The Password Hashing Competition Prehistory of Password Protection
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Computationally Data-Independent Memory Hard Functions
Computationally Data-Independent Memory Hard Functions Mohammad Hassan Ameri∗ Jeremiah Blocki† Samson Zhou‡ November 18, 2019 Abstract Memory hard functions (MHFs) are an important cryptographic primitive that are used to design egalitarian proofs of work and in the construction of moderately expensive key-derivation functions resistant to brute-force attacks. Broadly speaking, MHFs can be divided into two categories: data-dependent memory hard functions (dMHFs) and data-independent memory hard functions (iMHFs). iMHFs are resistant to certain side-channel attacks as the memory access pattern induced by the honest evaluation algorithm is independent of the potentially sensitive input e.g., password. While dMHFs are potentially vulnerable to side-channel attacks (the induced memory access pattern might leak useful information to a brute-force attacker), they can achieve higher cumulative memory complexity (CMC) in comparison than an iMHF. In particular, any iMHF that can be evaluated in N steps on a sequential machine has CMC at 2 most N log log N . By contrast, the dMHF scrypt achieves maximal CMC Ω(N 2) — though O log N the CMC of scrypt would be reduced to just (N) after a side-channel attack. In this paper, we introduce the notion ofO computationally data-independent memory hard functions (ciMHFs). Intuitively, we require that memory access pattern induced by the (ran- domized) ciMHF evaluation algorithm appears to be independent from the standpoint of a computationally bounded eavesdropping attacker — even if the attacker selects the initial in- put. We then ask whether it is possible to circumvent known upper bound for iMHFs and build a ciMHF with CMC Ω(N 2). -
PHC: Status Quo
PHC: status quo JP Aumasson @veorq / http://aumasson.jp academic background principal cryptographer at Kudelski Security, .ch applied crypto research and outreach BLAKE, BLAKE2, SipHash, NORX Crypto Coding Standard Password Hashing Competition Open Crypto Audit Project board member do you use passwords? this talk might interest you! Oct 2013 "hash" = 3DES-ECB( static key, password ) users' hint made the guess game easy... (credit Jeremi Gosney / Stricture Group) May 2014; "encrypted passwords" (?) last week that's only the reported/published cases Lesson if Adobe, eBay, and Avast fail to protect their users' passwords, what about others? users using "weak passwords"? ITsec people using "weak defenses"? developers using "weak hashes"? cryptographers, who never bothered? agenda 1. how (not) to protect passwords 2. the Password Hashing Competition (PHC) 3. the 24-2 PHC candidates 4. next steps, and how to contribute WARNING this is NOT about bikeshed topics as: password policies password managers password-strength meters will-technology-X-replace-passwords? 1. how (not) to protect passwords solution of the 60's store "password" or the modern alternative: obviously a bad idea (assuming the server and its DB are compromised) solution of the early 70's store hash("password") "one-way": can't be efficiently inverted vulnerable to: ● efficient dictionary attacks and bruteforce ● time-memory tradeoffs (rainbow tables, etc.) solution of the late 70's store hash("password", salt) "one-way": can't be efficiently inverted immune to time-memory tradeoffs vulnerable to: ● dictionary attacks and bruteforce (but has to be repeated for different hashes) solution of the 2000's store hash("password", salt, cost) "one-way": can't be efficiently inverted immune to time-memory tradeoffs inefficient dictionary attacks and bruteforce main ideas: ● be "slow" ● especially on attackers' hardware (GPU, FPGA) => exploit fast CPU memory access/writes PBKDF2 (Kaliski, 2000) NIST and PKCS standard in Truecrypt, iOS, etc. -
Permutation-Based Encryption, Authentication and Authenticated Encryption
Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Joan Daemen1 Joint work with Guido Bertoni1, Michaël Peeters2 and Gilles Van Assche1 1STMicroelectronics 2NXP Semiconductors DIAC 2012, Stockholm, July 6 . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric (Standard) hash functions make use of block ciphers SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512, Whirlpool, RIPEMD-160, … So HMAC, MGF1, etc. are in practice also block-cipher based Block encryption: ECB, CBC, … Stream encryption: synchronous: counter mode, OFB, … self-synchronizing: CFB MAC computation: CBC-MAC, C-MAC, … Authenticated encryption: OCB, GCM, CCM … . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Structure of a block cipher . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Structure of a block cipher (inverse operation) . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric When is the inverse block cipher needed? Indicated in red: Hashing and its modes HMAC, MGF1, … Block encryption: ECB, CBC, … Stream encryption: synchronous: counter mode, OFB, … self-synchronizing: CFB MAC computation: CBC-MAC, C-MAC, … Authenticated encryption: OCB, GCM, CCM … So a block cipher -
Cryptographic Sponge Functions
Cryptographic sponge functions Guido B1 Joan D1 Michaël P2 Gilles V A1 http://sponge.noekeon.org/ Version 0.1 1STMicroelectronics January 14, 2011 2NXP Semiconductors Cryptographic sponge functions 2 / 93 Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Roots .......................................... 7 1.2 The sponge construction ............................... 8 1.3 Sponge as a reference of security claims ...................... 8 1.4 Sponge as a design tool ................................ 9 1.5 Sponge as a versatile cryptographic primitive ................... 9 1.6 Structure of this document .............................. 10 2 Definitions 11 2.1 Conventions and notation .............................. 11 2.1.1 Bitstrings .................................... 11 2.1.2 Padding rules ................................. 11 2.1.3 Random oracles, transformations and permutations ........... 12 2.2 The sponge construction ............................... 12 2.3 The duplex construction ............................... 13 2.4 Auxiliary functions .................................. 15 2.4.1 The absorbing function and path ...................... 15 2.4.2 The squeezing function ........................... 16 2.5 Primary aacks on a sponge function ........................ 16 3 Sponge applications 19 3.1 Basic techniques .................................... 19 3.1.1 Domain separation .............................. 19 3.1.2 Keying ..................................... 20 3.1.3 State precomputation ............................ 20 3.2 Modes of use of sponge functions ......................... -
Optimizing a Password Hashing Function with Hardware-Accelerated Symmetric Encryption
S S symmetry Article Optimizing a Password Hashing Function with Hardware-Accelerated Symmetric Encryption Rafael Álvarez 1,* , Alicia Andrade 2 and Antonio Zamora 3 1 Departamento de Ciencia de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial (DCCIA), Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain 2 Fac. Ingeniería, Ciencias Físicas y Matemática, Universidad Central, Quito 170129, Ecuador; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Ciencia de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial (DCCIA), Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 November 2018; Accepted: 22 November 2018; Published: 3 December 2018 Abstract: Password-based key derivation functions (PBKDFs) are commonly used to transform user passwords into keys for symmetric encryption, as well as for user authentication, password hashing, and preventing attacks based on custom hardware. We propose two optimized alternatives that enhance the performance of a previously published PBKDF. This design is based on (1) employing a symmetric cipher, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), as a pseudo-random generator and (2) taking advantage of the support for the hardware acceleration for AES that is available on many common platforms in order to mitigate common attacks to password-based user authentication systems. We also analyze their security characteristics, establishing that they are equivalent to the security of the core primitive (AES), and we compare their performance with well-known PBKDF algorithms, such as Scrypt and Argon2, with favorable results. Keywords: symmetric; encryption; password; hash; cryptography; PBKDF 1. Introduction Key derivation functions are employed to obtain one or more keys from a master secret. This is especially useful in the case of user passwords, which can be of arbitrary length and are unsuitable to be used directly as fixed-size cipher keys, so, there must be a process for converting passwords into secret keys. -
