Notes
Introduction
1. For a detailed account of Johns’s friendship with the Hazlitts, see Ernest J. Moyne, ed., The Journal of Margaret Hazlitt: Recollections of England, Ireland, and America (Lawrence, KS, 1967), 23–6 (hereafter JMH). 2. John Seed, Dissenting Histories. Religious Division and the Politics of Memory in Eighteenth-Century England (Edinburgh, 2008), 8. 3. John Johns, The Season of Autumn, as Connected with Human Feelings and Changes, A Sermon Occasioned by the Death of William Hazlitt (London and Exeter, 1830), 14–17. 4. John Kinnaird, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power (New York, 1978), viii–ix. 5. David Bromwich, Hazlitt: The Mind of a Critic (Oxford and New York, 1983), viii. 6. Duncan Wu, William Hazlitt: The First Modern Man (Oxford, 2008), xxii–xxiii. 7. See Uttara Natarajan, Hazlitt and the Reach of Sense. Criticism, Morals, and the Metaphysics of Power (Oxford, 1998); Uttara Natarajan, Tom Paulin, and Duncan Wu, eds, Metaphysical Hazlitt: Bicentenary Essays (Abingdon, 2005); and Marcus Tomalin, Romanticism and Linguistic Theory: William Hazlitt, Language and Literature (Basingstoke, 2009). 8. Herschel Baker, William Hazlitt (Cambridge, MA, 1962), 3–36; Ernest J. Moyne, ‘The Reverend William Hazlitt and Dickinson College’, Pennsylvania Magazine, 85 (1961), 289–302; ‘The Reverend William Hazlitt: A Friend of Liberty in Ireland during the American Revolution’, William and Mary Quarterly, 21.2 (1964), 288–97; and JMH. 9. Tom Paulin, The Day-Star of Liberty: William Hazlitt’s Radical Style (London, 1998), 10. 10. Duncan Wu, ‘ “Polemical Divinity”: William Hazlitt at the University of Glasgow’, Romanticism, 6 (2000), 163–78; ‘William Hazlitt (1737–1820), the Priestley Circle, and The Theological Repository: A Brief Survey and Bibliog- raphy’, Review of English Studies, 56/227 (2005), 758–66; ‘William Hazlitt (1737–1820) and the Monthly Repository: New Attributions’, Charles Lamb Bulletin, 136 (2006), 133–43; ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt (1737–1820) in Boston, 1784–5: A Critical and Bibliographical Survey’, Review of English Studies, 57.229 (2006), 221–46. 11. Jon Mee, Conversable Worlds: Literature, Contention, and Community, 1762–1830 (Oxford, 2011), 239–77. 12. J.D. Bowers, Joseph Priestley and English Unitarianism in America (Univer- sity Park, PA, 2007); J. Rixey-Ruffin, A Paradise of Reason: William Bentley and Enlightenment Christianity in the Early Republic (Oxford and New York, 2008). 13. H.W. McLachlan, ‘The Old Hackney College, 1786–96’, TUHS, 3.3 (1925), 185–205; H.W. Stephenson, ‘Hackney College and William Hazlitt 1’, TUHS,
168 Notes 169
4.3 (1929), 219–47; and ‘Hackney College and William Hazlitt 2’, TUHS,4.4 (1930), 376–411.
1 William Hazlitt (1737–1820) and the Unitarian Controversy
1. Hazlitt, Works, VIII, 12–13 [Table Talk]. 2. George Thatcher, ‘A Letter to the Editor, from His Friend’, preface to Bereanus Theosebes [William Hazlitt], A Discourse on the Apostle Paul’s Mys- tery of Godliness Being Made Manifest in the Flesh (Falmouth, ME, 1786), 3. Thatcher, an ardent Unitarian, strongly encouraged the publication of Hazlitt Sr’s 1786 Discourse. 3. Letter of 1 June, 1782; see Richard Price, The Correspondence of Richard Price, ed. D.O. Thomas and Bernard Peach, 3 vols (Durham, NC, 1983–94), II, 126–7. 4. Theophilus Lindsey, The Letters of Theophilus Lindsey (1723–1808),ed.G.M. Ditchfield (Woodbridge, 2007), 528. 5. Arminianism refers to the theology of Jacob Arminius (1560–1609) and his followers. They argued that human free will is compatible with God’s sovereignty and, in doing so, strenuously rejected the Calvinist doctrines of Predestination and Election. 6. See Anne Skoczylas, Mr Simson’s Knotty Case: Divinity, Politics, and Due Process in Early 18th-Century Scotland (Montreal, 2001), 29–70. 7. Thomas Davidson Kennedy, ‘Leechman, William (1706–1785)’, ODNB, online edn (accessed 26 November 2010). 8. George Bennett, The History of Bandon (Cork, 1869), 440. 9. Bennett, The History of Bandon, 440. 10. The Treaty of Paris was signed on 3 September 1783. One of the signatories, Benjamin Franklin, was an acquaintance of Hazlitt Sr; see JMH,5,38. 11. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 110 [Uncollected Essays]. 12. JMH, 102. 13. Monthly Repository of Theology and General Literature, 25 (1820), 677. 14. JMH, 56, n. 145. 15. Rixey-Ruffin, A Paradise of Reason, 92, 95. 16. Bowers, English Unitarianism in America, 50. 17. Andrea Greenwood and Mark W. Harris, An Introduction to the Unitarian and Universalist Traditions (Cambridge, 2011), 55–6. 18. William Carew Hazlitt, Four Generations of a Literary Family, 2 vols (London and New York, 1897), I, 269–70 (hereafter FG). 19. ‘House of Lords Journal, Volume 11: 18 February 1663’, Journal of the House of Lords: Volume 11: 1660–1666 (1767–1830), 478–9, online edn, http:// www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=14289 (accessed 7 August 2013). See also Geoffrey F. Nuttall, ‘The First Nonconformists’ in From Uni- formity to Unity, 1662–1962, ed. Geoffrey F. Nuttall and Owen Chadwick (London, 1962), 149–89 (151). 20. The Corporation Act stipulated that those who were elected to a Corpora- tion or who served in office were required to take communion according to the rites of the Church of England. The Test Act required the same of those 170 Notes
