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Volume 1 8 Number

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to Francis Parkman 1823 - 1923 |

and the History of New France wALDo G. LELAND

Cowboy Songs W. W. IRWIN

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Francis Parkman 1823-1923 and the History of New France

Waldo G. Leland

Director of historical research in Paris of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,

and former secretary of the American Historical Association.

the entire history of American letters Parkman was of Puritan and of New England there is not to be found a a finer example origin. His immigrant ancestor came from IN of patient and enduring heroism than the Devon during the great migration of the early life of Francis Parkman. He who told the seventeenth century. His great-grandfather was story of the most stirring exploits in American a Puritan clergyman, his grandfather was a history, the conquest of the northern forest, the successful Boston merchant, his father was a mid-winter raids of French and Indians striking Unitarian clergyman. He himself was born in across a frozen wilderness at the frontier settle Boston on Beacon Hill, on September 16, 1823 ; ments of New York and New England, was and a part of his boyhood was passed on the himself a crippled invalid, pushing his wheel farm of his maternal grandfather in Medford, chair about his rose garden in a Boston suburb. close to that miniature wilderness of ponds and The historian who absorbed the contents of crags and moorland and forest which bears the thousands of pages of manuscript did so through name of Middlesex Fells, where he roamed and the eyes of another and wrote his history, a hunted and absorbed a first love of nature in few lines a day, in a darkened room, guiding her wild and romantic aspects. In 1840 he his pencil along wires stretched across a frame entered Harvard, and by the close of his second of his own devising, The brain which wove year in college he had found his vocation. To the countless tangled threads of narrative into use his own words : a perfectly finished fabric, which weighed conflicting evidence and arrived at just and "My various schemes had crystallized into a sane conclusions was so tortured by nervous plan of writing what was then known as the 'Old — disorders that for years the sustained effort ol French War', that is, the war that ended in the conquest of Canada, —for there as it seemed to me, which it was capable was limited to a few the forest drama was more stirring and the forest minutes each day. In spite of such crushing stage more thronged with appropriate actors than difficulties Francis Parkman persevered in the in any other passage of our history. It was not till some years later that I enlarged the plan to great design which he had conceived as a include the whole course of the American conflict Harvard Sophomore, and at the age of seventy between France and England, or, in other words, it was accomplished, and his place was assured the history of the American forest ; for this was the light in which I regarded it. My theme fascin as the 'most widely read, — and from certain ated me and I was haunted with wilderness images points of view, as the best American historian. day^and night.

227 This purpose, thus conceived, dominated young and very recently returned traveler. thenceforth Parkman's entire life. Indirectly In the autumn he entered the Law School. it was responsible for the tragedy of his inyalidism, He had no desire, probably no serious thought, for his Puritan logic and conscience prescribed of becoming a lawyer, but his father, the Reverend for him a preparatory course in exercise and Francis, had little sympathy with the literary adventure which his body had not the strength ambitions of his son and hoped to see him to endure. His first "field courses in American become an ornament of the Massachusetts bar. history", as his biographer Henry Dwight Sedg Young Francis appears to have paid only a wick terms them, were taken during the summer moderate amount of attention to his legal vacations when he tramped through the White studies, but on the other hand he read widely Mountains and explored northern New York and deeply in historical works, and his note and the province of Quebec, visiting the scenes books reveal his determination to anchor his of fighting during the French and Indian War, study of the French in America in the bed-rock camping in the woods, and trying to live the of European history. Meanwhile he secretly life of the coureur it bois. Exposure to cold contributed, over the name of "Capt. Jonathan and wet, over-fatigue, and hardships far beyond Carver" (whose reputation for veracity was his strength of endurance still further undermined better then than now), such thrillers as 'The his health, and in November, 1843, he under Ranger's Adventure" and "The Scalp Hunter" took a voyage to Europe hoping that rest and to the columns of the Knickerbocker, whose change might improve his physical condition. editor thought them, or at least parts of them, In Rome, characteristically enough, he spent worthy of the great Cooper himself, and confessed part of three days in the convent of the Passion- to lying awake nights after reading their proof ists, in order to get a better understanding, — sheets. so far as it was possible for a Boston Unitarian The vacation -of 1845 was spent in wandering of Puritan antecedents, —of the Church of Rome, over western Pennsylvania and the Detroit and its spirit and the secret of its power. The evi Niagara regions, searching for the sites of the dence of Parkman's diary is rather to the effect Pontiac uprising, scraping acquaintance with

that his understanding was not greatly enlarged ; such '"tame" Indians as he encountered, and his attitude towards his experience was much endeavoring to visualize the history which he that of the zealous reformer who spends a few had resolved to record. After another term hours in voluntary confinement in order to in the Law School he was off, in March, 1846. understand the life of the prison and the state on the great adventure of the "Oregon Trail '. of mind of the convicts. The story of Parkman's "Oregon Trail" does Two weeks in Paris was none too long for an not need to be retold in this short survey. His introduction to the civilization whose American purpose was to acquaint himself as intimately expansion he was to study during the remainder as possible with the American Indian, to see of his life, but he made amends in later travels him as the French of less than a hundred years and spent long periods in Paris, which he learned before had seen him, and to understand him, to love. The trip ended in England and all as a necessary preliminary to his historical Scotland, and Parkman returned to America enterprise. He achieved his purpose but p?id in time to take his degree with the class of 1844 the price of a lifetime of invalidism. His at the June Commencement, and to spend the physical structure, already weakened, could not summer rambling about Massachussetts, observ stand the life of the plains and broke down ing its inhabitants, and their manners and irreparably. That he returned from the Oregon customs from the point of view of the very trail alive was little short of a miracle. Tormented,

228 weakened to the point of collapse by dysentery, In this way, Parkman 's health improving and unable to sit in his saddle, he nevertheless carried the work of composition becoming more rapid on until his object was accomplished. There is as the work progressed, the "Conspiracy of no finer example of the compelling force of Pontiac" was completed and published in 1851, will, the same will that was to sustain him through but only after the plates had been stereoptyped forty years of effort against desperate odds to at the author's expense. complete the undertaking which he had set for himself.

He returned from the west to go under the care of a physician. For two years he seemed only to grow worse ; his eyes, always his weakest part, were so affected that he could not use them at all, while his nervous system was so prostrated that his reason seemed at times to be in danger. Nevertheless it was during these first two years of invalidism, while living in New York in order to be under the constant care of his oculist, that Parkman managed to write "The Oregon Trail" which appeared as a serial in the Knicker- bbcker. In the spring of 1848 he commenced the composition of the "Conspiracy of Pontiac", under difficulties which he himself has described in an autobiographical document published after his death.

"The difficulties (he says) were threefold : an FRANCIS PARKMAN extreme weakness of sight, disabling him even from From "A Life of Francis Parkman" by Charles Haight writing his name, except with eyes closed ; a Farnhani, published by Little, Brown and Co. condition of the brain prohibiting fixed attention, except at occasional brief intervals ; and an ex haustion and total derangement of the nervous Meanwhile Parkman was married, in 1850, system, producing of necessity a mood of mind to Miss Catherine Bigelow of Boston, and they most unfavorable to effort... He caused a wooden frame to be constructed of the size and shape commenced housekeeping in Milton on some of a sheet of letter paper. Stout wires were fixed thing more than $600 a year. A son was born, horizontally across it, half an inch apart, and a and two daughters, but the son died in 1857 moveable back of thick pasteboard fitted behind them. The paper for writing was placed between and the next year Mrs. Parkman also died. the paper and the wires, guided by which, and Parkman's physical condition, which at the time using a black lead crayon, he could write not illegibly of his marriage seemed to be improving, became with closed eyes... The books and documents... were... read to him at such times as he could listen worse soon after, following a bad attack of water to them ; the length of each reading never, without on the knee which crippled him for life. From injury, much exceeding half an hour, and periods 1853 to 1855 he passed through a second severe of several days frequently occurring during which he could not listen at all. Notes were made by him nervous crisis, which after the death of his with closed eyes, and afterwards deciphered and wife was followed by a third, so intense as to read to him till he had mastered them. For the send him to Paris to consult the physician, first half year the rate of composition averaged about six lines a day." Brown Sequard, who had treated Charles

229 Sumner. Here, he spent several months in the the upper hand and progress was desperately winter of 1858-1859, stopping at the Hotel de slow. Fearing that he might be unable 1o

France, 239 Rue Saint Honore. He found complete the series he broke the chronologic il of Paris greatly changed since his previous visit order his volumes in order that he might

fourteen years before, much improved in beauty make sure of the two, bearing the title "Mont by the works carried on under Napoleon III, calm and Wolfe" (1884), which were devoted

but the cigars still very bad. In February he to the American phase of the Seven Years War, it wrote to his sister : or as was commonly called in America the "French and Indian War". The other volumes

