Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in 0 era 2020 Februar 20. Wien, iwrug il n.FoinLedermann Florian Ing. Dipl. Gartner Mitwirkung: Georg Dr.rer.nat. Mag.rer.nat. Univ.Prof. Betreuung: Wien Universität Technischen der Informatik für Fakultät der an neatv e-ae DSolar 3D Web-based Interactive -00Wien A-1040 u ragn e kdmshnGrades akademischen des Erlangung zur hdwMap Shadow alpaz13 Karlsplatz Diplom-Ingenieur mRhe e Studiums des Rahmen im arklumr0525148 Matrikelnummer ehiceUiesttWien Universität Technische DIPLOMARBEIT er ozr BSc. Molzer, Georg iulComputing Visual igrih von eingereicht er Molzer Georg e.+43-1-58801-0 Tel. www.tuwien.at er Gartner Georg Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ina 20 Vienna, dio:Ui.rf a.e.a.D.e.a.GogGartner Ledermann Georg Dr.rer.nat. Florian Mag.rer.nat. Ing. Univ.Prof. Dipl. Assistance: Advisor: Wien TU the at Informatics of Faculty the to neatv e-ae DSolar 3D Web-based Interactive th eray 2020 February, umte nprilfllmn fterqieet o h ereof degree the for requirements the of fulfillment partial in submitted -00Wien A-1040 hdwMap Shadow alpaz13 Karlsplatz eitainNme 0525148 Number Registration ILM THESIS DIPLOMA Diplom-Ingenieur ehiceUiesttWien Universität Technische er ozr BSc. Molzer, Georg iulComputing Visual er Molzer Georg e.+43-1-58801-0 Tel. by in www.tuwien.at er Gartner Georg Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in 0 era 2020 Februar 20. Wien, naedrQel l nlhugkntihgmcthabe. gemacht kenntlich Entlehnung als Quelle ande der die Angabe –, Abbildungen und Karten Tabellen, einschließlich – Arbeit e nenti otatoe e innc nnme id u jed auf sind, entnommen nach Sinn dem oder Wortlaut im ic Internet dass dem und habe hab angegeben verfasst vollständig selbständig Hilfsmittel Arbeit und diese Quellen ich deten dass ich, erkläre Hiermit BSc. Molzer, Georg rlrn u efsugder Verfassung zur Erklärung ,ds c i verwen- die ich dass e, er Molzer Georg e eknoder Werken ren Arbeit i tle der Stellen die h nFl unter Fall en v Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. oble ae.Ihdnehe uha en itewieverst mittlerweile meine an auch hier denke Ich waren. Vorbilder n c ak e on,ds i scheint. Schule. sie und dass Bühne Sonne, diese der für danke Universum ich dem Und und Gott wäre. danke gewesen Ich möglich nicht ins so w studierte, Prototypen ohne Arbeit 3D-Engine, begleitenden webbasierten dieser des einer Zuge zahlreich Three.js, im den hinter ich Menschen die auch Werke, danke der Ich Autoren und hat. ermöglicht letzte Diplomstudiums diesen Studienabschlussstipendium Studienbmeines ein österreichischen durch der auch mir ich die möchte durfte. Sinne präsentieren diesem Maps In Shadow Solar an erfuh Arbeit Georg meine Über ebenfalls Erfahrung. eine Hilfe heilsame mich große 16 sehr hat, eine der Eine ermöglich widmen. Stipendiums Leben zu er im eines Fokus erstmalig Diplomarbeit Beantragung mit mir diese der es er bei dass dass mir Stipendium, danken, er dafür dass ich und möchte Gartner Georg Hilfs seine mir, Fertigstellung. mit nach damal Geduld Korrekturleistung Leben seine beeindruckende auch mein sind hat wahrs Wesen Hervorzuheben ihm kluges flusst. als und geholfen, kritisch-positives mehr Sein Zeit ist. schwierigen hat einer Florian in Konferenz. urspr wissenschaftlichen Diplomarbeit der einer auf mit Vortrag ihm erster bei 29 ich der dass auf dankbar, o dafür auf ich Idee bin widmen. Ledermann Diplomarbeit diese Florian ich kri will und allen liebevolle Ihnen Vorfahren. weise, D deren mir Konrad. und Vater haben meinem geholt & Leben Silvia dieses Mutter in meiner mich bei mich bedanke Ich th ofrneo oainBsdSrie,w c aheflrihrEinr erfolgreicher nach ich wo Services, Based Location on Conference ff th n he te n rmc oiir a,dndmlgnSaddrArb der Stand damaligen den hat, motiviert mich er und stieß Ohren ene nentoa atgahcCneec 09i oi izrihn—mein — einzureichen Tokio in 2019 Conference Cartographic International Danksagung diheflrihnAbschluss erfolgreichen ndlich iifneöd danken, eihilfenbehörde ree rßlenund Großeltern orbenen lh i Entwicklung die elche eetcatudseine und bereitschaft i uBgn dieser Beginn zu mir erpstvbeein- positiv sehr s eodr uhden auch besondere iceLhe und Lehrer tische hilc bewusst cheinlich izgnSache einzigen r nAutorinnen en c uhvon auch ich r fr assie dass afür, ölcthat möglicht a ein — war ünglichen eichung eit vii Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ihti nmn,Iwudlk otakteAsra td rn Au Grant Study Austrian the thank to like would I mind, in this With n hn h u o hti shines. it that for Sun the thank I And a rca otedvlpeto h copnigpooyeimplemen prototype accompanying web the a of Three.js, development behind the people to the crucial especially was thesis, this on work place first the in thesis this enabled who Gartner, Georg to go Thanks ead,Foinhle emr hnh spoal wr f i critical- His of. aware probably is he than more me helped Florian regards, hn o n h nvrefrti tg n school. and stage this for Universe the and God thank du I researched and read I papers of authors numerous the dipl thank my to of want completion also eventual I the enabled that scholarship very Locat shadow this on solar Conference on work 16th Thi my the thing. presented about single eventually out one I found on where also focus Services, to I Based me s Georg, allowed A Through life, scholarship. my experience. student in a time for first application the my during help tremendous impr his the and back helpfulness, way work. his positive final very me, the a with correcting in patience life his my emphasize influenced to has nature during bright thesis, t and this work of my presen beginning submit first the very to h At my told me conference. — I motivated Tokyo scientific when who in a ears and 2019 open Conference thesis, with Cartographic diploma found International a I of who them. Ledermann, idea of Florian this aw all for passed to thankful all thesis am have diploma I who this h ancestors dedicate I and to models, grandparents want into role my I me and of bringing meantime. teachers think For critical also Konrad. and Father I loving, my mind, wise, & the Silvia being Mother my and thank to want I Acknowledgements di a bsd3-nie which 3D-engine, -based siepromnein performance essive ffi dnee.Te in Them needed. ad a eyhealing very a was s hrt,frgranting for thority, hlrhpta,for that, cholarship uttm nmany in time cult m studies. oma asa well. as maps n h a of was who and tation. .Ias want also I n. h 29th the o yi the in ay ainat tation mabout im positive igmy ring hslife this ion ix Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. eeain oi i okeeSnepsto uberücksichtigen, zu Sonnenposition konkrete die sowie Vegetation, ebset oa hdwMpttähihraiira s;einsetzb ist; realisierbar tatsächlich Map Shadow Solar webbasierte lntn—udptnil aüe hinaus. darüber potentiell und — Planeten präzise interaktive, eine dass werden, P Endgeräte realen gezeigt jeweiligen letztendlich verschiedenen ihren kann auf mit werden dazu Visualisierungen wird generierte Performance Inter auf Seine Bezug in getestet: anschließend wird Prototyp implementierte Visualisierung. Der der Art und Datenintegration notwendige zu Designaspekte, Überlegungen s grundlegende fu kompensieren anderem Anwendungen eines unter Entwicklung bestehender inkludiert der Mängel Ziel die dem der mit definiert, Methodik eine wird Daher scha Appl Potential, Existierende zwar Astronomie. Schattenvisualisier sonnenbezogener z.B. oder wie Datenintegration Themen, technischen übe sich zu erstreckt hin und Maps” facettenreich ist Thema dem zu Literatur tech ermöglicht, Sonnenschatten von mitt Erforschung die interaktive Applikation, eine webbasierte benutzerfreundliche, Sinngemäß eine können. ob zu visualisieren d präzise nenschattenszenarien in sollte Werkzeug wi solches Strukturen, Ein schattenspendende Städten. dreidimensionale von beliebige verst außerhalb besser auch Sonnenschatten vorteil als sie es inner- dem dass mit argumentiert, Werkzeug, daher ein wird Menschen Diplomarbeit dieser Zuge Im werden macht. höher schwieriger immer tendenziell selbst Sonne Gebäude d zur deren heutzutage Städten, lebt in Gegenzug Menschheit Im Verfügbarkeit. Mensc ihrer von di Gesundheit mit auf psychische Zusammenhang auch wie physische damit auch und und Photovoltaik-Potenti — Temperatur, Pflanzen Erde beheimatet. die sie auf die Einfluss Lebewesen, fundamentalen hat Sonne Die ff ne brnct oa räneEgncatni ihz vereinen. zu sich in Eigenschaften erwähnte voran nicht, aber es en Kurzfassung itrsh SlrShadow “Solar historische r n ndrComputergrafik, der in ung l Echtzeitvisualisierung els eäd,Tranund Terrain Gebäude, e l ahtmrtnvon Wachstumsraten al, riiesoaeund dreidimensionale , hnkntn—sowohl — könnten ehen kiiä oi Qualität sowie aktivität nat egihn Es verglichen. endants iddeFaegestellt, Frage die wird metpehneSon- entsprechende um e thni direktem in stehen hen ic elsebrist. realisierbar nisch a ietnZugang direkten was , kinlnPrototyps nktionalen rafdmgesamten dem auf ar l.DeeMethodik Diese oll. loihe,sowie Algorithmen, atwr,hätten wäre, haft vlir und evaluiert n ktoe zeigen ikationen rGoti der Großteil er rLg sein, Lage er meisten e xi Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. e-cesbeapiain hc hog eltm visualization real-time through — which application, web-accessible understanding better a gain to humans enabling tool, a that claims thesis This li Factors by. inhabited is it lifeforms most and Earth impacts Sun The hrfr,amtoooytwrsacpbepooyeipeetto is implementation prototype capable a towards methodology a Therefore, iulzto,adrqie algorithms. required and visualization, oa hdwmpi,i at oehn htcnb ul n ol oko h whol the on work could and built beyond. be even can potentially that and inter something — an fact, Earth that in planet shown is, eventually c map is are shadow visualizations It solar generated counterparts. and real-life undertaken, is their hardware re various and on an implemented interactivity test on is requirements application aforementioned the prototype of a fulfillment methodology, ver this 2D on data, Based on thoughts detailed more as well as aspects, none within design potential, above, fundamental defined show were they they While as features, 2014. desired in all investigated approaches, integrated existing already vis also were shadow are them of There of methods astronomy. appropriate Sun-related s like or “solar aspects, integration, of engineering history as the well covering as multifaceted, is literature shadows. 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Such three-dimensional be relevant disciplines. would consider and to world, scopes various the from around arguments motivational and cities in shadows fr restricted struc increasingly building getting taller are Sun. ever humans Thus, of Nowad consisting sunlight. presence. cities, more its in to live correlated people directly h of are even humans, and in rates, growth conditions plant’s potential, photovoltaic temperature, ue,ocuigmr and more occluding tures, c sbidns terrain, buildings, as uch ult:Aperformance A quality: d vnuly h thesis the Eventually, . mdrc cest the to access direct om ao a”attempts, map” hadow n nfidapplication. unified one Abstract cie e-ae 3D web-based active, otr interactive fosters — y,temajority the ays, at n mental and ealth rmd covering framed, aiain data ualization, esaosfor shadows ve ol eable be hould hra some whereas iwdfrits for viewed tprovides it , mae to ompared er-friendly, eoverall ke fthem of fsolar of u 3D sus xiii e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Methodology 3 Art the of State 2 Introduction 1 Contents Abstract Kurzfassung . tutr ftework approach the methodological of & Structure work the of 1.4 questions Aim research & statement 1.3 Problem 1.2 Motivation 1.1 . einconsiderations Design 3.1 Discussion 2.3 approaches Existing 2.2 Literature 2.1 .. Dpernee s neatv Dvisualization 3D interactive vs. pre-rendered 2D 3.1.1 “Stadtplan3D” 2.2.3 “PhotoPills” maps accrual 2.2.2 Shadow 2.2.1 Sun The detail of 2.1.5 rendering Level shadow for data 2.1.4 3D rendering 2.1.3 mapping Shadow shadow solar of 2.1.2 History 2.1.1 challenges & Considerations light” to use-cases 1.1.6 “right Contemporary the and health perspective 1.1.5 areas Urbanization, geoscientific urban historical in a shadow 1.1.4 from Solar 2014 Sun early the in of 1.1.3 applications Relevance end-user on attempts 1.1.2 First 1.1.1 56 ...... 23 ...... 1 ...... 47 ...... 55 ...... 49 ...... 46 ...... 60 ...... 21 ...... 56 ...... 32 ...... 50 ...... 12 ...... 14 ...... 10 ...... 42 ...... 19 ...... 23 ...... 20 ...... 11 ...... Contents 60 ...... 