Lyra2 Password Hashing Scheme with Improved Security Against Time-Memory Trade-Offs (TMTO)
Lyra2 Password Hashing Scheme with improved security against time-memory trade-offs (TMTO) Ewerton Rodrigues Andrade [email protected] Escola Polit´ecnicada Universidade de S~aoPaulo { EP/USP Ag^enciasde fomento: CAPES, FDTE e Erasmus Mundus Defesa de Tese de Doutorado 07 de junho de 2016 Banca Examinadora: Prof Dr Marcos Antonio Simplicio Junior { EP/USP (presidente) Prof Dr Wilson Vicente Ruggiero { EP/USP Profª Drª Denise Hideko Goya { CMCC/UFABC Prof Dr Diego de Freitas Aranha { IC/UNICAMP Dr Rafael Misoczki { Intel Labs Introdu¸c~ao Lyra2 Compara¸c~oes BlaMka Consider. Finais Refer^encias Sum´ario 1 Introdu¸c~ao Motiva¸c~ao Objetivos Metodologia 2 Lyra2 The Bootstrapping phase The Setup phase The Wandering phase The Wrap-up phase 3 Lyra2 x scrypt x finalistas do PHC Seguran¸ca Desempenho 4 BlaMka Resultados Parciais 5 Considera¸c~oesFinais Principais Resultados Trabalhos Futuros 2 / 51 Ewerton Rodrigues Andrade Lyra2 - Defesa de Doutorado Introdu¸c~ao Lyra2 Compara¸c~oes BlaMka Consider. Finais Motiva¸c~aoRefer^encias Objetivos Metodologia Sum´ario 1 Introdu¸c~ao Motiva¸c~ao Objetivos Metodologia 2 Lyra2 The Bootstrapping phase The Setup phase The Wandering phase The Wrap-up phase 3 Lyra2 x scrypt x finalistas do PHC Seguran¸ca Desempenho 4 BlaMka Resultados Parciais 5 Considera¸c~oesFinais Principais Resultados Trabalhos Futuros 3 / 51 Ewerton Rodrigues Andrade Lyra2 - Defesa de Doutorado Introdu¸c~ao Lyra2 Compara¸c~oes BlaMka Consider. Finais Motiva¸c~aoRefer^encias Objetivos Metodologia Motiva¸c~ao A autentica¸c~ao´evital para a seguran¸cados sistemas computacionais modernos 4 / 51 Ewerton Rodrigues Andrade Lyra2 - Defesa de Doutorado Introdu¸c~ao Lyra2 Compara¸c~oes BlaMka Consider. -
Broad View of Cryptographic Hash Functions
IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 10, Issue 4, No 1, July 2013 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 | ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 www.IJCSI.org 239 Broad View of Cryptographic Hash Functions 1 2 Mohammad A. AlAhmad , Imad Fakhri Alshaikhli 1 Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University of Malaysia, 53100 Jalan Gombak Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2 Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University of Malaysia, 53100 Jalan Gombak Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract Cryptographic hash function is a function that takes an arbitrary length as an input and produces a fixed size of an output. The viability of using cryptographic hash function is to verify data integrity and sender identity or source of information. This paper provides a detailed overview of cryptographic hash functions. It includes the properties, classification, constructions, attacks, applications and an overview of a selected dedicated cryptographic hash functions. Keywords-cryptographic hash function, construction, attack, classification, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3. Figure 1. Classification of cryptographic hash function 1. INTRODUCTION CRHF usually deals with longer length hash values. An A cryptographic hash function H is an algorithm that takes an unkeyed hash function is a function for a fixed positive integer n * arbitrary length of message as an input {0, 1} and produce a which has, as a minimum, the following two properties: n fixed length of an output called message digest {0, 1} 1) Compression: h maps an input x of arbitrary finite bit (sometimes called an imprint, digital fingerprint, hash code, hash length, to an output h(x) of fixed bit length n. -
Expert Password Management