who assumed any kind of civic or military office. Other anti-Dissenting leg- islation of the period included the Conventicle Act of 1664, prohibiting unauthorised religious meetings of more than four persons, and the Five Mile Act of 1665, which required Dissenting ministers to take an oath of allegiance before teaching, or coming within five miles of a city or corporate town or borough. 21. Hazlitt, Works, VII, 240 [Political Essays]. 22. In the strictest sense, nonconformists were not prevented from attending the English universities. They were, however, discouraged from doing so by the requirement to subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England at matriculation at Oxford and at graduation at Cambridge. Some nonconformists circumvented these disabilities through the practice of occasional conformity, by taking Anglican Communion when necessary. 23. David L. Wykes, ‘The Contribution of the Dissenting Academy to the Emer- gence of Rational Dissent’, Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth Century Britain, ed. Knud Haakonssen (Cambridge, 1996), 99–139 (101). 24. A Dissenter [Anna Letitia Barbauld], An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts (London, 1790), 21. 25. Seed, Dissenting Histories, 155–84. 26. John Evans, A Sketch of the Several Denominations into Which the Christian World Is Divided (London, 1795), 73. Quoted also by Daniel E. White, English Romanticism and Religious Dissent (Cambridge, 2006), 10. 27. Seed, Dissenting Histories,2. 28. Priestley repeatedly condemned the early church councils for being the principal source for the corruption of Christian doctrine and practice. In An History of the Corruption of Christianity, 2 vols (London, 1782) he ridiculed the irrational adoption of Trinitarian doctrine: ‘The first general council gave the Son the same nature with the Father, the second admitted the Holy Spirit into the Trinity, the third assigned to Christ a human soul in conjunction with the Logos, the fourth settled the hypostatical union of the divine and human nature of Christ, and the fifth affirmed that, in consequence of this union, the two natures constituted only one person’ (I, 113). For a further account of anti-Trinitarian arguments in the late eigh- teenth century, see Stuart Andrews, Unitarian Radicalism: Political Rhetoric, 1770–1814 (Basingstoke, 2003), 13–21. 29. Stephen D. Snobelen, ‘Whiston, William (1667–1752)’, ODNB, online edn (accessed 25 June 2010). 30. Hazlitt alludes to the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum in his essay ‘On Court Influence’; see Hazlitt, Works, VII, 242 [Political Essays]. For further accounts of the history of European and English Unitarianism see Sarah Mortimer, Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism (Cambridge, 2006), 39–62; Michael R. Watts, The Dissenters: From the Ref- ormation to the French Revolution, 2 vols (Oxford, 1978), I, 371–5; and Alexander Gordon, Heads of English Unitarian History (London, 1895). 31. Leonard Smith, The Unitarians: A Short History (Kendal, 2006), 55. See also John McLachlan, Socinianism in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1951). 32. Joseph Priestley, The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated (London, 1777), 111. Notes 171
33. Priestley, Philosophical Necessity, 356. 34. Francis Blackburne, The Confessional; or, A Full and Free Inquiry into the Right, Utility, Edification, and Success, of Establishing Systematical Confessions of Faith in Protestant Churches (London, 1766), 48. 35. A total of 102 works are listed by John Disney in Short View of the Controver- sies Occasioned by the Confessional and the Petition to Parliament for Relief in the Matter of Subscription (London, 1773). 36. Francis Blackburne, ed., The Works, Theological and Miscellaneous ...of Francis Blackburne, M.A. ...With Some Account of the Life and Writings of the Author, 7 vols (Cambridge, 1804), I, xxxv. Rutherford’s Vindication of the Right of Protestant Churches to Require the Clergy to Subscribe to Articles of Faith was printed in September 1766. 37. The millenarian vein of envisioning universal Unitarianised Christianity was one of the most distinctive features of Priestley’s theology: ‘The great article of the unity of God will, in time, be uniformly professed by all who bear the Christian name; and then, but not before, may we hope and expect, that, being also free from other corruptions and embarrassments, it will recommend itself to the acceptance of Jews and Mahometans, and become the religion of the world.’ History of the Corruptions of Christianity, I, 151. 38. Helen Braithwaite, Romanticism, Publishing, and Dissent: Joseph Johnson and the Cause of Liberty (Basingstoke, 2003), 1–29. 39. Hazlitt Sr was a contributor to Priestley’s journal, see Wu, ‘William Hazlitt (1737–1820), the Priestley Circle, and The Theological Repository’, 758–66. See also Luisa Calé, ‘Periodical Personae: Pseudonyms, Authorship and the Imagined Community of Joseph Priestley’s Theological Repository’, Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century, 19.3 (2006), 1–25. 40. G.M. Ditchfield, ‘Feathers Tavern Petitioners (act. 1771–1774)’, Oxford DNB; idem, ‘The Subscription Issue in British Parliamentary Politics, 1772–1779’, Parliamentary History, 7 (1988), 45–80; idem, ‘Joseph Priestley and the Complexities of Latitudinarianism in the 1770s’, Joseph Priestley: Scientist, Philosopher, and Theologian, ed. I. Rivers and D.L. Wykes (Oxford, 2008), 144–71; John Gascoigne, Cambridge in the Age of Enlightenment: Science, Reli- gion and Politics from the Restoration to the French Revolution (Cambridge, 1988), 195–8; Anthony Page, John Jebb and the Enlightenment Origins of British Radicalism (Westport, CT, 2003), 105–8. 41. Thomas Belsham, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Theophilus Lindsey (London, 1812), 55. 42. Theophilus Lindsey, A Farewell Address to the Parishioners of Catterick (London, 1774), 7–8. See also, Andrews, Unitarian Radicalism, 43–54. 43. Belsham, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Theophilus Lindsey, 59–60. 44. Anne Holt, Theophilus Lindsey and the Essex Street Chapel (London, 1937). 45. Samuel Clarke, Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity (London, 1712), 379–480. 46. Although still prohibited by law, the new chapel was tolerated by the authorities. Indeed, its early congregation included an impressive array of prominent and influential figures. 47. William Hazlitt Sr, A Sermon on Human Mortality (Bristol, 1766), 4. 48. Hazlitt Sr, Human Mortality, 13, 20, 22. 49. Hazlitt Sr, Human Mortality, 23. 172 Notes
