from an exhaustive literature search. TEXT PROCESSING SYSTEM Text processing services are what might be called COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS external computing utilities, in that like BASIC or teaching programs, they provide sophisticated A computer text processing system has three major computing services to clients who are not necessarily components: a , an editor, and an output or even members of the usual computer processor. The file system is the computer resource for user community. Text processing systems have been in cataloging and storing information which is not in the the libraries of several operating systems for many years. machine's memory. Information may be stored on a Until recently, text processing has not been widely used variety of devices, including magnetic disks, drums, and because the programs required considerable computing tapes. Most text files are stored on a rapid access device sophistication to use, and because they were quite such as a disk while they are being edited and processed, expensive to run. In academia, it was possible for and are then archived onto magnetic tape. interested computing center "insiders" to use text An editor is a program for the insertion, scanning, and processing systems because they had access to the deletion of text in computer files. Most editors are used primarily for editing programs maintained as disk files, *This work was supported in part by the Advanced Research rather than as decks of punched cards. Editors have Projects Agency of the Department of Defense and was monitored by the U.S. Army Research Office-Durham under evolved from primitive programs, which allowed only Contract No. DAHC04-72-C-0001, and in part by the College of the replacement of specified lines in a file into Commerce and Business Administration. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. programming languages in their own right, capable of

