75 Years ofSexology (1908-1983)
6th World Congress ofSexology
May 22-27, 1983 Washington, D.C.
Sponsored by the WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXOLOGY and organized by the UNITED STATES CONSORTIUM FOR SEXOLOGY The Author: ErwinJ. Haeberle, Ph.D., Ed.D., is DirectorofHistorical Research at The InstituteforAdvancedStudyof Human Sexualityin San Francisco, Adjunct Professor at San FranciscoState University, and a Research Associate at the Kinsey Institutefor Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. He has acted as one ofthe two co-chairmen ofthe Scientific Committee for the Sixth World Congress ofSexology in Washington, D.C., May 22-27,1983.
Picture Credits The author wishes to thank the following individuals and public and private archives for generously providing documents and illustrations: Austrian National Library, Vierma (1, 14, 17, 18, 19), Dr. Harry Benjamin, New York(58,68,69,70,74,75,79,83,84,85,86,87,88), Prof. Dr.Robert Bloch, Munich(6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 22), Cortina International—Dr. Borruto—, Verona (2), Prof. Dr. C. van Emde Boas, Amster dam (54,55), the German Federal Film Archive, Koblen2(67), Manfred Herzer, Berlin (12,23,56,71,72, 80), Alice Holz,Jerusalem(33), The Kinsey Institute for Research inSex, Genderand Reproduction(3,5, 11,13,15,16,20,21,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 76, 77), Dr. Michael Meroz and Ambassador Yohanan Meroz, Jerusalem(31,32,34,35,65).
Copyright © 1983 by ErwinJ. Haeberle
Researchfor thisproject has been supported by The Kinsey Institutefor Research in Sex, Gender andReproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. I FOREWORD:
1983 is indeed a very appropriate year to commemorate the early stagesofsexology. It was in 1908—75 years ago—that the firstJournalofSexology was published in Berlin, and it was in 1913—70 years ago—that the first Societyfor Sexology was founded, again in Berlin. Thus, our city was once the creative center of sexology, an accomplishment of which we can be proud. There is, however, a taste of bitterness in this pride, resulting from the fact that Berlin wasalsothe placewhere the promising development of Germansexologywasinterrupted 50 years ago. The barbaric autodafe of books which took place right in the center of the city, not far from the University and the Opera House, in May 1933, included the works of German sexologists and ruined the future oftheir science for the subsequent twelve dark years. AsI have learned from Professor Haeberle, there has hitherto been no publication deal ingwith the birth andearlydevelopment ofsexology. Although historiographymaynot be the only way of communicating with the past, it is certainly a more reliable one than any other. ForthisreasonIam verygladthat he hastakenthe initiative to summarize the story of sexology up to 1933 and, by wayof thislittlebrochure, to make it known to the partici pantsof the 6th World Congress ofSexology. Since thecongress takes placeinWashington, D.C. and the brochure is being published in English, I think it is very fitting that the latter should begin and end with documents linking early sexology and the city of Berlin to the English-speaking world. The correspondence between HavelockEllis and HarryBenjamin in particularhasimpressedme very much. Dr. Benjamin, now livingin NewYork at the age of98,was born inBerlin, emigrated to the UnitedStates in 1913,andknewallthesexologi- calpioneerspersonally, fromSigmund Freudto Magnus Hirschfeld. Healsospokeat nearly allearlyinternational sexological congresses. I do hope he willbe amongthe recipientsof this booklet and will enjoy reading it and his name in it. However, I am conhdent even those who were not personal witnesses of the early history of sexology will be fascinated too. Some may even feel inspired to undertake further studies and eventually to make unexpected discoveries among the ideas ofthe sexological pioneers in Berlin.
Wilhelm A. Kewenig Senator for Science and Research, Berlin s-
INTRODUCTION:
THE fflSTORY AND CONCEPT OF SEXOLOGY
I n our Western civilization attempts at a rational and systematic study of human sexual behavior date back at least to the ancient Greeks. Indeed, physicians like Hippocrates and the philosphers Plato and Aristotle can be claimed as the legitimate forefathers of sex re search, since they made extensive observations and offered the first elaborate theories regarding sexual responses and dysfunctions, reproduction and contraception, abortion, sex legislation, and sexual ethics. In imperial Rome, Greek physicians like Soranus and Galen further advanced and systematized ancient sexual knowledge. Their work, in turn,
prompted later Islamic scholars to devote a great deal of attention to sexual questions. •i*. These studies, originally written in Arabic, were translated and introduced into medieval <•*; Europe. Together with re-edited Greek and Roman manuscripts, they became standard "•ji texts at newly established medical schools and stimulated a rebirth ofanatomical research • in the l6th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The names of Fallopio (Fallopian tubes), de Graaf (Graafian follicles), Berthelsen (Bartholin's glands) and Cowper (Cowper's glands) recall, ® even today, the first flowering of modern anatomy and remain associated with the then newly discovered parts of human sexual anatomy. The Age of Enlightenment ushered in a % vigorous and increasingly secularized discussiort of sexual ethics and produced the first programs ofpublic and private sex education as well as new classifications and documen- ci tations ofsexual behavior. Inthe 19th century new concerns about overpopulation, sex- J ual psychopathy and degeneracy gave rise to the concept of"sexuality" and led to intensi- •Ri fled efforts onmany fronts togetafirmer intellectual grasp onasubject matter that rapidly seemed to grow ever more complex. Biological, medical, historical, and anthropological research by von Baer, Darwin, Mendel, Kaan, Morel, Magnan, Charcot, Westphal, Burton, ^ Morgan, Mantegazza, Westermarck, Krafft-Ebing, Schrenck-Notzing, and others, laid the foundations ofsex research in the modern, more specific sense. Finally, at the turn of the 20th century, the pioneering work of Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud, and Iwan Bloch es tablished the investigation ofsexual problems as a legitimate endeavor in its own right. The concept ofa special scientific and scholarly effort devoted to the understanding of sex was first proposed by the Berlin dermatologist Iwan Bloch (1872-1922), who also coined the new term for it: Sexualwissenschaft. The term was first translated as "sexual science", but this issomewhat misleading, sincetheGerman Wissenschaft comprises both ' the natural sciences and the humanities. The translation as "sexology" is therefore prefera- < ble, because the Greek root "logos", which is part of the word, traditionally refers to all powers ofreason and therefore to any rational study, to organized knowledge of any kind. Thus, the Latin-Greek hybrid "sexology" simply refers to the theoretical study ofsex, just ^ as the German original. In this sense, Iwan Bloch may be rightfully called the father of J sexology (or Sexualwissenschaft). 4 The modern concept ofsexology (i.e. thetheoretical study ofsexoiscientia sexualis) is, M ofcourse, tobedistinguished from the older concept oferotology (i.e. the practical study 2 of lovemaking or ars amatoria), Erotological writings like Vatsayana's Kama Sutra and Other Hindu love manuals, indeed even recent Western counterparts like van de Velde's IdealMarriage or Comfort's/03;ofSexwant to guide the reader to subjective experiences. They are, in a popular phrase, "how-to books". Sexological writings, in contrast, want to convey objective insight. In this general sense, therefore, the term "sexological" can also be applied retroactively to older Western literature, such as Hippocrates' On Semen or Schurig's Gynaecologia historica-medica. The purely theoretical study of sex had, several decades before Bloch, entered a new phase of concentration and specialization. 19th-century medicine, elaborating a theme it inherited from the Age ofEnlightenment, began to concern itselfmore and more with the bizarre, dangerous, and supposedly unhealthy aspects ofsex. As earlyas 1843, the Russian physician Heinrich Kaan, in his book Psychopathia Sexualis, offered a classification of sexual mental diseases, a method that was adapted, greatly expanded and refined over forty years later by von Krafft-Ebing in another book of the same title. Indeed, this pre- sexological era of modern sex research was almost exclusively devoted to the study of people believed to be sick. The sexual manifestations oftheirsickness were carefully listed and, as a rule, ascribed to degeneration. A broadening of this view could come only from outside medicine and biology as they were then understood. Indeed, as the work of Iwan Bloch demonstrates, it eventually \ / came from two hitherto neglected sources—history and anthropology. Bloch, a man of enormous erudition, who spoke several languages and possessed a personal library of 40,000 volumes, kew from his readings that many supposedly pathological and degener ate sexual behaviors had always existedin many parts ofthe globe andamong both "primi tive" and civilized peoples. Therefore, he gradually came to the conclusion thatthe medi cal view ofsexual behavior was shortsighted and needed to be corrected by historical and \/ anthropological research. He began to see the "sexual psychopathies" as timeless and uni versal manifestations of the human condition and finally, in the first years ofour century, attacked the notion ofsexual degeneration in a seminal study.