'"I am a little less lame. I get on well enough. : in — appeared as follows "Pioneers of France The omnibuses of Paris of which there are about

the New in

in World" (1865), North 700 are made with railings, etc. such a way that "The Jesuits I with a little science can swing myself to the top America" (1867), "La Salle and the Discovery

with the arms alone, and here I usually spend the of the Great West" (1869), "The Old Regim- better of the day smoking cigarettes and

part '

in Canada (1874), Frontenac and surveying the crowds below. I have formed New France an extensive acquaintance among omnibus cads under Louis XIV" (1877), and finally, "A Half and the like, whom I find to be first-rate fellows Century of Conflict", in two volumes (1892). in their way also have learned pretty thoroughly of the streets of Paris where much may be seen from During the thirty years struggle to accom the top of an omnibus. When hungry or thirsty, plish his task Parkman did not spend all his

1 descend to any restaurant, cafe or buffet that in time Boston and in his rose garden. His happens to be near, whether of low or high degree,

if only clean. In fine weather, an hour or two health occasionally permitted him to visit the may be spent pleasantly enough, between always scenes of his narrative, and he was several

2 and 5 o clock, in the open air, under the porches

times in Canada, where he made many friends of the cafes on the Boulevards, where all Paris passes by." among the numerous French-Canadian histor

ians, with some of whom, particularly with the

He returned to in of 1 America the spring 859 Abbe Casgrain, he carried on a long and cordial and thereafter made his home with his mother correspondence. He even visited the Missis

and sisters, in their town house on Chestnut sippi, renewed acquaintance with his guide of in Street the winter, and in the summer at his the Oregon Trail, Henry Chatillon, and gained

own little of country place three acres near some further first-hand knowledge of the Ameri

Jamaica Pond. Here he took to rose gardening, can Indian. The winter of 1868-1869 he spent

even entering a into brief and not very profitable in Paris where he now found a host of friends

a florist, partnership with published "The Book in the Faubourg Saint Germain, including the

of Roses" (1866), bred the "famous Parkman Marquis de Montcalm, who placed the papers

took in lily", many prizes the flower shows, of his illustrious grandfather at Parkman's

became of president the Massachusetts Horti disposal. In 1872 and again in 1880 he returned and, cultural Society, irony, Harvard appointed to Paris, for it was here that must be sought the him, who was to become perhaps the most great mass of material which he most needed.

famous historian among her sons, professor of It was during his sojourns in Paris that he

horticulture in the newly established Bussey became the intimate friend of that loveable, Institute (1871). amusing, and irritating character, Pierre Margry,

The nine volumes which constitute the great archivest of the Ministry of the Marine and of in history the French regime North America Colonies. Margry had a great passion, the

were published between 1865 and 1892. During collection of documents relating to French a part of this time Parkman was able to work expansion beyond the seas, and the Bibliotheque

steadily, but during much of it his malady had Nationale now contains over two hundred

230 -~y volumes of his scribbled notes, his copies of m . . documents, his lists of events, documents which he borrowed and forgot to return, and his correspondence, in this last category there being something like a hundred letters from Parkman. Margry was disposed to aid Parkman, for whom he had a real affection, but not at the expense of his own glory. The material he had gathered respecting La Salle he witheld until, with Parkman s aid, he had exploited it himself. But for Parkman 's intervention Margry 's monu mental collection of six volumes of documents, ffiiJ. j>i*^~~, 4^ Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francois dans I'Ouest et dans le Sud de FAmerique Septentrion- ale", for the publication of which a subvention of $10,000 was obtained from the American government, would never have seen the light. The story of this affair, too long to be told here, is one of the most interesting in the history of

American historiography. To honor Parkman 's U— *( O *— ^. . forty-ninth birthday Margry dedicated to him a poem commencing : A'

Dans le monde, oil vous etes ne Vos ecrits disent notre gloire ; Nul n'a, comme vous, honore Letter from Parkman to Margry, Dated Boston> Les beaux actes de notre histoire. July 7, 18(37. From the Parkmann — Margry correspondence in the Bibliotheque Nationale. The last years of his life were passed quietly in Boston and by the side of Jamaica Pond. a of his "Pioneers Honors came to him, especially the sincere The letter accompanies copy of France", and is interlined by the translator. homage of his fellow craftsmen. His last In it he says : volume was finished none too soon, for a year v after its publication he passed quietly away, on '"The volume which I send you will serve in November 8, 1893. Oliver Wendell Holmes part to explain the character of my plans... The wrote of him : discoverers of the Valley of the Mississippi hold a very conspicuous place among the heroes of New France and the great Norman explorer La Halting with feeble step, or bending o'er Salle is, as I think, the foremost of all the pioneers The sweet-breathed roses which he loved so of any race or nation who ever trod American soil. [well, As such I mean to represent him. 1 have no pur While through long years his burdening cross he pose more at heart than that of making the American [bore, people aware of the extent to which the civilization From those firm lips no coward accents fell. of this continent is indebted to the fortitude and enterprise of Frenchmen...'' A brave, bright memory ! his the stainless shield No shame defaces and no envy mars ! When our far future's record is unsealed, Then follows the page, a fascimile of which is His name will shine among its morning stars. presented above.

231 The fame of Francis Parkman as a historian but even such new material has very little

is secure. Today he is among the greatest of affected the value of his work.

American historical writers. The reader who Although Parkman is one of the fairest and

seeks a fascinating story of high adventure most impartial of historians, maintaining through may take up any of his volumes and find it. out his work that sympathetic detachment which in of is The lover nature who delights the vivid the ideal of scholarship, he nevertheless, at of

lake in portrayal forest and and river and rocky least the opinion of the writer, failed to do of of coast will find the volumes full pictures that entire justice to certain of the institutions enthrall the imagination. The student who New France. The Church and the Jesuits he seeks to know one of the most important phases could not understand, at least not with that

of American history, French colonization in spiritual comprehension displayed by another North America and the struggle between France Boston Puritan, Henry Adams, and thus he was and England for the control of the New World unable to realize the full extent to which their

may read these volumes with the assurance that role in Canadian history was vital and necessary of he will not be lead astray. and a source strength. it 's as is For Parkman work is as good history In the same way the seigniorial system, of literature ; both his method and his point transplanted to Canada, appeared to him of view have admirably withstood the tests time archaic and an instrument of despotism, hamper it is of and further research. Nevertheless, no ing the economic development of the colony,

of a historian, say that disparagement him as to and in this it is fair to say that his view is shared

there are certain limitations in his work which by other historians. But the seigniorial system, of

his readers it may well be borne in mind by those in the form which took in French America, who read primarily for information. and under the conditions which prevailed there —

In the first place he was unable to explore for far different from those preva.ling in New of himself the vast masses documentary material England, may fairly be regarded as a source in of French and English archives, and for these of strength rather than weakness. At any preliminary investigations was compelled to rely rate its introduction into Canada was by no of upon others, with results not always satisfactory means a gratuitous act absolute power, but

to himself, as he occasionally remarked in his was as natural and even as inevitable as the of correspondence with Margry. In spite this introduction into New England of the system of handicap, however, anyone who, like the writer, of freehold tenure land. Like many other

has himself explored the archives from which Anglo-Saxon writers, Parkman saw in the

Parkman drew and who has also examined outcome of the American struggle between

carefully the transcripts, now deposited with the England and France, the triumph of free insti

Massachusetts Historical Society, which were tutions over those of despotism, but to regard in madejfor Parkman and which he used as the the American conflict that light is to mistake of basis his work, can not fail to be impressed its nature. The government of New France of with the abundance the material which he was frankly absolutist, but it was also benevolent

secured and with its representative character. ly paternal, not despotic, and there was as in Inevitably there has come to light much new much individual freedom Canada, as in New

material since Parkman 's time, material which England, and very likely more. The re;.i.*ns of it was impossible for him even to have known for the fall New France are to found else it of, and which, had been accessible to him, where than in its form of government, which in of of would doubtless have altered some his even gave it, time war, a clear advantage

statements and modified certain of his conclusions, over the English colonies.