2 ...... xiii xv 59 23 xv xi 5 1 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ito Tables of List Figures of List Work Future & Summary 5 Reflection & Implementation 4 . Visualization 4.2 Data 4.1 Algorithms 3.4 visualization of Means 3.3 Data 3.2 . uuework Future 5.2 Summary 5.1 Discussion 4.4 evaluation Qualitative 4.3 .. oriaesses ie n te data other and tiles systems, Coordinate map slippy 3.1.3 3D 3.1.2 .. idseeve fVienna of view eye Bird’s 4.3.3 Terrain 4.3.2 Facades 4.3.1 Performance interface 4.2.5 User rendering 4.2.4 Shadow Sun 4.2.3 The 4.2.2 Camera 4.2.1 tiles Trees terrain of mapping 4.1.6 Displacement retrieval data 4.1.5 Dynamic reprojection 4.1.4 Coordinate compression mesh 4.1.3 3D retrieval data 4.1.2 Initial 4.1.1 shadows of Time-integration fill flood tile 3.4.2 3D 3.4.1 engines 3D Web-based engines rendering map 3.3.2 Web-based 3.3.1 Sun The 3.2.6 Basemap 3.2.5 Vegetation 3.2.4 Terrain data 3.2.3 Buildings required of sources and 3.2.2 Variants 3.2.1 89 ...... 65 ...... 129 ...... 137 ...... 102 ...... 84 ...... 140 ...... 103 ...... 128 ...... 107 . . . 105 ...... 77 ...... 128 ...... 70 ...... 66 ...... 75 ...... 73 ...... 114 ...... 118 ...... 128 ...... 84 ...... 62 ...... 78 ...... 109 ...... 89 ...... 97 ...... 82 ...... 92 ...... 95 ...... 128 ...... 87 ...... 78 ...... 66 ...... 99 ...... 63 ...... 143 137 147 89 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Bibliography Acronyms Glossary Algorithms of List 149 155 153 151 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. icmtneta a infiatiiilmtvto o hsthesi this for motivation initial significant a was that circumstance a — Temtvto o hswr aietdi al 04drn a during 2014 early in manifested work this for motivation “The uti.Iwsbs okn nVen’ eta itit n o t for and districts central Vienna’s in working busy was I Austria. . Motivation 1.1 h lsrteSni oteznt eg,a oni umr,tele the summer), in noon at (e.g., zenith the to is Sun the closer The E the pulls gravity Its Earth. on life for prerequisite a is Sun The i htvlac,hat n etlcniini uas( humans in condition mental and health photovoltaics, via yvria tutrsaeadvc es eg,eryatroni w in afternoon early (e.g., versa are vice e in and an vary are shadows structures cast vertical azimuth, by its buildi and or horizon trees, the mountains, over toward as angle oriented such Sun’s hemisphere, structures, the lit it by the around occluded even it rotation — But Earth’s of areas the half Sun. to one the due around Hence, continuously orbit itself: changes Earth half physical That is non-transparent them shade. Any among sunshine. and always sunlight, jus not occludes be is might there behavior Earth, sunli its On of predict b and importance up understand the heat Given to cond Earth way health exposure. on intuitive are Sun regions there on some and restrictions warming, levels, severe global does life-sustaining of Sunlight even time or manifold. a comfortable are In impact, benefits. En an have has food: only sunlight and where temperature areas for — about food tourism just are not nu themselves is and plants it illuminate, and And warm, metabolism, humans. to us t plants’ including nor radiation for cold with basis too us the neither provides is is Sun that The distance orbital life. very that zone, habitable ff c swl:I stpclntt e uho h u uigwne in winter during Sun the of much see to not typical is It well: as ect Teei togsao hr hr smc light.” much is there where shadow strong is “There — oanWlgn o Goethe von Wolfgang Johann Introduction Mead akwne nVienna, in winter dark , rhit h so-called the into arth tified. h,acnein and convenient a ght, ocneuieweeks, consecutive wo h u,hsshaded has Sun, the s 2008 ne) esn have Seasons inter). stesaoscast shadows the ss g.Dpnigon Depending ngs. tosta require that itions betpotentially object ohtt sustain to hot oo CHAPTER s. ,ra sae or estate, real ), ryproduction ergy tr.Sunlight rture. sawy nthe in always is uoencities European oee,not however, , te species, other xsadits and axis s n shape. and a eyond 1 1 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2 Introduction 1. er Molzer Georg — ovnigtool.” convincing nhu nteSn a htvsaie oa hdw tagvntim given a at go shadows could solar I visualizes sli area that weak, closer map and A the tired in Sun. felt where the I in know spots. hour to two an wanted these between and way unhealthy, my and on or work, at hr ol o rmm nesadn akte,terqie thre required the then, back understanding my From go. could I where .. is tepso n-srapiain nery2014 early in applications end-user on attempts First 1.1.1 ol o e h u’ iki h k.Ms ftetm,buildin time, the of Most sky. the in disk Sun’s the see not could I hudb vial oeal eesr acltosadvsaiain ohelp to visualizations and calculations necessary enable to available be should u.Iiilrsac akte a,ufruaey underwhelming unfortunately, was, then back research Initial Sun. h xsec fafwegnesadcrorpes h ae bu h p the about cared who cartographers, and however, engineers sobering, few solu was a suitable 2014 of in for existence situation search the visualization a shadow considered, solar even the was all, thesis this before Long a was I whether matter even not did It visible. be to cloudy and foggy too just • osdrn eri rmr ope ofsrcue ssao casters shadow as structures roof complex more or terrain considering SunTherapy: sueta h ai o iedpnetyvsaie hdw se on is based shadows buildings, visualized time-dependently of ( for Twitter-post plans basis a the in available that still assume info little the adding ees-niern rvddsreso seFigure (see screenshot provided a Reverse-engineering iue11 h u.Iaesuc:NASA source: Image Sun. The 1.1: Figure pnteta (OSM) OpenStreetMap twitter.com aa hr sn iton hint no is There data. sbokdi,o twas it or it, blocked gs sIddntfidany find not did I as -iesoa data e-dimensional in ea.Alin All began. tions , tue ground xtruded oIcudsee could I so e hl depressed ghtly 2014 demonstrating osedhalf spend to roblem: efidthe find me ,oecan one ), 1.2a time A . home, t and ) Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. elgcladacietrlcneto ina h ako eri inclusion terrain of lack The Vienna: of context architectural and geological tools, investigated the Evaluating • • iia to similar — ( ntesun the in hti xrodnr bu h nevri h auldt olcinpro collection data manual the is endeavor the about extraordinary is What so rtn hstei,tewbapiainls t functionalit its lost application web the thesis, this writing of As a osbet a n oma2 a neatvl;teeoe en s a define therefore, interactively; map 2D a zoom and pan to possible was )tm twihtest isi hdwaan hsdt ol hnb mi be then would data This again. shadow in lies site the which at time 3) oain fpb.Tewbbsd3 nieTrej ( Three.js engine 3D web-based The pubs. of locations etuat na“antkn aaageainpoes (ibid.). process” aggregation data (s “painstaking sit to a spot in sunny restaurants location a closest has the places these list of to each supposed when was periods service empirical the — months summer sun: the Sun’ in the hence Beer time, the arrangement. change shadow to the allows therefore, probably and, bottom the on slider iesie ntebto.Telgtsuc ol hnudt accordi section. update map then static would otherwise source ( light SunCalc The s chan by a bottom. be provided per interactively in the framing, could scene on however, the 3D time-slider that, change a a source to as light possible a recreated not with is was zoom) section it that (i.e., update, panel manual interactive By plan. the of obsolete rendered e is side collection, a hand-picked data As manual specific, data. of from 3D process by liberated expensive sun covered is and area about any Information shade to year. the available the in instead v of from those day rendering and and shadow time places enables arbitrary turn on in based which positions, scene, aforemen 3D (i.e., the virtual occluders from a shadow in step the big creates a attempt is this which model, 3D a render to used then sun: the p the in that Pints mentioned for ends is acquisition. front it data app campaign, human-driven native fundraising is and the factor web, various In via available users. made their sunli and becomes database location a the to which at i.e. time use-case, given 2) the bar/pub/restaurant, of the essence of very Sun name its the to and reduced environment is three-dimensional problem the modeling of Instead as hsfe est p ilalwpol ofidapbi h su the in pub a find to people allow will app & website free This bars. asi h u.Bsdo urn oainadabtaytm limited — time arbitrary and location current on Based pub find help Sun. should the that in application web-based bars a implement to campaign ad r i n ki nt h eS u n( trigwt h iyo odn hypandt aulycletdt of data collect manually to planned they London, of city the with Starting kickstarter.com rjc:Isedo aulygteigSndt fseiclocations, specific of data Sun gathering manually of Instead project: SunTherapy , 2013 Adt apn rjc ftesni eaint us& pubs to relation in sun the of project mapping data “A pintsinthesun.co.uk nte Kbsdatmtaotfidn lc ohave to place a finding about attempt UK-based Another SunCalc .Tefudr re ocletfnsvaaKickstarter- a via funds collect to tried founders The ). hl orqae( Foursquare while — SunTherapy , 2016 ,adslrsaoswududt ihnthe within update would shadows solar and ), , a eea rwak,epcal nthe in especially drawbacks, several had 2014 .Gon ln fbidnswere buildings of plans Ground ). 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 8 Introduction 1. 6. ua systems Human b) a) c) i ilb ooravnaet aesc dutet consciously, adjustments such make to advantage our to be will “it ( ( h at.Prasslrsao aswl eoeto oass us assist to tool one be will maps shadow solar Perhaps past). the fhtdsrs,adhv enssandtee nyb s fhayfoss heavy of use by only there, sustained been have and deserts), hot of h Sun the decisions individual small many of series a through landscape the norcncosidsra evolution.” industrial conscious our in o htw nwtentrlpten etr ahrta uncon- than rather better, patterns natural the know we that now cosytruhine through sciously rqety aiulidsra atrshv entrs nonew into thrust been have patterns industrial habitual Frequently, rzn,hdteroeig retdtwrstesuh Consequently, south: the towards oriented openings their had Arizona, oe no17isscey stelling: is society, 1970ies into woven h nutytksisiainfo ilgclsses n twudbe would it and systems, biological as from by, inspiration takes industry the o hc hywr o eind(o ntne ag ls idw in windows glass large instance, (for designed not were they which for h u nwne,isry ol asit h oe,wrigthem warming homes, the into pass could rays lo its the winter, to due in while Sun shade, the provided overhang caves’ the summer, ulsbiis ecna can We subsidies. fuel p.52-53). htae mn tes retdtwrstersn u ntewne s winter the on Sun rising the towards oriented others, among are, that ( driv positions the Sun being cultures, on impact prehistoric like monuments a build had already Sun The seemed which view systems, of ecological point and nowadays industrial from on Again, perspective (ibid.). a his — housing insolati shadow and and respecting farmland to Sun pasture, regards the towards in oriented error approach, and structured trial of centuries from oped geomet Moreover, path Sun for gain consideration have with to seemed designed (and buildings cities Sun new mega-structure the of 1950ies. of location the advantage and in take design popularity to the Strategies in 1970ies: lack) the its to 1950ies the from to like According standards 3D (COLLADA) with Activity compatible increase Design the To are COLLAborative within results presented. domains is data, challenge fine generated this as of to well solution as A coarse system. mult both same a handling of of introduction capable approach the requires however, shadows, short-range n nrygainsadflw. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 10 Introduction 1. u iysresaddcd hc lzshmwt ciiyadcommer and fo activity of flow with the hum control plazas desolate.” to which and power decide barren the and have streets They city spaces. our public York’s New of .. oa hdwi ra areas urban in shadow Solar 1.1.3 codn to According hr r iiswt a os hdwstain hnVen uigw during Vienna than situations shadow worse far with cities are There rgesn,ada f21,5. fErhspplto eie ncte (ibid cities in resides population Earth’s of % 55.3 2018, of as and progressing, u ostain ietee oecutisto ea cini nattem an in action legal took countries some these, like situations to Due sk the street. in the Su position of the highest surface of its the duration reaching hits longest additionally ray the Sun with the year Figure and the (see horizon of year day the whole solstice, the over summer sunlight has direct skyscrapers, from distinct blocked its by characterized example, for City, even or sunlight. cities of in c live in people living ( more up earlier ended years humanity 40 of % most 36 increasi to when is compared cities point in tipping shado living the more es people is defined of approach, obviously, drawback, concentration favorable The The a ar constant; prices. buildings. housing land usage expensive provided land of the keeping areas buildings, while taller all housing Through — their increase Sun: aligning buildin the vertical in to large history access with a filled however, have cityscapes, humans Nowadays, entrances, their and emn k eotoeao ihtal ntesuhfcn ftem the of facing south the on trails with operator resort ski Vermont ( ut estv otetm n pc aitoso nwet o exam For snowmelt. of variations space and time the to sensitive quite ciiisdpneto nwcvr rtemligo h nwcvr beco cover, snow the of melting the or cover, snow on dependent activities ytmi h state.” the in system 650hcae) a eatfiilysoe ( snowed artificially be can hectares), 16,500 wko.at nwi oal nuty aki 07 hr eeaon 10“snow 3100 al around Austria were in there operational 2007, snow) artificial in produce Back that industry: (machines guns” notable a is snow nrypoue yVen’ otpwru u-frvrpatover plant ( run-of-river span powerful time most months ( Vienna’s year by a produced 250 within energy roughly households in European resulting 62,500 — of season ( and year hectare per the per GWh operate MWh to 14 required at energy infrastructure the measured minister environment Laufer and snow-making expensive) (and extensive most the operate to necessary it finds in Individuals May. late or mid- into snow retain slopes forested Krutzler Knowles , 2018 , 2013 , ( ( ucrn B. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .Introduction 1. 12 ndyih nbuildings” in daylight on nissh¯oken .. otmoayuse-cases Contemporary 1.1.5 codn to According iebidns eri,advgtto,a ela h u’ precise presen further Sun’s in the assist as could well map shadow as solar vegetation, interactive and designed concerning terrain, data buildings, three-dimensional like (i.e., data required of ability Sun-a to Next ( 2019 in adopt maxim a to structures to (refer tall winter during new day of per casting shadow total time-integrated ( shadowing Xavia di and and are solstice parks Zielinska-Dabkowska winter there public to and of (summer sunset, sizes 21st prior on December hour anal to one shadow 21st and on June sunrise based from are occ span recommendations the time K’s to a Proposition close away. (ib Shadows far If vice-versa considered: those and (ibid.). is than higher, year duration be a their over can also averaged impact shadows, pub building, ACL sunlit new its potentially a interest, of from absolut public amount away an taken the defines limits be it that can Therefore, parks, buildings. for (high) (ACL) new limit of impact shadow on th Besides limits. passed economic) bui and to physical right (but the without have landowners land, Often, their buildings. tall on regulation d to (ibid.). l related metabolism the probably or is — and Sunlight system, a (ibid.). endocrine with pressure human correlate blood the turn high influences in or which frailty deficiencies, bone human D like the Vitamin within causes synthesis radiation D UV Vitamin investigating studies lists bu hdwipcso ulig ntect’ pnsae”(utdfrom (quoted spaces” open city’s the via available on it, buildings of of impacts shadow about ff ciedsre SD,addosns,adee em ohv nim an have to seems even and drowsiness, and (SAD), disorder ective • • Photography: vi t(.. uightsme as.Te gi,oeaoswudb ab be th would if operators not, again, or Then — time days). areas. given summer such a hot market for during Sun (e.g., the it in avoid explicitly is which seating, hours “golden” and “blue” of a understanding of better visualizations a through gain and outdoors, ticularly Gastronomy: PooiinK h ulgtOrdinance” Sunlight the K, “Proposition nJpnand Japan in ilnk-akwk n Xavia and Zielinska-Dabkowska ff ce ytm n esinicapiainseais suigtea the assuming scenarios, application geoscientific and systems ected ilnk-akwk n Xavia and Zielinska-Dabkowska rpsto K Proposition twudalwpol ofidrsarns as rpb ihoutside with pubs or bars, restaurants, find to people allow would It htgahr ol mrv h rdcaiiyo hoig,par- shootings, of predictability the improve could Photographers nin Lights Ancient DNE 73)—wihGraywstefis onr to country first the was Germany which — 17037) EN (DIN B Zürich ABV swr lomnin uih(wteln) hc limits which (Switzerland), Zurich mentions also work ’s ( ff 2020 ce regions. ected )—giigSnFacsosPann Commission Planning Francisco’s San guiding — )) rpsto K Proposition nEgad a rnic Clfri,USA) (California, Francisco San England, in ( otprso h ol aksunlight-based lack world the of parts most , 2019 n18 n“epnet rwn concern growing a to “response in 1984 in , )—a ela the as well as — )) 2019 ff rn eomnain depending recommendations erent ). , 2020 ). ih-cldn structures light-occluding d) eie h raof area the Besides id.). oyadhwlc of lack how and body Erpa Standard “European pesos seasonal epressions, -a use-cases: t-day c fi further — it of ack ld ue oeslower move luder aforementioned e oiin,awell a position), uligserves building a mo w hours two of um ,oehu after hour one ), bv n below and above i ufc that surface lic aiu issues various description a cumulative e ato our on pact i sto is aim e ssover ysis eto le vail- Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ol.Suc ftechart: the of Source world. oni nTl ulig n ra aia (ctbuh.org) r Habitat the Urban and and China Buildings Tall in on high) Council m 200 least (at construction Skyscraper 1.6: Figure ilnk-akwk n Xavia and Zielinska-Dabkowska ( 2019 ae ndt ythe by data on based ) s fthe of est ..Motivation 1.1. 13 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 14 Introduction 1. hc time which .. osdrtos&challenges & Considerations 1.1.6 h em"a"apae ntetxsaoe a nacascsne— sense classic a in — map A above. texts the in appeared "map" term The uta h u,slrsaosmv n change and move shadows solar Sun, the as Just nrgrst ie hrfr,i rca etr faslrsao map, shadow solar a of feature crucial a is meanin practically therefore, is time, them to showing regards of approach in static a hence, steps, question, relevant su remaining is inheren The it is shadows. that that additional material argued with paper, be it of could augment piece It drawn content. or static printed show a of notion the humans? by used l Interactivity be look it potentially should Sun how the and understand provide, humans it helps would that information tool a could How • • • • • nisgti o h ih rniin uigtedy n mn h se the among and day, the during transitions light the how in insight An parkin sunny a into themselves drive even could cars solar Autonomous oa asadparking: and cars Solar o h ih iuto hne hog h a n h esn:Cuili Crucial seasons: the and day the through changes situation light the how uightdy osv ieadeeg oco h neirdw again. down interior the cool to energy and time save to days hot during nbt cnro,aslrsao a ol rvd h eurdlocati required the provide would map shadow solar a scenarios, both In reiigi h akonr,koldeaotSnepsdsoe e or slopes ski exposed estimation. for Sun hazard instance, avalanche about For accurate knowledge backcountry, safety: increased the athlet with in Furthermore, tours freeriding exposure. outdoor Sun plan their to on able based activities could and areas hand, sports: & other industry the leisure exc Tourism, on emphasize and agents, behaves, estate light Real the objects. how decision. communicate long-term transparently a such for Comparabl estate: growth. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 16 Introduction 1. a eeoe ntecus fti eerhproject. research this of course the in developed was etclsrcue o saohreape rs h ih iuto fa of situation light the grasp example, another as to, structures vertical mlmnaino e plcto em h biu hn od:Teh The p do: reduce to deliver, thing browsers obvious modern the possibl abstraction, broadest seems system the application operating to web map a interactive of an implementation provide to desirable is It Accessibility in mentioned use-cases the of Some tilted: side-e a be As also 3D. can i in scene rendered already the be is it, itself just map well the as if might all scene (including this scene and t e 3D — circumstance, work the full un to about potentially the receivers) rather a require is adds techniques It this n users. rendering as does to This rotations, complexity arbitrary well. of s allow as layer comprehensive should be calculate might map to map the needed the that data three-dimensional, the be since to that, needs argued be can It the data.wien.gv.at from c captured Contributors, also Rendering OSM construction source: the Image while itself terrain. on underlying shadows the (= cast itself that on as structures well as buildings on by occluded Vi of is edge Sunlight northern hilly the at scenario a shadow solar Simulated 1.7: Figure naiiyt ev lsi o-onprpcieadlo twls wi walls, at look and perspective top-down classic leave to ability an a fntsae tews,al“rttp cenht”saeteecopyr these share screenshots” “Prototype all otherwise, stated not If ff )lgtsource light 1) cieymasta hdwvsaiaincmswt iteadditional little with comes visualization shadow that means ectively a =Sn o ietyvsbe,sedn ih nasme afterno summer a on light shedding visible), directly not Sun, (= • c lvto aa Mapzen, data: Elevation )buildings 2) self-shadowing and )terrain 3) ff c,weee h s-aebnfisfrom benefits use-case the whenever ect, • c .()dpcsabidn ihvertical with building a depicts (b) ). a hw eri atn shadows casting terrain shows (a) : Dbidn oes td in— Wien Stadt models: building 3D • c aea:Mpo.o and Mapbox.com Basemap: tnilincompatibilities otential gt o neligdata. underlying for ights hdwocuesand occluders shadow uine ec,the Hence, audience. e a esnbeshadow reasonable hat tncsaiymean necessarily ot 1.1.5 dw,adother and ndows, h rcs.It process. the n sssaoson shadows asts optn cost computing rttp that prototype e house. new na including enna, lrshadows olar eetfrom benefit rwr and ardware necessary on. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. design e plctospoiefs ces n hydntne ob instal be to need don’t they and access, fast provide applications Web h rcse aai eeoeeu n ed ob egdt evisu be to merged be to needs and heterogeneous is data processed The Dbidnsadtran r onoddi h akrudadvisualized and background the in downloaded are terrain) and buildings 3D lyeti oeo esisatnos nbigfs pae n fixes and updates fast enabling instantaneous, less on dependent or more is ployment n oetal lwudtswe hr slwbandwidth. inte low required li is the stay there is when to approach updates itself this slow of app potentially drawback the and logical allows t A there, This (i.e., From fast. data accordingly finished. required place. is while first map transmission the the the on in pan visible or level be visual zoom not is the clipping would change map that might initial data an any data, map loading required only downloading By Data l paradigms, table web-programming to Modern s smartphones unison. the from in With covered spanning reach: are devices potential computers the end-user is application, however, advantages, and major the of One freedom. general advance. in • • • • • Dmse ol hnb rae procedurally. created be then would meshes 3D aefrmutisadvles ti ovnetysre stlsth tiles as served conveniently is It valleys. and mountains for base a o olwd lu oe.Ti l s eetees ato potent of part nevertheless, d is, promising all fact, This in cover. are, cloud there worldwide clouds, for Regarding now. for considered metadata. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 18 Introduction 1. ie,dwlae)uae ytmt nert hs ore ed t needs sources those integrate to system A usage. downloaded) (i.e., ae system based e rwesasrc wybs hardware: base away abstract browsers Web 1.8 l hsi,hwvr arfieta swligyacpe osimp to accepted willingly is that sacrifice a however, is, this All ol eal olct hmevso h a unn h application the turning — map the on themselves locate to able be would a htsol hrei h u o he or,i scuilt nww know e to Another crucial frame. is time it that hours, during three sunlight for most Sun provides the actually in spot charge should that car eapro htwnst a ntesaefrafwhuso o umraft summer hot a on hours few a for shade the in lay to wants that person a be T precise: be (to Sun the which a in moves, period Sun) A the time. to of period a over Sun-a Most ener dr consumed A the day. of summer some Time-integration hot resupply a conte that on shadow roads city solar on the a drive through In could path again, routing: shady car, assisted a solar or find guided to for par possible basis closest be the the adds find also to hours. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Uecss,sc swti h elett akt ors,leisure, tourism, market, estate real the within as such “Use-cases”, enabling . rbe ttmn eerhquestions research & statement Problem 1.2 e-ae DSlrSao a”i ae hs ieaueadapiain of applications and literature Thus, made. is Map” Shadow Solar 3D Web-based oipoeti iuto,teatmto uligtepooyeo an of prototype the building of attempt the situation, this improve To b defined therefore, is, thesis this by approached space problem The 09bten1:6ad1:6uigtrestops: three using 15:06 and 14:06 between 2019 fslrsaoswih ntr,ngtvl a negatively turn, in which, shadows solar of rbe pc,adisrslsqaiaieyassessed. qualitatively results b its shall and prototype space, implemented problem the i Conclusively, challenges technical documented. and and evaluated, and researched be shall approaches just even or — parking vi and practical accessible, t an argued in be world can the it around manner. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .Introduction 1. 20 . i ftewr ehdlgclapproach methodological & work the of Aim 1.3 h frmnindpolmsaeetmyas edsrbdb h f the by described be also may statement problem aforementioned The h vrl i fti hssi opoiecmrhnil answer comprehensible provide to is thesis this of aim overall The h prahlosa follows: as looks approach The usincnb rvnrgto rn,a oga h tp edn oisan its to leading steps the as long as wrong, whe or argued. irrelevant right reasonably therefore, proven is, be It can w process. question prototype, the technical in th a gained evaluating implementing knowledge by and achieved literature be related shall its This questions. research defined questions: 1. • • nawbbsdcnet hrfr loiga cesbe iulyap- visually accessible, an experience? allowing user Therefore map context? pealing web-based a in mlmnain&integration & Implementation Research asdb eri,vgtto,adbidnswt su shadows with solar buildings visualize and interactively vegetation, to terrain, by possible caused technologically it Is n documentation): and b) a) – – – – – – – – n o ls osmltdubnslrsao cnro resemble scenarios shadow counterparts? solar real-life urban simulated their do close how And rcse,adc obndi a htealsthis b) enables retrieved, that a) way be a data in heterogeneous combined c) required and the processed, can how so, If eerhdt ore o hdwocuesi hsregion this in occluders shadow for sources data Research eerhatooyrgrigSnpsto o pcfi time specific a for position Sun regarding astronomy Research mlmn oa ihigmodel lighting solar Implement sources data Integrate prototype web-based the of implementation Start Vienn of city the (e.g., region specific a to engine coverage 3D map low-level shadow existing solar an by Limit supported adap maybe prototyp level up, a higher suitable ground implementing no the consider is available, to there technology If used extensible be map. and shadow should solar technology a higher-level towards research which upon related decide to that, regards on in Based art Chapter the (see of applications state actual the and of evaluation and Review acmaidb otnostsig research testing, continuous by (accompanied 2 , tt fteart the of State hrtepiayresearch primary the ther ihi ul pnthe upon built is hich ) rbe pc and space problem e otepreviously the to s ffi loigresearch ollowing in precision cient ? wrn are swering from e build table a) Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . tutr ftework the of Structure 1.4 hstei sdvddit ormi chapters: main four into divided is thesis This h nlCatr5wl rvd,aogadgs ftewoewr,amotiv a work, whole the of digest a among provide, will 5 Chapter final The in out laid as approach, methodological The iulztosqaiaieyrsmln epciera-ies real-life respective resembling qualitatively visualizations tt fteArt the of State iyo city oeigpsil xesoso h oa hdwmp eciepoten describe areas. map, research shadow related solar further suggest the and of use-cases, extensions possible covering Work Future & tim Summary same the at are, And use? interactive allow to enough will shortcomings good are prototype performance where map — shadow good solar arguably for a is interfaces What of could on: implementation reflected actual and the described 4, Chapter In Reflection & descr Implementation and argued be will implementation and design regarding Decisions researc Methodology are wou visualization, — shadow theory to in regards least in at adaptable — evaluated. least which at 3D-engines or and map- capable, Furthermore, approaches existing ours. analyzes and to literature related covers 2 Chapter • Evaluation ffi il,b mrvdt ebnfiilfrtepeetdwr?I h p the Is work? presented the for beneficial be to improved be cials, – – – – – oterslsspottersac questions? research the support results the Do the adapt/optimize devices, mobile performant) (less Consider performance Optimize a implement & Design o otesmltdslrsao cnsqaiaieycmaet reali to compare qualitatively scenes shadow solar simulated the do How ú ú fs,weele h oeta o uueimprovements? future for potential the lies where so, If why? not, If pndata open n h aaisl,poie ygvrmnsand/or governments by provided itself, data the and sritrae(UI) interface User 1.3 ilb lbrtdi eali hpe 3. 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Literature 2.1 hsscinbgn with begins section This relate is so multidisciplinary, is Earth on life on impact Sun’s The .. itr fslrsao mapping shadow solar of History 2.1.1 itrclbcgon fslrsao apn.H emdt aecie the coined have to seemed He mapping. shadow solar of background historical oa hdw.Ti otx utntb ie pwt h optrgrap computer the with up mixed be not must termed context This shadows. solar scen application potential into insight tion valuable providing Besides understan better a provide a to Earth light, towards its position and and Sun dimension as the well of as properties data, as 3D required by ar Followed they scenarios. whether application and web methods addres for visualization aspects, shadow engineering topographi various discuss for of technique will disadvantages — section the being time there, From the for innovative still ever, ac appl “Shadow s introduced on The preliminarily work already itself. relevant the Sun highly besides the the However, as them maps”. well comput among as maps, approaches, shadow data, existing of 3D about generation and analog methods, historical rendering the shadow from range broad a cover ,ee i er ae,tenme frltdtossest erelat be to seems tools related of number the later, years six even ), 1.1.2 Udrtnighst owt h blt ocag perspective.” change to ability the with do to has “Understanding h ieauescini hncoe yagipeit eeatas relevant into glimpse a by closed then is section literature The . hdwmapping shadow ,Du ), ffi soeo h rtpol ntecneto raigmp umne by augmented maps creating of context the in people first the of one as l’ hssi esine ( geosciences in thesis eld’s Du swl rfrt Section to (refer well as ffi eld shsoi tep naseigycmesm how- — cumbersome seemingly a on attempt historic ’s ff c oa hdw eeo u planet. our on here shadows solar ect Du tt fteArt the of State ffi eld 2.1.2 , 1975 laatcicdnethat coincidence pleasant a — ) hd aubelgto the on light valuable sheds ) — igteavnae and advantages the sing oe Antonsen Roger c igo o h Sun’s the how of ding cto teps(see attempts ication ieaue Topics literature. d apn fshadows of mapping ro rfrt Sec- to (refer arios CHAPTER cn eto is section econd vl sparse. ively ee fDetail of Level rnm,such tronomy, istechnique hics appropriate e ational crual term 23 . 2 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 24 Art the of State 2. Cmue ehiusaecnein fcmue iei available, is time computer if convenient are techniques “Computer ie,tran,adwr eeycnieigteSnspsto w position Sun’s the considering merely were and terrain), (i.e., shade ol elt u noigsnih socue yaohrsrae( surface another by occluded is sunlight incoming but lit, be would hr h topeei la ai n eirdlns lieregions) alpine lands, semiarid and (arid clear is atmosphere the where as la hdw nErhssrae hs hi iuainbecome simulation their thus, surface; Earth’s on shadows clear cause ohfilsaeeetal egdi hsthesis. this in merged eventually are fields both osdrn h nl fasnl sltdsraetwrsteSnfrsl for particular in Sun invol extension, for radius the geometric need The their towards the as account. Ins surface well into as taken isolated relevant, shade: be becomes single slope to a need than surfaces of calculate surrounding to angle complicated the more considering is shade Projected ( between Sun dramatically varies temperature Surface di too becomes and scattered gets Du sunlight atmospheres, cloudy or foggy In t greater being direction whi sunlight Sun, the the and by illuminated normal not surface is its itself between surface the when occurs as defined combined both e shadow calculation, on investigations then, back that remarks He ewe noigsnasadsoe.I,nvrhls,topography nevertheless, If, slopes. and sunrays incoming between iecnuig(n oehttdos iiiaino oorpi aa”( data.” topographic of digitization tedious) somewhat (and time-consuming vnsrne matsnih a,gvnteei oitreec w interference no is viv there a given provides has, Moon sunlight The impact angles).” Sun i stronger (low escarpments), even winter craters, in (mountains, and steep latitudes, are slopes where Moon), ffi iue21 itnto ewe lp hd n rjce hd ( shade projected and shade slope between Distinction 2.1: Figure eld nteohrhn,i h euto ufc ht ie t nl toward angle its given that, surface a of result the is hand, other the on , solarsystem.nasa.gov ( 1975 computation ,teeoe set ht“oorpi hdn sepcal significan especially is shading “Topographic that asserts therefore, ), ff cscudb di be could ects mre — emerges oorpi shade topographic , 2019 ). ff Du rnitdinto erentiated ffi eld ii.,a hw nFigure in shown as (ibid.), soiino optr,hwvr sthat is however, computers, on opinion ’s insolation ≠ 173 lp shade slope ¶ C ntesaeand shade the in sal goe topography ignored usually hi euto h angle the of result a is ch iha hich and hi egt Overall, height. their , self-shadowing t natmosphere: an ith ideadhigh and middle n igtoesurfaces those ving han Du deapeo the of example id a de othe to added was rjce shade projected u hyrequire they but 2.1 ff ffi esrelevant. less s rasn (the absent or csteangle the ects 90 : eld 127 edo just of tead ¶ lp shade Slope . p shade, ope , h Sun, the s Projected ¶ 1975 Du C ff s to use nthe in ffi ). ) eld — t , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. U ( ilase al. et Williams 1975 hs ehius hl tl eurn aulfiihn touch finishing manual requiring still while techniques, These sub are tables these insolation, solar direct visualize eventually To pre-computed. were transmissi atmospheric respecting also while — Time-integration) work), iulzto further. visualization ie hi g:Poie hr a cest optr(hc a not was (which computer a to access was there Provided age: their given eignored. be that: note account, shadowing on Attempts angle time. the given on a based at insolation Sun on the focusses and only slope therefore, and, vegetation) or ignores howeve completely must, date work It specific presented transmissivity. respect atmospheric to like able aspects visualizati now ignored radiation were solar they available, since data informativeness topographic digitized already and 125-149 = A Ly insolation: the stronger Barbados. represent the of point, Island grid tropical every the where on plot it computer-generated apply a and shows method the the with illustrating in-depth Figure created, regular (see are a radiation lines on contour solar points with arbitrary maps for values, insolation these daily retrieve Figure to (see properties map topographic a with conjunction th and solstices Figure two the for variants di covering as — listed are insolations wit slopes for day a within insolation direct and total of consisting tables paper his In today as Insolation ubiquitous, as nearly not were themselves computers and data and Earth-covering 45 ,e n c o d e sas p e c i fi c . ¶ 1 aiue.Within latitude). N ti o nesadbewysoe retdtwrstews aiuh<- < (azimuth west the towards oriented slopes why understandable not is It Isarithms .0–aqoeta ed ob u noprpcie sbc n17,the 1975, in back as perspective, into put be to needs that quote a p.10)– , 90 DSM ff rn topei rnmsiiisrnigfo .0t .5i tp of steps in 0.85 to 0.50 from ranging transmissivities atmospheric erent ¶ Ohmura 2.2 swl saiuh agn rm- from ranging azimuths as well as ;ptnilcmuainrqie rcdn