The Birth and EarlyGrowth ofSexology (1908-1933)
I n his monumental study Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit (The Sexual Life of Our Time, 1907), Iwan Bloch offered this programmatic statement: The author of the present work. . .is.. . convinced that the purely medicalconsideration ofthesexuallife, although itmustalways con stitute the nucleus ofsexualscience, is yet incapable ofdoingfulljus tice to the many-sided relationships between the sexual and all the otherprovinces ofhuman life. Todojustice to the whole importance oflove in the life ofthe individual and in that ofsociety, and in rela tion to the evolution ofhuman civilization, thisparticular branch of inquiry must be treated in its proper subordination as a part ofthe general science of mankind, which is constituted by a union ofall othersciences—ofgeneral biology, anthropology andethnology, phi- . losophy andpsychology, the history ofliterature, and the entire his tory ofcivilization. M Having thus mapped out the territory; Bloch proceeded to conquer it. His enormous erudition allowed him to continue: . In so far as so comprehensive a mode oftreatment is possible to one individual, theauthorhasendeavored, in his investigation ofthe sex ual life, to do justice to all these widely divergentpoints of view, in order to facilitate a comprehensive and objective consideration of all the relevantproblems. .. Hitherto there has existedno single com prehensive treatise on the whole ofthe sexual life. .. The time is in- -r deed fully ripe/oran attempt to sift.. .theenormous mass ofavaila- ^ ble material, andtopresent the resultfrom a centralizedstandpoint. . This new, centralized standpoint was that of the sexologist, and it soon came to be shared by others. Bloch's new concept and his new term were eagerly embraced by admiring colleagues, and thus, only one year later in 1908, Magnus Hirschfeld was able to edit the first journal for sexology, the ZeitschriftfiirSexualwissenschaft. With this important publication, sex ology was formally launched and quickly developed into a thriving academic endeavor. The following text recapitulates briefly,in chronological order, some of the early accom plishments:
Journals Hirschfeld'sZeitschriftfiirSexualwissenschaft was the first journal devoted to sexology as a science. Planned as a monthly publication, it appeared for only 1 year (1908) in 12 issues and then was incorporated into another, less specialized journal edited by the young Max Marcuse. However, as a historical document, this first attempt remains of enduring interest and is, in fact, a treasure trove of significantinsights. Its scope was appropriately wide: The very first issue contained an article by Sigmund Freud on "Hysterical Fantasyand Its Rela tion to Bisexuality", and subsequent issues presented original work by Adler, Abraham, Stekel and Sadger. Thus, pyschoanalysis was clearly announced as a legitimate part of the sexological effort. Yet Hirschfeld's editorial ambition reached further. He traveled to Italy and personally obtained articles from the "grand old men" Mantegazza and Lombroso. The latter's interest in forensic questions was, of course, shared by Hirschfeld himself, who appeared as an expert witness in some ofthe most sensational "sex trials" ofhis time. In addition, the journal contained historical, philological, pedagogical, biological, medi- cal, and ethnological articles. It is important to note in this context that the great Viennese ethnologist Friedrich Salo mon Krauss served (together with the Leipzigphysician Hermann Rohleder) as a co-editor of the journal and was, in fact, one of the prime movers in broadening the concept of sex research. His many contributions, and especially his journal Anthropophyteia, deserve much more attention than they are now receiving in sexological circles. Eventually, in 1914, on the eve of the First World War, Iwan Bloch and the "Nestor of German sex research", Albert Eulenburg, made the second attempt at a purley scientific % journal and once more started the ZeitschriftfUr Sexualwissenschaft as the official organ ^ of the newly founded "Medical Societyfor Sexologyand Eugenics" in Berlin. As they state in their preface,it intends to serve "the study of medical, natural, and culturalproblemsof S sexology". After Eulenburg's and Bloch's death, this journal was also edited by Max Mar- cuse and survived until 1932. In the following year, Marcuse escaped to Palestine and later 0 died as an Israelicitizen. & The historical importance of this great journal can hardly be exaggerated. For nearly two decades it collected and published the sexological work ofthe best minds ofits time. n/ 6
:h»' Societies The Arztliche GesellschaftfurSexualwissenschaft undEugenik (Medical Society for Sex ology and Eugenics) was founded in Berlin on February 21,1913 by Bloch, Hirschfeld and several other interested physicians. It was the first sexological society and, through its above-mentioned journal, it soon exercised a considerable national and international in fluence. Beginning with 15 founding members, the membership increased to over 100 within the first year. Also open to non-medical members with academic credentials, the society held monthly meetings, usually of more than 2 hours, in which papers were pre sented and discussed. Sigmund Freud, in Vienna, dismissed the society as a forum created especially for the mistaken ideas of Wilhelm Fliess, but this was a hasty and erroneous judgment. Although it is true that Fliess was an active participant, the personalities of the other members were much too strong to be dominated by a single view. It is also remarkable that, only a few months after the first, a second sexological society was founded in Berlin,the Internationale GesellschaftfUrSexualfprschung (International Society for Sex Research). This rival organization, under the leadership of Albert Moll, eventually developed into an influential force ofits own. It held international congresses and, ironically, also took over the Zeitschriftfur Sexualwissenschaft under the editorship ofMaxMarcuse.
Books It is impossible, in the present context, to give an adequate account ofthe rich early sexo logical literature. It was, ofcourse, deeply rooted in the 19th century, which had already produced a sizeable number ofseminal works. However, even considering only the first third ofour century before the rise ofHitler, there are so many great, if unjustly forgotten sexological books, that only the sketchiest outline can be given here. The most important authors were once again Bloch, Moll, Hirschfeld, and Max Marcuse. Ofthese, Iwan Bloch, the actual "father ofsexology", is perhaps still the least understood. In addition to his medical, historical, and ethnological studies and his earlier mentioned SexualLife ofOur Time (1907), Bloch also made the first great attempt at a comprehensive sexological standard work. He planned a series of monographs, written by different au thors, whichwouldcover the entire field. Thisambitious project under the title Handbuch der gesamten Sexualwissenschaft in Einzeldarstellungen (Comprehensive Handbook of Sexology in Monographs) remained fragmentary because of the intervening first World War and Bloch's untimely death. Nevertheless, three volumes appeared: Blpch's own Die Prostitution (Prostitution, 2 vols. 1912 and 1925) and Hirschfeld's Die Homosexualitdt des Mannes and des Weibes(Homosexuality of Man and Woman, 1914). Tlie latter study, based on personal knowledge of over 10,000 individuals, was rightly hailed as the most thorough work on the subject, an "encyclopedia ofhomosexuality", whose historical in troduction alone is still unsurpassed in depth and, even today, would more than justify a translation. However, it is Bloch's uncompleted and untranslated work which deserves the greatest attention. He considered prostitution the central problem of sexology, since it combined the biological and cultural aspects of sex in the most dramatic and obvious fashion. If ever an author was meant to do this subject justice, it was Bloch. In his hands, Wilhelm von Humboldt's abandoned plan to write a "History of Whoring" (1778) as a "History ofHuman Dependency" would have succeeded, and thus, his inability to finish the work was a tragedy for our field. We now can only admire the outline and the amazing scholarship of the completed part ofhis historical introduction. Nothing comparable has ever been attempted again. Albert Moll had, before the turn of the century, already written the first great mono graphs on homosexuality {Die contrdre Sexualempfindung, 1891) and the nature of the sexual urge {Untersuchungen iXber die Libido sexualis, 1897). The latter book had a great
7
"wwr.tjjr.WTOT! and not fully acknowledged influence on Freud, especially sinceit tookinfantile sexuality for granted. Indeed, in 1909, Moll wrote the first comprehensive study devoted to "the sexual life of the child" Das Sexualleben des Kindes. Finally, in 1911, he edited the first single sexological handbook Handbucfo der Sexualwissenschaften. This work was en largedand updated in 1926. The two impressive, richly illustrated, yet untranslated vol umesof tl^edition representa milestone in sex research. Evenby themselves, they were capable "of giving it academic legitimacy. Another remarkable achievement was the Handworterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft (HandDictionaryof Sexology, 1923) edited by Max Marcuse. It contained lengthy articles by recognized authors on allaspects of sexol ogy. The entries dealingwith psychoanalytic concepts were written by Sigmund Freud himself,who thus formally re-established some links with the sexology movement. However, the most fertile sexological writer was Magnus Hirschfeld. Even before his great study of homosexuality, he had already written a classicwork on transvestism, a term hehimselfhadcoined {Die Transvestiten, 1910). Yet hisposition astheforemost sexologist was secured by the two major works ofhis later years: a textbook in three volumes, Sex- ualpatbologie (Sexual Pathology, 1916-20) and his sexological testament, the sum of 30 years ofresearch and experience, a heavy, large-size standard work in five volumes called (Sexual Knowledge, 1926-30).
Films Another area of sexological activitythat deserves to be recalled is the production of films. Iwan Bloch, even before the end ofthe first World War,served as an advisor for a dramatic film about the problem of syphilis: EswerdeLichtC'Let There beLighV\ 1916-18). This film was also supported by the Medical Society for Sexology and eventually grew into a project ofseveral parts. Its director was Richard Oswald, later also successful with non- sexological films in Berlin and Hollywood. Oswald further made several films in close collaboration with Magnus Hirschfeld, of which the best known isperhaps Anders als die Andem ("Different from the Others", 1919), a pl^a for the decriminalization ofhomosex ual behavior. In this film, Conrad Veidt, who later played the Naziofficer in "Casablanca" with Humphrey Bogart, appears as a homosexual violinist who is blackmailed and com mitssuicide.It wasthe firstpopular film ever to dealwith homosexuality, and at leastparts ofit are preserved in various film archives. How many of the other films made with Hirschfeld are still in existence is unclear. Hirschfeld himself mentions five filmsin his last list ofpublications. • Another important contribution was the Steinach Film (1923), produced with Austrian support by the Berlin film company Ufa. In documentary fashion, it introduced a wider public to the endocrinological studiesof Eugen Steinach. Thisfull-length sexological film was also briefly shown in New York before the MedicalSociety, but did not find an Ameri can distributor.
Institute In 1919, Hirschfeld was able to realize his greatest ambition and to found the world's first InstituteforSexology. It washoused in one of Berlin'sfinest buildings(aformer residence of PrinceHatzfeld, the Germanambassador to France), set up asa foundation, turned over and accepted by the government. This institute became the center of considerable re search and therapeutic activity and soongained recognition world-wide. Reflecting the interdisciplinaryapproach ofits founder, the institute was devoted to four major areas ofresearch: sexual biology, sexual pathology (medicine), sexual sociology, and sexual ethnology. Its library housed over20,000 volumes, 35,000 photographs, large num bers ofobjects and works ofart. In addition, approximately 40,000 confessions and bio graphical letters were on file. The staff consisted of Hirschfeld himself, an archivist, a li brarian, four secretaries, and various assistants. Among the institute's manyactivities, three are especially noteworthy: (a) a large premarital counseling practice, the first ofits kind in Germany, (b) regular public lectures and discussions on sexological topics, and (c) a med ico-legal service for expert testimony, especially in criminal cases. In all of these areas, Hirschfeld also trained young scholars and scientists, such as the gynecologist Ludwig Levy-Lenz andJosef Hynie, later professor ofsexology in Prague. Moreover, the institute had visitors from many countries, from Margaret Saneer and Harrv Benjamin to lawaharlal Nehru, Andre Gide and the young Christopher Isherwood. In short, it was an important cultural asset not only for the city ofBerlin but also for the whole country and, indeed, the K world. However, on May 6, 1933, a little more than 3 months after Hitler had come to power, the institute was ransacked by a Nazi mob and its books and papers publicly burned. This surprisingly early attack on sexology has led to speculation as to its motives. The antise- mitic impulse was, of course, obvious, but Levy-Lenz, who had been on the staff at the time, later ascribed the official vandalism to the fact that many prominent Nazis had been patients and that the institute "knew too much" about the party leadership.