159 160 ROISTACHER

complex sequences of operations on text files. that "If anything can go wrong, it will" and will tend to Once text has been input to the file system and has be least available when they are most needed. Since text been corrected with an editor, it must be arranged into a processing tends to be addictive, an unreliable system proper output format through the use of an output can be a major handicap. A third disadvantage arises processor, a program for formatting, justifying, and directly from one of the advantages of text processing, printing text. Output processors are extremely the ability to make instant backup copies of document complicated programs, approaching compilers in files. Unless the user exercises a good deal of complexity. An output processor uses commands self-discipline, it is possible to become lost in a welter of inserted in the stream of text to control the formatting different versions and copies of a document, leading to of the finished document. confusion, delay, expense, and sometimes loss of a Text processing offers the scholar a number of' document. powerful ad van tages in the preparation and dissemination of scientific papers. The most obvious FILE SYSTEMS advantage is that error correction tends to be cumulative. Once corrections are made, they stay in the File Operations and Capabilities file, and thus typographic errors are not reintroduced The power and flexibility of a computer's file system into corrected copy, as is the case when drafts must be is of great importance to the text processing user, who retyped by hand. It is also possible to find and correct will often want to do rather complex copying and all errors of the same kind in a single editing operation. concatenation operations when such capabilities are The ability to insert, delete, and rearrange text without available. It is often best practice to keep a long regard to page boundaries and numbering allows the document in several relatively short files, which are scholar to revise his paper far more easily than is the case concatenated (attached end to end) at the time they are when he must physically cut, paste, and retype his fed to the output processor. Sometimes it is possible to manuscript. concatenate a file to the interior of another at run time, Bibliographic work is especially facilitated by the a useful feature for inserting tables and diagrams. computer, even when no formal information retrieval or indexing procedures are used. It is possible to add to a Numbered-Line Files file of bibliographic references as each ,new reference is Direct access files can be loosely classified into found, making sure that each new entry in the file is numbered-line and stream formats. A numbered-line file, correct. Once a paper has been completed, it may be as its name indicates, has a number assigned to each of scanned for all bibliographic citations, e.g., by printing its lines. It is possible to insert and delete lines from such all lines containing the character string "(19", or ",19", a file, but each line is a separate entity. A numbered-line and the relevant references extracted from the me need not have its numbers displayed when it is bibliographic file. printed, but it is still stored internally as separate, One advantage of computer text processing, which numbered lines. In a numbered-line file, the line becomes apparent only after some experience, is the numbers are stored in a directory and do not change freedom from paper copy itself. There is no longer any when a line is inserted or deleted. Instead they are "original" which must be preserved from harm. explicitly reordered at the user's command. Duplication of an original becomes a relatively simple task, as a tape copy of a severalhundred page document Stream Files stored on magnetic tape can be made in a few minutes, A stream file is stored as a continuous stream of and far more cheaply than such a document could be characters. Lines of the file are delimited by a carriage Xeroxed. ' return and linefeed character sequence or by a special Dissemination of a document via the computer may end-of-line character defined by the . not be important when all of the users of a time-sharing The major advantage of such a me is that it is extremely system are in the same institution. However, when users easy to edit across lines, since all that is required is the are spread over a wide area, as in the case of a regional or insertion or deletion of a line delimiting character. The national computer network, the system itself provides major disadvantage of stream organization is that there is the fastest possible way of transmitting a manuscript to no fixed way to refer to parts of the file. It is possible an interested reader. for the system to count the number of line delimiters Computer text processing, however, cannot be said to between the head of the file and a given point, but any be an unmixed blessing. The obvious disadvantage is the change in the number of such delimiters will change the additional cost to the user, who must invest in a terminal "line number" of a given piece of text. and extra computer time. The faithful Model 33 Teletype, while technically usable as an input to a text EDITORS processing system, is too slow and fatiguing to fill the bill and must be replaced by a more expensive Basic Characteristics device. Another disadvantage is that on-line computer The characteristics of an editor must match those of systems are usually rather susceptible to Murphy's law the file system on which it operates. It is possible to ON-LINE COMPUTER TEXT PROCESSING 161 classify editors as being either line or character oriented, function is to find and replace strings of text. Such and as either line number editors or context editors. searches and replacements may be done for a single case, for all occurrences in a given range of line numbers, for a Line Oriented Editors given number of occurrences, or for all occurrences of Line orientec editors treat lines as separate units and the string in a file. For example. to find the string "not" will not combine lines of text. They are far more in a file, a command of the form common than character oriented editors, which in most cases treat the line delimiting character as they would *FlND Inotl any other character. The chief advantage of line oriented editors is their ease of use. The system will keep track of is typed. A modification of the command can be used to lines for the user, who is free to add. delete. or change locate multiple occurrences of the string. lines without having to maintain their boundaries To replace the word "not" with the word "just" in himself. the text example shown above would be done with a Line oriented editors can be directed to specific line command of the form numbers in a numbered-line file system. Otherwise, it is necessary to address text exclusively by context. In the *REP Inot/justl former case, it would be possible to tell the editor to delete Line 44.5, while in the latter case it would be resulting in the string necessary to tell the editor to delete the line containing the string "To be or not." Examples of line oriented 305.5 To be or just to be editors are the TSO editor, *ED, residing in the Michigan Terminal System, and Multics QEDX. Finding and changing multiple strings is the capability Character Oriented Editors on which almost all editor functions are built. In some The only character oriented editors in general use are editors, it is possible to use special string expressions, so variants of TECO, resident on the PDP-10 operating that replacements are made only when specified systems, and in Multics. Character oriented editors are conditions are met. It is possible to write programs in usable only with stream files, since they process line some editor command languages which allow for delimiter characters. It is possible to perform certain extremely complicated editing operations. For