50. JMH, 36–7. 51. Lawrence E. Klein, ‘An Artisan in Polite Culture: Thomas Parsons, Stone Carver, of Bath, 1744–1813’, Huntingdon Library Quarterly, 75.1 (2012), 27–51 (45). I am very grateful to Dr Klein for his help with the Hazlitt– Parsons connection. For further information on Parsons’s life and work, see Susan Sloman, ‘An Eighteenth-Century Stonecarver’s Diary Identified: Eight Months in the Life of Thomas Parsons (1744–1813) of Bath’, The British Art Journal, 7 (2006–07), 4–13. 52. Thomas Timpson, Church History of Kent (London, 1859), 334–5. 53. JMH, 38. 54. Verner W. Crane, ‘The Club of Honest Whigs: Friends of Science and Liberty’, William and Mary Quarterly, 23 (1966), 210–33. 55. Philalethes [William Hazlitt], The Methodists Vindicated from Aspersions Cast on Them by the Rev. Mr. Haddon Smith (London, 1771), v–vi. 56. [Hazlitt], Methodists Vindicated,6,8,11. 57. [Hazlitt], Methodists Vindicated, 36–7. 58. The Monthly Review, 44 (1771), 502. The author of the anonymous review was the dissenting minister Jabez Hirons (1728–1812); see Benjamin Nangle, The Monthly Review: Indexes of Contributors and Articles, 2 vols (Oxford, 1934), I, 237. 59. John Jones, Free Thoughts on the Subject of a Farther Reformation of the Church of England ...to Which Are Added the Remarks of the Editor ...Benjamin Dawson (London, 1771), 148–52. 60. Philalethes [William Hazlitt], Letters to the Reverend Doctor Benjamin Dawson, Occasioned by a Late Publication of His, Intitled, ‘Free Thoughts on the Subject of a Farther Reformation of the Church of England, with Remarks’ (London, 1771), iii. There may be an implicit allusion here to Arthur Bury’s anti-Trinitarian treatise The Naked Gospel (1690). 61. [Hazlitt], Letters to the Reverend Benjamin Dawson, vi–vii. 62. [Hazlitt], Letters to the Reverend Benjamin Dawson, vii. 63. [William Hazlitt], An Essay on the Justice of God (London, 1773), 1, 8. 64. [Hazlitt], Essay on the Justice of God, 11. 65. [Hazlitt], Essay on the Justice of God, 25–6. 66. Hazlitt followed his father in expressing his opposition to the practice of capital punishment. His essay ‘On the Punishment of Death’ composed c.1812, though not published until 1831, was written at the request of Basil Montagu for the Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge upon the Punish- ment of Death. Here Hazlitt took the opportunity to critique the theory of punishment espoused by Beccaria and Bentham, see Hazlitt, Works, XIX, 324–9. 67. [William Hazlitt], Human Authority in Matters of Faith, Repugnant to Christianity (London, 1774), xvii–xviii. 68. [Hazlitt], Human Authority,x. 69. [Hazlitt], Human Authority, 44. 70. [Hazlitt], Human Authority,vi. 71. Nigel Aston, ‘Horne and Heterodoxy: The Defence of Anglican Beliefs in the Late Enlightenment’, English Historical Review, 108 (1993), 895–919 (898). 72. Theosebes [William Hazlitt], Letters on the Worship of Christ, Addressed to the Rev. George Horne (London, 1776), 3. Notes 173
73. [Hazlitt], Letters on the Worship of Christ,4. 74. [Hazlitt], Letters on the Worship of Christ, 50, 56. 75. JMH, 39. See also Ralph Wardle, Hazlitt (Lincoln, NE, 1971), 5; A.C. Grayling, The Quarrel of the Age: The Life and Times of William Hazlitt (London, 2000), 7. 76. Throughout the 1770s and 1780s Priestley’s circle was at the forefront of the strenuous opposition to colonial policy in America. In 1773 Priestley’s Address to Protestant Dissenters ...with Respect to ...American Affairs was pub- lished. This was followed by Richard Price’s Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of the War with America (1776), an influential work that sold thousands of copies within days of its publication. In addition, other prominent Unitarians voiced their opposition to the war: Joshua Toulmin’s The American War Lamented (1776), Caleb Evans’s British Constitutional Liberty (1776), and Andrew Kippis’s Considerations on the Provisional Peace with America (1783) were among a vast body of work that protested against British policy towards the colonies. For an account of the response of British dissenters to the American Revolutionary Wars, see James E. Bradley, Religion, Revolu- tion, and English Radicalism: Non-conformity in Eighteenth-Century Politics and Society (Cambridge, 1990), 121–54. 77. FG,I,6–7. 78. JMH, 41. 79. Bennett, The History of Bandon, 440–1. See also Moyne, ‘A Friend of Liberty in Ireland’, 288–97. 80. Bennett, History of Bandon, 440. 81. Bennett, History of Bandon, 440. 82. JMH, 42. 83. Moyne, ‘A Friend of Liberty in Ireland’, 290. The original newspapers in which the letters were printed do not survive. Those provided by Moyne were reprints from the American Herald, 22 November 1784. 84. Moyne, ‘A Friend of Liberty in Ireland’, 292–3. 85. JMH, 42. 86. CR, 5 (1838), 701. 87. JMH, 43. 88. JMH, 46. 89. Moyne, ‘The Reverend William Hazlitt and Dickinson College’. 90. JMH, 51. 91. Monthly Repository, 3 (1808), 302–7 (305). In an essay entitled ‘An Account of the State of Rational Religion in America’, Hazlitt records his experiences of America in the third person. 92. Moyne, ‘The Reverend William Hazlitt and Dickinson College’, 294. 93. JMH, 55. 94. For a further account of Hazlitt Sr’s publishing venture with Bell see Wu, ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt’, 225–6. Edward Elwall (1676?–1744) was an eccentric Seventh Day Baptist and religious controversialist who offered strong support to the Unitarian cause. The publication of his True Testimony for God and his Sacred Law (1724) led to his trial for blasphemy. He was acquitted in 1726. See David L. Wykes, ‘Elwall, Edward (bap. 1676, d. 1744)’, ODNB, online edn (accessed 6 July 2010). 174 Notes
95. Joseph Priestley, An Appeal to the Serious and Candid Professors of Christianity [ed. William Hazlitt] (Philadelphia, 1784), i. 96. Rixey-Ruffin, A Paradise of Reason, 94–101; Bowers, English Unitarianism in America, 52. 97. For an account of the Boston lectures see JMH, 150–1, n. 98. Wu, ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt’, 222. The previous incumbent had been Samuel Cooper (1725–85), a staunch disciple of Joseph Priestley. 99. JMH, 57. 100. Wu, ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt’, 228–43. 101. American Herald, 15 October 1784, also quoted by Wu, ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt’, 230. 102. The Correspondence of Richard Price, II, 255. 103. CR, 5 (1838), 759. 104. Wu, ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt’, 228. 105. Belsham, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Theophilus Lindsey, 240, n., also quoted by Wu, ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt’, 228. 