Congresses Finally, we may remember with pride another great legacy of the early sexology move ment—international scientific congresses. Here again, Hirschfeld was the pioneer. In 1921, two years after the opening of his institute, he organized the first sexological con gress in history, the International Meetingfor Sexual Reform on a Sexological Basis in Berlin. It was one of the first international congresses of any kind in Germany after the Great War, and the tireless Hirschfeld hadmanaged to assemble an organizing committee of scientists from Tokyo and Peking to Moscow, Copenhagen, London, Rome and, indeed, San Francisco (Dr. Victor G. Vecki). The 6-day congress presented 38 papers in four major areas: (a) Sexual Endocrinology (b) Sex and the Law, (c) Birth Control, and (d) Sex Education. It ended with a call forliegal andsocial reform, a gogl that was widely supported, but which also evoked much aca demic criticism. Albert Moll, for example, Hirschfeld's fellow sexologist and rival, con demned the congress as mere "propaganda" and, five years later, organized the first, "purely scientific" International Congressfor Sex Research also in Berlin (1926). It cov ered roughly the same areas as Hirschfeld's earlier congress, but offered nearly three times as many speakers. Among these, were Harry Benjamin, Eugen Steinach, Norman Haire and Bronislaw Malinow.ski. This was followed by a second and last congress in London in 1930, which was otherwise less distinguished, although it did feature ErnestJones with a paper on psychoanalysis. Hirschfeld, who was more energetic than Moll, succeededin organizing four more inter national congresses in Copenhagen (1928), London (1929), Vienna (1930), and Brno 91) (1932). The Copenhagen congress led to the founding of the World Leaguefor Sexual Reform, with Hirschfeld, Auguste Forel, and Havelock Ellis as the first presidents. This organization sponsored the next congresses, and among its speakers were some of the most impressive personalities of the time: J. H. Leunbach, Norman Haire, Max Hodann, i/'^y Kurt Hiller, Helene Stocker, Vera Brittain, Marie Stopes, ErnstGrafenberg, Harry Benjamin. Elise Ottesen-Jensen, Bertrand Russell, George Bernard Shaw, Ernst Toller, Wilhelm Reich. 14/ Friedrich S. Krauss, and BenjaminB. Lindsey. Curiously enough, once the Nazis had seized •h: control, even countries other than Germanybecame less hospitable to the opendiscussion ofsexual reform. No more congresses could be held, and thus, after Hirschfeld's death, the league dissolved. • V" W We have, in this summary, deliberately passed over all psychoanalytic contributions, since Freud and his followers have fortunately found and retainedthe academic and popu lar recognition they deserve. To a lesser extent, this is also true ofWilhelm Reich, whose work is now, at least in part, again being appreciated. Thus, their place in history seems secure. We hope to have shown, however, that in the first thirdofour century, there was far more to the study ofsex than psychoanalysis, and that, as far as sexology proper is con cerned, Freud was only a marginal figure. Unfortunately, this brieftribute does not permit a closer examination ofthese issues. Let us, however, emphasize as strongly as possible that to honor the memory ofour unjustly forgotten pioneers is more than an overdue act ofpiety or intellectual restitution. It is, in fact, an indispensable first step in raising our own consciousness^ Ifwe do not regain our past that has been stolen from us, we sexologists will not have the academic future to wliicli we are Otherwise well entitled..
And let it be understood that the,rediscovery of our roots also involves a new under standing of the whole scientific, cultural, social, and political context in wnicn tney are embedded. After all, the Vienna of Friedrich S. Krauss, Sigmund Freud, Eugen Steinach, and Wilhelm Reich was also the Vienna of Mahler, Schonberg, Klimt, Schiele, Loos, Weininger, Wittgenstein, Schnitzler, Hofmannsthal, Karl Kraus, and the young, unem ployed AdolfHitler. Berlin, in Hirschfeld's lifetime, changedfrom a quiet, almost rural Prussian town into the large German capitaland hectic metropolis. He, as well as Eulenburg, Bloch, Moll, and Max Marcuse lived through the most extraordinary scientific upheavals, technological innova tions, cultural breakthroughs, social upheavals andpolitical changes. Berlin was the city of Bismarck and Bebel, Rosa Luxemburg and Walter Rathenau, Fontane and Doblin, Menzel and Liebermann, Zille and Grosz, Max Reinhardt, Brecht, Weill, and Piscator, the great film companies and the small cabarets; it was Kaiser Wilhelm*s imperial residence and the heart of"Weimar culture". All ofthis had its impact on our pioneers. It constituted the climate in which sexology was conceived and could grow. /f/P
Sexology Since World War II
jL^fterA the Second World War, sexology experienced a renaissance in America through the efforts of Alfred C. Kinsey. His training and experience as a zoologist made him well suited for the task oftaking a large-scale, strictly empirical survey ofactual sexual behavior in the United States. With their two monumental kudies, the so-c^lecl Rinsey keports {Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 1948, and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, 1953), Kinsey and his co-authors made a new, significant, and non-medical contribution to sex research. Moreover, it could honestly be called sexological in the sense demanded by Bloch, because it was the result of interdisciplinary teamwork. As Kinsey himself made clear in the "Historical Introduction" to the first volume: Throughout the nine years ofstudy, many hours have been spent in consultation withspecialists outside thisstaff, particularlyin thefol lowingfields: Anatomy, animal behavior, anthropology, astronomy
10 (statistical), biology, child development, criminal law, endocrinol ogy, generalphysiology, genetics, gynecology, human physiology, in stitutional management, law enforcement, marriage counseling, medicine (various branches), military authorities, neurology, obstet rics, penology, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology (general), psy chology (clinical), psychology (experimental), public health, public opinionpolls, sex education, social work, sociology, statistics, urol ogy, venereal disease. Kinsey further explained that he did not expect future sex research to remain restricted to this preliminary list. He therefore offered a broad outline ofa basic sexological library, which, in his opinion, had to cover at least all ofthe following fields: Biology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, medicine, marriage counseling, child development, personnelprograms, public opinion surveying, radio programs, philosophy, ethics, religion, education, history, law, law enforcement, literature, arts, and erotica. As one can see, Kinsey's interests ranged wide, and indeed he succeeded in amassing a substantial library and collection along the lines he had indicated. Unfortunately, with his untimely death in 1956, and with the loss of previous financial support, his ambitious research programs for the future had to be curtailed drastically. Since then, the Kinsey Institute, under the directorship ofPaul H. Gebhard continued its work ona reduced scale. Recently the directorship has been taken over byJune M. Reinisch. In the lastfew decades scientific attention has againshifted to medical and physiological studies. Mainly under the impact of two other pathbreaking books, Human Sexual Re sponse (1966) and Human Sexual Inadequacy (1970) by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson, researchers have concentratedon treating the sexual dysfunctions of-the individ ual (or at most, the couple). As a result, the social and historical dimensions of sex have largely been neglected. Thus, in the public mind, sexology is today often associated with "sex therapy", a medi cal, paramedical, or quasimedical enterprise. This perception is, of course, wrong about both sexology in general and sex therapy in particular. After all, the latter is, to a large extent, no longer based on a medical model, but rather on various learning models of humanbehavior. Consequently, manysex therapists are not members omre meaical pro- fession, and the people they treat are no longer called patients, but clients. Nevertheless, there are still strong tendencies on the part ofmany therapists and researSiers^o borrow respectability from the medical establishment and to reintegrate sexology into medical schools as a specialty ror pnysicianS. However, its own historical development tells us that sexology, properly understood, cannot grow on this narrow basis. The exploration and manipulation ofphysical and psy chological responses is, at best, a sexological side issue. The holy aura of "therapy" should not blind us to the dangers ofjoncritical, ahistorical specialization. Indeed, we must realize that the academic dominance ofa purely medical sexology would be a throwback to Victo rian times, irispite ofits increased technological sophistication. Wedeceive ourselves if we expect significant progress in understanding human sexuality by putting our faith in the mindless collection ofmore "data" or in the refinement of therapeutic techniques. Rather, the study ofsex must first gain a critical consciousness ofits own origin and historical role, ^fterall, "humansexuality" or "sexual behavior" and similar constructs which now figure_ as~lhe'^'*0bjects" of sexology, are not concrete, finite, and clear-cut entities that can be^ touched, weigned. or measured. Instead, they are concepts which were developed in the course of a continuing larger historical process. All the key words, phrases, expressions, and concepts ofmodern sexology were nnk-nnwn to the classical writers ot thd paSt. "S^x-. uality", "homosexuality", "sexual behavior", "sex drive", "sexual response", "sexual
11 dysfunction",—none ofthese terms can be found in the Bible,in Homer,Aristotle, Dante, Shakespeare, Voltaire, or Goethe. Neitherwould the American FoundingFathers haveun derstood them. Indeed, even today the exact meaningof these concepts remains unclear to the extent that their historical origin remains unexamined. This becomesimmediately obviouswhen one looksfor theirdefinitionin dictionaries, encyclopedias, or professional textbooks. The current defimtions are either tautological or carry a whole system of un- questioned, but unwarrantedassumptions. These assumptions, in turn, can be understood only on the basis of a historical analysis. In short, the study of sex is, above all, a study of and, as it turns out, very often the study of fonlish ineas. Sexoloev is theretbre mainly Ideologiekritik, or thecritical ey^minaHnn of ideologies. Fortunately, there are some counterforces which try to rectify the present sexological imbalance, and whichseek to reconnectsexology with its long and honorable lost tradition. An important and meaningful link to the past has been the reconvening of World Con gresses of Sexology in Paris Montreal (197^, Rome (1978), Mexico City (1979), Jerusalem (1^1). and Washington (19^). Thesecongresses have, once again, takenup the work originally started by Hirschfeld and Moll. Furthermore, several European universities (Prague, Hamburg, Frankfurt, and Leuven [Belgium]) now have departments ofsexology, and in the United States there are a number of undergraduate and graduate Human Sexuality Programs. Jn SanFrancisco, asexological graduateschool, The InstituteforAdvancedStudyofHuman Sexuality, even awardsaca demic degrees specifically in sexology. Still, the goal envisioned by Ellis, Freud, Bloch, Hirschfeld, Moll, Marcuse and other V sexological pioneers hasnot nearly beenapproached, muchless reached everywhere. As J sex research advances, the variety ofgoals and methods in amultitude ofdisciplines itself P- creates a problem of correlation and evaluation. The loss of perspective is therefore a S constant threat. Inother words, Bloch's sexological "centralized standpoint" is more im- ^ portant then ever. ^
12 FORERUNNERS
ROaU-NAPOLI -I Gewui* IMS.