ubroedigitization cumbersome preceding required computation potential ); ). TeCmuaino ietislto naslope” a on insolation direct of Computation “The h rsn optrpormwt h i ftkn hdwn into shadowing taking of aim the with program computer a present who , =cnorlns r hndrawn then are lines) contour (= iia lvto oe (DEM) model elevation Digital ( 1968 1 age (Ly) Langley Dtriaino hte on si hdwa n particular any at shadow in is point a whether of “Determination rsnsasrtg oitgaeislto vrtm rfrto (refer time over insolation integrate to strategy a presents ) h alswr iie o lpslctda h 5hprle north parallel 45th the at located slopes for limited were tables The 10 2.3b ¶ tp nbt xso osbesoeage,time-integrated angles, slope possible of axis both in steps .I usqetpaper, subsequent a In ). ag,weestehge ptelte ntealphabet, the in letter the up higher the whereas range, shadows Ly 90 wehrfo lpstesle,buildings, themselves, slopes from (whether 150-174 = B , ¶ o+ to 2.3a (including yhand by ,wihpoie h eesr slope necessary the provides which ), 90 ¶ esrdfo h at(= east the from measured , ane n Ohmura and Garnier oipoeraaiiyo the of readability improve to iia eri oe (DTM) model terrain Digital s r acntn,ee more, even fascinating, are es, Ly a eerdt nDu in to referred (as , tctr,i tp f24 of steps in cetera, et , ,b mhszdta the that emphasized be r, swl spreviously as well as s iy o hspurpose, this For vity. db letter a by ed mato eri on terrain of impact 90 nlsbetween angles h ¶ Dgi.Bsdon Based grid. 2D eunl sdin used sequently ie akthen) back given a qio swell as equinox e r>+ > or . n gained ons 90 Figure ewe a between ewsno was re ( .5(see 0.05 ¶ 1969 )seemto A frelief of ..Literature 2.1. ffi pto up 1.1.6 eld’s go ) 0 2.4 ¶ 0 ), ¶ , 25 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 26 Art the of State 2. oti rbe a fmjrcnen oseicfruaino th of formulation specific No al concern. an major and of terrain was mountainous problem in this importance to critical of is time oe nteliterature.” the in noted htcs tepst nesadsnih ihnterprofess their within sunlight understand to attempts chitects’ epdt iuaelgtstain nacietrlmdl o arbit for models architectural on situations light simulate Thus, to far. helped so neglected been have buildings by cast Shadows re a i As taken only to lines. vice contour are similar and using areas look shade visualized Shaded maps the insolation, in se: overall is per reduce region wi shadows to that it of low, visualization comparing too neglect and is images azimuth interpol latter Sun’s by the the region If towards given altitude. a line for the sunlight along occlude elevations to enough high elevations for insolation daily covering tables ( pre-computed orientation of Extract 2.2: Figure rhtcue&“u Machines” “Sun & Architecture Ohmura , Ohmura 1968 ( ilase al. et Williams ) s(Figure ’s 2.3b , 1972 ). .2)Te rps ocnie terrain consider to propose They p.528) , o:So-called ion: Du ffi oih o solution a for gorithm eld ut h adtraced hand the sult, rbe a been has problem e ( aySnpositions. Sun rary 1975 es.Generated versa. tn rdpoint grid ating il fvarious of hills u Machines Sun ecie ar- describes ) hteSun’s the th t account nto Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Mapping Heliodon 1968 einby design A oaheeSnlk ihig—icuignal aallsaos— shadows parallel ra nearly their including for — model lighting the Sun-like to achieve close to Sun-Earth too Figure the just (see to are parallel Compared machines remotely point), Earth: these reference on on a shadows sources as parallel light Earth nearly the for (from reason rays ( the parallel source roughly light Sun’s movable the a support that Machines similariti interesting shares approach This illumination. of degree demonstrate Du to example ( an map topographic as a used on is based (b) Quebec, lines Hilaire, contour using visualization St. insolation Mont 2.3: Figure a otu a fMn t iar sthe as Hilaire St. Mont of map Contour (a) orefrsoeproperties slope for source .Dvcsweetelgti xdadtemdlcnmove. can model the and fixed 3. is moves. light light the the where while Devices fixed is 2. model the which in Machines 1. ffi ) eld n hs,weebt,lgta ela h oe,cnmv as called (also move can model, the as well as Figure light see both, where those, And ( as ee oSection to refer (also ihacmr oltrmnal pcf hc ufcsaelt swel as lit, are surfaces which specify manually later to camera a with 1975 Knowles di ) 2.5a ff rnitste notefloigtretypes: three following the into them erentiates ) ( 1974 srmral noa si xhne h ih oreo a of source light the exchanges it as insofar remarkable is ) 2.5b 2.1.2 n ee oSection to refer and ). b oa oa noaino etme 19 September on insolation solar Total (b) 97 topei rnmsiiyp=0.75 = p transmissivity Atmospheric 1967. .ad3. and 1. 2.1.5 rhbtteeuainof emulation the prohibit ) .Tu,telgclstrategy logical the Thus, ). sto es st eyo h Sun the on rely to is Williams hc ntr are turn in which st eeven be to ys )( a) Heliodons ’s stheir as l distance, Ohmura Shadow ..Literature 2.1. solar th , , , 27 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 28 Art the of State 2. ( machines Wise ovsaiesao iutosfrterrain, for situations shadow visualize To wyb ita bet,ptigtewoemcieit computer a into machine whole the putting describes, modern objects, he virtual a “hardware” by From physical away The (ibid.). inspiring: angle” retrieval are desired and descriptions the processing shadow from “rapid illumination for parallel ideal — information topographic ra Du light diverging me of his disadvantage since the But shared shadows. it above. source, from light th scenery artificial illuminated the an He photographed maps. and relief angles plastic desired topographic with them exchanged Du time. and date desired a with a item together to to is, according (compare It alignment arbitrarily to: moved has be model cannot the Sun the Since itself. en ( point isarithms hand-drawn grid Every for basis Barbados. the of providing part insolation, a solar of of plot range generated Computer 2.4: Figure optn ehd ( method” computing stelgtsuc seFigure (see source light the as ane n Ohmura and Garnier ffi ffi eld ( l’ hdwmpigtechnique mapping shadow eld’s 1969 vnuly re ocmest hssotoigb obnn th combining by shortcoming this compensate to tried eventually, , oee,isedo rhtcua iulzto sn uligst building using visualization architectural of instead However, : ihasnilagetdpafr,ealn h ahn ouethe use to machine the enabling platform, sundial-augmented a with ) , Du 1969 ffi eld ) , 1975 2.6 .H ecie i ahn s“ oeflanalog powerful “a as machine his describes He ). n eest eifmp ssoaedvcsfor devices storage as maps relief to refers and ) sundial Wise xdo ltomta losfrprecise for allows that platform a on fixed , ( 1969 hs napoc eae to related approach an chose ) ol utb abstracted be just could 2. s n,therefore, and, ys, ntels above), list the in rpiscontext. graphics otu lines) contour = esetv,his perspective, mwt from with em hdrequired thod utrs he ructures, eey by merely, okof work e oe a codes Sun Sun Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. itne,adeeain ov hmevsisaty si h ell real the in as instantly, themselves solve elevations and distances, ersnsums ipiiyade and simplicity utmost represents hdwpten ihu eoret rt-oc iia comput digital brute-force to recourse without patterns shadow ihtedsrddt n ieo h iulzto.Tepoescont process The visualization. the of time and date m which desired first, the accordingly with scene the up setting by works machine The htgaho h a rmaoe hra fo bv”i endb h inv the by defined is above” “from whereas above, from map the of photograph a ltomcnann h eifmpi a httecretsunligh current the that way a in map relief the containing platform neomu unu optrayas . . anyways. computer quantum enormous an trace Figure manually eventually, in are, shown ont boundaries as projected shadow visualizations later where a is region negative same Its the normal. of platform’s the of direction of Operation o i far introduced (as too approaches not rendering are shadow computer-based fact, In path natural Sun’s the follows compar light and the switch as fast simulated si di a be in enabling can (thus, scenarios the month light sources of given light rotation a Manual rings’ while each follows: latitude, between as model’s works the (a) in sets shown structure heliodon The 2.5: Figure rnil.H,frhroe ocue that: concludes furthermore, He, principle. a eidn Photo: heliodon. A (a) 2 hc ieyrsntswt hlspisaottepyia nvreisl b itself universe physical the about philosophies with resonates nicely Which Du ff rmDu from ffi ff eld rn ots.Cnlsvl,b oaigteatv ig ieis time ring, active the rotating by Conclusively, months). erent smcie aasucs n accuracy and sources, data machine, ’s • c ffi betanit.com l’ eypyia eiewti hi nrni operating intrinsic their within device physical very eld’s ffi 2.7 ciency.” . 2 b xmlr ihigsmlto civdby achieved simulation lighting Exemplary (b) eidn Photo: heliodon. a ( Du Tn ftosnso nrct angles, intricate of thousands of “Tens ffi eld , 1975 p.15) , to.Tenwtechnique new The ation. obr Lechner Norbert uae yswitching by mulated nlnto aligns inclination t nsae creating andscape, h a basemap flat the o igntiges,but else, nothing eing asrttn the rotating eans Section n ne ytaking by inues snbetween ison oachieve to d ue ring- outer ( 2019 ..Literature 2.1. 2.1.2 erse ) ), 29 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .Saeo h Art the of State 2. 30 ( hogottesao apn rcs,teeaevrossae hr i where stages various are there process, mapping shadow the Throughout h iulzto loms o utb iie otpgah,a eargues he as topography, to limited be just not must also visualization The occur: scale “a was there provided M mapped, Army ( be U.S. scales” could various clouds the at or by world trees scale the shrubs, of 1:250,000 rest at the maps of much relief “and plastic — via Service pri archived machine’s been the has are which maps, Du relief of accessibility Regarding Du ffi • • • ffi eld eld ertemdl vrtm (ibid.). time over models the wear h aultaigo h boundaries. basem the the of onto tracing projection manual its the photography, shadow of the maximum during Finally, a to regard this in incl error Sun angle desired approximation. the an towards always orientation nature platform and mounting Model an storage Furthermore, in supplied. of was degree tolerances a regarding reality, feedback the no of models downsized inherent. are maps relief Since iue26 h oa hdwmpigmciedsge by designed machine mapping shadow solar The 2.6: Figure , etosta oto h ntdSae fAeiastpgahcinformation topographic America’s of States United the of most that mentions 1975 p.21). , Du ffi eld ( 1975 ttsta ept eetdrqet omanufacturers, to requests repeated despite that states ) Du ffi eld ( 1 1975 ¶ . ,hwvr iistecumulative the limits however, ), Du Du oe fteobject” the of model aydt source, data mary ffi ffi eld eld , pa elas well as ap nto sby is ination ( naccuracies 1975 cuayis accuracy 1975 handling d hteven that p.15). , ) ap Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. hra iil ytmtcdvain o h onn hdw were shadows morning the for deviations systematic visible whereas oe retto ii..Terle a ed osote h top (ibid.). the displaced” smoothen slightly to are tends saddles map and relief peaks The (ibid.). orientation model Du construction graphical time-consuming ( extremely map” but “precise a and orien platform and mounting model Figure besides aspects all for analysis Error Du with created maps shadow — solar Arizona County, of Yuma Mountains, selection Mohawk A 2.7: Figure c h utpsto ewe oe illumi- model between juxtaposition The (c) 21 June solstice, Summer (a) eosrcino h hdwstainshows situation inaccuracies. shadow the of reconstruction cetera et Ly, 1/2 ones 1/4 depict boundaries shadow ain(Du nation ffi eld Du 2.7c ( 1975 ffi ffi oee,sosagahcljxaoiinbtenDu between juxtaposition graphical a shows however, , eld l’ prah n graphical a and approach) eld’s ocue hthstcnqepoue odapoiaino reali of approximation good a produces technique his that concludes ) , 1975 .9,uigatcnqerltdt n rsne by presented one to related technique a using p.29), , st Ly Outermost . ,n e x ti n n e r ( Du ffi eld , b ncnrs o() hsvsaiainshows visualization this (a), to contrast In (b) d hdwbudre o specific for boundaries Shadow (d) 1975 hdwbudre ftewne osieon solstice winter 21 December the of boundaries shadow oinfo ot osuhoe h er A tion year. the to over related their south strategy over to enveloped north are from motion (a), in described as 32 1.1.6 ) ¶ 5 N 45’ ) st 113 ¶ 5 W 45’ time-integration ffi gah,ad“major and ography, ffi asdb imprecise by caused l’ paau for apparatus eld’s rmatopographic a from ainwsomitted. was tation l’ visualization eld’s Garnett Ly seSec- (see ..Literature 2.1. -values, ( 1935 ty, ). 