106. JMH, 157–9, n. 107. William Hazlitt, A Thanksgiving Discourse Preached at Hallowell, 15 December 1785 (Boston, 1786), 8, 12. 108. CR, 5 (1838), 758–9. 109. James W. North, The History of Augusta (Augusta, ME, 1870), 197. 110. Monthly Repository, 3 (1808), 376. For an account of the origins of pub- lishing in Maine, and the importance of Hazlitt Sr’s sermon, see Lawrence C. Wroth, The Colonial Printer (Portland, OR, 1938), 27–8. 111. CR, 6 (1839), 15–16. 112. [Hazlitt], Mystery of Godliness, 23. 113. [Hazlitt], Mystery of Godliness, 11. 114. Greenwood and Harris, An Introduction to the Unitarian and Universalist Traditions, 55–6. 115. Monthly Repository, 3 (1808), 307. 116. David Wykes, ‘Minister and Teacher’, in Joseph Priestley: Scientist, Philoso- pher, and Theologian, ed. Isabel Rivers and David L. Wykes (Oxford, 2008), 49. 117. Rixey-Ruffin, A Paradise of Reason, 92. 118. Hazlitt, Letters, 370. 119. JMH, 100–1. 120. John Rowe (1764–1832), a recent graduate of New College, Hackney, was appointed at Shrewsbury, while the Norwich vacancy went to Pendlebury Houghton (1758–1824). 121. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 110; JMH, 102. 122. Monthly Repository, 25 (1820), 678. 123. JMH, 105. 124. For Hazlitt’s early letters from Liverpool see Hazlitt, Letters, 47–56. 125. Hazlitt, Letters, 49. 126. Grayling, Quarrel of the Age, 19. 127. Hazlitt, Letters, 55. 128. Hazlitt, Works, VII, 241–2 [Political Essays]. 129. In this respect Margaret Hazlitt’s response to the threatening behaviour of the British officers in Bandon captures the extent to which the ideals of sacrifice and martyrdom had permeated her young mind: ‘I remember well’, Notes 175
she writes, ‘the feelings of exultation with which I looked forward to the glory of suffering in so good a cause. For my head was full of the courage of the martyrs, and I read with admiration, and perhaps with emulation, of their glorious deeds’ (JMH, 42). 130. Hazlitt, Works,IV,82[The Round Table]. 131. See also Stephen Burley, ‘ “In this intolerance I glory”: William Hazlitt (1737–1820) and the Dissenting Periodical’, The Hazlitt Review, 3 (2010), 9–24. 132. Wu, ‘The Journalism of William Hazlitt’, 244. 133. Protestant Dissenters Magazine, 2 (1795), 236. 134. During his time, in the early 1760s, as private chaplain to Sir Conyers Jocelyn (1703–78) at Hyde Hall, in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, Hazlitt Sr is said to have developed a taste for the theatre, regularly attending the performances of Kitty Clive and Hannah Pritchard in London. 135. William Hazlitt, Discourses for the Use of Families, on the Advantages of a Free Enquiry, and on the Study of the Scriptures (London, 1790), 127. 136. Hazlitt, Discourses, 119. 137. Hazlitt, Discourses, 131. 138. Hazlitt, Works, XII, 307 [The Plain Speaker]. 139. Hazlitt Sr’s Discourses was particularly popular among the students, tutors, and governors of New College, Hackney. The list of subscribers included John Corrie, Joseph Priestley, Richard Price, Theophilus Lindsey, George Cadogan Morgan, Jeremiah Joyce, Charles Wellbeloved, John Kentish, Richard Keily, and the Revd Jillard. 140. Hazlitt, Discourses, 228–9. William followed his father’s literary career closely, and in 1807 worked with Joseph Johnson in seeing his father’s two-volume Sermons through the press; see Hazlitt, Letters, 92. 141. William Hazlitt, Sermons for the Use of Families, 2 vols (London, 1808), I, 157–8. 142. Hazlitt, Sermons, I, 180. 143. Hazlitt, Sermons, I, 270. Hazlitt makes an identical point in his introductory lecture to The Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth (1820). This lecture ought to be read in the context of his father’s theological writings, and, in particular, his discourse on ‘The Duty of Frugality’, see Sermons, I, 268–81. 144. It is perhaps no coincidence that Hazlitt’s literary debut was printed on 4 November, a day of great significance in the Dissenters’ calendar. It marked the anniversary of the birthday of ‘the great deliverer’ William of Orange, and the eve of his landing at Torbay in 1688, the beginning the Glorious Revolution. 145. Hazlitt, Letters, 57. See [Hazlitt], Methodists Vindicated, 39. 146. Hazlitt, Letters, 57–8. 147. Hazlitt, Letters, 59. 148. CR, 5 (1838), 705.
2 ‘A slaughter-house of Christianity’: New College, Hackney (1786–96)
1. For the two extant records of the meeting see DWL, MS 187.2, fol. 3 and DWL MS 38.14, fols 1–2. For online transcriptions see Stephen Burley, ed., 176 Notes
‘New College, Hackney: A Collection of Printed and Archival Sources’, Dr Williams’s Centre for Dissenting Studies (2nd edn, 2011),
19. Wykes, ‘The Emergence of Rational Dissent’, 101. 20. For further details of Jennings’s academy, and an annotated edition of doc- uments relating to it, see Tessa Whitehouse, ed., Dissenting Education and the Legacy of John Jennings, c. 1720–c.1729, Dr Williams’s Centre for Dissent- ing Studies, online edn,
33. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 377. 34. Joseph Hunter, BL, Add. MS 24, 446, fol. 159. 35. JMH, 105. 36. Hazlitt, Letters, 60. 37. John Williams, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham (London, 1833), 447, 450. 38. Smith’s role as the New College Chairman of Governors has not before been recognised. It is not acknowledged in the standard biography by Richard W. Davis, Dissent in Politics, 1780–1830: The Political Life of William Smith, MP (London, 1971). His appointment at New College is confirmed by a recently discovered broadside in DWL; see Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 7. 39. In its early years the college had suffered as a result of student indisci- pline. This stemmed from the inefficacy of the superintending committee, which had, ironically, been a New College innovation designed to prevent the disciplinary problems experienced at Warrington Academy. As Thomas Belsham writes, it sapped ‘the very foundations of all discipline, and was the bane of all salutary authority. This regulation, in fact, left the tutors totally destitute of all authority; for whatever happened amiss they had no other power to rectify but by an appeal to this committee’; see Belsham, Memoirs, 283. An early student at the College, Thomas Starling Norgate, confirms this opinion: ‘The discipline of the New College was certainly not vigilant enough or not strict enough to restrain many of the excesses of youth’; see NRO, MS Horæ Otiose, fol. 161. 