232 First, and most obvious of these reasons was This port of Tadoussac was long the centre of the Canadian fur-rade. A desolation of its geographical situation, its enormous territorial barren it, mountains closes round betwixt whose ribs of expanse from the Gulf of the Saint Lawrence rugged granite, bristing with savins, birches, and to the Gulf of Mexico, the entire interior of firs, th; Saguenay rolls its gloomy waters from the northern wilderness. Centuries of civilization the continent, but with access to the sea, in the have of ; not tamed the wildness the place and still, in north, only six months out of the year, and in grim repose, the mountains hold their guard around the south, at a point so remote as to render it the waveless lake that glistens in their shadow,

and doubles in its sullen mirror, crag, precipice, of little avail during the final struggle. In the of and forest. ("Pioneers France in the New second the economic life place, of New France World", p. 327). was exceedingly weak. The chief source of wealth, the fur trade, absorbed energies that is of Here again his account the start of the might better have been devoted to agriculture in expedition against the Iroquois 1666 : and to taking a firm root in the soil ; while, by reason of its very nature, the fur trade drew the On the day of the Exaltation of the Cross... Tracy and Courcelle left with thirteen strength of the colony farther and farther into Quebec hundred men. They crossed Lake Champlain the interior, dispersing it more and more as the and launched their boats again on the waters of nearby sources of supply were successively St. Sacrement, now Lake George. It was the first

of the warlike pageants that have made that fair exhausted. Finally the failure of immigration scene historic. October had begun, and the from France kept the population of the colony romantic wilds breathed the buoyant life of the at so low a figure that when the Seven Years most inspiring of American seasons, when the

blue-jay screams from the woods ; the wild duck War opened there were, in all the vast domain ; splashes along the lake and the echoes of distant of New France not more than 70,000 whites, ; mountains prolong the quavering cry of the loon outnumbered 20 to I by the compact population when weather-stained rocks are plumed with the of fiery crimson the sumac, the claret hues of young of nearly a mil'ion and a half of the English

oaks, the amber and scarlet of the maple, and the ; colonies sea of supported by power. sober purple the ash or when gleams of sunlight, shot aslant through the rents of cool autumnal Finally, a limitation that many scholars of

clouds, chase fitfully along the sides of painted in is is today find Parkman's work that it occupied mountains. Amid this gorgeous euthanasia of the too little with social and economic matters and dying season, the three hundred boats and

trailed in long procession up the lake, threaded the institutions, and too much with warfare and for

labyrinth of the Narrows, that sylvan fairy-land

est life. But it must be remembered that it of tufted islets and quiet waters, and landed at was precisely these latter aspects of his subject length where Fort William Henry was afterwards

built. ("Old Regime in Canada", p. 243). that most appealed to Parkman, and also, that in fact the history of French Canada was very One more extract must largely one of "warfare. To this interest we suffice. Let us choose the vision that Parkman saw as he commenced owe some of Parkman's most enthralling pages, and that inspired him through for he possessed in the superlative degree the his work all his art of recreating for his reader the background, years of effort. especially the forest background, of his narra a of The French dominion is memory the past ; tive. and when we evoke its departed shades, they rise

One would like to quote any number of upon us from their graves in strange, romantic guise. Again their ghostly camp-fires seem to passages illustrative of his art, if only for the burn, and the fitful light is cast around on lord purpose of inspiring the reader to seek more and vassal and black-robed priest, mingled with in of them for himself, but two or three must wild forms of savage warriors, knit close fellow

ship on the same stern errand. A boundless suffice. Here for example is his description of ; vision grows upon us an untamed continent ;

: ; Tadoussac vast wastes of forest verdure mountains silent

233 in primeval sleep ; river, lake, and glimmering graphical chapter is useful as a guide to further pool ; wilderness oceans mingling with the sky. reading. Two volumes of the co-operative Such was the domain which France conquered for civil zation. Plumed helmets gleamed in the work, "Chronicles of American History", recent shade of its forests, priestly vestments in its dens ly published by the Yale University Press under and fastnesses of ancient barbarism. Men steeped the direction of Professor Allen Johnson, deal in the antique learning, pale with the close breath of the cloister, here spent the noon and evening of with the French regime and are reliable and their lives, ruled savage hordes with a mild, parental entertaining; ''*Crusaders of New France", sway, and stood serene before the direst shapes by William Bennett Munro, devoted to social, of death. Men of courtly nurture, heirs to the polish of a farreaching ancestry here, with their economic and institutional history, and *"The dauntless hardihood, put to shame the boldest Conquest of New France", by George M. Wrong, sons of toil. ("Pioneers of France,' Introduction, being chiefly a military narrative. Several p. xii). volumes of a similar co-operative history,

^Chronicles of Canada" (Toronto, 1913) may also be mentioned. Still another co-operative BIBLIOGRAPHY. history of great merit "Canada and its Provinces",

* edited by Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty (A Star indicates that the books mentioned are in the (Toronto, 1914), includes a number of American Library in Paris) useful volumes : Volume I contains a narrative history II, of French Canada ; volume an account of There are two biographies ot Francis Parkman ;

its social, economic and political institutions ; the earlier and more formal is that by Charles of volume XIII, the history Acadia ; and volumes Haight Farnham, "'Life of Francis Parkman" of XV and XVI the history the Province of (Little, Brown and Co.), 1900 ; the shorter, Quebec. sympathetic and well written, is by Henry

Of the many histories by French Canadians Dwight Sedgwick "Francis Parkman", in the

probably the best for general purposes is that "American Men of Letters Series", (Houghton

by F. X. Garneau, "Histoire du Canada", first Mifflin, 1904). It is upon the latter that the

published in 1845 but brought out recently in above sketch is based. Parkman s works have

a fifth edition, very much enlarged and intelligent been published in successive editions, the by ly revised and annotated Hector Garneau latest being that known as the "Centenary (Paris, Alcan, "Bibliotheque France-Amenque", Edition" (Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 2 1920), volumes. Of the few works by French 1922), in 13 volumesd). The titles of his historical writers the most important is Emile Salone, works have been noted.

"La Colonization de la Nouvelle France" (Paris, A few works dealing with Parkman 's field, the

Guilmoto), which is an exceedingly valuable history of New France, may be mentioned as of study of the process peopling Canada and of value to the general reader. A volume by ; a * of its economic and social progress as sup the late Reuben Gold Thwaites, "France in

plement to Parkman it is indispensable. A very- America", in the series edited by Albert Bushnell

recent work on Acadia, by a French scholar, Hart, *"The American Nation, a History" Emile Lauvriere, "La Tragedie d'un Peuple" (New York, Harper, 1905) is a rather bare 2 (Paris, Bossard, 1922, volumes), contains a summary, evidently hastily compiled and lacking

vast amount of information, but its point of in evidences of original scholarship. Its biblio- is » view is so tendancieux and its tone so passion

(1) This has been presented to the American Library by ately hostile to the English that scholars will and -Mrs Charles Allen of Boston in memory of

Mr. in display a cautious reserve accepting the Mrs. Alley's father, Professor Charles C. Jewett, "Pioneer among American Librarians". author's judgments and conclusions.

234 : Peuple matter. Champlain, d'un by book additional Tragédie This "La much from with (Paris). Bossard Reproduced publications, by FRANCE previous published Champlain.

by his NOUVELLE all

LA of Lauvrière, France, Emile

by Nouvelle ", compendium la a de was Acadien Voyages i(i32, Peuple in the du From published Histoire There is no satisfactory general history of the Regime" (New York, Longman's, 1916) is French regime in the Mississippi Valley, which, based on intensive work in the.archives in Paris, except for the history of explorations, received but is of more value to the student than to the slight attention from Parkman. Pierre Heinric,h, general reader ; it is full of detailed and definite in '"La Louisiane sous la Compagnie des Indes", information, and contains a very comprehensive (Paris, Guilmoto) presents a detailed and careful bibliography. The history of the Illinois Coun study of the history of Louisiana from 1717 to try is told in admirable and authoritative fashion 173 1, with an introductory chapter on the earlier by Clarence W. Alvord in the first volume of history of the colony, and a valuable biblio the "Centennial History of Illinois ", edited by graphical section. The later history of Louis him : "The Illinois Country, 1673-1818" iana, 1753-1803, is dealt with by the Baron Marc (Springfield III. 1920), while the history of de Villiers du Terrage in "Les Dernieres Annees the region about Detroit may Be read in " * de la Louisiane Francaise (Paris, Guilmoto, Charles Moore's excellent book. The 1903). Mrs. N. M. M. Surrey's study of "The Northwest under Three Flags" (New York, Commerce of Louisiana during the French Harper, 1900).