VoL L Paw. L ARCHIVIO bBI.t.K PSICOPATIE SESSUAll RIVISTA QUINDICINALE ' l>l I'NU-Ol.iliil.v, I'siroPATUI.nniA VMANa'e COUBABATik III Meuii IDA t.EOAi.E s Di PjimiATUA rOmm dei MEDtCI, MA6ISTRATI ed l^/VOGATI DIreltofe Dolt. PASQUALE PENTA _' •uft'to't Part/fifiiaUi 'li I'sieMalria 4 di Antivpalefxa aSxlnati •. ,. alCViu^fnilA ii ^ ,• RidMtti! HAtfULt HRHOHt CATAHO • fOUPtO HUCClO COUABOfUTORI ... s AJtltll e'intm rr"h'4/r'rd t i/f di PUA. ^ iSdrlUrt tIK vitJII. IW'c* prf.iAf'* 4^f Jf 41 NiiHiii. - BiAtTvM FMtrlot. prsf.'il fMltt * fl- VJ Tntu In 19th-century Europe, thescientific study ofsex produceda great numberofbooks which prepared the way for the development of sexology as a science in its own right. Among the most important forerunners are: 1. Austria: Richard von Krafft-Ebing and his famous collection ofcase studies Psychopathia Sexualis{\8B6). 2. Italy: The first scientific journal devoted exclusively to sexual questions. Edited by Pasquale Penta (1896). England; Havelock Ellisand his first study on Contrary Sexual Feeling. Originally published in German (see next page). 3. Switzerland: Augusce Forel andhls book The Sexual Question {1905). 13 HAVELOCK ELLIS AND IWAN BLOCH DAS KONTRARE fj GESCHLECHTSGEFUHL \'tK HAVELOCK ELLIS rNt> J.A. SYMONDS PHCrSCJ/F. ly/llG IXAL • ACSGABE BKORC.T CNTER MITWIRKL'SC VON DR. HANS KURELLA -T*- 4,5. Ellis' first book on sexual questions, Sex ual Inversion or ContrarySexual Feeling, ran into censorship problems in England, but in translationhad a deserved impact in Germany. As a result, Ellis established con LF.Il'Zin GEORG H. WIGAND-S VERLAC tact with Iwan Bloch and other German sexologists. iSg6 Letter from Havelock Ellis to Iwan Bloch, dated Dec. 4, 1900: DearDr Bloch, Here and thereyou are inclined to accept as typical Your book has arrived and I am now reading it what are mere individual eccentricities (always with much interest. Sofaras[ havegot, Itbinkyour very common in England), butIfind very little to' -3 general statements are quitesound. disagree with. —/ look forward with great interest to readingyour Marquis de Sade. m- ^ ^ i, /*-y . C-t.f*'—l^-w~ J .-tSf l\y /• . Jl- /• -fz- 7 2^ .-1 14 IWAN BLOCH (1872-1922)—THE "FATHER OF SEXOLOGY" DasSexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zurmodernen Kultur. Von Dr med. Iwan Bloch, n ;t tQfi .iUr»prufl( 6yp^lllt** «10. :: H 41.—60. Tauaend, 6l«b«nt« bU ftauftU, urn •Iwo Afthtiig jurmbhytt Btirgfttyp'Awflig*. »% 10. Iwan Bloch developed the concept ofSe^:- ualwissenschaft or sexology. 11. B«Hln 8W. 81. Uouli Mvcu* Veri*gibuchh*ndunc. Bloch's great study The Sexual Life ofOur' Time {\901). 11. Many thanks for your kind remarks about my I by no means think that inversion is harmless, but book. I quiteagree that the great majority ofhomo while I think that a man who injures a young boy is sexual casesare vicious (though even in these there dangerous, I think also that a man who injures a is often a morbid element) but I am personally younggirl is also dangerous. chiefly interested in the studyofthose cases thatare Very trulyyours, not vicious. Havelock Ellis /Ufr //u<., 7 c uA^ uryti^^ c ^ (X\ d /Ow -7^^7 .. tL ^ Ci-U- eyCt.t- UJ ^ iiv /' (••: i 15 THE FIRST/OC/i?A^^Z FOR SEXOLOGYAND ITS EDITORS ember 1908 ZeUschrifi fiir iexuaiwissenschaff. Unler redakdoiieller MKwIrkung von Dr. Friedr. S. Krauss, Uien und Dr. Herm. Rohleder, Leipzig herausgegeben von Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld. Jihrg Inhalt: Zur Methodik der Sexualwissenschaft. Von Dr. M. HIrtchfeld. Verschiedenheiten Im Liebesleben des Welbes u. des Mannas. Von Dr. phll. Helens Stocker. Ist die kontr3re Sexualempfindung heilbar? Von Or. 8. Stdgor, Nervanarit In Wien. Oer gesetzmSssiee Austausch der Keimelemente bei der geschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung. Von Geh. SanltStsrat Dr. Konr. Kustar-Berlln, Erwiderung. Von Or. med. Wilhefm Hammer-Rixdorf. Buclibesprechungen. Von Potir Hamecher. Materialien, Ein Brief Helnr. von Klaltta. MItgetsllt v. Prof. Dr. MaxKatie. 12,13. EIn llterarfschee Dokument temporSrer Inversion. MItgeteiit The Editor: m. e. Nachwort von Kerm. Michailit-CharloHenburg. In 1908, Magnus Hirschfeld founded An unsre Leser. and edited the first Journalfor Sexol Von Or. M. HIrtchfeld. ogy as a monthly publication. It re Leipzig q Georg H. Uigand's Uerlag mained independent for one year (12 is O/b Jlusgabe orlolgt mm is- /odea Moaata. sues) and then was combined with Max Marcu§e's journal Sexual-Probleme. The Co-editors: The ethnologist Friedrich Salomon The physician Hermann Rohleder, Leipzig, who had Krauss, Vienna also published a journal Anthro- also published "Lectures on the Sex Drive and the pophyteia (among the co-editors were Iwan Bloch, Sexual Life of Man." Berlin and Franz Boas, New York). SEXOLOGY AND PYSCHOANALYSIS riiiiTfrMflftaani—i THE FIRST JOURNAL: A SECOND START Zeitschrift fiir Sexualwissenschaft Herausjegeben A. Eulenburg uod Iwan Bloch Band I April 1914 bis Man 1915 In 1913, Bloch, Magnus Hirschfeld, Al bert Eulenburg and others founded the Medical Society for Sexology and Eu- 5emc5 in Berlin, and in 1914, Eulenburg and Bloch began to republish the Jour A. Marcus & E. Webers Verlag (Dr. jur.Albert Ahn)in Bonn nalforSexology as an organ ofthat soci ety. TheJournalfor Sexology. Albert Eulenburg(1840-1917). Iwan Bloch in uniform during World War1. ALBERT MOLL (1862-1939) 23. 24. r ^ Albert Moll, a physician in Berlin, founded the In Dio ternationalSocietyforSex Research in 1913 and or ganized its first congress in 1926, kontrare SeiiQalempriDdiing; 23. Albert Moll and three of his important early works Hit H«Quani( •Mtlifbi'ii Uttfrult on sexual questions: TM Dr. med. Alberl Moll 24. •B lMb«, 'Contrary Sexual Feeling" (Homosexuality), 1891. jilt tUft VafWMt 25. 'Investigations on the Libido sexualis," 1897 (This Dr. K. f. UnSruVaUtf 300k greatly influenced Freud), 26. 'The Sexual Life ofthe Child," 1909. 2w«it«. v«rm*hn« AuJUgc. icmia iiv. riSCHER'8 UIDlVJMxt IfK llCVIIirAJtDLDXU, N. K.<«rr)d. lui. Untersuchungen Das Sexualleben des Kindes Libido sexualls Dr. Del ALBERT UOLI. Dr. Alberl Moll BERUM KW. IHpdt riiv.aKr.> aEuic'ii. Uti miisDU'i Vnlif r.C*.v«((1 HELENE STOCKER AND THE ASSOCIATIONFOR THE PROTECTION OFMOTHERS In 1905 the feminist Dr. Helene Stocker founded, together with Max Marcuse and others, the Associa tion for the Protection of Mothers (Bund fur Mut- terschutz). Asits president and first editorofits jour nal, Stocker fought for the rights of "illegitimate" mothers and children, a new sexual morality, and the right to abortion. After World War I, she increas ingly turned to pacifism. Fleeing from Nazi Ger many, she eventually came to the United States, where she died in 1943. No other woman had a greater influence on the direction of early sexology. Especially strong was her friendship with Iwan Bloch and Magnus Hirschfeld. 27, Helene Stocker. The journal Mutterschutzi?to\.QCl\on of Mothers) edited by Helene Stocker, 1905. Mutterschutz. 29. Zeitschrift zur Reform der sexuellen Ethik. edited by Max Marcuse and retitled "Sexual Prob lems", 1908. PublikillonsQ^gart 30. Bundes fur ftuMerschutz. edited by Max Marcuse and incorporating Hirsch- feld's earlier "Journal for Sexology", 1909. Dr. phil. Helene Stocker, •M I. ^ohrjanj. aauaaa Sexual-Probleme. SexuaNPrbbleme Zeitschrift IDf Sexualwisseifstliait und Sexualpolitlli ««« Kerausfleber Dr. tned. IHaz marcnie Der Zeitschrift ^/Aulterschutz" neue Folge. 1904 Sanuar Erziebunssreformen zur Erzieluns besserer EbemOsHctikeileR. V«a PrvfMMc Pr. L Aartltc.8U|Uu. Uuen EnitKuag in Schule und Uftui fuigt MdlicSi •B, sich 4u/ ib/o sowUea Auf^^o tu b«sia6«a. Def Pr. med. Max Marcuse. Hr l«tva FUrue licfab^wurdigie Stu, dia dj« Sehur fu^Dd fUA L«beo. aicbi fur UieSchuJ«su t«ni«n Kabe.loll pj Oittti und Fun Ubeo. du h«iau vor iJlcixi: fur di* Di« Q D o Q a 4. • a a 0 o AJi» Era«buu^. die voa d»r £b«mvglicbkdt veg eder tn ihr vorbttifuhn, iit rerfcldt. alia auch die ktrchUfhe. die iot Kloiur uod ;n •Stn BeichtiiuliJ hitictnaundet. U«n 2auo liefadurch ktm rvlipoKi Suphmuabcirrr&iS!emcl«D, iUe Slit ^undcg Zou];xin^*torp])«ri uud nut d«:ui Tr^vboach nMcli|«chulicbc ausgv>urf«t ckti Ocruf. Kiud«r m die \7«|t (u seiiea. £h dio Natur iu. wohl iioch ;•!« irgtod kirclilich? •'^izuii^.to diirficu ri»raul dciUodrn Jifciucben nn der HiiUjiU'if und Coiilieli> keii der Zeu^npkraft und d 31. i-M • J ' Max Marcuse, a physician in Berlin, was one of the pioneers ofsexology In 1905, he was a co-founder of the Mutterschutzbund (Association for the Pro tection of Mothers) and edited its journal. Later he became the editor of the Journalfor Sexology. He was forced to flee Germany in 1933 and died in Israel. Max Marcuse (in uniform during World War I) and one of his early books: Die Gefahren 32. der sexuellen Abstinenz "The Dangers of Sexual Abstinence for Health", 1910. ffir 33- die Gesundheit Max Marcuse in old age and his last book, published in Germany: V<*M Dr. Mns Mnrcunc. "ABC Guide through Sexuality and Eroticism", 1963. ,rtr- « ' ^ dufch i Sexudlitat %-i und %- .V -j- '•5: Erotik MAX MARCUSE-THE EDITOR 't 1 35. Max Marcuse wieldedan enormousandverybenefi cial influence as an editor of sexological journals and other periodicals. Max Marcuse in his dermatological practice in Berlin. ARCHIV "Archive for Sex Research". SEXUALFORSCHUNG 37. • "Treatises from the Field of Sex Research". iirreR!i*iio»AU:i cEjEiLscHiFr fOn rtu"« 38. Thelast issue ofthefamous "Journal for Sexology". DR. MAX MARCUSE (Initslast years, thetitlehadagain beenexpanded to "Journal for Sexology and Sexual Politics." See also number 30 on page 20.) Zeitschrift Sexualwissenschaft ABHANDLUNGEN und Sexualpolitik AUS OEM GE8IETE DER SEXUALFORSCHUNG Ik.