40. Williams, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham, 434. 41. DWL, MS 38.14 fol. 145. 42. See John McLachlan, ‘The Scott Collection: Letters of T. Lindsey and Others to Russell Scott’, TUHS, 19 (1987), 113–29 (118). 43. Williams, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham, 447. 44. Wykes ‘The Emergence of Rational Dissent’, 109–10. The teaching of clas- sics at New College was fraught with difficulty. Throughout the college’s ten-year existence there were five Tutors of Classics: Hugh Worthington, George Cadogan Morgan, Gilbert Wakefield, John Pope and John Corrie. None was able to resolve the problems within the department. 45. NRO, MS Horæ Otiose, fols 161–2. 46. DWL, MS 24.157, fol. 184i. The notion of the paternal tutor appears to have been at the core of academy life in the eighteenth century. Tutors such as Doddridge and Ashworth regularly referred to their academy as ‘the family’. 47. DWL, MS 24.157, fol. 184. The ‘young man in question’ was George Vanburgh Brown of Knockmarloch, see Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 8.3. 48. JRUL, MS Lindsey, fol. 36. 49. See McLachlan, ‘The Scott Collection’, 118. 50. DWL, MS 24. 157, fol. 188i. 51. John Kenrick, A Biographical Memoir of the Late Reverend Charles Wellbeloved (London, 1860), 19–21. See Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 10.2. 52. NRO, MS Horæ Otiose, fol. 161. Norgate had a relish for practical jokes. He explains that on one occasion he told a fellow student, Perkins, that if he presented the bookseller, Joseph Johnson, with a letter, Johnson would Notes 179
hand him a copy of Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man, which was then out- lawed. Perkins did as he was directed, but the letter he presented – written and sealed by Norgate – described the bearer as a lunatic who was subject to dangerous paroxysms of madness. Apparently, Johnson found the incident highly amusing (fols 166–7). 53. NRO, MS Horæ Otiose, fol. 161. 54. White, Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent, 74. 55. NRO, MS Horæ Otiose, fols 161–2. 56. Several essays composed by Norgate at New College were subsequently pub- lished in his Essays, Tales and Poems (1795). These included ‘Thoughts on the Probability of a Future State of Existence to Animals and Vegetables’, ‘Observations on the Reign and Character of Elizabeth I’, and ‘On the Cultivation of Waste Lands’. In addition, Norgate and his fellow New College student, Charles Marsh, helped to produce the radical Norwich- based journal The Cabinet shortly after they had completed their studies in Hackney. 57. For the complete list of College rules from which the above account is derived, see DWL, MS 38.14, fols 71–7, and Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 6.7. 58. For more on Corrie see Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 3.4, and Stephenson, William Hazlitt and Hackney College, 22–3. 59. Hazlitt, Letters, 60–1. 60. Hazlitt, Works, XIX, 302. 61. Hazlitt, Works, XIX, 302. 62. Hazlitt, Works, XIX, 320. 63. Hazlitt, Works, XIX, 319. 64. Limited information has survived regarding the New College curriculum; see Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 4. The best source is the series of letters Hazlitt wrote to his parents from New College in 1793 to 1794. In addition, much can be inferred from the detailed account of the course of study at Daventry Academy; see Williams, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham, 224–5. 65. Euclid dominated the study of mathematics at New College. Abraham Rees is known to have used Thomas Simpson’s Elements of Geometry and John Bonnycastle’s Introduction to Algebra as textbooks; see Hazlitt, Letters, 65. 66. Hazlitt’s principal textbook for history was Priestley’s Lectures on History and General Policy, 2nd edn (London, 1793). Originally, these lectures had formed a vital part of the curricular innovations at Warrington Academy in the 1760s. In 1765 Priestley had published the heads of his lectures, Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on the Study of History, and also included theminhisEssay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life (1765). In 1788 the complete set of lectures was published as Lectures on History and General Policy and, in 1793, Joseph Johnson produced a second edition in two volumes. The lectures covered an array of subjects includ- ing law, politics, economics, constitutional history, classical antiquities, the history of Belles Lettres, and the theory of population. As such, they con- stituted an introduction to the progress of the civilised world. See Alison Kennedy, ‘Historical Perspectives in the Mind of Joseph Priestley’, in Joseph 180 Notes
Priestley: Scientist, Philosopher, and Theologian, ed. Isabel Rivers and David L. Wykes (Oxford, 2008), 172–202. 67. Williams, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham, 224. 68. Thomas Belsham, A Calm Inquiry into the Scripture Doctrine concerning the Person of Christ (London, 1811), vii. 69. Belsham, A Calm Inquiry,vi. 70. Belsham, A Calm Inquiry, vii. 71. Gilbert Wakefield was deeply critical of Belsham’s system of lecturing on Divinity: ‘I feel no difficulty’, he writes, ‘in condemning most deci- sively and severely that plan of lecturing in Trinitarianism, Arianism,and Socinianism, the pre-existence of Christ, &c.; whence springs, with other evil fruit, a harvest of theological coxcombs, devoted to a system, and puffed up with a vain conceit of profound knowledge, not worth possessing.’ See Wakefield, Memoirs of the Life of Gilbert Wakefield (London, 1792), 353. 72. The lectures also survive in manuscript form; see HMCO, MS Belsham 34. For a further account of Belsham’s work as an academy tutor see Simon Mills, ‘Joseph Priestley and the Intellectual Culture of Rational Dissent, 1752–1796’, PhD thesis (University of London, 2009), 217–39. 73. Thomas Belsham, Elements of the Philosophy of the Mind, and of Moral Philosophy (London, 1801), iii. 74. Priestley, The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity,8. 