example, operations across lines more easily with a character it is possible to write a program in TECO which will do oriented editor, but TECO offers few advantages over a most of the work of reformatting an American good line editor. Psychological Association formatted bibliography into Examples of scanning, insertion, and replacement one in American Sociological Association format. operations using a line number editor, a line context Most sophisticated editors have the capacity for editor, and a character oriented editor appear in the allowing the user to recover from editing steps when he appendix. has made a mistake. In most systems, the editor works on its own copy of the file. explicitly writing the edited Editor Functions copy onto the disk or tape at the user's command. If a The function of an editor is to construct a text mistake has been made, it is possible to copy some or all file. In its most basic form. an editor simply reads a line of the original text from the disk into the editor's copy of text from an input device, such as a terminal or card of the file. The MTS editor. which works on the disk reader, and writes it onto a machine-readable storage copy of the file, keeps a record of changes made and has medium. In numbered-line file systems, a primitive a RESTORE command, which may be invoked for any editor can also be used to add or delete particular lines, line or group of lines to return them to their original addressing them by number. In some computer state. time-sharing systems, these functions are built into the command language, and the editor program need not be Choosing an Editor explicitly run in order to make minor changes in a file. The advent of a large text processing user community For example, insertion of the text "To be or not to is putting greater and greater demands on the developers be" between Lines 305 and 306 of a file called FOO of editors. Editors which seem perfectly satisfactory for would be done in a sequence of (hypothetical) system correcting programs have proven far from satisfactory commands such as for the far more complex task of editing large bodies of free-format text. As a result, we may look forward to *OPEN FOO the continuing development of editors, some of which 305.5 To be or not to be may result in something useful. *CLOSE The prospective text processor who is a member of a larger user community may find himself with a choice of Beyond its basic use in creating files, an editor's basic several editors of several types. Since an editor is the 162 ROISTACHER single program an on-line text processing user uses most, In the second editor, the line pointer is set at Line I in it is wise to begin by choosing a single editor and the first command, and the file is searched until "not" is sticking with it until its use becomes second nature. found and replaced. The line pointer is now set at the Accordingly, some rough-and-ready criteria for line at which the replacement has occurred, and the next choosing an editor are: (1) Take the claims of search begins at this line. Many editors which have no programmers (and especially system programmers) with line pointer either require a line number as a part of each many grains of salt. Document text is much more command or assume that the bottom of the file is the difficult to edit than is program text, a fact of which few default when no number is given. programmers are yet aware. Relatively simple command language features, which (2) If possible, choose a line oriented editor with arise not so much from elegant and difficult numbered-line files. Text references are far easier when programming as from wide and innovative user line numbers are available, especially when one is experience, make the difference between editors which discussing a manuscript over the telephone. If no are helpful and those which are a constant trial to the reasonably convenient and powerful line number editor user. is available, look for a line oriented context editor, (4) Do not be overly concerned with the operating which will work with stream files. Finally, go to a speed of an editor if its command language is good. character oriented editor, which may be extremely Editors use very little of the computer's time in powerful, but somewhat harder to use. comparison with their demands on the user's time and (3) Choose an editor whose basic find-and-replace temper. features are simple, yet powerful. For example, an editor which requires that the command REPLACE" be OUTPUT PROCESSORS written out in full and in capital letters is not nearly as convenient as one which will accept "REPLACE," An output processor is a program for transforming a "REP," "rep," or "r" as equivalents. Similar elegance free-form file of text into a document in standard form. can be found in other basic aspects of the command The basic function of the output processor is to fill text language. For instance, suppose that one wished to lines and pages in the finished document by change the first two instances of the word "not" to the concatenating and splitting lines of the original text file. word "just" in a file. In one editor, the only way to do The program keeps track of page numbers and formats so would be to give the commands and has facilities for the automatic printing of headers, footers, and page numbers. Most output processors will r 'not' 'just' 1 999 also justify output text lines so that the right margins of r 'not' 'just' 1 999 the finished document are smooth, and have a facility for indicating symbolically whether a letter or word is to be Another editor could accomplish the task in two III upper- or lowercase, allowing the use of a Teletype or commands with other uppercase terminal. The TENEX RUNOFF program, for instance, normally converts all uppercase r 1 /not/just/ letters to lowercase unless they are preceded by a "A." r The RUNOFF user could type "AMY NAME IS AFRED.", which the program would copy into the The second of the two examples illustrates several design document as "My name is Fred." Facilities for handling features which are sadly lacking in the first. First, there uppercase-only text are no longer being included in some is no set delimiter character, such as the required "I" of of the latest output processors, as the Teletype is giving the former example. Instead, the first nonblank way to more versatile terminals. character in the string is recognized as the delimiter for that string. Second, only a single delimiter is needed Processor Command Languages between the "find" string and the "change" string, The extensive repertory of commands necessary to rather than the three-character delimiter (including two control an output processor gives this type of program uppercase characters) in the first example. Third, in the the complexity of a compiler. Commands are generally latter case, the editor remembers the previous strings in inserted into the file of text as it is entered into the the "replace" command and uses it in all subsequent original file. Commands are generally distinguished from "replace" commands if no new pair of strings is given. text by a leading character, such as FORMAT's leading Fourth, the latter editor has a "line pointer," a counter right parenthesis. In some output processors, a command which indicates which line is being edited. In the former must be on a separate line, while in other systems, example, the user was not sure where the first commands may be interspersed freely between words of occurrence of "not" could be found, so he specified that the text. Like the command languages of editors, output the change would be made in Lines 1-999. Since the processor languages come in all degrees of sophistication editor has no line pointer, the user had to repeat the and complexity. For example, consider the problem of entire line range specification in the second command. beginning a new page with the following text: ON-LINE COMPUTER TEXT PROCESSING 163