Literary Notes

"The Soviet Constitution", edited by Andrew In "Mirrors of Moscow" (Thomas Seltzer) Rothstein (Labour Publishing Co.) is full of inter Louise Bryant has tried to show the leaders of the esting information. The standing orders of the Russian revolution as they really are, as she knew all-Russian central executive committee, for exam them in their homes, "where the red glare does ple, limit speeches in support of amendments not penetrate and they live as other men". In to three minutes : and the regulations of the village addition to chapters on Lenin and Trotsky, there Soviets provide for the organization of a reading are eight on Lunacharsky and Russian culture, hut in each village, and public readings of newspa Kalinin and the peasants, Mme. Kollontai and the pers, decrees of the government, etc. woman's movement, Enver Pasha and the Moha- medans, Tikon and the church, Tchicherin, an article in the New Evening Post In York commisar for foreign affairs, and others. Literary Review Margaret Widdemer urges the a in whimsicality. She importance of course Tennyson's "In Memoriam" is described by would, of course, start her class with Lewis Carroll's Mr. Alfred Noyes as the greatest elegy in any Hunting of the Snark" and Lucretia Hale's "The language. "Peterkin Papers". These should be followed, savs, by Edmund Lear's "Nonsense Rhymes" she " There are many who think that James Stephens' and Cilbert's "Bab Ballads and attendance at best work is to be found in "The Charwoman's Gilbert and Sullivan operas. Daughter ". The editor of the Reviewer, Hunter Stagg, In "The Unveiled Ladies of Stamboul" (Hough is so tired of hearing Arthur Machen's "The ton) Demetra Vaka establishes her reputation as Three Impostors (Knopf) compared with Steven a Margot Asquith of the Orient, the New York son's "New Arabian Nights" that he desires Times says. to go on record as thinking it a great deal better, just as he thinks the Old Nights better. Arabian "Paris, the Literary Capital of the United States", This is not, he adds, the Machen of "The Hill is the title of an interesting article in the New York of Dreams" ; it is the Machen of those intricate Times Book Review for December 23. and gruesome stories which make up "The House of Souls". The editor of the Bookman in speaking of Robert In an article on Amy Lowell the Bookmen lor Nathan's "The Puppet Master" (MacBride) says : : "In a certain sense she will "It is a book which I should like to be sure every December says — never surpass the vision and execution of 'Can follower of the Bookman reads and if you once it, I Grande Castle'." read it, you will re-read as do his 'Autumn'."

236 Cowboy Songs W. W. Irwin

the rapidly vanishing wild life as many variants in the tune as in the words. of the United States may be classed The cowboy enjoyed imagining he was sad and AMONGthat almost extinct animal, the cowboy. in consequence was exceedingly fond of minors, The few captive specimens that have been but in this he was only following in the track preserved to us in the movies bear the same of most Anglo-Celtic folk-song. relation to the real animal, that the average movie The subjects of the songs may be divided into drama bears to the book from which it was three broad classes : those concerning the glory taken. The outlines are there but so distorted and of force, incidents of daily life, and —plain so weirdly changed as to be scarcely recognizable. filth. The life of the cowboy was hard —the Thanks to Professor J. A. Lomax and those writer speaks from experience — not even the who followed in his footsteps, the songs and sailor before the mast in the old days of wind ballads with which the cowboy whiled away the jammers faced danger and hardship as constantly weary hours of night-herd and trail duty have as did the riders of the range. Danger from the been saved for posterity. Many of these songs cattle, danger from his horse, danger from are adaptations of the ancient English and nature —cloud-bursts, prairie-fires, blizzards — Scottish ballads, others are taken from hymns, and danger from his fellow men ; for since but a certain number are absolutely native to the Colonel Colt made all men the same size, the range country. These native songs are, as cowboy's life often hung on his ability to use might be expected, the most interesting to the the Colonel's invention. This milieu weeded student of Americana. In them the time, the out the weaklings with an unsparing hand and tune, and the subject are all three characteristic those who survived were a picked race. Is it of the makers and their environment. any wonder that these men worshipped the Being nearly always sung while on horseback, hero and made ballads about him? The heroes these songs take their tempo from the beat of were sometimes rather shoddy, Billy the Kid the horse's hoofs. You will find in them and Jesse James, but the songs were of the strong either the slow walk of the night-herder, the man who fought against odds and Ecclefechan

trot of the horse-herd, or the easy lope of the Tarn would have understood their spirit. man traveling. If you will hum to yourself Another series of ballads were descriptive ' The Old Chisholm Trail" you will get the beat of the daily life of the cow puncher, and like of the feet of a trotting horse, "Get Along Little that life—or indeed any life — were sometimes Dogies" has the easy swing of the lope, and grave and sometimes gay. Among the more '"Bury Me Not On the Lone Prairee" has the serious songs were "The Dying Cowboy ", more slow measure of the night-herder around the often known as "The Cowboy's Lament ", or bedded cattle. more simply "The Lament", and the previously The tunes vary, almost at the will of the singer, mentioned "Bury Me Not On the Lone Prairee ". for the reason that they are transmitted orally In the old days more than one cowboy was buried and the reproduction depends on the memory, with no other attempt at religious services than the ear and the voice of the performer. Certain these two songs, sung by his comrades around of the songs are so well known that the airs are the grave on the open range, while the trail absolutely fixed, but in others one finds almost herd was allowed to drift for an hour or so.

237 The most primitive type of man finds humor nervous cattle and quiet them by singing to ous something that kills someone —a step up them. The words or the tune are of no conse ward, and filth becomes funny. Many —a quence and the men relieve each other, singing great many —of the cowboy's repertoire are turn and turn about. Gradually the restless entirely unfit to be printed for general circulation. movement lessens and finally the cattle stand Do not think however, that the puncher was quiet and listen. Then, here and there one will naturally foul-minded ;— he was quite the con lie down, and in an hour or so —if you have trary, —only, those songs did not affect his luck —all the bunch will be safely bedded down, mentality as being dirty, but as being funny. chewing their cuds or sleeping. A good example of this type is "My Lulu Girl" This calming effect of the human voice is well that Owen Wister refers to in The Vi rginian . known to all those who handle cattle in bulk. The writer has more than once heard a big, Kipling mentions it in his "Mulholland's clean-hearted boy carolling like a lark this song, Contract" where on the cattle-boat during the whose scabrous words would have brought a storm : " blush of envy to the cheeks of the Cure of Meu- I had been singin' to them to keep em quiet don. An easterner once summed up the thing there. by saying, "They take such an innocent, child For the lower deck is the dangerousest, like delight in their smut". In this regard a requirin' constant care..." point worth noting is that in general the fouler On the range as a rule they took no chances the song, the better the tune. Some of the and started singing to the bunch as soon as they worst specimens fairly sing themselves. had them on the bed-ground. It will be asked why it was that the cowboy Here you have the real reason why the cow had all this long repertoire of songs, when none boy has so many songs when the other trades of the other makers of the west appear to have of the old west have so few. His songs were had any great leanings toward vocal music. As in their way just as much a tool of the trade as in most things, there is a reason. Cattle when his rope itself. Two night-herders singing in the open at night are subject to unexplained could hold the cattle on the bedding-ground attacks of nerves, which cause them to become better and easier than could the entire outfit, restless and suspicious. At such a time they depending on their horses alone. refuse to lie down, move about restlessly in an While several collections of cowboy songs irregular circle — "milling" is the cowboy word — have been published, giving the words, the and a very small shock is sufficient to set them music has never been popularised, except to a off on a wild stampede that means extra and very slight extent in Lomax's first book. This dangerous work for the men and losses for the seems a great pity, as most of them have the same owners. Now it is a fact, tho a strange one, simple appeal that makes the "College Songs" that at such times these half-savage range cattle so popular for generation after generation. are comforted and calmed by the sound of the Lord, Lord, what memories, and what pictures human voice. The two night-herders circle at a of a west that is no more, those simple airs walk, in opposite directions, the mass of milling, would bring back to many an old man !

238 A Weekly Story Hour For Children

story hours are conducted by Mademoiselle Huchet of the Book Committee on THESEChildren's Libraries. The first of these was held November 8th, when French stones from Picardy and Provence were told. These were followed by. German, Scandinavian. Russian and Polish tales, and will conclude with English and American stories, all translated into French. The principal sources drawn upon are the collections made by Perrault, Bouchor, Grim, Jaubert and Jacob.

The program of the Christmas story hour consisted of the following : "Le Soulier de Jean -Marie ", by Jeanroy ; "La Légende de la Rose de Noël ", by Lagerlôft ; "La Visite des Araignées" ; "Pourquoi les Arbres Résineux gardent leurs Feuilles en Hiver", by Holbrook ; the first from "Les Plus Jolies Contes de Noël" (Hachette) ; the second from the author's "Livre des Légendes" (Perrin) ; and the two last from Miss Bryant's "Comment Raconter des Histoires à nos Enfants" (Nathan).

239 HEX LIBRIS An Illustrated Monthly 'Repieu. fublishsd (., THE AMERICAN LIBRARY IN PARIS INC. 10 Rue de l'Elys^e, Pari*. Literary Editor : VV. DAWSO V JOHNSTON Manatfinf Editor : LEWIS n. CRENSHAW Tel.: Elysces 58-M, 53-90 . Tel.: Elysees 36-70 Associate Editors ■ WILLIAM ASPENWELL BRADLEY WILLUM MORTON FULLKRTON HORATIO S. KRANS PAUL SCOTT MOVVRER PAUL ROCKWELL Subscription: 2 frincs a number: 20 francs a year jn Prance, 2.r>francs a year in other countries. ' All remittances should be miie to order of EX LIBRIS '. Copyright applied for. All rights reserved.