31 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 32 .Saeo h Art the of State 2. a twl edmntae ae nti thesis). this in later demonstrated be will it (as plctoso oa hdwmp rudte17iscmedbyepoe and explored commendably 1970ies the around maps shadow solar of Applications .. hdwrendering Shadow 2.1.2 ahmtc n optto akdfield. backed computation computer-generat ( and in images mathematics shadows rendered a of of p lack realism geosciences, the and of that comprehensibility scope realize the to foll Outside started the utilization. graphics during further technology for ever-cheaper way and the time, ( that propertie good by atmospherical rare recognizable as a such was neglected, time be computation to had beforehand, that, ( al. 1970ies et the aided in already computers maps before, shadow to mentioned i (refer As those chapter as computer-generated. this such entirely of apparatus, manual beginning onto the models at physical applying of Instead ri realtime in data th that over process accessible can te being computers where surface portable later, planet’s while the years cost, of no 45 most conclus around to must, from led It necess progress originates either. the obviously well top, scale perception On not this limiting. does and boundaries cumbersome shadow are trace maps relief of sharing ( $20” technology. Du art though the in Even of to state motivation with and it reason provides enhance Figure change), and see climate issue consumption, of energy issue to urgent regards the in only (not decades rare a simulation. itself, computer-driven jus reality modern, between — and analogies perspective then, light’s the back the shows from history into scene fore 3D peek beautiful virtual a a t but rendering understand nothing by to is order scene, in 3D Machine”, modeled of “Sun physically his a onto on of source light idea light The a of remarkable. instead are possibilities, its Du and to led that applications and urges the see to fascinating is It Discussion ntepeetdy h atta u eaeamc oerlvn fact relevant more are much them, a of became all Sun not that if fact Most, The shade. day. and present Sun the of in understanding better a from ouetdby documented fdt,dt-ore,a ela h ult,flxblt n extensibi and pres flexibility quality, the the to as parallels well The as data-sources, section. data, this of in presented work other the Williams , Du 1972 ffi eld .Te loe oecmlxcluain n osdrtoso factors of considerations and calculations complex more allowed They ). ( 1978 , 1975 Du ffi h netdtecmue rpisagrtmo sao mapping” “shadow of algorithm graphics computer the invented who ) l’ eiei ha n tagtowr obid—“o esthan less “for — build to straightforward and cheap is device eld’s ffi .7 n antinr htteceto,acs,aciig and archiving, access, creation, the that ignore cannot one — p.17) , eld hwtebodrneo s-ae n cnro htbenefit that scenarios and use-cases of range broad the show , ane n Ohmura and Garnier Du ffi eld 2.1.1 , 1975 ,sao iulztosmya elbe well as may visualizations shadow ), Crow Knowles ,terptnilhspoal been probably has potential their ), , , 1977 1969 ( 1974 n obgnrsac in research began so and ) ; ffi 1.3 Ohmura n nrgrst quality to regards in ent oryasltr This later. years four t l’ paau n all and apparatus eld’s iyo h visualization the of lity ycmueie world computerized ly ,t on camera a mount to ), u loconsidering also but , nentfralmost for internet e oer fcomputer of ioneers h raino solar of creation the vl,b oe that noted be ively, wn er paved years owing ih otework the to sight h norhands our in ght , .Ee though Even s. t omanually to ity dsee hurts scenes ed 1968 ri h last the in or etgt the vestigate eipc of impact he chnological ntroduced ; tl valid still Williams Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. eomu)vlm fteSn t ih sdfiieyeitdb nare an by to emitted (refer definitely is light Its Sun: the of volume (enormous) tracing umbra codn to According ab graphical computer a light, no was there if shadow, no be would there As a rcn n te al hdwrneigapproaches rendering shadow early other and tracing Ray rtppron paper first divergen — negligible but sunrays existent of still fraction — that the though, and diameter, parallel, its almost are and Earth th the be to would distance simplification this Consid against shadows. argument hard obvious emit produce away, an inherently however, far they maps, infinitely p as source only now light well, for a as considered (i.e., sources lights varian light directional modern area or are support there that While techniques sh expensive. rendering a more only computation as not and of soon complex consist As shadows point. cast su one-dimensional nevertheless, — a source, sources than light light rather area physical area, an from an emitted from Light originates needed. usually is latter the of source Light from visible is light versa the vice of and area lighter more lit, sur the The on point, be manifests either (right): that can occluded penumbra surface partially additional poin a an (i.e., since create point however, (left) one-dimensional sources, shadows a hard from produce originating only rays Light 2.8: Figure 3 i ehdwsltrtermed later was method His u loa also but , usqetybcm soitdwith. associated became subsequently 2.1.5 ors n Sabharwal and Zobrist o ute discussion). further for a tracing ray penumbra a ulse by published was seFigure (see a casting ray ( si akdtecaatrsi eusv rcn frays, of tracing recursive characteristic the lacked it as , 1992 2.8 and ) ,wihmksagrtm infiatymore significantly algorithms makes which ), Appel oe tal. et Foley ( 1968 ) 3 hc eosrtdhow demonstrated which , ( 1996 igprle as are rays) parallel ting aogohr) the others), (among ) ei fe neglected often is ce rnt ralight Area not. or rn oa shadow solar ering ae htaeonly are that faces itlgtsources, light oint itn h Earth the hitting ha h u — Sun the as ch igesurface single a r delineated arp .Gvnits Given a. so shadow of ts ih)can light) t apparent e straction hr is there ..Literature 2.1. ray 33 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 34 .Saeo h Art the of State 2. ihnhswork, his Within h cnie,hwvr h hdn fajcn iescudb sign be could pixels adjacent wi of cutting shading the the of however, intersection scanline), the the drawing” (i.e., frame scanline wire after a scanline as us time for calculation requiring much usually as consuming, times time thousand “very several — consumption Figure memory in on shown as pictures producing Figure sur to flat refer of (also consisting follows scenes as 3D works arbitrary algorithm into integrated be can shadows from cast ray a since shadow it. by in reach illustrated is casting, plane ray image through the rendering Shadow 2.9: Figure .) yintroducing By p.4). eurdcmuaintm.H ocue htteagrtmdescribed algorithm the that concluded He time. computation required • • • cmr)truhtepcuepaeot h scene. the onto plane picture the through (camera) au fta ie bsdo h betsclr,wihmgtb subjec be might which color), object’s the on (based pixel that of value aeo nte bet,ta ato h mg =pxl utb nsao an shadow in be must pixel) (= blo image are the (they of ( source part accordingly light that colored any sourc object), hit (or another cannot source n or rays light same or secondary the shade these towards the If intersection in the more): is from intersection cast of is point ray that whether determine, factors. To other and normal surface’s the ( on object depending an with ray a obser the of intersection from sent first is The ray a generated, be to image the of pixel every For P 1 sscnayry oee,rahstelgtsuc,and source, light the reaches however, ray, secondary ’s Appel utn planes cutting atdt vlaeteqaiyo eeae mgs swl stheir as well as images, generated of quality the evaluate to wanted P 1 P , P 2 P ). notemto n,teeoe edrn h image the rendering therefore, and, method the into 2.10a a hl ipet mlmn n low and implement to simple while — was , 2.9 P o iulexplanation): visual for P 1 2 , P oad h ih orecannot source light the towards 2 nteseedfie h color the defines scene the in ) htepcuepaecreates plane picture the th Appel P fiatyaccelerated: ificantly 1 P ae.Tesimple The faces. bv,cpbeof capable above, s hrfr,lit. therefore, is, ( es 1968 ( fteeare there if , Appel oshading to t t another ot, kdb the by cked flresults eful e’ point ver’s ). P , 2 1968 P is d on , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ytepoeto fegsot ufcs[ rte a edfie yt by defined be may they or ] . . [. surfaces onto edges of projection the by pc hyencompass.” they space volumes shadow 1968 eea datg frytaigapoce steihrn upr o anal for support inherent the is approaches tracing ray of advantage general A 0mnts o oohoepotr vial ttetm,i a disco was it time, the at available plotters monochrome For minutes. 30 hdw n on usd slt eea loih ok sfollows: as works algorithm general A lit. is outside point any shadow; it: puts Crow as or — scene the with (see volume umbra that light’s intersecting point a r of also reproduction polygons, shadow Projected approaches: rendering ( nee shadow energy” the of solar evaluating class of com “for availability pure visualization the shadow the or leaving of tioning again importance thereby the (and on note context) marginal a leaving surfaces Besides real virtual of approximations as quantized advantage, rather irrelevant non-analytical, an intrinsically nevertheless, th is, Considering to necessary. this calculated is be approximation/interpolation appr can numerical original points no the intersection of i.e., surfaces, root defined square the than less to reduced time Computing di from shown surfaces flat of consisting with structure generated building Images 2.10: Figure ievrig“”sgswr rfrbefrgasaesaig sshown as shading, grayscale for preferable v were each “+”-signs for size-varying time Calculation capabilities. qualitative the demonstrates • • ) on ih ore hs oelk hp sfre seFigure (see formed is shape the cone-like following a source, s Thus, light the the source. of from light vertices away point on them based extending geometry), by additional edges, (i.e., edges Figure new conn (see Create that found edges be li to those the need towards as Those directed defined is ones. are normal backward-facing their object (i.e., occluder faces an forward-facing of edges Silhouette h ehiu’ e ocp st raeatredmninlpol three-dimensional a create to is concept key technique’s The . a rhtcua scene Architectural (a) ( Crow , 1977 .4)Aypitisd h mr’ ouele in lies volume umbra’s the inside point Any p.246) , Appel 2.8 Crow sapoc,pitdo iia ltes A plotters: digital on printed approach, ’s n rcsl aclt hdwdaesby areas shadowed calculate precisely and ) , 1977 .4) rwitoue new a introduced Crow p.242), , ff rn esetvsi (a) in perspectives erent Saosmyb defined be may “Shadows ihs rcso,since precision, highest e 2.11c ity. ob edrdare rendered be to oa hdwmaps, shadow solar ). b Toning (b) h ore with source) ght 2.11a ue graphical puter ieto fthe of direction e a about was iew n()( (b) in o aircondi- for d evlm of volume he fre oas to eferred ah(ibid.). oach ). ee that vered ilhouette ytically ..Literature 2.1. ygonal Appel ect , 35 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 36 Art the of State 2. rfrto (refer ( a shadows map a sdfeunl nti hssb o.In now. by thesis this in frequently used was i are surfaces) curved (e.g., structures polygonal non-planar and well, 12 took It speed. of terms in rendering shadow real-time from far were ouecluain so diinlipeetto expenses, implementation additional of As calculation. volume tr iha L n a cetfi rc eodaon h aetm,tes the time, same the around record track scientific a had and Section “L” to an (refer computation with of start help the with contexts topographical illu to regards in image generated by invented the technique of graphics analysis computer visual the enable to use order to in conclusion logical the Knowles be just might it here, a humour graphics, computer little termed of is field he approach unrelated words, rendering se other per in the outlines; within shadow Ironically, with maps topographic augmented parallels: interesting some are there foremost, and First mapping Shadow place. first the shad in complex approach more the drastically approxim in by result curves occluders smoother polygons) (i.e., more “Round” even detail: consumes gains turn, scenery in the which, the — on geometry time additional requiring of drawback bu stencil ch this in presented Heidmann implementations all that aware be to needs One solution. economical considered are silhouettes polygon only as computation, in charact increase ( appealing least more” most “somewhat the require have volumes only shadow overall, e that computation concluded consumption, memory di of the terms as in aforementioned the them of evaluated variant and scanline the them, (among algorithms paper, his In infiatpr nms ftecmae prahs,sao oue r the are (w volumes place shadow in approaches), hidden-surfaces compared scan the to of algorithm most an in already part is significant there as soon as 1972 4 • nte eihflsmlrt isi h ae fLance of names the in lies similarity delightful Another :L .Wlim a mn h rtoe h re oehnersac nsola on research enhance to tried who ones first the among was Williams D. L. ): nietevlm,prilyo o tal—seFigure see — all wh at (i.e., not against or tested t are partially farther volume, objects the the volume, longer, very inside (the the arbitrarily forming defined — be reach) can length cone’s That swr ie,ecagn h ih oreo Sao ahn”wt c a with Machine” “Shadow a of source light the exchanging (i.e., work ’s ffi rhtcue&“u Machines” “Sun & Architecture ff er ut fadtoa mlmnain(oprdt o-hdwvrat.He variant). non-shadow a to (compared implementation additional of culty ( 1989 GPU htwseetal ateog.Hwvr hdwvlmshv h inhe the have volumes shadow However, enough. fast eventually was that n... . . on Crow eosrtdavrinof version a demonstrated ) hrfr,ngtvl a negatively therefore, , maps ( 1977 ti o uttedfiiino em,aohraaoybetween analogy another terms, of definition the just not is It . oprdhsivninwt di with invention his compared ) hdwmapping shadow Crow , 1977 nSection in , ff cigoealpromne hswresas worsens This performance. overall ecting Williams .4)adtoa trg n as the cause and storage additional p.248) , Du Crow ffi swl.Tu,tkn h iet fa of liberty the taking Thus, well. as eld Williams sapoc htuiie a utilized that approach ’s 2.1.1 swork, ’s ( 1978 hdwmapping Shadow 2.1.1 ). 