CHAPTER III same manner as a floating keep. It is inserted next to its reference in the input text, and the output processor New heading. This is a new chapter ... moves the footnote to the bottom of whatever page the footnote reference occurs on. The TEN EX RfNOFF program on the PDp·]() would Some advanced output processors include a facility produce this output from the following: for maintaining counters and for evaluating symbolic references. The program maintains a set of counters .PAGE which can be incremented on command and whose .TEST PAGE 8 current values can be substituted into the text on .CENTER output. Thus, instead of having to refer to "Table 4" at CHAPTER III the time text is input, the author can use the text "Table .PARAGRAPH %Tah%" where "Tab" is a symbolic reference to the "&New heading.\& current value of the table counter. A reference to "Tab" This is a new chapter ... is made in a way which adds I to its current value when it is used in the label of a table. Thus, it is not necessary The IBM FORMAT program would produce the same to renumber tables or figures as additions or deletions output from: )SM CHAPTER III )MPU New heading. )U are made. The same counter is referenced but not This is a new chapter ... incremented when it is used in text which refers to the The TENEX RUNOFF program requires that previous table. commands be on separate lines and spelled out in Symbolic reference facilities are not included in most capitals. The commands to the FORMAT program output processors. The current MTS FORMAT program consist of single letters or of letter-number includes a set of footnote and equation counters. The combinations, and each string beginning with ")" is Multics runoff program has facilities for the evaluation interpreted as a command string. Thus, ")S" is the of extremely complex symbolic expressions, which command to start a new page, ")P" starts a new include the substitution of character strings as well as paragraph, all text between ")U"s is underlined, and all numbers. text between ")M"s is centered. No generally satisfactory method for hyphenating and Some output processors combine their command breaking words has yet been devised. Most output language with the text itself. The Multics runoff program processors fill a line and then justify it without breaking treats an empty line (one consisting of nothing but a words, sometimes producing an occasional line carriage return) as a command to end the present line containing an unbearable amount of white space. The immediately and begin a new line of output. If the next Multics runoff program has a facility for allowing the line is also empty, the same action is taken, but if the user to introduce his own hyphenating routine which, in next line begins with a horizontal tab character, this most cases, scans a list of words and their hyphenation tabulation is printed. Thus, a new paragraph is input to points. Such a repeated search can become extremely the Multics runoff program just as it would normally be expensive, and is thus not a part of most simple output typed, as a blank line followed by a tab. processors. IBM's ATS/360 and its variants approach the Advanced Output Processor Features hyphenation problem rather successfully from the other Advanced output processor features include the side. An input text line which ends with a hyphen is ability to move text in order to keep it together, to considered to have its last word continued onto the evaluate symbolic references and expressions, and to beginning of the next line. If the split word fits hyphenate. completely into an output line, the hyphen is deleted Most output processors have a command which forms and the word is reassembled. Otherwise, it is used in its "keeps," groups of text lines which are to be kept on the hyphenated form, split between lines. Hyphens used in same page. Sometimes a block of blank lines is reserved other ways are not placed at the end of input lines. for the insertion of a figure. When a keep command is encountered, the output processor counts the number of Choosing an Output Processor lines remaining on the current output page and skips to The interested user will usually have the opportunity the next page if insufficient space remains. A far more to choose from a number of output processing programs. complex problem is the establishment of "floating Some considerations in selecting an output processor keeps" whose position in the text stream is altered by are: (1) Many different processors have the same name. the processor. In a simple keep, a preceding page will There are at least three versions of IBM's FORMAT, simply have blank lines at the bottom if it has been with radically different features and performance. There necessary to place the kept text on a new page. are at least three programs named RUNOFF, written in In a floating keep, the text immediately following the at least two different languages. Look at the program's kept portion is moved ahead to fill the gap at the end of documentation and pedigree to make sure you know the preceding page. A footnote is handled in much the what you arc dealing with. (2) A wide search for a good 164 ROISTACHER processor is often worthwhile. Unlike editors, which are important that changes made to the output text be heavily machine- and system-dependent, it is often added to the input version, in case the document must possible to move output processors between machines be reprocessed later. relatively easily. (3) Pay attention to the performance of Sometimes output text editing is necessary because the processor, as well as the power and convenience of the processor lacks the necessary capabilities. For its facilities. Output processors can become extremely example, the TENEX RUNOFF program has the expensive to operate. (4) Unless you are reviewing this irritating habit of centering all centered lines around paper as a referee, do not attempt to write your own Space 30, even when the margins have been set so that output processor. You have neither the time nor the Space 30 is not the center of the page. The author money to do the job decently. corrects this on input by beginning each line which is to be centered with a special character such as "@." When Two IBM Systems the output text is edited, all "@"s are replaced with a Two systems produced by IBM and fairly widely number of spaces sufficient to shift the centered line to distributed should be mentioned. The Administrative the proper center of the page. Other such editing tricks Terminal System, ATS/360, is a small document are dependent on the foibles of each system and output processing system designed to be used by secretaries. processor. ATS will produce reasonable documents, but at a fairly heavy cost. In order to make the system immediately FUTURE PROSPECTS AND FINAL WORDS comprehensible to their conception of a machine-hating (and partially retarded) secretary, the designers of ATS Computer text processing is not yet trivial, but the made some decisions which go heavily against the grain increasing reliability and sophistication of computer of good computing system design. ATS has no editing systems has made text processing feasible for an capabilities beyond the replacing of strings in a specified increasing number of computer users. The advantages of line. It is not possible to tell ATS to find a particular a well-behaved text processing system far outweigh the character string, but only to go to a line whose number system's disadvantages. Once a system is well is known and perform the replacement. Even though established, it is possible to delegate the mechanics of ATS uses a line number editing procedure, its line text entry and editing to a secretary. numbers change as lines are added and deleted, forcing As computer networks gain more and more clients, the user to edit from back to front. Finally, ATS has no one's of manuscripts will be instantly accessible separation between its file system, editor, and output to a nation- and worldwide set of colleagues for processor, which are all mixed together in a hopeless consultation and exchange of views. This paper was mass. ATS/360 is better than nothing, but almost written on a portable terminal in the author's study at anything else is better than ATS. Some commercial home in Urbana. It was stored and processed on a time-sharing services offer augmented versions of ATS PDP-lO at the Information Sciences Institute at the which have more powerful editing facilities and output University of Southern California, where it is presently capabilities, and these make the system more easily resident on magnetic tape. The final copy was printed on usable. a Model 37 Teletype located in the machine room of the Another IBM product is a series of programs known Center for Advanced Computation at the University of collectively as TEXT /360. This set of PL/ 1 programs is Illinois. The arrangement of author, computer, and used to produce the IBM documentation and other printing facility was made possible by the ARPAnet, a book-length pieces. They are not for the short (under SO na tionwide computer network, which links the pages) piece of text nor for the inexperienced user. University of Illinois with the University of Southern The bibliography lists some documentation for a California. The author's situation, while presently variety of text processing facilities together with some somewhat avant garde, will soon be close to the norm comments. However, the reader will have to be his own for the scientific community. Computer text processing judge of whatever he finds available. by itself is a great convenience. Combined with computer networking, it is part of a revolution of EDITING OF OUTPUT TEXT knowledge.