THE AMERICAN LIBRARY IN PARIS, Incorporated in 1920. ; ; Officers: CharlesL. Seeger, President; Robert I?. Olds, Vice-President J G. Hay, Treasurer W. 'Dawson Johnston, Secretaryand Librarian

ExecutiveCommittee: the Prendent, the Secretary, Professor J. Mark Baldwin, W. V. R. Berry, L. V. Benet. Membership: Life Membership: 2,000 francs: Annual Membership: 100 francs, together with an initial fee of 100 francs.

is to best The Primary aim of Ex Libris to give its readers information in regard the

American and tnglish books of general interest- The primary aim of the American Library

is to make these books available to its members throughout Europe- ' 1 5, of At the meeting the Trustees, February Mr. J. G. Hay was elected Treasurer to succeed ; Mr. James R. Barbour, resigned Professor Earle B. Babcock, former director of the American ; of University Union was elected, a member the American Committee and the following were

appointed to serve with the President as a Building Committee, Mr. M. Percy Peixotto and Mr. Lawrence Slade. of 1 The report of the Librarian for January showed gifts books amoneting to ,424, including collections from Miss Gordon, Mr. Frederic Mallet, Miss Florence Heywood, Mr. Baldwin, E. W. Brooks, Professor J. Mark Miss Bachemann and Mrs. Ryle. The Librarian : also reported a registration of 423 subscribers, including the following new members M. L. de

la Rochebrochard, Mr. Homer Croy, Mr. H. O. Lewis and Miss C. Goldsmith. The is in of large nnmber of subscriptions interesting itself, but the fact that the number French of subscribers exceeded the number British is equally significant. The book circulation for the month was 9,765, or six per cent more than one year ago. Relations with American Scientific Societies of In the last issue of Ex Libris attention was called much assistance to us in selecting the books to the unique relations which exist between the and periodicals which we should have on our

American Library in Paris and the American shelves to represent American thought and Library Association. achievement or do much to promote the use of In the Annual report of the Librarian emphasis these collections among European scholars. in of is also laid upon the importance the establish "With this view the American Historical in ment of close relations with American scientific Association at its meeting New Haven, institutions and societies. The American Li December 27-30, 1923, recommended the ap

brary Association", the report says, ''may assist pointment of Dr. Waldo G. Leland of the

in the development of an effective library organ Carnegie Institution of Wash mgton to represent

ization here and in the determination of the the Association in co-operation with the American

best methods of library administration, but only Library in Paris, and authorized its Committee the scientific institutions and societies can be on Bibliography to undertake and give such

240 advice and assistance to the American Library Saint Louis ; Professor Everett Kimball, Smith in organizing its department of American College ; and Dr. Raymond R. Buell, Harvard history as it could. This Committee consists University. Professor Potter will advise on inter of the following : Professor George M. Dutcher, national law and diplomacy, Professor Merriam Wesleyan University, chairman ; Professor Wil on municipal government, Professor Shepard liam H. Allison, Colgate University ; Professor on political theory and comparative government, Sidney B. Fay, Smith College ; Dr. A. H. and Dr. Buell on world politics. Shearer, Grosvenor Library, Buffalo ; and Pro '"The American Institute of Architects, through fessor Henry R. Shipman, Princeton University. the chairman of its educational committee, Dr. Leland has almost completed a list of the Professor William Emerson, has not only made books on the history of the French regime'in a list of the more useful books on American America which the Library should acquire, with architecture or representative of American ar the idea that a collection of books on this subject chitectural thought, but has, through the gener would not only add to the Library's usefulness to osity of Professor Emerson, purchased the books students of Franco-American relations, but also and presented them to the library. give that distinction to the Library's The American Association for the Advance collections which special collections alone ment of Colored People also has offered to assist can confer. in the collection of books by American negroes "A similar committee has been appointed or relating to them, and other organizations more recently by the American Political Science more or less scientific in character are certain Association to advise us in the development of to become interested in different parts of the the department of political science. This com Library, not only in order that its collections mittee consists of Professor Pitman B. Potter, may properly represent American opinion and University of Wisconsin, chairman ; Professor life but also that the library may be of the largest C. E. Merriam, University of Chicago ; Pro possible service to their members who visit fessor W. J. Shepard, Washington University, Europe either for study or travel."

Literary Notes

A reviewer of Gamaliel Bradford's "Damaged In a recent article in the Bookman Homer Croy Souls" (Houghton) in the Atlantic Monthly speaks describes "Huckleberry Finn" as the greatest of Mr. Bradford as far and away the most notable humorous novel the United States has ever pro biographer in the country. duced. The other outstanding American humor ous novels, he says, are "David Harum", "Mrs. Hunter Stagg say? in The Reviewer that Mrs. Wiggs", and "Seventeen". Wharton has not surpassed "A Son at the Front" (Scribner's) save in "Ethan Frome" and in perhaps Stud ies in Philology for January (The University half a dozen of her short stories. of North Carolina Press) is devoted to "An Analyti cal Index to the Ballad-entries in the Of Irving Fisher's "League or War" Headway (1557-1709) Registers of the Company of Stationers of London", says : "This is the sort of book that some rich compiled by Professor H. E. Rollins of New York man ought to have circulated by the million through University. out America and England."

He who would become acquainted with Frank Professor Nansen's "Russia and the Peace" Swinnerton is advised by Grant Overton to begin (Allen and Unwin) is described by Morgenbladet with "The Three Lovers", and follow that by as the most straightforward, well informed and "Coquette", "September", "Shops and Houses", enlightening book on Russia published since the and "Nocturne". war.

241 Books Reviews

L'CEuvre de La Societe des Nations, by Leon and the League should not fail to read such a Bourgeois, Delegue Permanent de La France comprehensive book by an author whose labors a La Societe Des Nations. Paris. Payot. in this field have been so conspicuous. 1923. 456 pages. L. D. Egbert

The life of every institution seems to depend in its final analysis upon public opinion. To The German Revolution and After, by Heinrich answer the requirements of this public opinion Strcebel, Translated by H. J. Stenning. Lon modern institutions must have a raison d'etre, don. Jarrolds. 1923. 320 pages. inherent merit in their organization and after at least a few years of life substantial accomplish This is an absorbingly interesting discussion ments to justify the future support of their adherents of German political history since the War, and So it is with the League of Nations. of the attitude of the different parties toward The League of Nations is now a little over the Treatry of Versailles and toward the new four years old. Is the public opinion of the world German Constitution. Interesting as it is as a behind it? Has it inherent in its system the general survey of recent events, however, its chief fundamental principles of international association value lies in the author's criticism of the Socialists hand, and peace? Have its accomplishments been such of the Right, on the one and of the Socialists Left, as to justify continued support by its present of the or Spartacus Group, on the other. adherents and perhaps the added support of the The big capitalists have shown as much boldness United States? For a perspective on these and and determination in the creation of a new economic other questions we may turn to a scholarly book structure as the Social Democrat Paity has been by Leon Bourgeois, a leading French authority, passive and irresolute in its attitude toward economic entitled "L'CEuvre de La Societe Des Nations." problems, he observes. "Instead of creating a great Republican Bloc of the left, bourgeois The first part of M. Bourgeois' book gives a Democrats and Centrists sought refuge in a bloc historical sketch of the first three years of the acti of the center of which the German Peoples Party vities of the League, the subject-matter bein>> has become the driving the selected discourses pronounced by the author force—precisely party which has put the greatest difficulties in the upon various occasions. The second part gives way of the Republic, which has constantly flirted an excellent discussion of the acts and accomplish with monarchism and Jingoism, which has denoun ments of the League Assembly and Council ; ced as treachery to the Fatherland honorable the Permanent Court of International Justice ; every endeavour to fulfil the obligations or the Peace such political problems as the Aland Islands, the Treaty, and which has hitherto unscrupulously question of Upper Silesia, and the restoration jeopardized the existence of the Republic by its of Austria ; the mandats, Dantzig and the Saar ; economic and financial policy." He feels that armaments ; such technical commissions as those reconciliation of the Capitalist and the Socialist on Finance and Economies, Health, Labor, and is impossible, and that the only hope for the future Transit ; social and humanitarian work ; and lies in the renunciation by the Right Socialists finally the jurisprudence of the Assembly and the of the policy of supine compromise ; the renuncia Council. tion by the Left Socialists of irresponsible phrase In a short conclusion the author discusses the mongering ; and the union of both on a progressive de vivre of League. In his conclusion raisons the program of reconstruction. Among the proposals book the author endea and in fact throughout the which he believes should receive their serious arguments of opponents vors to tear down the consideration are those of Alfons Horten. of reader is soon of the League Nations. The The occupation of the Ruhr, if persisted in, that the League is certainly neither impressed he says, will frustrate the peaceful evolution of a "super-state" on the one hand nor a mere "deba ' Germany along democratic lines. "Surely, in society on the other. Many illusions and ting these circumstances ", he adds, "The German commonly-held inaccurate apprehensions about people have a right to expect the fullest moral the League are effectively dispelled. support from the great western democracies, In a word the layman just starting to tackle and the most positive diplomatic intervention the problem of the League of Nations will find by England and America, who presumably do not many parts of the book very instructive, while wish discredited German Militarism to be replaced those seriously interested in international problems in Europe by aggrandized French Imperialism."