Expert Password Management Elizabeth Stobert1 and Robert Biddle2 1 ETH Z¨urich Z¨urich, Switzerland [email protected] 2 Carleton University Ottawa, Canada [email protected] Abstract. Experts are often asked for advice about password manage- ment, but how do they manage their own passwords? We conducted interviews with researchers and practitioners in computer security, ask- ing them about their password management behaviour. We conducted a thematic analysis of our data, and found that experts described a di- chotomy of behaviour where they employed more secure behaviour on important accounts, but had similar practices to non-expert users on re- maining accounts. Experts’ greater situation awareness allowed them to more easily make informed decisions about security, and expert practices can suggest ways for non-experts to better manage passwords. 1 Introduction Security experts are often turned to for advice about password management, but what do experts themselves do to manage their passwords? How are the practices of those who are knowledgeable about computer security different from or similar to those of non-experts? Little work exists on the password habits of experts, who must be affected by the same problems that affect all users: difficulties choosing random passwords, difficulties remembering passwords, and multitudinous accounts. If remembering large numbers of random passwords is difficult or near-impossible for non-expert users, it should be similarly difficult for experts. We conducted a series of interviews with researchers and practitioners in com- puter security, asking them about their password management behaviour. We found that these knowledgeable users described a dichotomy of behaviour where they employed more secure behaviour on important accounts that they deemed more worthy, but employed similar practices to non-expert users on their remain- ing accounts. -
High Throughput Implementation of the Keccak Hash Function Using the Nios-II Processor †
technologies Article High Throughput Implementation of the Keccak Hash Function Using the Nios-II Processor † Argyrios Sideris * , Theodora Sanida and Minas Dasygenis Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50131 Kozani, Greece; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (M.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-24610-33101 † This paper is an extended version of our paper published in 8th International Conference on Modern Circuit and System Technologies on Electronics and Communications (MOCAST 2019), Thessaloniki, Greece, 13–15 May 2019. Received: 21 December 2019; Accepted: 6 February 2020; Published: 10 February 2020 Abstract: Presently, cryptographic hash functions play a critical role in many applications, such as digital signature systems, security communications, protocols, and network security infrastructures. The new standard cryptographic hash function is Secure Hash Algorithm 3 (SHA-3), which is not vulnerable to attacks. The Keccak algorithm is the winner of the NIST competition for the adoption of the new standard SHA-3 hash algorithm. In this work, we present hardware throughput optimization techniques for the SHA-3 algorithm using the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) programming language for all output lengths in the Keccak hash function (224, 256, 384 and 512). Our experiments were performed with the Nios II processor on the FPGA Arria 10 GX (10AX115N2P45E1SG). We applied two architectures, one without custom instruction and one with floating point hardware 2. Finally, we compare the results with other existing similar designs and found that the proposed design with floating point 2 optimizes throughput (Gbps) compared to existing FPGA implementations. -
A Lightweight Implementation of Keccak Hash Function for Radio-Frequency Identification Applications
A Lightweight Implementation of Keccak Hash Function for Radio-Frequency Identification Applications Elif Bilge Kavun and Tolga Yalcin Department of Cryptography Institute of Applied Mathematics, METU Ankara, Turkey {e168522,tyalcin}@metu.edu.tr Abstract. In this paper, we present a lightweight implementation of the permutation Keccak-f[200] and Keccak-f[400] of the SHA-3 candidate hash function Keccak. Our design is well suited for radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications that have limited resources and demand lightweight cryptographic hardware. Besides its low-area and low-power, our design gives a decent throughput. To the best of our knowledge, it is also the first lightweight implementation of a sponge function, which differentiates it from the previous works. By implementing the new hash algorithm Keccak, we have utilized unique advantages of the sponge construction. Although the implementation is targeted for Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) platforms, it is also suitable for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). To obtain a compact design, serialized data processing principles are exploited together with algorithm-specific optimizations. The design requires only 2.52K gates with a throughput of 8 Kbps at 100 KHz system clock based on 0.13-µm CMOS standard cell library. Keywords: RFID, Keccak, SHA-3, sponge function, serialized processing, low- area, low-power, high throughput. 