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Oracle® Database Net Services Administrator's Guide 19c E96313-06 July 2021 Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide, 19c E96313-06 Copyright © 2002, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Primary Author: Binika Kumar Contributing Authors: Bharathi Jayathirtha, Prakash Jashnani Contributors: Robert Achacoso, Abhishek Dadhich, Alan Williams, Sarma Namuduri, Kevin Neel, Thanigai Nallathambi, Yi Ouyang, Santanu Datta, Steve Ding, Feroz Khan, Bhaskar Mathur, Scot McKinley, Srinivas Pamu, Kant Patel, Krishna Itikarlapalli, Murali Purayathu, Saravanakumar Ramasubramanian, Sudeep Reguna, Norman Woo This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs) and Oracle computer documentation or other Oracle data delivered to or accessed by U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" or "commercial computer software documentation" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, reproduction, duplication, release, display, disclosure, modification, preparation of derivative works, and/or adaptation of i) Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs), ii) Oracle computer documentation and/or iii) other Oracle data, is subject to the rights and limitations specified in the license contained in the applicable contract. The terms governing the U.S. Government’s use of Oracle cloud services are defined by the applicable contract for such services. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government. This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Intel and Intel Inside are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Epyc, and the AMD logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information about content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services unless otherwise set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services, except as set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Contents Preface Audience xiv Documentation Accessibility xv Diversity and Inclusion xv Related Documentation xv Conventions xvi Changes in This Release for Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide New Features xvii Deprecated Features xviii Part I Understanding Oracle Net Services 1 Introducing Oracle Net Services 1.1 About Oracle Net Services 1-1 1.1.1 Understanding Connectivity 1-1 1.1.1.1 About Client/Server Application Connections 1-2 1.1.1.2 About Web Client Application Connections 1-3 1.1.2 Understanding Manageability 1-5 1.1.2.1 About Location Transparency 1-5 1.1.2.2 About Centralized Configuration and Management 1-6 1.1.2.3 About Quick Installation and Configuration 1-7 1.1.3 Understanding Shared Server Architecture 1-7 1.1.4 Understanding Performance 1-10 1.1.4.1 Listener Queue Size 1-10 1.1.4.2 Session Data Unit Size for Data Transfer Optimization 1-10 1.1.4.3 Persistent Buffer Flushing for TCP/IP 1-11 1.1.4.4 Sockets Direct Protocol 1-11 1.1.4.5 Database Availability 1-12 iii 1.1.5 Understanding Network Security 1-12 1.1.5.1 Firewall Access Control 1-12 1.2 Understanding Database Instances 1-14 1.3 Components of Oracle Net Services 1-16 1.3.1 About Oracle Net 1-16 1.3.1.1 Oracle Net Foundation Layer 1-16 1.3.1.2 Oracle Protocol Support 1-17 1.3.2 About Oracle Net Listener 1-18 1.3.3 About Oracle Connection Manager 1-18 1.3.4 About Networking Tools 1-19 1.3.5 About Oracle Advanced Security 1-20 2 Identifying and Accessing the Database 2.1 Understanding Database Instances 2-1 2.2 Understanding Database Services 2-3 2.3 Connecting to a Database Service 2-5 2.3.1 About Connect Descriptors 2-5 2.3.1.1 About IPv6 Addresses in Connect Descriptors 2-7 2.3.2 About the Protocol Address 2-7 2.3.3 About Service Registration 2-8 2.3.3.1 Specifying an Instance Name 2-8 2.3.3.2 Specifying a Service Handler 2-8 2.4 Understanding Service Handlers 2-9 2.4.1 About Dispatchers 2-9 2.4.2 About Dedicated Server Processes 2-11 2.4.3 About Database Resident Connection Pooling 2-12 2.5 Understanding Naming Methods 2-14 2.5.1 Choosing a Naming Method 2-15 2.5.2 Establishing a Client Session Using a Naming Method 2-16 2.5.3 Entering a Connect String 2-17 2.5.3.1 Connect Identifier and Connect Descriptor Syntax Characteristics 2-17 2.6 Enhancing Service Accessibility Using Multiple Listeners 2-18 2.6.1 About Connect-Time Failover 2-18 2.6.2 About Transparent Application Failover 2-18 2.6.3 About Client Load Balancing 2-19 2.6.4 About Connection Load Balancing 2-19 3 Managing Network Address Information 3.1 Using Localized Management 3-1 iv 3.2 Using a Directory Server for Centralized Management 3-2 3.2.1 Understanding the Directory Information Tree 3-3 3.2.1.1 Fully-Qualified Names for Domain Component Namespaces 3-5 3.2.1.2 Fully-Qualified Names for X.500 Namespaces 3-6 3.2.1.3 Using the Relative Name of an Entry 3-7 3.2.1.4 Using the Fully-Qualified Name of an Entry 3-8 3.2.2 Understanding Oracle Context 3-8 3.2.3 Understanding Net Service Alias Entries 3-9 3.2.4 Who Can Add or Modify Entries in the Directory Server 3-11 3.2.5 Client Connections Using Directory Naming 3-12 3.2.6 Considerations When Using Directory Servers 3-12 3.2.6.1 Performance Considerations 3-12 3.2.6.2 Security Considerations 3-13 3.2.6.3 Object Classes 3-15 3.2.7 Limitations of Directory Naming Support with Microsoft Active Directory 3-16 4 Understanding the Communication Layers 4.1 Understanding Oracle Net Stack Communication for Client/Server Applications 4-1 4.1.1 About the Client Communication Stack 4-4 4.1.1.1 Client Application Layer 4-4 4.1.1.2 Presentation Layer 4-4 4.1.1.3 Oracle Net Foundation Layer 4-4 4.1.1.4 Oracle Protocol Support Layer 4-5 4.1.2 About the Server Communication Stack 4-5 4.2 Using Oracle Net Stack Communication for Java Applications 4-5 4.3 Using Oracle Net Stack Communication for Web Clients 4-6 4.4 Understanding Oracle Protocol Support Layer 4-7 4.4.1 About TCP/IP Protocol 4-7 4.4.1.1 IPv6 Address Notation 4-8 4.4.1.2 IPv6 Interface and Address Configurations 4-10 4.4.1.3 IPv6 Network Connectivity 4-10 4.4.1.4 IPv6 Support in Oracle Database 12c 4-12 4.4.2 About TCP/IP with SSL Protocol 4-12 4.4.3 About Named Pipes Protocol 4-12 4.4.4 About Sockets Direct Protocol (SDP) 4-13 4.4.5 About Exadirect Protocol 4-13 4.4.6 About Websocket Protocol 4-13 v 5 Understanding Oracle Net Architecture 5.1 About Service Registration 5-1 5.2 About the Listener and Connection Requests 5-2 5.3 About Oracle Restart 5-3 5.4 About Blocked Connection Requests 5-4 5.5 Understanding Database Server Process Architecture 5-4 5.5.1 About Shared Server Processes 5-4 5.5.2 About Dedicated Server Processes 5-5 5.6 Understanding Oracle Connection Manager Architecture 5-6 5.7 Complete Architecture 5-7 Part II Configuration and Administration of Oracle Net Services 6 Quick Start to Oracle Net Services 6.1 Prerequisites for Establishing Connectivity 6-1 6.2 Confirming Network Availability 6-1 6.3 Starting Oracle Net Listener and the Oracle Database Server 6-2 6.4 Starting Oracle Connection Manager 6-3 6.5 Connecting to the Database 6-4 6.6 Using Easy Connect to Connect to a Database 6-7 7 Managing Oracle Net Services 7.1 Using the User Interface
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