242 of in Germany's Capacity to Pay : A Study of the existence in the minds the leaders but practice, Reparation Problem, by Harold G. Moulton they have passed over to State Socialism, and

and Constantine E. Mc Guire. New York. then to a regime wherein private initiative constantly

McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. 1923.384 pages. receives a larger share.

This is one of the publications of the Institute MODERN ITALY, by Tommaso Tittoni. London. of Economics of Washington, D. C. founded Macmillan. 1922. 236 pages. (The Insti by the Carnegie Corporation. It is the most tute of Politics Publications, Williams College, complete scientific study of the reparation problem Williamstown, Mass.). now available for the average serious inquirer. A While the book was issued in June of last year scholarly discussion of the intellectual, cultural its usefulness has not been reduced or impaired and economic aspects of modern Italy. The by what has happened in the intervening months. author takes up all phases of literature, science and In fact a revision at this moment would, we appre art and shows what contribution Italy has made

hend, suggest very few alterations or additions. to each in recent years. The modern thinkers of According to Messrs. Moulton and McGuire, and writers Italy are mentioned and a short of Germiny's capacity to pay will be in direct pro review of the work each presented. of to her ability to develop an export surplus ; The second half the book is devoted to subjects portion — and, inasmuch as it is impossible to say what of economic and financial importance such as the surplus, if any, will amount to, there is no the labor question, the international problem

way to fix in advance the annual sums which of raw materials and the Italian budget. The

Germany can turn over in payment of reparations. last chapter on emigration is of especial interest to Americans who must The appendices which make up more than one- regard this subject as one of national importance. third of the volume are extremely valuable. The

The author was president of the Italian section dealing with budgetary and taxation ques Senate and speaks with tions in Germany is especially helpful at the authority. present moment. Mention should be made of E. G. P. a tabular summary of the various steps taken in the reparation controversy from th beginning International Aspects of Unemployment, by to June 1923. Watson Kirkconnell. London. 1923. 217 pages.

Russia and Peace, by Fridjtof Nansen. London. The author reviews in colorful language the of George Allen and Unwin. 1923. 162 pages. position the nations of the world at the present — of time especially those nations affected by "It appears probable to me," the author says, the war and its results. His language is vigorous "that not only will Russia some day, and at a date and the tone of his writing sincere. The field in covered, is not far distant, save Europe in things material, both time and geography, too large but that the sorely needed spiritual renewal will to allow more than a sketch. The arguments also come from there." by which the author's theses are elaborated show

him to be of the Keynes school of economic thought, The only policy which can save Europe, he and to be convinced that the payment of interallied believes, is that which resolutely regards all pro debts presages disaster to the creditors — provided blems from an international economic point of

payment be even possible. France is portrayed view.

as vindictive and highly imperialistic. A series The successive of his book on Russian

chapters of of short portraits the other countries of Europe agriculture, industry, and transportation, however, are interestingly presented. show clearly that this can not come without wider Recovery from the world's ills the author believes recognition of Russia's importance in the economy can come only through a gradual and painful of Europe. Without foreign help the

recovery of restoration production, improvement of distri of agriculture will take a long time, and although bution, "curative treatment' of our money economy the new economic policy has rendered possible — a subject discussed rather too summarily — notable improvement in the condition of industry, the development of — — and an atmosphere of peace. more capital that is, more foreign credit is Proper adjustments of these sorts, supplemented required to replace or repair worn out machinery by national policies which will stop the drift toward and buy the necessary raw materials. the cities and lessen seasonal unemployment

In view of the new economic policy which will bring about an adjustment of the unemployment has been adopted by the Government he believes problem and head off the threatened shortage in that this credit will be forthcoming. The Com world food supplies. A concrete program

munist system continues to have a theoretical to accomplish this end is not presented. One

243 is left uncertain whether the author's remedies, and the Hotel des Tournelles, which Louis XI even assuming them to be ones which would made the royal residence and continued to be bring relief, are palliatives or cures, for his general the royal residence until Catherine de Medicis argument is mildly Malthusian. built the Tuileries. Few readers will agree with all the statements Of the older buildings which still remain Sainte in the book, but many will find it a stimulus to Chapelle, which is almost all that remains today clarifying their own resaonings. of the old palace of Saint Louis, and the Hotel Chester Lloyd Jones de Sens, which shares with the Cluny the distinction of being the only 15th century dwelling house Paris, attention, Non-Violent Coercion ; a Study in Methods still existing in receive special of Social Pressure, by Clarence Marsh Case. as does the Luxembourg Gardens, the only Renais New York and London. The Century Co. sance gardens left in Paris. 1923. 423 pages. The Rue Brisemiche is described as "one of the few perfect remains of that ancient Paris which This interesting supplement to Robert Hunter's has nearly disappeared". "Violence and the Labor Movement" describes the three types of conscientious objector (I) the The Lure of the Loire, by Mary Raphael. Lon religious sectarian, (2) the non-religious peace don. Mills and Boon. 1923. 189 pages. advocate, and (3) the pro-German partisan. It recites the experiences of drafted members of the Again that delightful region, the chateau country first group and reviews briefly the attitude of the of France, is pictured by one who calls herself different sects toward the War as shown in their a "loiterer near the Loire". The author does official proceedings. In the second group the not claim to be a "learned travel-writer", but author finds three different types, — the Socialist, describes in a pleasant conversational slyle her the Individualist, and the Humanitarian. To leisurely trips to the chateaux in the vicinity of the third group he gives no consideration. Tours. With her we rest by the still waters of The work concludes with a discussion of the Azay le-Rideau, recalling the early history of this psychological basis of non-violent resistance and beautiful chateau ; at her side we glimpse th< ancient the bearing of this doctrine upon the problems market-place at Luynes and see again the gorgeous of modern democarcy and social idealism, as wedding of Anne de Bretagne and Charles VIII expressed in the strike, the boycott, and non- in the great hall at Langeais. co-operation as organized in India during the The book covers fourteen of the Loire chateaux World War. While this is sympathetic he does besides giving pleasing glimpses of some of the not fail to take issue with those peace advocates surrounding towns. It is well illustrated with who are opposed to war under any circumstances ; photographs taken by the author and may be from his point of view war is simply an extension enjoyed in an easy chair at home or used as a guide of the police principle, i.e. the use of public force when visiting the chateaux. against the private violence of lawless nations. E. G. P. He adds, however, that peace like most good things, will become effective only through organi The Spell of Provence, by Andre Hallays. Bos zation. ton. L. C. Page & Co. 1923. 36/ pages.

The Romance of the Paris Streets, by Mary In these essays the author does not attempt D. Steuart. London. Chapman and Dodd. the description of the better known places on the 1923. 226 pages. Rhone and on the Riviera, but devotes himself to less familiar places ramarkable either for their Perhaps all books on Paris are interesting, but architectural monuments, their natural historical some of them like this are more interesting than associations, or their natural beauty. others. It gives a vivid picture of the movement He does not fail, however, to express his feelings of social life from the He St. Louis to the Marais, about much of the work of restoration and many from there to the Faubourg Saint Germain, and of the "improvements" made in Orange, and then, with the Revolution, to the new avenues in Aries, the latter "no more than a museum, in and around the Champs Elysees, and with it but the worst kept museum in Europe". For glimpses of historic buildings and anecdotes Aix on the other hand, his enthusiasm i; unqual of those who lived in them. ified. "Other towns may possess more numerous Among those mentioned by the author which and more valuable masterpieces", he says, "but belong entirely to the past are : the Tour de Nesle not one of them is in itself such a pel feet and given by Francis I to Benvenuto Cellini for a complete work of art". Frejus also and the workshop ; the Hotel de St. Paul, built by Charles V temple of le Verneques are the subjects of interest after he had tired of the palace on the He de la Cite ; ing chapters.

244 Of medieva monuments those which excite Of particular interest to French readers are the of his admiration most are the Chateau of Crignan descriptions the diary of Sir Thomas Coningsby

which he describes as one of the most beautiful relating to the siege of Rouen in 1591 and that of a of the works of art which still exist in France, Mary Browne, girl of fourteen who visited

and the cloister of Thoronet, which he calls one France in 1821. "I can not tell what made me of the most successful works of Provencal Roma dislike France so very much", she says, 'one I nesque. reason think was that I raised my expectations The approach to Provence by the river from too high".