4 a led ulndbefore outlined already was ) ff ( rn lse fshadowing of classes erent 2.11b ,adsnebt uhr’names authors’ both since and ), 1978 Slrsao maps” shadow “Solar n .D. L. and ) ). Crow ieykonshadow known widely a casting ray hdwmapping shadow siinsubstantiated, uspicion pe oti point, this to apter cmail with ncompatible tn hmwith them ating ffi apdshadows mapped ocue that concludes rsisa they as eristics wvlmsas volumes ow iain,and mination), o h shadow the for iny swell as ciency, satr that term a is te hylie they ether rasterization ilase al. et Williams eshadow’s he hdw in shadows r er until years approach) ihi a is hich GPU amera most rent ,he to ’s . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. iue21:Vrossao oueeape.Iaesucs()() Sao v “Shadow (a)/(b): zachlynn.com sources Image examples. by volume illustration” shadow Various 2.11: Figure a on ih orei h etro the of center the in source light point A (a) ih oredrcin hog h occluder’s the silhouettes through the direction, to source inverse light extruded are shapes Cone-like wireframe). yellow as (depicted volumes shadow cn sterfrnepitfrgenerated for point reference the is scene Rainwarrior c xml famr ope cldr The occluder. complex more a of Example (c) defo hc h oia hdwvlm is volume (green) shadow from silhouette- conical extruded the the is which body from bunny’s edge the on line red iiei omn,C YS .,(c): 3.0, BY-SA CC Commons, Wikimedia , b nescinaeso hdwvlmsshown volumes shadow of areas Intersection (b) nFgr a n clde =wls r ren- are shadows walls) hard (= as occludees dered and (a) Figure in • c ahLynn, Zach ..Literature 2.1. olume 37 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 38 .Saeo h Art the of State 2. ie,rseie qae)aerpoetdaanit di a into again reprojected are squares) rasterized (i.e., ( ibid.): 6-1, (page i -oriaeoe e nesttwr abspeichert.” Intensitätswert den oder Z-Koordinate die Williams l hsocr sa as occurs this All ihsaoscnan w iw noeiae fw r otn ocs shad cast to content are we If image. one in views two contains shadows with a rmteIsiueo rtcadApn eerh nvriyo ooaoade and Colorado of University Research, Alpine and Arctic of Institute the from was rmnosyscesu aeri optrgahc,cnrbtn oeo h m the of s some La neighboring contributing from field. a graphics, decoupled its (again, computer too in Utah in seems of career career University successful his the tremendously revealed, at be science not computer could studied “L” first the among shadows behind concluded, of investigation topic Minor the climatology. researching and person; graphics same computer the fact, i.e., in were, they that ch the b are ( will aliasing algorithms.” approaches and (other space “quantization map image that depth concludes the Williams for following). texture-size larger a as reprojection, such plus rasterization the e as aliasing well as depth-information in di values 65,536 depth just the in resulting are bits, only 16 Not the of rendered. by quantized been now has pixels scene the after happen (see steps following the projections.” by simple described are be reference): views can two technique these The plane, p.271). ground or wall single The point. (visible) every of z-coordinate the storing of process so-called a of functionality the 1978 1. 4. 3. 2. ocntuta e an construct to ) hc en httedsac rmeeypxltwrstelgtsour light the towards pixel every from distance the that means Which al. et Williams iw(u otez-bu the to (due view noagasaeiaeta eie ihnthe within resides that image grayscale a into hdw nbt ae,tefia mg’ ie ssae accordingly. shaded is i pixel Vice-versa, image’s final lit. the be cases, must both it In visible, is shadow. pixel transformed the (Figure If visible is is it pixel Whether transformed words: the other whether the s tested, than light be source, the to light into remains transformed only is it coordinates) Now depth) (= Z also th but Y and t and from view, pixel observer’s every transformation, the linear from a Through rendered happens: is ingenuity scene the Afterwards, (he view source’s light the from rendered is scene the Initially, sapoc tlzstewr of work the utilizes approach ’s ff cs hra hi nest a ecmestdtruhvrosstr various through compensated be can intensity their whereas ects, [ iskn eese edn enmnfrjdnPntauch Punkt jeden für man wenn werden, geleistet kann Dies ] . . “[. post-process s“u ahn”,and Machine”), “Sun ’s ffi in loih ae ntepeieta aseerendered scene “a that premise the on based algorithm cient Williams ff r hs ieshv et ausa el ec,ntol X only not hence, well, as values depth have pixels those er, z-bu et value depth z-bu in ff er ff mg space image , er wih ncs of case in (which, ff 1978 rn aus,i lomasta unie pixels quantized that means also it values), erent ihnte“uuewr”catro i h thesis PhD his of chapter work” “future the within bandfrta oiinbfr in before position that for obtained Straßer p.271) , et values depth hc en htpxltransformations pixel that means which , 2.12a ( 1974 z-bu ih image). right , h,frtefis ie outlined time, first the for who, ) Williams ff ff hc aial ecie the describes basically which — rn iw oh h reduction the Both, view: erent er o vr ie r obtained. are pixel every for (Figure oee,ta .D Williams D. L. that however, z-bu aeo ooao,adhda had and Colorado), of tate ( 1978 Figure ff oploiyla to lead compulsorily opeeydvreareas, diverse completely 2.12a o,i utb in be must it not, f er ei h aallto parallel the is re s motn research important ost ,hdaresolution a had ), e huhtename the though ven ecie nthe in described e allowed ( c ilas,who Williams’, nce e rwak of drawbacks ief Williams 2.12a etrimage). center , closer ei encoded is ce eobserver’s he uc’ view. ource’s ftefinal the of si where is is tp1 step o visual for w na on ows Williams ategies, , othe to 1978 .In , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. a h ai rnil fsao apn:Dphmp(ide srende is (middle) map Depth mapping: shadow of principle basic The (a) iue21:Sao apn prahadvsa rwak.Iaesources: Image drawbacks. visual and approach Documentation mapping Shadow 2.12: Figure wh defining (right), comparison depth allow to (left) perspective sl-hdwn hr oesol be) should surface white none the where on (self-shadowing visible acne” “Shadow (d) outlines Jagged 256x256: size map Shadow (b) ( 2019 ), • c Redway3D e iapaigsaosdet misaligned to due shadows Disappearing (e) ih frustum light c 0824 rae mohresults smooth creates 2048x2048 (c) c iesaeltv.i h shade. the in vs. lit are pixels ich e rmtelight’s the from red Redway3d ..Literature 2.1. 39 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 40 Art the of State 2. volume aiu taeishv endvlpdt opnaeovosshortcomi obvious compensate to developed been have strategies Various h neligntr of nature underlying The h iulqaiyo hdwmpig oemjrpolm swl stechn as well as problems major follows: as Some presented mapping. are shadow counteract, of quality visual the quality visual mapping’s shadow Improving transformations. projection the up speed even became mapping al. Shadow et complexity. increased from significantly that means further ( which cost resolution, additional image’s without that surfaces on dependent only dec Since is inherently scene. is the performance of Their complexity advantage: significant most their • laig(jge shadows”): (“jagged Aliasing n hsrseiaini lal iil ftxuesz stolo too is size sam texture the if into visible Solutions: rast transformed clearly two being is of after rasterization Pixels other this map. each and depth against the tested of depth size are texture the with correlates ( 1992 rohraddgoer ae hdwapoce,woepromnesu performance whose approaches, shadow based added-geometry other or Filtering: – – textures: Larger – natmtt uoaial prxmt h bevrsve rsu u frustum view observer’s the approximate automatically to attempt An iwfutmcue hdwegsto edges shadow causes frustum view iwfrustum: View oteosre’ iwfutmalw oeeooia s fteshado the of use economical more allows frustum view observer’s the to etrsfo ls bevto) hs oee,wntwr since, work won’t “b however, to This, leads observation): filtering close bilinear (e.g., from textures textures image with done problem commonly continuity said fix as well as light, the by from presented seen as proje trapezoid, a of recalculations triggering light’s slightly, the changes of light adaptation and the observer — scenes 3D interactive in wanted fact and in they, common where e disappear might Its (Figure shadows visi map. be adapt misaligned, not depth light’s or are the a small or however, in too If, lit is stored be increased. be to therefore, to is need need resolution don’t not either do anyway, which observer scene the the of Parts map: render. to expensive a more on generally depending are constrained and is hardware, which memory, more require di however, between reprojected being (Figure pixels shadows smoother produces size hwdhwt xli hrwr accelerated) (hardware exploit to how showed ) 2.12e nitiiegeswudb ofitrsao asjs si is it as just maps shadow filter to be would guess intuitive An atnadTan and Martin mg space image .Frhroe sso steosre oe hc is which — moves observer the as soon as Furthermore, ). dpaino h ih oresve rsu according frustum view source’s light the of Adaptation hdwmapping shadow nices ftesao a’ dphmp texture map) (depth map’s shadow the of increase An Williams loihs nteohrhn,i onainfor foundation is hand, other the on algorithms, ssaosaebsdo etrs hi quality their textures, on based are shadows As ( , 2004 1978 ). ff .Ti tnsi tr otatto contrast stark in stands This ). ok ihte“nl mg,isexpense its image, “final” the with works shimmer rn iw,icess agrtextures, Larger increases. views, erent 2.12c ic h oselto between constellation the since , sterslto fquantized of resolution the as ) etr mapping texture (Figure w atrwhen faster thnlscurved handles it uldfo the from oupled dve frustum view ed g concerning ngs rzdimages erized 2.12b ofurther to qe to iques should , vailable space, e ff shadow vnif even lurred” ctions. ective l to ble Segal ). ff sing is , ers w Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. • sao ce:We ie stasomdfo ufc nteobserver’ the in surface a from transformed is pixel a When acne”: “shadow Sao acne”: “Shadow notelgtve,i hud—i hoy—aanlie again — theory in — should it view, light the structure, into another for the occluder of the quantization only to not Due is itself. object an when occurs te solutions Other – Prle-pi hdwMp”(SM stenm ugss—sltthe split — suggests name the as — (PSSM) Maps” Shadow “Parallel-Split (PCSS). ( Figure in plane” “picture the to (refer de a in resulting well, as out smoothed be would objects of edges (hard) ( VM,weetema n ensurdo itiuino etsare depths of distribution a of squared mean and mean the where (VSM), hr r,nvrhls,nmru prahst hdwmpfilterin map shadow to approaches numerous