In most cases, it is unwise to run the output of a APPENDIX processor directly onto a terminal or printer. Many times, the program will produce some embarrassments Thi's appendix consists of three versions of the same which may be corrected with a little editing. It is almost editing and formatting job. The first version is edited always preferable to direct the output of a processor using the PLORTS system on the University of Illinois's Systemj360-75 and formatted on the Illinois version of into a file, print the file, and make corrections as IBM's FORMAT. The second version is edited in TENEX necessary. Failure to edit output text will result in TECO and formatted using RUNOFF on the PDP-IO at greatly increased expense, as editors are considerably less the University of Southern California's Information expensive to run than are output processors. It is Sciences Institute. The third version is edited using the ON-LINE COMPUTER TEXT PROCESSING 165

Multics version of QEDX and formatted using Multics OS/360I'ORMAT output Cxa~plo runoff. A Telt p r oc e s s Lnq EXdllple The TENEX and Multics jobs are shown entered and printed on a 1\lodel37 Teletype. The Illinois job is Tbis 1S an e ea e pl e of t a xt processing wbich s boe s how shown entered on a Model 33 Teletype and run off on a text can be r ns e r t e d in free Lor e and th-an t or ae t.t e d by the line printer using a TN (upper- and lowercase: print coa pu te r , f'ollowin9 t hi s paragraph block d r a q r a a (1) vhich train. must be kept on the sallie page. If t be r e 1.5 no r oou for it Each editing job consists of the same sequence of on page 1, than it au lIill tie printed on page 2. operations: (I) The editor is invoked and the file is read r------·-l r------, r------·l into it. (2) The file is scanned to see if the word "page" J II IIII has been mistyped. A misspelling is found. (3) All Be'lin 1---->1 ~iddle J---->I End instances of the misspelling are corrected and printed as J III IIIl.. ~ l. JJ I the corrections are made. (4) The entire file is printed, and a wrong line is found. (5) The offending line is deleted. (6) The line is replaced. (7) The text immediately containing the correction is printed in order (1) This footnote refers to the diagram. to verify the correction. (8) The file is written (or closed, as appropriate) and the editor terminated. Each example consists of a page of editing, followed ,tee<> -' by a page showing the results of the output processor. *;y. No postprocessing edit has been done in order to show INPUT !'ILl'. eXl.nco;21 [ConUno] 1204 CHARSI - 1 some differences in the output processors and to keep "opooq. I the examples clearer. .Olt. - 2 which .Wlt be kept OD the same paeg. "(rpo"'l'.pog"Olt>. ] which .ust be k9pt on the I.ae page. It there 18 no lO

