Bactrocera Oleae Rossi) – Olive Tree Interactions: Study of Physical and Chemical Aspects

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Bactrocera Oleae Rossi) – Olive Tree Interactions: Study of Physical and Chemical Aspects L Ricardo Manuel da Silva Malheiro OLIVE FRUIT FLY (BACTROCERA OLEAE ROSSI) – OLIVE TREE INTERACTIONS: STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ASPECTS Tese do 3º Ciclo de Estudos Conducente ao Grau de Doutoramento em Ciências Farmacêuticas especialidade de Nutrição e Química dos Alimentos Trabalho realizado sob orientação de Professor Doutor José Alberto Cardoso Pereira e co-orientação de Professora Doutora Susana Isabel Pereira Casal Vicente e Professora Doutora Paula Cristina dos Santos Baptista Porto Março de 2015 Autorizada a reprodução parcial desta tese (condicionada à autorização das editoras das revistas onde os artigos foram publicados) apenas para efeitos de investigação, mediante declaração escrita do interessado, que a tal se compromete. À minha mãe À Ana A realização desta tese foi possível graças à atribuição de uma Bolsa de Doutoramento (SFRH/BD/37963/2010) pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), financiada pelo Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH) - Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (QREN) - Tipologia 4.1 - Formação Avançada, comparticipado pelo Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) e por fundos nacionais do Ministério da Educação e Ciência. Os trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito desta tese de doutoramento são parte integrante do projeto “Protecção da oliveira em modo de produção sustentável num cenário de alterações climáticas globais: ligação entre infraestruturas ecológicas e funções do ecossistema“ (EXCL/AGR-PRO/0591/2012), financiado por Fundos FEDER através do Programa Operacional Fatores de Competitividade – COMPETE e por Fundos Nacionais através da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). Os estudos apresentados nesta tese foram realizados no Serviço de Bromatologia da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, no Centro de Investigação de Montanha da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, e na Escuela Superior Politécnica de Linares da Universidad de Jaén. Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) - olive tree interactions: study of physical and chemical aspects AGRADECIMENTOS No culminar desta etapa académica, gostaria indubitavelmente de tornar público o meu apreço e agradecimento a todos aqueles que intervieram direta e indiretamente nestes últimos quatro anos durante a realização desta tese. Em primeiro lugar, gostaria de eternamente agradecer ao Professor Doutor José Alberto Cardoso Pereira da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, meu orientador, meu mentor, e um exemplo a seguir. Este trabalho não seria possível sem a sua orientação. Desde a conceção do projeto, obtenção da bolsa de doutoramento, criação das condições humanas, físicas, materiais e financeiras, você foi incansável para que este projeto chegasse a bom porto. Obrigado por entregar a cem por cento as suas excelentes capacidades humanas, cientificas e de liderança na condução deste projeto. Queria-lhe agradecer o seu espírito crítico e por me colocar sempre no rumo certo quando desvios inesperados nos poderiam levar ao insucesso. Tudo o que alcancei a nível académico e científico, todo o conhecimento apreendido, devo-o essencialmente a si, que pegou em mim e me delapidou e moldou naquilo que sou hoje, o meu muito obrigado pela oportunidade e confiança. Se hoje sou “azeiteiro”, a responsabilidade é sua. Agradeço a amizade demonstrada, os momentos de relaxe e o “quality time” que me proporcionou. Ao meu amigo José Alberto, o meu muito obrigado. À minha co-orientadora, Professora Doutora Susana Isabel Pereira Casal Vicente da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, obrigado por ter abraçado este projeto que inicialmente se estranhou e depois se entranhou. Obrigado por todos os conhecimentos técnico-científicos que me transmitiu ao longo desta tese. Sem a sua constante disponibilidade e auxílio não seria possível concluir com êxito este projeto. Gostaria de demonstrar-lhe a minha maior admiração pela sua pessoa, quer a nível e pessoal, profissional e científico. Obrigado pelos ensinamentos e pelo constante encorajamento para seguir em frente e pelo “para a frente é que é o caminho” na hora certa durante todos estes anos. O meu muito obrigado. À minha co-orientadora, Professora Doutora Paula Cristina dos Santos Baptista da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, obrigado pelo incentivo e pelas palavras no decorrer dos trabalhos. Obrigado por nunca deixar que me faltassem meios para o correto desenvolvimento dos diferentes trabalhos desenvolvidos neste projeto. Agradeço-lhe também a prontidão e rapidez com que eficazmente resolvia as xi Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) - olive tree interactions: study of physical and chemical aspects minhas solicitações. Não apenas por esta etapa mas por muito mais que vem de trás, o meu muito obrigado. Gostaria de agradecer encarecidamente ao Professor Doutor Antonio Ortiz, da Escuela Politécnica Superior de Linares da Universidad de Jaén, pela sua boa vontade em participar neste projeto. Obrigado por me acolher no seu laboratório e por todo o conhecimento técnico-científico transmitido na área da ecologia química, ensaios de eletroantenografia e bioensaios variados. Obrigado pela sua constante boa disposição e pelos momentos de relaxamento e de diversão. Agradeço o facto de nunca deixar que nada me faltasse para o desenrolar do trabalho, mesmo quando algo faltava, arranjava maneira de resolver a questão em pouco tempo. Muchas gracias Antonio. Gostaria de agradecer ao Nuno Rodrigues, meu colega de doutoramento, pelo apoio prestado em todas as fases deste trabalho e pela amizade e boa disposição no ambiente de trabalho e fora dele. Obrigado por seres o “bombeiro de serviço” e por me ajudares a apagar grande parte dos fogos que surgiam no decorrer do trabalho. Obrigado ao Engenheiro Francisco Pavão que tem colaborado abertamente com este tipo de projetos tanto ao nível técnico como com o fornecimento infindável de amostras, todas de bom grado e com uma mão sempre pronta a ajudar. Obrigado Francisco. Obrigado às Doutoras Sara Cunha e Catarina Petisca da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto por todo o carinho e atenção prestada ao nível da extração e análise cromatográfica de compostos voláteis. Aos pilares do grupo de trabalho AgroBioTecnologia Professores Doutores José Alberto Pereira, Albino Bento, Paula Baptista, Sónia Santos e Elsa Ramalhosa obrigado por manterem o grupo coeso e cientificamente evolutivo. A todos os meus colegas do laboratório de AgroBioTecnologia da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. Cada um contribuiu à sua maneira para me ajudar a realizar este projeto: Nuno Rodrigues, Anabela Sousa, Diogo Ferraz, Teresa Gomes, Fátima Martins, Diogo Mina, Ana Santos, Lara Pinheiro, Rosalina Marrão, Ana Dinis, Valentim Coelho, Jacinto Benhadi-Marín, Maria Villa, Teresa Delgado, Luana Fernandes, e Céu Fidalgo. xii Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) - olive tree interactions: study of physical and chemical aspects Aproveito também para agradecer aos colegas Luís Mota e Ivo Oliveira que em muito ajudaram neste projeto. Obrigado à Jessika Michelli que foi uma gigante no pouco tempo que esteve connosco. Na minha breve estadia em Linares, cabe-me agradecer o apoio incondicional de Francisco Hidalgo (Paco), a sempre presente e disponível Pilar, a amizade do Diego, Juan, David e Pedro. Obrigado aos Professores Doutores Ruperto Bermejo e Rafael Cuesta. “Grazie mille” ao Giovanni Benelli e Giulia Giunti pela amizade e companheirismo demonstrados no período que privamos em Linares. Aos meus amigos de infância Emanuel Martins, João Carvalho, José Redondo, Ricardo Gomes e Tiago Carvalho, obrigado. Vocês sempre estiveram lá, mesmo longe sentia-vos perto, sempre pude contar convosco nos bons e principalmente nos maus momentos. Sei que posso contar convosco, por tudo isso e muito mais obrigado malta. À minha Ana, mulher que aguentou o meu stresse, a minha ausência mesmo estando presente, a minha falta de paciência, a minha intolerância, o meu obrigado. Obrigado pela tolerância, pela palavra certa no momento certo, pelo amor e carinho incondicionais. Foste a minha alma, a minha inspiração, a minha luz ao fundo do túnel, contigo o difícil tornou-se mais fácil. Obrigado. Finalmente, gostaria de agradecer à minha família, em especial aos meus irmãos e sobrinhos e à pessoa que mais amo neste mundo, a minha mãe. Este momento não seria possível sem os sacrifícios de uma mulher guerreira que fez tudo para que os filhos estudassem mesmo mediante todas as dificuldades. É essencialmente a ela que dedico esta obra, espero que tenhas orgulho em mim. Obrigado “velhota”. Ao meu avô. xiii Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) - olive tree interactions: study of physical and chemical aspects xiv Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) - olive tree interactions: study of physical and chemical aspects Abstract Olive products quality is influenced by diverse factors. Among agronomic ones, pests attack and diseases incidence are probably the most important aspects to consider. Olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the key-pests of olive tree worldwide, with special importance in the Mediterranean Basin. This pest, besides causing important losses at the production level, causes also a sharp decrease in olive products quality, particularly olive oil. Differentiated susceptibility of olive cultivars to the attack of olive fly is fully recognized. Indeed, under the same agroclimatic conditions and time period, some cultivars report high levels of attack, while the
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