*, Calaak>r( ad IV. Ivta llxk GeftelhehoA fur Sexuoiror» HH"'* ••• Dr. MAX MARCUSE. Berl Band XVm Afril 1(01 I* Mm i«3i A.MARCUS E.WEBERS VERLAG. BONN THE FIRST GREAT STANDARD WORKS OF SEXOLOGY IIASDHUCH UKH HAND8UCH DEK CESAMnN SEXUAlWISSKNSCHArr SEXUALVVISSENSCHAFTEN IN eiNZIlDARSnUUNCeN Hn.u')c»n^ n> » k-an •locii Die Prostitution IIT BEMXOKRKR BtK0CUSCHnOV.YOOtl irtTi'BoiwcniurruiHKi bkiikhuxoks ERSTKK n.\Slt vrnftHirviiKntDTON i*ffn«cx tun a wm muhm ouMuam noftana M»9t9tatK9Q ra LCVB.D&LWllSSBrBSIOtV •ssLoi ore raonae* M K. usuia vtsnvio DIE PROSTITUTION Dr. med. Iwan Bloch MMMACmWtMat 1. Ul ALBKRT yoi,U BERUN • uMunMo (in 11 TAnu e K» tilwui 39. 40. 39. Albert Moll,ed. "Handbook of the Sexual Sciences", 1911. 40. IwanBloch, ed. "Comprehensive Handbookof Sexology inMonographs" vol. I—"Prostitution", 1912. First World War I and thenBloch's untimely deathprevented the completion of this ambitious project. Only three volumes appeared. 41. MaxMarcuseed. "Hand Dictionary of Sexology", 1923. 42. Magnus Hirschfeld, "Sexual Knowledge" 5 vols. 1926-1930. 41. 42. 19AmD>WOIBir{E}ltlBIUCID miBilB. SDXUAliWISSDNSCIDAFir Gesdileditskunde aufGnind dreiliigjitviger Forsdiung und Enzyklopadie der natur- und kultunvissen- Erfahrung bearbeilet ^ schaftlichen Sexualkiinde des Menschen von Dr.MagnusHirsdifeld herausgegeben von Stnilluru tuxj Idlcndn Aru dtt lauuijn HrScnKMsxmdKlt In Berlin MAX MARCUSE L Band: Die korperseelisdien Grundlagen A. MARCUS & EWEBERS VERLAG 19 2 6 (Dr. jur, Albert Ahn) Julius Pattmann, Verlagsbudihandlung, Stuttgart BONN 1923 23 THE SCIENTIFIC-HUMANITA.RIAN COMMITTEE • ^ WissenschaflNch-humanitares Komi(rs«. jahrbuch • Mr Am SoiiiUfli;, (ten i::. .hmiinr Ml'i! Niulint. imdci III der Woliiiiiinf (Ips Utiler*eichii»l«ri CharloUenbiirif. sexuelle Zwischenstufen Berlin»r-Slr. !«•, .lie Vl^H^,ij,i_.Coj£ej.^ni In W»lclipr ul*p die Bcl r^i ii.iir (l»r Mo: ostxuellen vom nil tawndertr StrUckilchilgunr d*r 1 Slrarses»lz b«riclilpl uiicl i)»rni»n •ird. Homosexuaiitat. 1 Sie werden hiermli ergebersi eingeladen, Cflslf. deren Einl'llhriins gewiinschi »ird, ijiue vopher anzu- melden. ur.lcr Mitwirkung numharier Autoren Mil wop;:Oallelisf Hochaehlong ill! Naiiicn wusanschtruieh'humasiurvn CoirUtMs Dr. mcd. ilignus Hirschfeld, - 1 Eintrittskarte Vni (• II.. Jahrgang. LalptiK V»tI»k >'on Mu Spohr. 1000. \ j, Ju.nn. 44. \- .... 43- in response to the Oscar Wilde Trial and other notorious cases, Magnus Hirsch- feld founded, in 1897, the Scientific-hu manitarian Committee, the world's first "Gay Rights" organization. Its major aim was the abolition of § 175, the Ger man sodomy law. /.TyT" 43. Invitation to a meeting of the Commit tee, 1901 and Ticket of admission to a meeting of the 7^ Committee, 1913. 44. In 1899, The Committee published the rn.sJCT "Yearbook for Sexual Intermediate Stages", the first scientific periodical on homosexuality and for two decades the best and most comprehensive publica tion in its field. Shown here is a title page. 45. Cartoon by Olaf Gulbransson from "Simplicissimus." -ifHv Tourist to farm girl: "Excuse me, are you perhaps a sexual intermediate stage?" i\ //('ma 24 HIRSCHFELD'S W5r/ri7r£FOJ? (1919-1933) W' In 1919 Hirschfeld founded the world's first Institute for Sexology in Berlin. Originally built for the famous violinistJosephJoachim, the house had belonged to Prince Hatzfeld, German Ambassador to France, before it was purchased by Hirschfeld. Work at the Institute was organized in four departments; Sexual Biology, Sexual Medicine, Sexual Sociology, and Sexual Ethnology This same division was also used for the enormous collections ofmaterial housed in the building in addition to a large research library. The staff consisted of Hirschfeld himself, an archivist, a librar ian, four secretaries, various assistants and housekeeping personnel. Among the many services of the Institute, three are especially noteworthy: 1. A premarital counseling center (the first in Germany), 2. a public lecture and discussion circle with weekly meetings, and 3. a medico-legal service, providing expert testimony, especially in criminal cases. Ninety percent of the work done by the Institute was provided free of charge, the greater part of the income being derived from a sex therapy clinic and from publications. THE INSTITUTE FOR SEXOLOGY-INTERIOR VIEWS Hirschfeld s young disciple andsecretary Karl Giese isshown during theregular Saturday public guided tours ofthe Institute. ® 48. Giese lecturing on the stage of the Institute's Ernst-Haeckel hall. Visible are the busts ofDarwin (left) and Haeckel (right) and these mottos: "True purity is pure truth" (top) and "As love springs from life, solife springs from love (bottom). ^ • y & SEXUAL REFORM The First Sexological Congress 1921. In 1921, Hirschfeld organized the first In ternational Congress for Sexual Reform on a Sexological Basis in Berlin. This 6- WELTLIGA FORSEXUALREFORM day congress presented 38 papers in four W. L. S. R. major areas; Sexual Endocrinology; Sex and the Law; Birth Control; Sex Education. 49. Opening session in the Langenbeck-Vir- chow Haus, Berlin. The World League for Sexual Reform. In 1928 Hirschfeld organized, with the help of J. H. Leunbach, the World League for Sexual Reform, whose first congress was held in Copenhagen. Hirschfeld him self, Havelock Ellisand Augusce Forel were elected the first three presidents. 50. Announcement of the Copenhagen Con- INTERNATIONALER KONGRESS KOPENHACEN I —1. JOLI I9i» THE WORLD LEAGUE FOR SEXUAL REFORM In Copenhagen, the congress program offered, DearSexualReformers, among other things, papers by Hirschfeld on "Sex an old cripple like myself can only send ual Reform", Dora Russell on "Sex Education", J.H. you a greeting with my best wishesfor the Leunbach on "Contraception", and Pasche-Oserski success ofyour congress in September. on "Sex Legislation". In my opinion thefuture ofall sexual re form lies in eugenics, in international 51. The congress in session. world peace, and this in contrast to the ka- kogenics of war, capitalism and alcohol consumption. These are the three chief The World League for Sexual Reform soon gained devils ofmankind. momentum and. with the help ofNorman Haire, or Forgive me this short and simple state ganized the next congress in London. This was fol ment. May you actaccordingly. lowed by a still larger congress in Vienna. Yourfaithful comrade-in-arms 52. Dr. August Forel Letter from Forel to Hirschfeld on the occasion of formerlyprofessoratthe Universityof the WLSR London congress: Zurich Yvome 14 VIII 1929 Hem Dr. Hirschfeld . Llebe Seiualreformer, Bin alter gebreohlloher Krdppel wle ioh, Icann Ihnen bios elnen Orusa mlt besten Wiinsahen fUr den Brfolg Ilirea Kongreases io September sahloken. Meiner Anslcht nach llegt dLe Zukunft aller Sexualrefornen In der Bugenlk, im Internatlonalen WeltfrLeden, und dies in Gegenaatz zur Kakogenik der Krlege, dea Kapltallamus gnd der Alkoholtrlnkattten. Dies sind die drel Hauptteafel der Menaohhwit. Verzeihen Sie dleee kurae und bundlge.Erklarung. Mbgen Sie dornach handeln. Ihr getreiier Mltkimpfer 52. 28 THE WLSR CONGRESSES IN LONDON (1929) AND VIENNA (1930) 53. ANNAL CONVENTION M. liirsvhfeld-lierlin opened IIk! (ieneral Mruliii{; and read a lnisim*«.v ippttrl on the World League; the latter has a present 182 intliviiliinl intMnl>ers, and, with th-e affiliated associations, a total niendHTship of IMO.OOO. 1nchet-Paris read an expose dealing with the tasks and the Huies of the World Lesigue. Ilirschfehl-Bcrtin pointed out that a statute was already in existent", and, according to same, motions for alterations of Ihe Rules had I" rcarh the Executive Committee not later than 4 weeks prior to Con gress, and that Vachet's suggestions were already forming an essential part of the statute and the demands of Ihc World League. KriscIie-DerUn reported on the decisions of Ihe Executive Committee at their meetings af 15th June, 6th and 28th August 1930. ferr m-- Accordingly the Executive Committe put forward the following pro positions; August Forel and Ilavetock Ellis lo be elected honorary pre sident. Magnus HirschJeld-Berlin, fiorman Haire-London, J, Leunbnch- Copenhagen, to be elected presidents. Mr, and Mrs. Riese-Frankfurt. Mr. and Mrs. Krische-Berlin, Vachet-Paris, Batkis-Moscouf, Friedjung- Vienna to be elected members of tlie Executive Committee. According to a decision of the Illrd Congress held in London, the next Congress is to be held in Moscow. After due communication with the competent quartern in Sowjet Russia the Executive Committee propose June 19.12 with the following Agenda: if- ;.c-' 1. Marxism and Sexual Problems; 2. Sexual Lay Morals; 3. Sexual Ethnology; 4. Sex Equality; ^K: 5. Anti-conceptional (methods; 6. The sexual misery of the prisoners. These proposals have been approved by the general meeting. . The following further items ha\T been added lo the Agenda of the Moscow Congress: 7. Inner Secretuon; 8. Interruption of pregnancy; 9. Intoxicants and Seruality; 10. The Modern .Sexual Penal Code. It was further decidefl that the Moscow ('.ongress should Im* followed by a Congress in Paris in September 1933. Prior lo the electiim of the momlHTw of Ihe International ('.nniinilic** n motion by Krinchr Berlin. prompted by a suggestion from Virnn;i. XWII 53. Resolution, Congress in Vienna 1930. 