~.- • Un' IIAIlGIN 10.. .RIGHT llAalIN 70

::o~S~::'~~""-TENEX Text Proce6s1nq Exallllple .SPACDlG 2 .SlCIP 3 .CI!lmlR "''''''''''''''''''A TmEX Text Processing E...plo • PARAGRAPH Thi. 18 aD exallP1e of text proc88:dng wbleh .howe how text can be inserted 1n r ree fon. aDd thea foraatt.ed by the computer• •PARAGRAPH OPEH £)(3 Pol1o.,i"9 thh paro.,roph i •• block 41 • .,r.... (1) S PAEG which aut be kept on the ....e page. 7.000 RIGHT PAEG NUIIBER .POO_ 3 R PAm PAGE 1 99 _ 1 .C£II'l'ER 7.000 RIGHT PAGE NUM'BER 9.'" LINES PER PAGE 3. I" N. footnoto nfen to the diaqram. 22. , •• BE KEPT ON THE SME PAGE. I L• If there s.. no l'OOII tor 1 t t.re on page 1, it 1.08. /-10 FORHS"'IUI thon "ill occur on po.,e 2. . 2.000 I/TJUAL EXEC FOftKAT .8PACIIlG t 5.000 IISYSIN 00 • .SIClP t 6.000 WIDTH 60 .'lZS'l' PMiE 10 7. D8. RIGHT PAGE NUttBER olIO!'ILL 8. 0OD CAPS AUTOMAT!C 9 ••00 LINES PER PAGE 30 11.080 REPEAT TITLE II.... SENTENCES 2 BLANKS 12.080 START TEXT 5 5 ~ln 1,3. ODD FOOTER 1--->[ MiMI01->I_ I 14.01. (I) (THIS FOOTNOTE REFERS TO THE DIAGRAM. 15.000 )E ,16.010 GO .!'ILL 17.000 >MF A TE:XT P'OOCESSING EXAMPLE )HLP .SlCIP t .CDftR 18.000 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF TEXT PROCESSING WHICH SHOWS H()\f TEXT ...... Your .ather .Mr. oo.be.t bent...... 19.1.0 CAN BE INSERTED IN FREE yOM AND THEN FORKATTED BY THE 20. DOl OOHPUTER. .PAGIl SIUlX alllOPp IIXLL 110'I' PRDl'l' POO'DIOft';l! ON THE LU'l' PAGE OP A DOCUMIlNT, 21.000 )P FOLLOVING THIS PARAGRAPH IS A BLOCK DIAGRAM (1) UHICK MUST ~EXTRA 22. BE KEPT ON mE SAME PAGE. 80 l't IS NECESSARY 'Itl GOIERATE 'tHIS \& PAGE ,e. IN ORllBR 'Itl PRIN't ftIl I'OO'!II)'IZ. 23.000 IF mERE 15 NO ROOM FOR IT ON PAGE I .. THEN IT ON WILL BE 24. ODD PRINTED ON PAGE 2. 25. I •• )LLLV1A 26•••• 124------125 124------125 124------! 25 27 .... 133 133 133 !33 133 !33 aYour"",tha. 28.00' 133 133 133 !33 133 !33 29. e08 133 [BEGIN 133---->133 [HIDDLE 133--·->133 [END 133 "Olt. 3'.'01 133 133 133 133 133 133 ••••••••••• Your IIOthlr V_,.I combat boot•••••••• 31 .... 133 133 !33 133 r33 133 32 ••00 122------123 122-----.-- 123 ! 22------123 "1<. 33.'01 > ••;4.008 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• NOSTALGIA 15N"T WHAT IT USED TO BE.·· "U"""""""""'D1a.,rom 1. _ 6 35.010 TITLE • 36.'00 )f' TEXT PROCESSING EXAMPLE )FE "-aUt. _ 1 31 .... GO ,elllna 38.8oa )E 39. '00 /. """,,""""""D1.'1r.m.".01 1. 34 )LM [DIAGRAM 1. )MV _ !.-6 L 33 3S 1 _- 33.010 > 34.880 'LH [DIAGRAM I. 'MV OUTPUT rtL! I ..1•TlCOIaa [II... vare10nJ C-35.000 TITLE_ 1 ·,h'1 166 ROISTACHER