1 Introduction In recent years, the developments on digital wireless technology have improved many areas such as the mobile systems. Mobile and embedded devices will be everywhere in times to come, making it possible to use communication services and other applications anytime and anywhere. Among these mobile devices, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags offer low-cost, long battery life and unprecedented mobility [1-2]. -
SHA-3 Family of Cryptographic Hash Functions and Extendable-Output Functions
The SHA-3 Family of Cryptographic Hash Functions and Extendable-Output Functions José Luis Gómez Pardo Departamento de Álxebra, Universidade de Santiago 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez Departamento de Computación, Universidade da Coruña 15071 A Coruña, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Introduction This worksheet contains a Maple implementation of the Secure Hash Algorithm-3 (SHA-3) family of functions wich have been standardized by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in August 2015, as specified in [FIPS PUB 202] (SHA-3 Standard). The SHA-3 family consists of four cryptographic hash functions, called SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, and SHA3 -512, and two extendable-output functions (XOFs), called SHAKE128 and SHAKE256. The XOFs are different from hash functions but, as stated in SHA-3 Standard, "it is possible to use them in similar ways, with the flexibility to be adapted directly to the requirements of individual applications, subject to additional security considerations". The SHA-3 functions are based on the Keccak sponge function, designed by G. Bertoni, J. Daemen, M. Peeters, G. Van Assche. Keccak was selected for this purpose because it was declared, on October 2, 2012, the winner of the NIST Hash Function Competition held by NIST. The worksheet is an updated version of a previous one which had been published in 2013 with the title "The SHA-3 family of hash functions and their use for message authentication". The new version includes the XOFs following the NIST specification and, at the programming level, the most important change is in the padding procedure. -
Um Esquema De Hash De Senhas Com Maior Segurança Contra Trade-Offs Entre Processamento E Memória
EWERTON RODRIGUES ANDRADE LYRA2: PASSWORD HASHING SCHEME WITH IMPROVED SECURITY AGAINST TIME-MEMORY TRADE-OFFS LYRA2: UM ESQUEMA DE HASH DE SENHAS COM MAIOR SEGURANÇA CONTRA TRADE-OFFS ENTRE PROCESSAMENTO E MEMÓRIA Tese apresentada à Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências. São Paulo 2016 EWERTON RODRIGUES ANDRADE LYRA2: PASSWORD HASHING SCHEME WITH IMPROVED SECURITY AGAINST TIME-MEMORY TRADE-OFFS LYRA2: UM ESQUEMA DE HASH DE SENHAS COM MAIOR SEGURANÇA CONTRA TRADE-OFFS ENTRE PROCESSAMENTO E MEMÓRIA Tese apresentada à Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Engenharia de Computação Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos A. Simplicio Junior São Paulo 2016 Catalogação-na-publicação Andrade, Ewerton Rodrigues Lyra2: Password Hashing Scheme with improved security against time memory trade-offs (Lyra2: Um Esquema de Hash de Senhas com maior segurança contra trade-offs entre processamento e memória) / E. R. Andrade -- São Paulo, 2016. 135 p. Tese (Doutorado) - Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Sistemas Digitais. 1.Metodologia e técnicas de computação 2.Segurança de computadores 3.Criptologia 4.Algoritmos 5.Esquemas de Hash de Senhas I.Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Politécnica. Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Sistemas Digitais II.t. RESUMO Para proteger-se de ataques de força bruta, sistemas modernos de autentica- ção baseados em senhas geralmente empregam algum Esquema de Hash de Senhas (Password Hashing Scheme - PHS). Basicamente, um PHS é um algoritmo crip- tográfico que gera uma sequência de bits pseudo-aleatórios a partir de uma senha provida pelo usuário, permitindo a este último configurar o custo computacional envolvido no processo e, assim, potencialmente elevar os custos de atacantes tes- tando múltiplas senhas em paralelo.