29 r^r, *i?js li§^ "'^•' •M^kML > i ;'i7 Thelast WLSR congress washeldin Brno, Czechoslovakia. Plans to hold further congresses in Paris, Moscow or Chicago could not be realized. 54. Congress participants ai the statue ofGregor Mendel in Brno. 55- The congress in session. At the presiding table: (from left to right) Norman Haire, Hirschfeld, Leunbach and two unidentified men. Behind Haire an announcement in German about Haire's film on "The Grafenberg Ring" (lUD) with the re mark: "Only for physicians!" 1 NUiAoir * j jUAjjtt {uivAXi^c^ THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SEX RESEARCH In 1926 Albert Moll organized the first Interna tional Congressfor Sex Research in Berlin. The congress offered over a hundred presentations, among them papers by Max Marcuse, Bronislaw Ma- linowski, Harry Benjamin, Norman Haire, and Dora Russell. 56. Opening ceremony in the plenary hall of the Ger man parliament Oct. 10,1926. 57. Albert Moll. 3i 0IBEIBSIICHT Sbcr die Verhandlungen und VeraRStaltungen des En^jMMjonalen Keiigresse^ Sonnlag, demo. Okleber 1926 vormittags 11 Uhr EroffnnagssitziiBg im Plenarsitzungssaal des Reichstag«s. Im.AnsdiluB an die Eroffnungssitzun? ^chaftlidie Sitzun^ der Mit^Heder der Inter- nationalen Gesellsdiaft fur Sexualforschunjr (Ingese). AlwDds 9 Wir l^pfat^ dnrcli £e pagressleitimsr im Hotel Atlantic „Dcr Kaiserhpf", ireier Eintritt fur dieKongressteilnehmer gegen Vorweisung derKongressteilnehmerkarte. Monlag, den 11. Oktober 1926 9 bis 1 Uhr and 3 bis 7 Uhr Konsrestverhaadlmigeii, 8 U^ abends Vorfuhrung von Knltorfilinen aus dem Filraardiiv der Universum Film- Alctiengesellschaft (Ufa) im kleinen Horsaal des Langenbedc-Virdiow-Hauses. Dientlag, den 12. Oktober 1926 9 bis 1 Uhr and 3 bis 7 Uhr KoagressverhandhiBgen, Abends frei. Mlllwech, den 13. Oklober 1926 9 bis 1 Uhr Kongressverhandlansfeot bis 5';* Uhr Besichtigungen (s.nMitteilungen" fur die Kongressbesudier). Aufbnich punktlich 2 Uhr vom Langenbeck-Virdiow-Haus. Abends gemcinsame<: Abendes^en; Taaz (s. nMitteilungen"). Donnerstag, den 14. Oktober 1926 9 bis 1 Uhr and 3 bis 7 Uhr Koagressverhandlungeny Abends Festvorstcliung in der Staatsoper „Salome" unter personlicher Leitung von Richard Strauss. Meldungen beim Kongressburo bis mittags 12 Uhr. Zur Verfugung stehen 200 Platze. Beriicksichtigt werden in erster Linie auswartige Teilnehmer. Freitag, den 15. Oktober 1926 9 bis 1 Uhr and 3 bis 7 Uhr Kongressverhandlnngen, Abends 77* Uhr Blerabeud, veranstaitet von der Berliner Arztesdiaft im Kaisersaal des Restaurants. Zoologiacher Garten (niihofcs s. „Mittcilungen"). Sonnabend, den 16. Oktober 1926 9 bis 1 Uhr and 3 bis 7 Uhr Kongressvcrhaudlungeni Abends 8 Uhrzwangloscs Zusammcnsein: GroBes Spandauer Zimmer desBerliner Ratskeller imBerlinerRathaus,KonigstraGi-. Samtliche wissensdiaftlichen Sitzungen finden im .Langenbeck-Virchow-Haos, Berlin NW, Luisenstr. 58 statt. Es stehen drei Sale zur Verfugung; A, B, C. Alle allgemeinen Sitzungen werden in dem gro&en Vortragssaalc A abgehalten. Die Sektionssitzungen finden inAL,B, G statt. Eswird aufeinerTafel imVorraum stets mitgeteiltwerden, im weldiemSaal(A,B>G) diebetreffende Sektion tagt. Die arabischen Nummern derVortrige geben nidit ohne weiteres die Reihenfolge der Vor- trage an, sondern sind Kennzeichen fiir eine leiditere Orientierung. Die Vortragenden, die noch keine Auszuge ihrer Vortrage geliefert haben, werden gebeten, diese umgehend im Kongrefiburo abzugcben. Diskussion. Wer zur Diskussion spredien will, wird gebeten, dem Sdiriftfiihrer einen Tag vorher schrift- lidi mitzuteilen, zu welchem Vortrage er zu sprechen wunscht. Der Verhandlungsleiter ist be- rcchtigt, auch solche Meldungen zu bcriicksichtigen, die erst spater erfolgen. Fur jeden Diskussionsredner ist eine Zeit von fiinf Minuten vorgesehen. Doch hat der Ver handlungsleiter das Recht, diese Zeit auf zehn Minuten, in Ausnahmefallen auch noch weiter zu verlangern. ^Ebenso ist der Verhandlunesleiter berechtigt, die Diskussion zu verschieben, so daB die Diskussion eines Vortrages erst nacn Abhaltung anderer Vorlrlige erfolgt. Er ist auch be rechtigt, die Diskussion zu Vortragen, die in einer der allgemeinen Sitzungen gehalten werden, in die entsprechende Sektion zu verlegen. Die Diskussionsredner werden gebeten, ilire DiskussionsberiT?rkun(;en zwecks Drucklegung selbst nicdcrzuschrcibtMi. Dsskussionsformiiiare und Bleistifle stflit'o bt-i «ii*n Schriftfiihrern zurVerfugung. 58. 32 THE SEX RESEARCH CONGRESSES IN BERLIN (1926) AND LONDON (1930) - •'<;- * P-S' f ^ tl' ^ a/4 V f # • • -if • ® ' .Mf- - :.;.;:.;iv • •. !l j 58. 60. * Program summary of ihe Berlin congress. Proceedings ofthe Berlin congress. 59- 61. Participants at the Berlin congress. Proceedings ofthe London congress VERHANDLUNC.EiN The Second DK5 1. INTKflN.\Tll»X^i.KN KC>Nr:|tK:'SKS h'fll jptemational Congress for Sex Research SEXUALFORSCHUNG Held under the auspices of the International ARHLIX VOM 10. HIS t6. HKTOtlKH 1926 Society Tor Sex Research VKnAN^TSUTtT VON DKR INTKflNATlOMALRN OKSKtLi^CIIAFT FlTil 5P.5VNKKOKSKIir N«i * ACDIUIKAT Vns DrMAX^IARCUSK Programme KRSTEft BA.NU Abstracts of Papers EXPEIUMENTALFORSCHUNO UND BIOLOGIE MIT69 PICURCN til Tfi^T UNO 1 rARSicKN T\PEL IIEIILm I:NI) KOt.N 4-., •*, 7-<-A. MAllCtlS & R WKIJEtrS VKIll..\ London, 3r(l co 9th August 1930 MARRIAGE COUNSELING II.. w uiPiniieHiii . Kauf- mi: L'mtiebt vcrsteben aucfc Dalhakt. f£r Frd- brv. BecbcD-. Veeb- O!- kann iisd die aucb ttxs* lirhtaufnahmen rssurbt. •el- end Scbriftvcr- Zierlirbe Backfiscbfifsu- lier- liciut fiber pldaftp> £(^e}eiifc kebr. Lcbrc&nce bcft. STRtlil. fsiscbf Vorbiidnaic Tcr> reo nnirhtt beromfci. vierteliibrlicb. LebiS- tefiixr- fupL Venn6|iec er- Ryfticnisehc Bdebniac. Nur aebriflliche An«e- fur ^kurzsebri!t cad beira: « ^ Ci. I Center F«chSrznich.Behan i auf drc: l^ndt. 'cr&i. pesunc ^1^^-tiir- I nstitut f Q r aller aeeiischen und kOrp 4 ! i»enc. f Lci,: Ent lldien Sexuftlietdtn. tit ht iik:.:A:natr m:: — Iheberatupgfsielle — tJtOOf ; junsc Utirit au5 pui- t>ur^c I#!tir. utrr. Kkuu Vrrnicv BERLIN NW40 haldice^irirat rt- Id den Zelleo^a und 10 utitchl. AO*;.'.hrliclir (Einsant fWelhovtnt'tcfie 9' tert Oilerin rrlifn'V ut.lr* ..f r!.'. . I.,r Dr -Mopnus-Hirschfeld-Slifiung 635®. Sprcdy hr. Vk Cl. *Cll: 11—1' ; U. 4-- 7 I 62. 64. Hirschfeld's Institute in Berlin pioneered a premari Marriage certificate from the same agency attesting tal counseling service. to good health and suitability for marriage from a medical point ofview. 62. 65. "Die Ehe" (Marriage), a popular magazine with an Cartoon from "Medizinische Welt", a medical jour advertisement for Hirschfeld's marriage counseling nal, entitled "The Victory of Marriage Counseling" service, 1926. and depicting the pioneers in the field. (1929). The poem reads in translation: Following Hirschfeld's pioneering efforts, marriage Inparadise the lovers counseling soon flourished all over Germany and weresimply too naive. some cities opened official premarital counseling They did not love correctly agencies. and thus were asked to leave. Since then these modem sages 63. ^ have helped them understand. Poster ofan official Marriage Counseling Agency of Now the ideal marriage the City of Berlin, 1920s. is close at hand. ^Stobt Berlin ^ Beskteamt yrcnstauer Berg QBcrfin (|Be3irft>oml Q>rcn3fou(r QSftrg (SIDeberatung^ftelTe (pm . 64 GprtcMIunbtn 06 tDirb 3tot mtilt in afltn rtpitOra Om Itlttnfitn Srogm. iMbtfonOtrt Otnrn OtrSort* TInM: pflansnoD. unb Qbtr Oit otfunft- 3(0tn CinUt^t unft tr6ot|un(5tini4)r OltMtao (Sisnung oto (Ebrparlntrunb UD& Srtltao (Slttrn * iSCtDtlotrbtrn i» — - tstrtra out ZJunlK) toon 3-7 UbT gel.tn. - j». _ ln6to3taumtn i^tlratsintgnlffr QMgtRtai 6itiuI)oOn- lllnlt Becalung, Unfecfuc^nng u. 9M£«3 Plakat einer Berliner Ehcbeni(ungu(elle 63. 64. 34 THE TRIUMPH OF MARRIAGE COUNSELING -:jC ; D e r S i c Of d e r Ehebcratung fire!I \iW'm Sie waren einsf nccfi zu naio ' Drum ging die Sathe audi so sdiief Ste konnlen sidi nicht lieben -vnS wurden drum verideben. f/jA Seit dicse Weisen hier gelehet WffS fur Komplene sie besehioect 1st die Vollkommne Ehe /n . . . naJister Ndhe. m .-•a Mafcusu Havdock Ellis Ofaf Kcyscrhng Mans Reiinann ' Van dc Vdue Muunus MirschtcU 1tnUst) SEXOLOGY AND FILM Both Bloch and Hirschfeld collaborated with pro ducers and directors ofso-called "Sexual-Enlighten- ment-Films" dealing with problems from syphilis to prostitution and sex in prison. In 1919 Hirschfeld himselfappeared in the film "An ders als die Andern" (Different from the Others") a plea for the reform ofanti-homosexual laws. In this dramatic film, Conrad Veidt played a homosexual violinist who is blackmailed and commits suicide, 66- Conrad Veidt in "Anders als die Andern" with his blackmailer Reinhold Schiinzel (left). 67. Magnus Hirschfeld trying to counsel Conrad Veidt in the film "Anders als die Andern". .'..V " ^ t wf/ -V Ifr- - • : c*. ^'e # ; •. .v».; r-i - •% >. *r-r ^'7 .•* •V t 1 ^ UiAS^lgy A. •••" •• In 1923 the endocrinological studies of EugenSteinach were presented in a full- length documentary. The film was pro duced in Berlin with support ofthe Aus trian government. Eugen Steinach in his study. The "Steinach Film": Program. 