Lyons or Valence to Avignon leads him to exclaim Mrs. Browne's Diary of her journey to America in in that there is nothing in France more magnificent 1754, still manuscript, is of special interest of or more varied. to students American history. "It is far better

worth printing than many of the diaries that have been published"; the author The Prime Ministers of Britain, 172 1-192 1, observes. by the Hon. Clive Bigham. Dutton & Co. New York. 1923. Damaged Souls, by Gamaliel Bradford. Boston. Houghton Mifflin and Co. 1923. 285 pages. A "delightful narrative of 200 years of British Prime Ministers from Walpole to Lloyd George. Here are depicted seven "damaged souls",

Although the writer disclaims any thought of who were, all but one, illustrious in American writing a history of the political events or these history. Of these Benedict Arnold and John two centuries, his story does in fact provide an Randolph of Virginia would appear the worst : excellent series of nuclei round which a larger damaged the first because he was a traitor, the knowledge of the national politics and policies second, poor soul, because he was so very sour. It is may be gathered. The careers of the successive disconcerting to notice that none of these leaders and their political destinies are easily much contending men died young. John Brown but clearly narrated, and their vicissitudes are met his fate at the age of fifty-nine, when he was

often most enlightening for the present time. still going strong ; Benedict Arnold gave up at ; The narrative is enlivened, especially in regard sixty after twenty years of misery Thomas Paine to the working of the party systems, by spicy at seventy-two ; Aaron Burr at eighty ; John ; ; anecdotes which reveal the most typically British Randolph at sixty P. T. Barnum at eighty-one characteristics of these personalities standing in Benjamin Butler at seventy-five. And mind you that fierce light which beats upon all public these men lived! Gad, how they lived!

characters. The book is well produced and illustrated It would however be amiss to argue that the ; by excellent portraits. secret of longevity lies in taint it is more probable F. H. W. that strong, however wrong, souls generally inhabit

vigorous bodies, and the combination takes a

English Diaries, by Arthur Ponsonby. London. lot of killing.

Methuen & Co. 1923. 447 pages. As to the^ choice of the subjects that Mr. Bradford

draws with so firm a touch and as to his definition

Over one hundred diaries, of which eight are of "damaged not damned" souls, his reflection, in manuscript, are described, with extended illus speaking of John Brown, is illuminating : "He trative extracts, in this volume. The first to receive was perhaps the most curious American example notice is that of King Edward VI. This is followed of fanatical enthusiasm, and as such the analysis

by four others of the 16th century, some thirty of his soul, with its damage and its glory, has a of the 17th ; and about the same number of the profound and absorbing interest." Of John Ran : 18th, while the remainder belong to the 19th dolph, he remarks "But in the mam he was a century and early years of the 20th. furious negative, nothing more. His private life

Th.t delightfully garrulous diarist of the 17th is summed up by saying that he was always opposed It is, a century, Samuel Pepys, of course, given the to his own best interests. is striking thing first place among English diarists. Charles Gre- that this man whose soul was all oddity, should ville's memoirs, John Wesley's Journal, and the have grown up on an estate called Bizarre .' s of life of Haydon, the painter, are also noted as of Speaking Aaron Burr religion, he quotes extraordinary interest, the first, as the most graphic Burr's delicious remark : "I think that God is a

contemporary account of events between 1814 great deal better than most people suppose. When is, and 1860 which there the second, as the most asked as to his hope of salvation through Christ, complete record of the great religious revival Burr replied that "on that subject he was coy' . of the 18th century, and the last embracing the Again, John Brown remarked, as he was being a period 1786 to 1846, as "one of the most interes driven to the gallows ; "This is beautiful country, of it ; ting human documents ever penned" he was I never had the pleasure seeing before!

more successful as a diarist that he was as a painter. Strong souls these!

245 In speaking of the terrible power of words, Mr. criticism of all the versatile Chesterton's angles. Bradford does not of course allude to current As essayist, controversialist, novelist, poet and

English fiction. This book is not only written critic he is held up for praise or blame and usually in fine pure English but it is also beautifully both. presented and illustrated. Mr. Bullett's greatest quarrel with Chesterton George G. Fleurot — is the usual one that of being too much of a literary acrobat. He occupies himself also at

The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, by Rosaline some length in disagreeing with the ideas of "that Masson. Edinburgh. W. & R. Chambers, wise baby with innocent visions". 1923. 358 pages. Fully alive to the dangers of molding public

opinion while his subject is still alive the author

So much has already been written about Stevenson has launched bravely out with a method and that there is little new in this his most recent arguments ever interesting even when uncon biography, beyond some extracts from a few vincing. unpublished letters. But the lovers of Stevenson, M. L. L. and they are many, are never weary of hearing of one, who was not only a writer of great and unusual charm, a and com but also sympathetic lovable The Troubadours and England, by H. J. Chaytor. panion. Cambridge. The University Press. 1923. is sad in book, for There much reading the it 164 pages. tells in simple words of a gallant struggle which shadowed his life from childhood. His literary

This is an interesting study showing the French output is the more remarkable when one realises influence on English lyric. the conditions under which he worked, straightened

us of the "chaimson imeans as well as ill health. Stevenson himself Mr. Chaytor gives the origin of

of a how the poesy the English in one of his letters described his life as that reale" and points out

pallid brute who lived at Skerrymore like a weevil gleeman or minstrel was modified and superseded

by trouveur the Norman

A who followed

a the Provencal in biscuit! true Scotsman, he inherited grit. Rarely he alludes to his own troubles, only towards court to England. of the last does he write of the "creak Charon's These troubadours from far Provence, whose It is oars and the miasma of the Styx". possible wandering footsteps took them far and wide through

Henley may have had his friend in mind when he the pleasant land, were always welcome. They wrote his famous poem, for never was anyone more passed from house to house, bringing with them ' of Captain his Soul" than Stevenson. the soft liquid speech of the glowing South. They If of of the merit of Stevenson's works put to the ballot sang of war, they sang love, heroes, and of

of public opinion, "Treasure Island", "The Master the sacred Cross, for the most part pastoral poets of Ballantrae", and "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" finding their symbols of love in Nature's fields would probably lead the list, but there are passages and woods. Like the Persian poet Hafiz who in his South Sea sketches, and the "New Arabian wrote later, they delighted in roses, nightingales,

Nights", in which his unique style finds perhaps the lush greenness of grass, and rippling water. its finest expression. Amongst the many charming verses quoted by he wrote for his own epitaph have The words Mr. Chaytor, two may be mentioned. The first

appealed to thousands : : by Bernart de Vensdorn is an exquisite specimen This be the verse that you grave for me,

lo es floritz Here he lies where he longed to be, "Can boschatges lo E vei terns renovelar, Home is the sailor, home from sea,

E chascus auzels quer sa par And the hunter home from the hill. El rossinhols fai chans et critz,

Rosaline Masson has given a truthful and interest D'un gran joi me creis tals oblitz

ing account of a man whose name will always be Que ves re mais no-m pose virar .

remembered as one of the leading writers of the

19th century. The second by Amanieu de Sescas is an amusing L. H. a verse, in which he instructs young lady of the of in 1 3th century the art conversation at the dinner The Innocence of G. K. Chesterton, by Gerald table. Bullett. London. Cecil Palmer. 1923. 233 a It is pleasure to spend an hour with this book pages. and to be taken back far from the present prosaic

to the days of real romance. Here is no prostrate obeisance to one who writes age

no wrong— rather a conscientious effort towards

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Literary Notes

' The subject of the Bookman Literary Spotlight E. Phillips Oppenheim's new novel, Michael's for January is Fannie Hurst, who, in the opinion Evil Deeds" (Little, Brown and Co.) is described — of the writer, is supreme in her own sphere, by the New York Times Book Review as the most the sphere of the short story, the sphere of Kipling successful of all Mr. Oppenheim's numerous and and O. Henry. arresting books.

In an article on "Bojer's Conquest of America" In the edition of Emerson's '"English Traits" in the Bookman for November, Professor Porterfield just published by Hatier, the editor, Georges says that Norwegians agree on the following as Roth, has an interesting bibliographical note on their four greatest living writers : Arne Gorborg, French translations and criticisms of Emerson's Gunnar Heiberg, Knut Hamsun, and Johan Bojer. writings.

Of "A Lost Lady" by Willa Cather (Knopf) ' Of Dr. Gooch's History of Modern Europe" Henry Seidel Canby says, "It is to the eyes and (Holt) Professor A. C. Coolidge says : "As a perhaps to the first impression, the slenderest general summary of the period it stands among of Miss Cather's novels ; it is also, I think, the English works in a class by itself." most perfect."