75. Belsham, Elements, iii. 76. Belsham, Elements,v. 77. Robert Southey, Essays Moral and Political, 2 vols (London, 1832), II, 78–9. 78. Alan P.F. Sell, Philosophy, Dissent, and Nonconformity 1689–1920 (Cambridge, 2004), 52. 79. DWL, MS 24.157, fol. 112. 80. DWL, MS 187.2, fol. 13, see Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 5.8. 81. [Anonymous], Salutary Admonitions to the Dissenters, in a Letter to Thomas Rogers, Chairman of the Committee for the Establishment of a New Academical Institution (London, 1787), 24–5. 82. Williams, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham, 450. 83. JRUL, MS Tayleur, 25 May 1786. 84. HMCO, MS Warrington I, fol. 13. 85. HMCO, MS Warrington I, fol. 13. 86. DWL MS 38.14, fols 101–5 shows that on 11 November 1788 the college had received £11,026 in donations: £7610 in 1786; £2387 in 1787; and £1029 in 1788. As David Wykes has demonstrated, New College received ten times the amount of funding of Manchester Academy in its early years; see ‘ “Sons and Subscribers”: Lay Support and the College’, in Truth, Lib- erty, Religion: Essays Celebrating Two Hundred Years of Manchester College,ed. Barbara Smith (Oxford, 1986), 33–77. 87. Belsham, Memoirs, 285. 88. This calculation is based on the records for major building works alone, see DWL, MS 38.14. The final figure must have exceeded this considerably. The extent of the failure of this investment became clear in June 1796 when the New College property and grounds were sold at auction for £6750. This figure includes the £1050 offered for the purchase of the resident tutor’s house, see GM, 66 (1796), 519. Notes 181
89. GM, 63 (1793), 409. 90. Report, &c. New London, Jan. 16, 1788 (London, 1788), 3. 91. Report, &c. New London, Jan. 21, 1789 (London, 1789), 3; see also DWL, MS 38.14, fol. 96. 92. GM, 60 (1790), 793. 93. JRUL, MS Lindsey, fol. 49. 94. DWL, MS 38.14, fol. 155. 95. DWL, MS 12.45, fol. 1. 96. GM, 63 (1793), 412. 97. I discovered the letter appended to a volume of New College publications in DWL (shelf mark 3045.F.11); see Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 7. 98. Simon Mills, ed., The Letters of Joseph Priestley to Theophilus Lindsey 1769– 1794, Dr Williams’s Centre for Dissenting Studies, online edn
121. Gilbert Wakefield, Short Strictures on the Rev. Doctor Priestley’s Letters to a Young Man, concerning Mr Wakefield’s Treatise on Public Worship (London, 1792), 3–16. 122. Wakefield, Memoirs, 389. 123. [Anonymous], Salutary Admonitions, 24. 124. DWL, MS 24.157, fol. 187i. 125. [Anonymous], Salutary Admonitions, 32. 126. See DWL, MS 187.2, fol. 6, and Burley, ‘New College, Hackney’, Section 5.5. 127. DWL, MS 187.2, fol. 11. 128. DWL, MS 38.14, fol. 86 129. Hazlitt, Works, V, 313 [A View of the English Stage]. 130. Hazlitt, Works, V, 250 [A View of the English Stage]. 131. JMH, 15–20, 164 n.; FG, I, 210–17. For an account of John Hazlitt’s early career as an artist in America, see Moyne, ‘John Hazlitt, Miniaturist and Portrait Painter in America, 1783–87’. 132. See John Barrell, Imagining the King’s Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide 1793–1796 (Oxford, 2000), 318–402, and Mary Thale, ed., Selections from the Papers of the London Corresponding Society, 1792–1799 (Cambridge, 1983), i–xxiv. 133. Wu, William Hazlitt, 56. 134. The Trial of John Horne Tooke for High Treason at the Session House of the Old Bailey, 2 vols (London, 1795), I, 221. 135. William Godwin attended the College’s anniversary celebrations on 6 May 1789 where he records conversations with Rochemont Barbauld and Sir Henry Hoghton. On that day Hugh Worthington delivered a sermon at the Old Jewry and this was followed by dinner at the New London Tavern in Cheapside; see The Diary of William Godwin, ed. Victoria Myers, David O’Shaughnessy, and Mark Philp, online edn
148. Hackney Archives, D/F/DOB/4 [printed broadside]. 149. Joseph Priestley, The Present State of Europe Compared with Ancient Prophe- cies, A Sermon (London, 1794), v–vi. The allusion to Mr Breillat presumably refers to the Thomas Breillat who was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 12 months’ imprisonment in 1793; see The Trial of Thomas Breillat, for Sedi- tious Words, before Mr. Mainwaring, at the Sessions-House, Clerkenwell-Green, December 6, 1793 (London, 1793). 150. Among the numerous writers who responded to Wakefield’s pamphlet were Anna Letitia Barbauld and Mary Hays, both of whom had close connections with New College. Barbauld’s husband and brother were College governors, and her nephew, Arthur, was a student. Mary Hays was a friend of the tutor Hugh Worthington and appears to have attended lectures at the College; see Gina Luria Walker, Mary Hays (1759–1843): The Growth of a Woman’s Mind (Aldershot, 2006), 87–110. 151. Kenrick, Biographical Memoir, 28. 152. JRUL, MS Tayleur, 26 April 1792. 153. Priestley, Letters to a Young Man, 26–7. 154. GM, 63 (1793), 412. 155. Thomas Belsham, Knowledge the Foundation of Virtue: A Sermon Addressed to the Young Persons who Attend the Gravel Pit Meeting, Hackney (London, 1795), 13–15. 156. CR, 5 (1838), 764. 157. CR, 5 (1838), 764. 158. JRUL, MS Lindsey, fol. 84. 159. DWL, MS Henry Crabb Robinson Reminiscences, fol. 115. See also E.J. Morley, ed., Henry Crabb Robinson on Books and their Writers, 3 vols (London, 1938), I, 6. 160. Wu, William Hazlitt, 188. 161. Protestant Dissenters Magazine, 4 (1797), 124. 162. Hazlitt, Works, VIII, 312 [Table Talk]. 163. Williams, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham, 461–2. 164. Quoted in McLachlan, ‘The Scott Collection’, 121–2. 165. DWL, MS Letters of Joseph Priestley, II [12 July 1795]. 166. JRUL, MS Lindsey, fol. 90 [7 March 1796]. 167. As Daniel Lysons records in The Environs of London (1796), the college and its grounds were purchased by Thomas Boddington and Timothy Curtis (241). In addition, Abraham Rees bought the resident tutor’s house, which he had lived in since New College opened in 1787. He paid £1050; see GM, 66 (1796), 519. 168. GM, 66 (1796), 458–9. 169. Manchester Academy survives today as Harris Manchester College, Oxford. 170. Hazlitt, Letters, 69–70.
