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Researching and Rethinking Sex Trafficking: the Movement of Chinese Women to Asia and the United States for Commercial Sex

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Researching and Rethinking Sex Trafficking: the Movement of Chinese Women to Asia and the United States for Commercial Sex The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Researching and Rethinking Sex Trafficking: The Movement of Chinese Women to Asia and the United States for Commercial Sex Author: James O. Finckenauer, Ph.D., Ko-lin Chin, Ph.D. Document No.: 233583 Date Received: February 2011 Award Number: 2006-IJ-CX-0008 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 1 Researching and Rethinking Sex Trafficking: The Movement of Chinese Women to Asia and the United States for Commercial Sex _________________________ Final Report _________________________ To The United States Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Grant # 2006-IJ-CX-0008 Revised August 17, 2010 Principal Investigator: James O. Finckenauer, Ph.D. School of Criminal Justice Rutgers University Newark, NJ 07650 Tel: (973) 353-3301; Fax: (973) 353-5896 (Fax) Email: [email protected] Co-principal Investigator: Ko-lin Chin, Ph.D. School of Criminal Justice Rutgers University Newark, NJ 07650 Tel: (973) 353-1488; Fax: (973) 353-5896 (Fax) Email: [email protected] Copyrighted by James O. Finckenauer and Ko-lin Chin This project was supported by Grant No. 2006-IJ-CX-0008 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of views in this document are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policy of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 2 Executive Summary Despite the concern and attention devoted to human trafficking in general and sex trafficking in particular over the past decade, there is still much about it that is unknown or subject to disagreement. And in general there has been little empirical research on the issue. Where there have been studies, the researchers have often drawn conclusions or generalized findings based on biased samples. Given this state of affairs, we have chosen in the study reported here to assume that prostitution is a multifaceted business with a proliferation of diverse women, and that therefore it is essential to study women in different sex venues and different destination countries in order to have a more nuanced and better balanced understanding of the transnational commercial sex business and its relation to sex trafficking. In contrast to the prevailing research approach in this area, of relying upon subjects defined by others, we instead decided to cast the broadest net possible, and to interview subjects under the broadest range of possible statuses. We also decided to conduct our subject interviews under circumstances that would maximize the probability that the subjects would be forthcoming and not constrained by other motives or agendas. In brief, we set out to conduct a study with the following specific aims: 1. To examine the underlying reasons for the illicit movement of women from China to destinations throughout Asia and to the U.S. for the purpose of prostitution. 2. To explore the structure or social organization of the movement of women from China to Asia and the U.S. 3. To understand the methods of recruiting, transporting, and managing Chinese women by various participants in the smuggling, trafficking, and sex businesses. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 3 4. To investigate the economic aspects of smuggling, trafficking, and prostitution. 5. To examine the social adjustment and settlement patterns among Chinese women and the victimization and exploitation of these women by smugglers and traffickers and sex industry operators. 6. To analyze the individual and group characteristics of smugglers and traffickers and their relationships with gangs and organized crime. 7. To evaluate the problems and prospects of combating the movement of women from China to the rest of the world. Our goal was to shed light on one group of women who go overseas to engage in commercial sex – in this case women from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) – and to provide a more nuanced understanding of the movement of these women and its possible relation to sex trafficking. Our underlying assumption is that commercial sex, the transnational movement of women to overseas sex venues, and sex trafficking are linked. In this study, we sought to explore that linkage, and to consider whether that linkage is as characterized by the U.S. government and the United Nations in their respective codifications of human trafficking . A secondary goal was to inform the development of better strategies and responses to cope with these phenomena. Research Approach We included ten research sites in our project; eight in Asia and two in the United States. The eight Asian sites are Hong Kong, Macau, Taipei (Taiwan), Bangkok (Thailand), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Singapore, Jakarta (Indonesia), and Shenzhen (China), and the two U.S. sites are Los Angeles and the New York City metropolitan area. We selected This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 4 these sites because of reporting in the media, government reports, and other sources that indicated there were large numbers of Chinese women in the sex industries of these locations, and because we had firsthand knowledge from prior research that this was so. One of the major premises underlying our research approach is the idea that the best sources of information about possible sex trafficking are the very people who might be most directly involved in it. These include most obviously women who are providing commercial sex services. We did not assume that these women are necessarily trafficking victims, but we did and do believe that the pool of commercial sex providers is a potential source for finding possible victims. Then there are the owners, operators or managers of the venues where those sex services are being provided, the law enforcement and other government officials who are charged with combating sex trafficking, the victim services providers who are charged with working with sex trafficking victims, and finally local individuals who can be key informants because they have good “street” knowledge and connections. Between December 2006 and August 2008, we conducted 350 face-to-face interviews with these groups of subjects – women who engage in commercial sex, sex ring operators, government officials/law enforcers, and NGOs/other key informants. As we explain in the discussion that follows, we recognize that there are at least two other possible routes to finding sex trafficking victims which could be sources of information. One is law enforcement officials who have dealings with specific victims, and victims’ services providers and various NGOs who similarly have such contacts. Indeed, in other studies researchers have relied upon interviewing victims who were in the hands of law enforcement or who were in shelters. Much of what has been reported This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 5 about sex trafficking in the media and official reports has been drawn from this method. We deliberately rejected this approach for reasons that are discussed in the report. A second possible route to victims is through some of the operators who are directly involved in the sex trafficking business – pimps, fake husbands, document procurers, etc. --- who are also in the position of possibly putting researchers in touch with specific victims. In fact, we did interview a number of people who were engaged in the facilitation of commercial sex, and they referred some of “their women” to us to be interviewed. Whether or not they were sex traffickers however, and whether or not what they were doing could be considered sex trafficking, and whether the women in their charge could be considered trafficked victims, is hard to conclude, dependent as it is ultimately on how one defines sex trafficking. It is just that issue which is the point of our study. Given that the ultimate goal of all sex trafficking is financial, we proceeded on the premise that sex trafficking victims must somehow be engaged in providing sexual services for money.
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