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In an article on Joseph Conrad in the Contempor Le Journal Industriel reports an increase in French ary Review for January, C. K. Allen declares that book exports for the the first eight months of .1923 his favorite Conrad is "Romance" ; "Not even of 16 per cent. Of the entire volume of exports 'The Three Musketeers'," he says, "is more im 7 per cent went to the United States. pregnated with the true spirit of the romantical- picaresque." In an article on Arnold Bennett in the North American Review for January, Brian W. Downs Of the English translation of Marie Leneru's describes "The Old Wives' Tale" as the best of made by Mr. W. A. Bradley, and published Journal his novels, "The Death of Simon Fuge" as the best by Macmillan, Professor Porterfield says, "It is of his short stories, and "The Honeymoon" as probably as valuable a document straight from the the best of his plays. human heart as has come out in this country since the days of Lincoln." Joseph Hergesheimer, writing of George Moore, "The Mind in the Making", by James Harvey says that with the "Memoirs" and the "Confessions" Robinson, has been republished in London by he invented what was practically a new form of Jonathan Cape. In an introduction Mr. Wells literature, and that he developed and perfected declares that this book was the most interesting what might be called symbolical autobiography. thing he found in America, the Disarmament Conference not excepted. Thorstein Veblen is described by Professor ' Robinson as the Henry of economics and Of Clarence M. Case's "Non-Violent Coercion James sociology, and William James, John Dewey, (Century) John Haynes Holmes says in the Literary George Santayana and he as our four most eminent Review, "It is the one solid work on pacifism with intellectuals. which I am familiar. It takes its place at once as the standard treatise on the subject." In a review of Professor Stephenson's "Lincoln" In a recent article on "Present Tendencies in (Bobbs-Merrill) in the Literary Review, Professor American Literature" in the New York Times Book William MacDonald says, "I venture to think Review, Professor Erskine describes Mr. Edward that Mr. Stephenson's book, read in the clear, cold Arlington Robinson's "Lancelot" as one of the light in which the historian must eventually read

best narrative poems in the language. it, will be found to have dissipated the Lincoln myth. In the National Arts Club's vote on the ten best books of 1923, the following stood first : The translation of Remy de Gourmont's "Deca of Christ", Son Papini's "Life Mrs. Wharton's "A dence and other Essays on the Culture of Ideas" at the Front", Willa Cather's "A Lost Lady". (Harcourt, Brace) by William Aspenwall Bradley, Burton Hendrick's "Life and Letters of Walter in a reviewer the Nation says, furnishes the best H. Page", and Basil King's "The Conquest of introduction to the author's thought now available Fear". in English.

The Dial award of $ 2,000 to the writer who has

of Dickens, done the most service to American letters during Of biographies A. Edward Newton

he of are thoroughly the year has been made to Van Wyck Brooks, says that knows only two which admirable, and Cri editor of the Freeman. Previous awards were Chesterton's "Appreciations

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Harry Leon Wilson and others. both better in detail.

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FUNERAL DIRECTOR and EMBALMER ALLIANCE FRANCAISE BERNARD J. LANE 101, Boulevard Raspail Modern Motor - Equipment City The Ecole Pratique de la Langue Francaise and Out-of-Town Service — — — Direct shipment to all parts o! the world offers, from March I to June 30 :

1, Rus Quentin-Bauchart, 1 A. — A complete course including : — (Champs. Elyiees) PARIS not less than eighteen hours a week of prac tical study of the French language ; twelve a on Literatures, Phone : Etystn 75-89 Teleg : Undertaker-Paris lectures week History, Geography, History of Art. Grammar, Phone R. C. Seine 214-330 tics, French Civilization : one visit a week to interesting places in and around Paris.

B. — Evening classes : On the Subject of * Every night, except Saturdays, from 8 to 10 P.M., entirely devoted to the practical study of o*° SANITATION the French Language (including Commercial CONSULT French). C. — A Course preparatory to the Certificat GEORGE JENNINGS LIMITED d'Etudes Francaises delivered by the University of Paris. Manufacturers of Sanitary Appliances Experts in Plumbing and Drainage D. — Small classes of five students for practice in 6 7, Boulevard Raspail Conversation . For details, apply to Phone : Fleurus 25-22 PARIS (6s) Director Robert DUPOUEY 101, Boulevard Raspail R. C. Seine 111-692

Descriptive leaflets of EX LIBRIS advertisers may be obtained at its Information Bureau, rez-de-chausse'e, 10 rue dc I'Elyse'e. Foreign Affairs, February : The Draft Treaty FRENCH of Mutual Assistance, H. M. Swanwick. Can a British Labour Government Save the Belles-Lettres, January : Paul Adam. Workers of Germany? Professor Thomas C. Hall. Italy and Jugo-Slavia : France and Mercure de France, February : Maurice Barres a Czecho-Slovakia. l'Action Francaise, Robert Launay. Les Let- tres de Nicolas II, W. Bienstock. Fortnightly Review, February : American Inter J. vention in Europe, J. D. Whelpley. A Study Nouvclle Revue Francaise, February : La Crise du of John Addington Symonds, Arthur Symons. Concept de Literature, Jacques Riviere. Va- James Elroy Flecker, Alec MacDonald. Baltic lery Larbaud, Edmond Jaloux. Alliances : Finland at the Cross-Roads, H. F. Revue Critique, January : M. Pierre Mille, Ecri- Lyon. vain de Droite, Robert Lejeune. Nation, London, January 12 : The Case of Pro Revue Hebdomadaire, 5th January.: Eugene Mar- fessor Toynbee. — — san, Pierre Dominique. La Situation Poli January 19: The Revolt of Youth tique en Pologne. in Germany, Meyrick Booth. The Mystery — — 19th January: La Mort de Lord Manet, of Clive Bell. Byron, Roger Boutet de Monvel. — — Nineteenth Century and After, February : Imperial 2nd February : Balzac. I. La Jeu- Preference, The Right Hon. Stanley M. Bruce, nesse de Balzac, Andre Bellessort. M. C. Reunion, The Right Revd. The Lord La Vie des Peuples, January : W. B. Yeats, Poete Bishop of Durham. Spain and England, Mrs. de l'lrlande. Mad. L. Cazamian. La Consti Bernard Whishaw. tution de Weimar, Joseph Dresch. Une Saturday Review, January 19 : The Franc Falls. Enquete sur le Mouvement Litteraire en Spectator, January 19: The French in the Italie, Paul Guiton. Le Separatisme Bavarois, Palatinate. P. Benaerts.

Literary Notes of A reviewer of Walter de la Mare's collection of and it may stand beside the narrative M. Mariejol

stories, entitled "The Riddle" (Selwyn and Blount) as the best and most reliable account of the French it, says that the ghost story in called "Out of the wars of religion that we possess."

Deep", is to be placed beside Henry James' "Turn

of the Screw". Of all his books, however, "The Sidney Lanier's best poems, Professor Foerster

Return seems to him the most exquisite. says in his "Nature in American Literature" (Mac-

millan), are "Corn", "The Song of the Chatta

Sheila Kaye-Smith's "End of the House of hoochee", "The Marshes of Glynn", and "Sunrise". , a of adds,

is as he Alard" considered by Clement Wood the greatest "And poet nature' "he happily of

; done, novel ever written in the English speech he does what none his predecessors had he admits that Samuel Butler's "Way of All Flesh" presents with some adequacy the southern scene."

has brighter discursive flashes, but that it lacks

of Kinsmen", of "The Law the Lord Shaw the constructive magnificence Miss Kaye- by

Smith's book. of Dunfermline (Hodder and Stoughton) contains

a description of the author s visit to the United

as a of Is an article in the New York Times Book Review States and Canada guest the American and for January 13th, Joseph Pennell recalls his Canadian Bar Associations, together with his adventures with Philip Gilbert Hamerton on the addresses before the two associations, one entitled

of other, Saone in 1886, a record of which was published "The Widening Range Law", the "Law of A

: as the by the latter in his "Saone Summer Voyage". Link Empire".

It was Hamerton s "Painter's Camp" and "The ' ' , ! Unknown River", Pennell says, which turned I n a review of Harry Leon Wilson's "Oh Doctor

Stevenson to canoeing and tramping. Malcolm Cowley says, "It was in earlier novels, when he was creating personalities like Ruggles or Of Professor Paul Van Dyke's "Catherine de Ma Pettingill or Merton, that Wilson was at his of in is Medicis" (Scribner) Arthur Tilley says the best. Ma Pettingill by far the strongest ; Observer, "It leaves us with a clear and faithful them she is distinct as Sairy Gamp, Sam Weller's

impression of Catherine as a queen and a woman. father, or even Pickwick himself."

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