3 A ‘new system of metaphysics’
1. Hazlitt, Works,XII,98[The Plain Speaker]. 2. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 312 [‘On the Causes of Popular Opinion’]. 3. Hobbes was drawing on a classical tradition of Epicurean ethics. 184 Notes
4. Hazlitt, Works, II, 113–14 [‘Prospectus of a History of English Philosophy’]. 5. Donald M. Hassler, ‘The Discovery of the Future and Indeterminacy in Hazlitt’, The Wordsworth Circle, 8.1 (1977), 75–9. 6. Natarajan, The Reach of Sense, 3–7. For other important twentieth- century accounts of Hazlitt’s metaphysics see E.W. Schneider, The Aes- thetics of William Hazlitt: A Study of the Philosophical Basis of His Criticism (Philadelphia, PA, 1933); W.P. Albrecht, Hazlitt and the Creative Imagination (Lawrence, KS, 1965); Roy Park, Hazlitt and the Spirit of the Age: Abstraction and Critical Theory (Oxford, 1971); and David Bromwich, Hazlitt: The Mind of a Critic (Oxford and New York, 1978). 7. Tim Milnes, Knowledge and Indifference in English Romantic Prose (Cambridge, 2003), 108. 8. Stanley Jones, Hazlitt: A Life (Oxford, 1989), 18. 9. Metaphysical Hazlitt, ed. Natarajan, Paulin, and Wu. 10. Natarajan, The Reach of Sense, 1. Natarajan champions the view that the Essay defined Hazlitt’s entire literary career: the Essay, she writes, outlines ‘a theory of the imagination that is the philosophical ground of the whole corpus of his work’ (1). Similarly, Jones comments that the Essay ‘came at the start of Hazlitt’s career as a writer, and it was fundamental to it’ (Hazlitt, 18). John Whale, however, warned against the tendency to construct a coherent theory of criticism for Hazlitt’s work. In his 1986 essay ‘Hazlitt on Burke: The Ambivalent Position of a Radical Essayist’, Whale argued that the practical demands of Hazlitt’s journalism prevented systematic coherence; see Studies in Romanticism, 25.4 (1986), 465–81. 11. Duncan Wu has shown that ‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’ is deeply unreliable as a biographical source: ‘we should be wary’, he writes, ‘of accepting it as the final word on the events it describes’; see ‘The Road to Nether Stowey’, in Metaphysical Hazlitt, 83. 12. Bromwich, The Mind of a Critic, 83. 13. Price’s Review was first published in 1758. It was heavily revised in subse- quent editions. It appears likely that Hazlitt would have studied the third edition of 1787, published by Thomas Cadell, a New College governor. All subsequent references to Price’s Review are taken from the 1787 edition. 14. Hazlitt, Works,I,46[An Essay on the Principles of Human Action]. 15. Metaphysical Hazlitt, xiii, xv, 83. 16. Originally published in Paris in 1770, the Système was so controversial that it was issued under the name of the deceased writer, Jean-Baptiste de Mirabaud (1675–1760), in order to secure D’Holbach’s anonymity. It was translated into English by William Hodgson (1745–1851) in 1795, around the time of Hazlitt’s ‘discovery’. As a friend of Benjamin Franklin and a member of the London Corresponding Society, Hodgson may well have been acquainted with John Hazlitt. Either way, it appears likely that William would have been reading the Système from Hodgson’s English translation. 17. Hazlitt, Works,I,46[An Essay on the Principles of Human Action]. In the Essay Hazlitt mistakenly names Mirabaud as the author. 18. [Baron D’Holbach], The System of Nature; or the Laws of the Moral and Physical World, trans. William Hodgson, 4 vols (London, 1795), IV, 509–15 (513–14). Notes 185
19. See Marilyn Butler’s introduction to Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (Oxford, 1993), xvi. 20. [D’Holbach], System of Nature, II, 547. 21. Hazlitt, Works, I, 46–7 [An Essay on the Principles of Human Action]. The pres- ence of Godwinian echoes here has not been noted before. Hazlitt seems to be drawing upon Godwin’s discussion of disinterestedness in Part One, Chapter 7 of Political Justice (1793), I, 346. 22. HMCO, MS Belsham 34. 23. HMCO, MS Belsham 34, fol. 2. 24. HMCO, MS Belsham 34, fols 2–3. 25. HMCO, MS Belsham 34, fol. 57. 26. HMCO, MS Belsham 34, fols 57–8. 27. Critical Review, 43 (1802), 142–50 (142). 28. Edinburgh Review, 48 (1803), 475–85 (475). 29. Edinburgh Review, 48 (1803), 483. 30. Edinburgh Review, 48 (1803), 476. 31. Hazlitt, Works, II, 126 [‘On the Writings of Hobbes’, Lectures on the History of English Philosophy]. 32. Hazlitt, Letters, 70. John Kinnaird identifies allusions to Godwin in Hazlitt’s early account of his essay. He suggests that the phrase ‘the propriety of virtue on its coincidence with the pursuit of private interest’ draws upon Godwin’s ‘coincidence of virtue ...with private interest’ (Political Justice (1793), II, 79); see his Critic of Power, 385 n. 33. Wu, ‘The Road to Nether Stowey’, 83–97. 34. William Wordsworth, The Prose Works of William Wordsworth,ed.W.J.B. Owen and J.W. Smyser, 3 vols (Oxford, 1974), III, 5. 35. William Wordsworth, The Ruined Cottage and the Pedlar, ed. by James Butler (Ithaca, NY, 1979), 114–15. Also quoted in Wu, ‘The Road to Nether Stowey’, 89. 36. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 119 [‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’]. 37. Hazlitt, Works, IX, 4 [‘A Reply to Z’]. Wordsworth’s response to the argu- ment with Hazlitt came in the form of two poems, both of which were composed c.23 May 1798 and published in the first edition of the Lyrical Ballads: ‘Expostulation and Reply’ and ‘The Tables Turned’. As he subse- quently explained, they ‘arose out of a conversation with a friend who was somewhat unreasonably attached to modern books of moral philosophy’; see Owen and Smyser, eds, Prose Works, I, 117. 38. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 121 [‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’]. 39. Kinnaird, Critic of Power, 23. 40. JMH, 34–5. Godwin’s grandfather was the eminent Dissenting minister Edward Godwin (1695–1764). He had worked closely with Philip Doddridge to produce The Family Expositor (1739–56); see Tessa Whitehouse, ‘The Fam- ily Expositor, the Doddridge Circle, and the Booksellers’, The Library, 11.3 (2010), 321–44. 41. This is implied in Hazlitt’s ‘Project for a New Theory of Civil and Criminal Legislation’. Recalling the genesis of his ideas for the ‘Project’ in the early 1790s, he mentions that he read Godwin’s Political Justice ‘soon after [its first publication] with great avidity’; see Hazlitt, Works, XIX, 304. 186 Notes