A T!NEX Text 'ro•••I11\9 lxample llulUc. RUIlOtf Output hampl.

This 1. an example ot text f'IOaft:uln'j whlch .how. how A Mult1c. Text Pxoces81ftCj Example text Can be In••rt.d in fn. fom .nd then to....ttod by the

collputel". 'rh1. 18 an eXUlple ot text procl!ssing- wt.lch shows bow text can be in••rted In free torra and then fonnatt.ed by the 'ollodnll thh Por~9"I,h 18 • blo.k diagram (1) which computer. IIU.t be ke~t on thl!l ' ••1 p491. If th••• 1. no room tor 1t

her. on pl\go 1, thon it "111 oce ur on pag. 2, Pollowlag thio paragraph is a block diagram (11 which

.ust. be kept on the lame page. If there 18 no room for 1 there on paqe 1 t.ben it vill occur on page 2.

(1) Tb1. footnote refer. to tbe dlagrl'll'A. ---"C"-- Jhl1t.lca Text Plac•••ing axa_ple DiagraM 1.

J!iddle (1) th1a footnote refer. to t1.e tllU'jl·t\JlI. r::l--->I'II -->r:l II ----I II TEltEX T.xt Pro ....ing Exampl. 'aga Diaqr... 1.

IlulU •• gEDX Ecl1U"'1 ExaMple REFERENCES1 qedx }_.1. r ex2.runoff '" 1,G9p/pgae/c I ... Bolt, Beranek, & Newman, Inc. TENEX user's guide. Cambridge, which must be kept on the same pgae. Mass: Author, 1973. If there 1s no room for it be re on pgae .ur INpl then it will occur on pgae ~INpS. International Business Machines Corporation. TEXT/360 reference manual and operating guide. Program No. 3600-29.4.001, 1968. I,$./pqae/pag.I4-4------:J International Business Machines Corporation. System/360 Administrative Terminal System. Terminal Operations ,,$1''''"(,.------­ If Manual, No. H20-o859, 1972. • 1'1 34 .ds Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project MAC. Multics •ce programmer's manual. Cambridge, Mass: Author, 1972. University of California, San Diego. EDITOR: User guide to UCSD text editing program for the B6700. La Jolla, Calif: A KultlcB Text Processing Example .he 1 "Kultlcs Text Processing Example",." Author, 1971. University of Illinois. PLORTS user guide. Urbana, Ill: Author, This 1s an example of text processing Which abows row text can 1973. inserted in free form and then formatted by the ccraputer , University of Michigan. MTS Volume I: MTS and the computing Following this paragraph 1s a blOCk diagram center. Ann Arbor, Mich: Author, 1972. .ft University of Michigan. MTS Volume 5: System services. Ann This footnote refers to the diagram. Arbor, Mich: Author, 1972. • ft which fftwst be kept on the same page. Van Dam, A., & Rice, D. E. On-line text editing: A survey. If t.here is no room for it be re on page Computing Surveys, 1971,3,93-114. .ur ~Npl then it will occur on page SNNp% • ...• sp 2 • nf 7 .ce 7 .ne 7

I I Beqin 1->1 Klddle End II .ce ••p 2 •••••• If God wanted ma.n to do anything, He'd have done it Hillself·.·-·" IIf God/dl 5 NOTE ~lag..m 1.1_, \34 1. The references consist of documentation for programs and J systems mentioned in the text, as well as a survey article on text :;~.~p] 7 editors. The reader should perhaps check closer to home before Diagram 1. +--- ordering a manual from a distant installation, since manuals are ; }..--B often incomprehensible away from their home. They are even r 1419 3.213 127~46 more often inaccurate, either at home or abroad.