70. Newspaper ad. Der Sleinach-Filna iat ucb deo imter;«n4Dlidi«r Mitxrbdl do Herm Prof«s»or Dr. Euoen stetnacia In VerblnduDg mK iet lUitliebea itIcmichiKhes BuodafilmhauptllclU in Wian voa tei ItftHnbWIuf dir A.0, Buiia (medWniscbei RIaiirchir] 3Su4(t. snidteoc^. 'i:.Cff.i^ V^OLKISCHEReBEOBACHTER& > r au»a»bec llbolf £>ltlrc " •-••"i 1 bee nalU-nfll.tuQnUfl Ifefafn ^cioraumi OrofibtutfAlanh* I -. ^omofefuefle aU ^oHrag£cre5ner in ^na&enfd)u(en OTaflnue airfd?feTi), (er „»orfompfer- ffir 9(uf^e6ung bee »175, ftarf in ttui^iS,n 09nnafUa ^prtdftn i Ma>ii natuhra. la SitT. I9» C« NIC«|« M MMM M M Mtiuiigtt 9kiMni»k« CUm( Ml«M M 1 Cr«.floj2£!"ii' Die Jnden sind onser intfiackl In 1930 Hirschfeld was no longersafein Germany. He therefore left on an extended trip abroad, hop ingthatthe Nazi menace wouldpass. This hopewas not fulfilled, and Hirschfeld never returned to Germany. As early as 1920 the Nazis had physically assaulted Hirschfeld in Munich and left him for dead. Thus, he was able to read his own obituaries in the papers. The Nazi press continued the attacks throughout the 1920's, and eventually all of Hirschfeld's lec tures were interrupted by Nazi goon squads. Thus, he could no longer appear in public. 71. The official paperofthe Nazi party with an attack on Hirschfeld, Oct. 31,1928. The headline reads; "Ho mosexuals as Speakers in Boys' Schools. Magnus Hirschfeld, the fighter for the abolition of§ 175 (the German sodomy law] is allowed to speak in German high schools. The Destruction of Youthl German Mothers, Women Workers! Do You Want to Hand Your Children Over to Homosexuals?" 72. Julius Streicher's infamous antisemitic paper "Der Stiirmer" with its unchanging banner line (at the bottom): "The Jews are Our Misfortune", made a special effort to malign and slander Hirschfeld. Shown here is a front page from 1929calling Hirsch feld an "apostle oflewdness." B«rfin vitrms 8 Luxor Calfo) MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD'S « TRIP AROUND THE WORLD, November 1930-April 1932 39 HIRSCHFELD IN NEW YORK CHICAGO HERALD 'AND EXAMINER^-.A ?ans Incomes of 55 La Hirschfeld Asks Scientific Sex View, Not Theological German Expert Likes Moral Code Largely Magistrates' Atti Result of Fate and tude in U. S. Courts Climate, He Declares By Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, No oath should be required from World-Famous Advoate of Sex the defendant. Reiorm, Eminent Germsn Au I: What do you think of our thority on the Miniiestations of penal system and our prisons? Love, Who Has Often Been Called "The Einstein of Sex." HIRSCHFELD: On my tour of In a Dialogue With George Syl> inspection of Welfare Island and| •ecter Viereek. the Tombs I was struck by the' PRESENT—Dr. Magnus Hirsch kindliness of some of the guards to feld and the Interviewer. their prisoners. But I was shocked ! PLACE—The library of the In by the physical condition of the: cells, which hardly allow one-third terviewer on Riverside drive, New of the space necessary for the de York. On the wall, pictures of cencies of life to the prisoners. I many celebrities, Including Roose You should throw open your velt, Marconi, the Kaiser, Einstein, prisons to the modem spirit. In Conan Doyle, MiissoUni, Foch, Russia the prison authorities exper iment with '^veek-cnd vacations" Joffre, Clemenceau, Steinach, Voro- for convicts. These vacations en noff and Dr. Hirschfeld. able the prisoners to attend to urg Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, whose ent business and to visit their fami-! benignant smile redeems the feroc lies. There Is no reason why wives ! ity of his bushy mustache, rests in Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld. should suffer by being deprived for an easy chair after prolonged visits a long term of their husbands. Mo-' to the Women's Court, the Night 1: Surely the law must be en rallty in the home and the prison profits from the Russian Innova 1Court and oth<.' metropolitan insti forced? tion. Revolutionary as it may seem, tutions where magistrates mete out Justice. HIRSCHFELD (shrugging his it works. shoulders): Our moral cods Is largely the product of climate and Disease Breeds Crime Liberal Spirit Amazing chance. It Is not always possible to draw a line where the permissi I: Is crime not always the prod HIRSCHFELD: I am pleased and ble ends. A historical survey of uct of disease? astonished by the liberal spirit which prevails in your magistrates' the laws prevailing at different HIRSCHFELD: Most habitual criminals are physically and psy courts. I have "sat in" with a num times In one society and a geo chically defective. ber o£ judges. I have talked to graphical survey of the laws pre Your judges are as lenient as pos them and closely watched the cases vailing in different societies at any sible with the wayward girl and that come up before them. Their one time reveal surprising varla- other offenders of this description. decisions and their attitude toward the defendants appearing before ' But leniency should not depend them demonstrate an extraordinary upon the whim of the intelligence or the good humor of the magis understanding of tne " vagaries ' 61" f Moral Code Varizs I ! the human heart. The Judges seem trate. •— • to me more humane than the law. I: How would you remedy the They are certainly more humane No objective principles have yet situation? been established In matters govern than the police. HIRSCHFELD: Your courts need I: You cannot expect policemen ing the love life of the world. Until medical experts thoroughly famil to be familiar with the mysteries the age of enlightenment at the iar with all the physical and psy of sex expounded by Krafft-Ebing, end of the eighteenth century set chic factors involved, to whom in, many minor sex offenses were Havelock Ellis and yourself. the judge can turn for advice. If HIRSCHFELD (smiling gent punishable with death. After the a medical expert of wide experience French revolution they ceased to had the opportunity to examine of ly): Of course not The entire sci be regarded as crimes or misde fenders, he would be able to de ence of sex is comparatively young. meanors. termine whether their condition is Sex science was the last of the sci- The attitude of society toward amenable to medical treatment HIRSCHFELD IN SAN FRANCISCO asotmrch of t^c Sallies SAN FRANCISCO. FEBRUARY 25. I93I ' Prudery Hit DR. MANCUS HtRSCH- FELD, nottd '^Carman icien* titt, who Jtpleret Amtritan SHDOTIiyF attituJ* an t** matttrt. I. S, FUftl II*, Witness Declares Wife Burst Prudery Deplored by Visiting Into Cabin With Gun in Hand German Scientist; Prohibition and fired Upon Husband Declared "Great Corruption" SANTA CRUZ. Feb. 21.—Wlt^ I Sex Ideas of the American people dramatic effect the pro«e«utJon closed Its case today against Mra. Iare based on old taboos. Prudery Helcne Thorncwill. charged wfth Iand hypocrisy in this country ari the murder of her husband, Lesllt I too great to permit frank consid A. Thomewlll, eration of sex problems. > ^ The drama was fureished bx tfas State's star witness, Gertrude > ^ • < Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, German Smith, one of the three young I scientist of international.repute, in- women who attended the party In Idieted this country on a count of the mountain cabin of Milton Main i hypocrisy when he arrived yester- on the night of December 29, when t'" day at tKe St. Francis Hotel. Tet the fatal shooting occurred. the Indictment was not a bitter one. Describes Shooting Gray haired, placid, kindly, the learned doctor apologized' for his She pictured Mrs, ThornewlU as criticism. Tet he said; bursting: In upon tlpe party In a "I have a great admlratlnn fnr jealous rage, revolver In hand, knd opening (ire upon Tbomewili after thn American people, In the three month.* I have been here. I see a brief exchange df words- a great desire of the people In A loud banging on the door was have more knowledge. the first hint that the wife was'on the scene, Mrs. $mith d^sjar^.. She testified: ; Great Corruption , ( | , "I wn«Ji' y i - ton Haln. Mn. Patricia Boss and { "The tame as prohibition. thR ThomewUl. Main opened the door. j Anthony Cpmstock laws against Mrs. Thornen lll rufthi.H in. There *i •iiiFCir was a jriin In her hand. Her f»ee I control havfl had broad conse> was while and hor moutli In qiiences. It Is not the right way. Ktraij^ht tine. Before I came to America, 1 was more for prohibition. Now I see ^ "Pointed Gun at Me" ' | it Is a great corruption, "The only way we can change ' J'r "She walked slraiffht acrons to I people Is hy enllghtenmrnt and Thom«>will, who was leaning betterment nf sncial conditions. against a table, and xaid: 'I«x. The truth Is not IndecenL Only you're going hontf" with me.' through pure tnith can we have true purity. You speak in n-hliu pers nf sex, and In an unscienti JURY'S PAie fic way. j "It U time sex rrlatlonshlp was taken out of theological On his arrival in New York, Hirschfeld was hands, I am convinced that welcomed by a distinguished greeting ' Bishop Manning Ih a good man. . commiitee. He gave several lectures and but I am not convlnccd that ho To speed (he Investigation of the is the right expert In Hex mat interviews and then traveled on to Detroit Mountain View patent paving sit ters." uation, district Attorney Fred and Chicago. Thomas yesterday asked the Santa Source of Movement i Clara County Grand Jury to ap 74. point a special jury committee to With Havelock Ellis and Au Newspaper clip on Hirschfeld's impres work with him. gust Forel, Doctor Hirschfeld The report on the audit of the heads the World LcagAie for Sex sions of New York and Chicago. books of the Mountain View city ual Reform on a Scientific Basis. council, cxpected yesterday, will be Hn became Interested In the made within a few days, Hubert matter when, 3)) years ago. he re In the San Francisco Bay Area, Hirschfeld Ho«d, San Joss aecountani. told turned to Europe from the Chicago Thomas- orld's Fair, and found England In visited old friends, among them the urolo Whatever Hood's findings, a t'jrmnll over the avowed Irregu gist Victor G. Vecki, and spoke over the ra Thomas declared, he will go ahead larities of the poet, Oscar Wilde. with the investigation requested He said: dio station KFRC. He also visited San by citizens who complained that a "A few of 1IS said that jail was Quentin prison, where he interviewed ruinous patent-paviof7 program was I htflp for such cases. forced upon the town. 