nevertheless, are, There au,teeoee therefore value, hrb rvdn pia et a eouin hc,however, which, resolution, map depth optimal providing thereby ae eea eg,44 iayltultsmlsadfitr hs ins those filters itself. and samples map lit/unlit depth binary the 4x4) reduci (e.g., either several consider takes of even aim that al. shadows their soft et in producing Reeves vary or They se per research. artifacts ongoing aliasing to subject the is along values depth filtered, o was far representation map depth the in if is worse, pixel Even a again. whether edges decision, always final is the not, filtered, or were maps depth the issue. a source e Perspec approach Space “Light This their ibid.). into space (LiPSM, light Maps” in Shadow transformation a types adding source(s)’ by light considered. the be to must changes that un-intuitive of expense the by (CSM) Maps” directional Shadow by “Cascaded lit is (ibi sceneries Sun, vice-versa the vast and as observer, for such the optimized sources, to but closer approach, are similar which maps, depth ( of rendered is map depth t by appreciated depth actually is of it utilization where optimize resolution to their order concentrating in frustums view observer’s single a just of instead variance depths’ the use to allowing stored, lights’ area approximating bevrsve rsu nosvrldphlyr aallt th to parallel layers depth several into frustum view observer’s ih eieig“ecpulyacrt”( accurate” “perceptually delivering rithm ih ore nodrcinllgtsucs n rvnsayfurth any prevents and sources, light directional into sources light 2007 2002 aptelgtfutms hti xcl ace h iwfrustum view the matches exactly it that so frustum light by the (PSM) warp Maps” ) Shadow “Perspective ). ff onlyadLauritzen and Donnelly cigcags(.. hi ieto) hrb ovn S’ ma PSM’s solving thereby direction), their (e.g., changes ecting ( hdwmpigi neetycpbeo efsaoig which self-shadowing, of capable inherently is mapping Shadow 1987 ff binary nov taeista ihrslto aptelgtso the or light’s the warp or split either that strategies involve cieyadesn aliasing. addressing ectively nrdcd“ecnaeCoe itrn”(C) which (PCF), Filtering” Closer “Percentage introduced ) ff h rgnlsee( scene original the Fernando ec,teewudb adadptnilyjagged potentially and hard be would there Hence, . hn tal. et Zhang imre al. et Wimmer penumbra z-bu xeddta prahit eliealgo- realtime a into approach that extended ff ( er 2006 , oee,teei oeta o so-called for potential is there however, , 2006 2.9 Pretg-lsrSf Shadows” Soft “Percentage-Closer — netd“aineSao Maps” Shadow “Variance invented ) evse al. et Reeves ,weesfrec ae,aseparate a layer, each for whereas ), .Ti lost nraeresolution increase to allows This ). 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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. iue42:Promnets cnro1 inaa omlvl1.Iaesource Image 15. level zoom at Vienna 1: scenario screenshots test Prototype Performance 4.21: Figure b omlvl1,tle view tilted 15, level Zoom (b) a omlvl1,tpview top 15, level Zoom (a) ..Visualization 4.2. s: 121 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 122 .Ipeetto Reflection & Implementation 4. iue42:Promnets cnro2 inaa omlvl1.Iaesource Image 18. level zoom at Vienna 2: scenario screenshots test Prototype Performance 4.22: Figure b omlvl1,tle view tilted 18, level Zoom (b) a omlvl1,tpview top 18, level Zoom (a) s: Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. iue42:Promnets cnro3 eri tzo ee 2 mg sourc Image 12. level zoom at Terrain 3: scenario screenshots test Prototype Performance 4.23: Figure b omlvl1,tle view tilted 12, level Zoom (b) a omlvl1,tpview top 12, level Zoom (a) ..Visualization 4.2. es: 123 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 130 Reflection & Implementation 4. hdwmapping shadow hr r eeteesdabcslk iil riat ntle slop tilted on artifacts visible like drawbacks nevertheless are There sse rma prmn.Terneigi oea di a at done is rendering The apartment. an from seen as o xml,cmr itn satfiilycntandt euevi reduce to constrained artificially is tilting camera example, for mn iymdl.Ti neesrl iisteptnilperfor potential the th limits concerns unnecessarily shortcoming This ins Another of cases. models. analysis use city precise specific among for for allow relevant not be does can mapping section shadow this Also, in attention. presented results the standpoint, performance and quality a of aim primary impressive. prototype’s are the application model For the building into LOD2 the automatically of them rates integrate versi compression improved and s An updates pipeline for stages. current subsequent sources the its processing, during and interaction retrieval manual data to regards even In and — hardware. expected recent initially provided than rates, col better frame to are challenging results is needs generated metadata and the precise small with admittedly photography nevertheless aerial is however, review qualitative the for however should, They back. the Viennese in the c roof S shadow model, building’s as the yet. chimneys on flexible visible the as not lacking not nevertheless, is valid, operation generally camera is prototype’s the since length) 7 courtyard, Inner 4.26: Figure a Reality (a) stepiaysao iulzto ehiu em prpit.From appropriate. seems technique visualization shadow primary the as OGD rvdsadmgtb nertdi h future the in integrated be might and provides th itit ina nSpebr19 September on Vienna, district, neatv visualization interactive b iuain(rttp screenshot) (prototype Simulation (b) ff rn edo iw( focal (= view of field erent h eiint employ to decision the , ilrqie significant requires till epr fteLOD3 the of part be , ses hyaealso are They asters. nwudcekdata check would on sta edfurther need that es ac and mance wn ag,thus, range, ewing ute evaluation; further u tinteractive at run et Conclusively, lect. ao projection hadow th 09 t8:10, at 2019, , akof lack e lto,which olation, ofimthis. confirm Achieved . 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. eso.Ti asswogcraueo h atsao,a tcnb see be can it as shadow, cast the of curvature wrong causes This version. 00 t1:8a enfo sehzpr nteohrsd ftesre.Aan th Again, street. the of side other the on Esterházypark from seen as 13:28 at 2020, ak rpritroaino egtvle n aenrasaogtl bord tile along face-normals and values height of interpolation proper lacks hs rwak stesbeto uuework. future tree of of subject positioning the heigh vertical is based like drawbacks casting situations these ray for allow method not alternative does an it Furthermore, seams. causing presented the While complexity. scene abst weirdly and reality in rounded more structure much roof is occluding however, the left, well; the renders shadow visible main 7 Vienna’s in Nelkengasse crossing Schadekgasse 4.27: Figure a Reality (a) Dtl odfill flood tile 3D b iuain(rttp screenshot) (prototype Simulation (b) ok outadfs,i still it fast, and robust works th nteylo uligto building yellow the on itit nFbur 1 February on district, srqie.Solving required. is s atdi h LOD2 the in racted erea;thus, retrieval; t n(b) in n r,thus, ers, ..Discussion 4.4. st e , 131 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 132 .Ipeetto Reflection & Implementation 4. ti itradraiyrfssdcdostest anantheir yet maintain fact to this trees reflect deciduous c not refuses vegetation reality does since and and ground Section tree, winter the to a is (refer in by it yet stuck caused position is is vertical tree simulation correct The the their 1) of front it: very with the problems model in LOD2 shadow the the in as occlude reflected now been not Meeres” has des re change Section “Haus This a the as roof. at confirmed diagonal structure exposed be vertical actually new can A This t add-on: structure. starts tower) occluding flak tilted Meeres” a des “Haus the by Figure (cast as shadow time simulated and the location Same 4.28: Figure et n ti nla,wy utemr,o h ih n,tesim the end, right the on Furthermore, why. unclear, is it and left, 4.1.1 bu h oe’ paefeuny.Aohrapc ocrsvegetat concerns aspect Another frequency). update model’s the about a Reality (a) 4.27 b iuain(rttp screenshot) (prototype Simulation (b) 4.1.5 itefrhrt h ih.Here, right. the to further little a , o oedtis.2 vnthough Even 2) details). more for ltdsao suggests shadow ulated evs h simulation the leaves, etconstructional cent no epae at placed be annot ofro far oo previously a s hr r two are there e rfrto (refer yet ff othe to ion; Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 04 uigsne 1:6 sse rmteohrsd ftelk.Frti si this For lake. the of side other the from seen as (15:56) sunset during 2014, a lre dedet h u’ aueo en nae ih someth — light area an being of nature Section (see Sun’s yet the consider vers to not real due does the simulation edge cov However, shadow, blurred precise. the a remarkably of is has simulation mountain, the the and citie of resembled, Austrian third well of materi is outside satellite mountain quality provided the great provides Mapbox’ which to data, switched elevation was Austri basemap Austria, the Upper shot, in Attersee lake at “Brennerin” The 4.29: Figure b iuain(rttp screenshot) (prototype Simulation (b) a Reality (a) 2.1.5 o oedetails) more for .Tesloet of silhouette The s. o fta shadow that of ion nJnay6 January on a la ela its as well as al rn h lower the ering mulation n the ing ..Discussion 4.4. th , 133 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 134 .Ipeetto Reflection & Implementation 4. a elt.Poo Ven eilM ig2u1 ”by 1” - 2aug14 Ring MQ aerial “Vienna Photo: Reality. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 142 .Smay&Ftr Work Future & Summary 5. onshadows Moon nadtoa setta a osiul etoto hstei,ee th even thesis, this of out left consciously was that aspect additional An hr smc odsoe,rsac,adepoe—o at n beyond and Earth on — explore and research, discover, to much is There aiu ore n eiatmtdslcino h eto otfitn v fitting most or best the of selection semi-automated and sources various Dtxue,tetm opnn fcodmto ol erflce within reflected be could motion cloud of component time the textures, 3D oedi iuaigraiy u n o hsthesis. this for one But reality. simulating impac signi in shadow a end its as no to out syste regards stands solar in it the interest Therefore, in possible mountain of height. tallest in being the km occluder, to 22 home over withi and measuring humankind Sun Mons, by the colonized to become exposed might is which Mars, adaptation Also, minor a observed. require only Sun/E would cover it only prototype, not implemented do the constellations For planetary for shadows. respective models and Mathematical layer terrain cloud with animated happening an already allowing is “clou thus, it via as provided analogously and scene, data the weather to by added sourced layer, be cloud e occ 2D manageable a any limit with theory, this prototype, integrated required implemented nevertheless, eventually be, the that could of Re thesis nature the weather. of three-dimensional scope is the predict broad all, long-term already of contradicts the that is factors structure occluding chaotic sunlight and significant complexity most the of ideas Further area. research another as identifies area given o xml,alwn ofidlctosweetefl oncnbe can Moon full the where locations find to allowing example, for , ff r n hsicue lus In clouds. includes this and — ort nsronigareas. surrounding on t blt;aohrone another ability; uigstructure luding ie.B using By tiles. cn sunlight ficant n hr is there And . hscentury, this n ie” could tiles”, d uhi sone is it ough rhrelations: arth sn r its are asons to.Given ation. :Olympus m: ah3 tile, 3D each ratfra for ariant ovisualize to Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . efrac eto eie4 Poe7(2016) 7 (2017) iPhone 8 4: Note device Galaxy on Samsung test 3: Performance (2018) device XS on iPhone test 4.4 2: Performance (2016) device Pro on MacBook test 4.3 1: Performance device on test 4.2 Performance 4.1 3.1 nswr adtr.Ciia u o ul upre etrsaehigh are features supported fully not but whi Critical features, mandatory. optional map-rel were contained shadow ones columns solar last two against The reviewed were requirements. engines rendering map Five ito Tables of List 126 ...... 125 ...... 124 ...... 126 ...... etefirst the le lighted ated 147 79 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . o-eusv uu ae -a odfill flood 4-way 3.2 based queue Non-recursive 3.1 t of Positioning start and t end n ...... ih ore ovsaietm-nertdsaosbetween shadows time-integrated visualize to sources light ito Algorithms of List ...... 149 88 85 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. 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