'We'We organized the ScientificS Mooney and Billings, figures in a famous More than {600,000 worth of Humanitarian Committee. Since Warrenite paving was laid during that time, Europe has advanced labor case. Convinced of their innocence, a five-year perloi, city council a long way from Its pnitlery. In Hirschfeld signed an appeal for their records showed. thirty-five more years, AnieriOA wil ladvauce." release. Doctor Hirschfeld lit on a lecture tour in (hl.s country. He will speak 75- Ih Dangerous to over KPRC tomorrow at 5;15. and may give a lecture before he sails Front page of the "San Francisco Exam March S for Toklu, iner", February 25, 1931. Call Man Ex-Dry! HIRSCHFELD INJAPAN AND CHINA Atthe invitation of Professor Keijo Dohi (leftofHirschfeld, sitting beneath a picture of Albert Neisser),Hirsch feld addressed the Congress ofDermatology in Tokyo, 1931. 76. View ofthe auditorium during Hirschfeld's address. In China, Hirschfeld lectured at all Chinese national universities. Especially in Peking and Nanking the audi ences were very large, and at Sun YatSen University in Canton over 1000 students appeared for a lecture. 77. Hirschfeld with members of the Chinese Women's Club in Shanghai. m HIRSCHFELD IN INDIA In Allahabad Hlrschfeld was the guest of Nehru, in whose house he occupied the room usually re served for Gandhi. Nehru wrote in Hirschfeld's diary: "It has been a pleasure to renew the ac quaintance with Dr. Hirschfeld, whom I met in Berlin four years ago. Germany and India have developed many cultural bonds, and to Germany India is beholden in many ways. A German savant like Dr. Hirschfeld is therefore welcome to our country, and even though we may be en grossed in ourstrugglefor emancipation, we cannotforget that our independence must lead us to a fuller life and to greater contacts with the thinkers of other countries." 79. Lecture announcement. I^HE Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal requests the pleasure of your company at the Society's Rooms on Friday, October 2nd, 1931, at 6 p.m., on the occasion of a lecture illustrated by lantern slides. Lecturer Dr. JMagnus Hirschfeld, Director, Insfihtte for Sexo- logy, Berlin. Subject : An introductory outline OF Sexology, a new and IMPORTANT Science. Park Sired, Calcutta. mm. V: Ml #i«i iS m-m G': HIRSCHFELD IN EXILE iNsnrur diuS .scii-wt'ES .si:x()i,(x;iqui:.s \a rvvltfi«K«* ««>\r% Inilliult iiiirMKHik i \ 4Im»mnum» L r. PARIS iviii D* MA«NUt HIRtCHFILD PAJVIS bt Oi«K^iwa tt w'«H»Titvr 01 Iflt9v04>i « I *0u» icautut ftu* wBiI SAlftAti K'mTiriov* ^ ^ /)^hU ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 0>'/^ ^'/' ^ ^ ^ cP/•X.f /c< • tye^( . t «•*/• , ///C^ f^i- ^ ^ 85. 80- On May 6, 1933, an organized mob of Nazi students lished a new sexological institute in Paris, which broke into the Institute for Sexology in Berlin, des proved unsuccessful. Finally he retired in Nice, troyed the collections, stole all the papers and car where he died on his birthday, May 14,1935. ried the books away for burning. The day-long ac 83. tion was carried out in a quasi-military fashion. Letter from Hirschfeld to Benjamin ofJune 3, 1934: The Institute was then closed and reopened as a "My very dearfriend Harry. I received Nazi office building. this morning your letter and thank you 82. very muchforyour kindness. Naturally f On May 10,1933, the books taken from Hirschfeld's know exactly, that the medical associa Institute were publicly burned on Berlin's Opera tions don't pay for lectures and I have Square. This Nazi book burning "against the Un- never expected that they shalldo it. Finan German spirit" also included materials from other cial reasons are also not decidingfor me libraries written by many great authors from Freud to go to America. In a modest way I can to Brecht and George Sylvester Viereck. live there and herefrom the income of my books. 81. Hirschfeld's bust carried by a Nazi mob to the book What I wish is tofind a place, where I can burning site. feel homelike in my old days, where I can live restfull and peacefull in a spiritual Unable to return to Germany, Hirschfeld tried re way, especially where I can work and peatedly to settle in the United States, but these where I have the impression, that ! am plans could not be realized. Eventually he estab welcome." 45 THE UNREALIZED CONGRESS IN CHICAGO 1933 As the United States representative of the World League for Sexual Reform, Harry Benjamin tried to organize an in 7 ternational congress in Chicago in 1933. This would not only have brought Hirschfeld back to the United States, but would also have provided a major boost to American sex research. Unfortunately, the efforts proved futile. 84. (from left to right) Harry Benjamin, Hirschfeld, and Max Thorek in Chi cago, 1931. PobruApy 15, lOW Or. Hnveloalc Kllla 84 Holindane ^vAIlus Homo R|H, Tendon S.E. 24 Dear Dr. Rllla; SuprlerrontlnR n'y l-.to- of Jnrmr;r-/ . I 0!* barowitl) yru anotJiop outHnn Of the Prlnolpli Points ef t)ie T.ju--;«o'i> Pliitfon>i« I have trted to cr^ody yiur (URRSstlnns and Jiopo the *OPdln« -.tIII meot with your npprovnl, OnfortuKint'^ly, T o«n rapopt no hoaJacy • 1th my propnpnt'on# for tha plr.r\Ti<»d C-'nttrosa In chl^Juan, In «plt» of isany ltd **• effort#, I hoVQ, aofwr, f CCCi.'A at4-^ ^ ^ ^olthru'''y ff-!"? vurr. >• V; '• »'D!AC HS. K6. 85. Letter from Havelock Ellis to Benjamin ofNov. 23.1932: "DearDr Harry Benjamin, Thankyouforyour kind letter / amfamiliar withyour name &knowsomethingofyour work, lam sorry ifI neglected to thankyoufor reprints, though Ifear that oftenhappensas there are so many demands on my time, & at my age the energy to deal with them diminishes. I hopeyou mayfind it possible to arrange the Congress in Chicago next year By that time it is possible that conditions willhave improved. You certainly need to befairly assured of improve ment." H6. Letter from Harry Benjamin to Ellis ofFeb. 15, 1933. 87., 8H. Final versionof the WLSR platformasamended by HarryBenjamin with the adviceof Havelock Ellis, 1933. 46 b 87. WELTLIGA FUR SEXUALREFORM AUF SEXUALWISSENSCHAFTLICHER ©RUNDLAGE WL / SR Das PrBsldlum: August Forel Havelock EUla Magnus Hirscfafeld PRINCIPAL POINTS OF THE LEAGUE'S PLATFORM Der Internationale AusschuS: Professor Asnaurow (Argentinlen), The League advocates: Or. Batkis (Rutland)', Or. Hs Ben' 1. Equal privileges and obligations for men and women in regard to jamin (Nordamerika), Dr. Bledl (Tschec^oslowakel), Dr. Bondy their sexual lives as in their political and economic lives. (Tschec^oslowakei), Dr. Bratt 2. Liberation of the marital relationship from Church domination. (Sdiweden), Dr. Brubpadier (Schweiz), Dr. Ramon Clases Reforms of the laws regulating marriage and divorce. (Chile). Dr. Friedjung (Oesterreich) 3. Control of conception (Birth Control, Prevenception) so that Dr. Gelersvald (Norwegen), / / Red. Gudmundson (Island), Dr. procreation may be undertaken deliberately and only with a due Nomlan Haire (England), Dr. Max sense of responsibility. Hodann (Deutsdiland), Eugen Humbert (Frankreich), Else Jeru 4. Application of the knowledge of Eugenics towards improve salem (Argentinlen), Prof. JOrgen- ment ofthe race through Birth Selection. (Encouragement ofprop sen (D&nemark), hga Juiighanns agation ofthe fit and gifted, and sterilization ofthe unfit.) (D&nemark) Dr. Kempeneers (Bel- glen). Alexandra Kpllontay (Rut 5. Protection ofthe unmarried motherand the "illegitimate" child. land), Mrs. Loeb (Canada), Victor 6. Proper, scientific understanding ofvariations in sexual constitu Margueritte (Frankreich), Rosa Mayreder (Oesterreidi), Heinrich tions (intersexuality) and a correspondingly rational attitude, for Meng (Deutsdiland), Prof. Mleli instance, toward homosexual men and women. (Italien), Dr. Olafsson (Isl^d), Prof. Pasche - Oserski (RuBland), 7. Systematic education in the biology ofsex, especially regarding Dr. Juan Fernan P 88. 47«li.* ^ T*,>r*fV- )Mrf u Krtri>4Uitii 41 Siroix - ZIlM fnf.'ti Mi4tdt tlfgUwritU ^ Klliat. —ZMMnlll fr~f,4nrt rtrfflUU 41 Mr4iiifit Ifttlt. 4 McllttMl •'(Xiutf MMfr. 'Vie* rfrtWwriii <1SiMU. OMtZIOK MWMTMZlHt - yit Triltlli till Cttvf, 13 /tonti- YU Qtribtldl, T9 , ABBOMAMENTI VArehlvio itlU PikopntitSaruali li («b- Net RegDO U 6 bl!'^ 24 rotts lU'jkQBO in (uncvU 4i if T.*ntOD« potUla % 8 diei < qolUro di coperUiuy . Allri Sliii >10 L'atKxwIw* (i lDt«sd« roatisutm M AHHUNZI boa ri«D* diidetu oal di l -p&gihft, . U 2S I Ii4