42. Hazlitt, Works, XIX, 304 [‘Project for a New Theory of Civil and Criminal Legislation’]. 43. Hazlitt, Works, XI, 18 [Spirit of the Age]. 44. Hazlitt, Works, VI, 132 [Lectures on the English Comic Writers]. In his Spirit of the Age essay Hazlitt demonstrates the centrality of reason in his own moral philosophy. Reason, he writes, ‘if not the sole, it is the principal ground of action’; it is ‘the guide, the stay and anchor of our purest thoughts, and soul of all our moral being’ (Hazlitt, Works, XI, 21). In doing so he reveals the extent of his debt to the English rationalist tradition. 45. Hazlitt, Works, XI, 17 [Spirit of the Age]. 46. Godwin emphasises this point in the 1793 preface: ‘That description of ethics deserves to be held in slight estimation, which seeks only to regulate our conduct in articles of particular and personal concern, instead of excit- ing our attention to the general good of the species. It appeared sufficiently practicable to make of such a treatise, exclusively of its direct political use, an advantageous vehicle of moral improvement.’ See Political Justice, I, vi. 47. Political Justice (1793), I, 15. 48. Political Justice (1793), I, 360 49. Political Justice (1793), I, 359. 50. Kinnaird, Critic of Power, 24. 51. The Diary of William Godwin, online edn (accessed 3 August 2010). 52. Kinnaird, Critic of Power, 385 n. 53. William Hazlitt, Literary Remains of the Late William Hazlitt, 2 vols (London, 1836), I, lii. 54. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 312 [‘On the Causes of Popular Opinion’]. 55. Hazlitt, Works, IX, 51 [A Letter to William Gifford]. 56. Hazlitt, Works,I,1,50[An Essay on the Principles of Human Action]. 57. Hazlitt, Works,I,1. 58. James Mulvihill, ‘Hazlitt and the Idea of Identity’, in Metaphysical Hazlitt, ed. Natarajan, Paulin, and Wu (Basingstoke, 2005), 30–42 (31). 59. Hazlitt, Works,I,1–2. 60. Hazlitt, Works, I, 29. 61. Hazlitt, Works,I,3. 62. Hazlitt, Works, I, 42. 63. Hazlitt, Works, XII, 87 [‘On the Spirit of Obligations’, The Plain Speaker]. 64. Hazlitt, Works, I, 12. 65. In the preface to the first edition of Observations on Man, Hartley describes the writings that had informed his own theory of association. He acknowl- edges that his ideas are indebted to John Gay’s A Dissertation concerning the Fundamental Principle and Immediate Criterion of Virtue (1731), the first work to assert ‘the possibility of deducing all our intellectual pleasures and pains from association’ (iii). In addition, he notes that the theory of vibrations outlined in Sir Isaac Newton’s Principia (1687), and Locke’s dis- cussion of association in An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1690), were important precursors. 66. David Hartley, Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duties, and His Expecta- tions, 2 vols (London, 1749), I, 25–31. 67. Hartley, Observations on Man, I, 65. Notes 187
68. Hazlitt, Letters, 66. For Belsham’s account of the theories of association and vibrations, see Elements, 22–56. 69. Hazlitt, Works, I, 58. 70. Hazlitt, Works, I, 59. 71. Hazlitt, Works, I, 80. 72. Hazlitt, Works, I, 70. 73. Hazlitt, Works, I, 66. 74. Hazlitt, Works, I, 67. 75. Natarajan, Hazlitt and the Reach of Sense,1–2. 76. Hazlitt, Works, XVII, 312 [‘On the Causes of Popular Opinion’]. 77. Eclectic Review, 3.2 (1807), 698–704 (698). 78. Anti-Jacobin Review, 26 (1807), 17–22 (18); see also Duncan Wu, ed., Selected Writings of William Hazlitt, 9 vols (London, 1998), I, liv. 79. Kathleen Coburn, ‘Hazlitt on the Disinterested Imagination’, in Some British Romantics: A Collection of Essays, ed. Northrop Frye (Columbus, OH, 1966), 168–88 (174). 80. Park, Hazlitt and the Spirit of the Age, 45. 81. John Barresi and Raymond Martin, ‘Self-Concern from Priestley to Hazlitt’, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 11.3 (2003), 499–507 (499). 82. In a letter of November 1793 Hazlitt explained to his father that he spent his evenings studying Price’s Review in preparation for his lectures the following day; see Hazlitt, Letters, 65. 83. Roy Park is the only scholar to have mentioned, albeit briefly, the possible influence of Price on Hazlitt’s thought; see Hazlitt and the Spirit of the Age, 15–16, 50n. 84. Richard Price, A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals. Particularly those respecting the origin of our ideas of virtue, its nature, relation to the deity, obligation, subject-matter, and sanctions, 3rd edn (London, 1787), 310. 85. Price, Principal Questions in Morals, 20. 86. Price, Principal Questions in Morals, 142. 87. Belsham, Elements, 16, 55, 137, 149, 160, 269, 318, 421. In total, Reid is mentioned more than thirty times in Belsham’s lectures. 88. Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Edinburgh, 1785), 727. 89. As Roy Park notes, Reid had singled out Richard Price for special praise; see Hazlitt and the Spirit of the Age, 15–16, 20. 90. Mills, ‘Joseph Priestley and the Intellectual Culture of Rational Dissent’, 64–111. 91. For Hamilton’s account of Hazlitt’s relationship with common-sense phi- losophy see ‘Hazlitt and “the Kings of Speech” ’, in Metaphysical Hazlitt,ed. Natarajan, Paulin, and Wu, 68–80. 92. Natarajan, Hazlitt and the Reach of Sense, 154–65 (154). 93. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. and trans. Mary J. Gregor (Cambridge, 1997), 31. 94. Kant, Metaphysics of Morals, 37. 95. Natarajan, Hazlitt and the Reach of Sense,5. 96. E.J. Morley, The Life and Times of Henry Crabb Robinson (London, 1935), 9. See also Jones, Hazlitt: A Life,5. 97. Morley, Life and Times,2n. 188 Notes
98. There is no direct evidence to establish that Hazlitt read Crabb Robinson’s account of German philosophy. Nonetheless, it would seem likely that Hazlitt was aware of his friend’s work. Nonetheless, my account seeks to elu- cidate the coincidence between their writings on Kant, rather than to make the case for direct influence. For further accounts of Crabb Robinson’s writ- ings on Kant, see James Vigus, ed., Henry Crabb Robinson: Essays on Kant, Schelling, and German Aesthetics (London, 2010); and idem, ‘Henry Crabb Robinson’s Initiation into the “Mysteries of the New School”: A Romantic Journey’, in Romantic Localities, ed. Jacqueline Labbe and Christophe Bode (London, 2010), 145–56. 99. MR, 1.5 (1802), 411. 100. MR, 1 (1802), 411. 101. MR, 1 (1802), 401. 102. MR, 1 (1802), 413. 103. MR, 2 (1803), 11–12. 104. MR, 3 (1803), 12. 105. Hazlitt alludes to Kant in his preface to An Abridgement of the Light of Nature Pursued (1807). He writes that Tucker ‘believed with Professor Kant in the unity of consciousness, or “that the mind alone is formative” ’ (Hazlitt, Works, I, 130). This is echoed in Hazlitt’s lecture ‘On Tooke’s Diversions of Purley’: ‘The mind alone is formative, to borrow the expression of a cele- brated German writer’ (Hazlitt, Works, II, 280). He again uses the phrase in the lecture ‘On Locke’s “Essay on the Human Understanding” ’: ‘The mind alone is formative, to use the expression of a great German writer’ (Hazlitt, Works, II, 153). 106. Hazlitt expresses disagreement with Kant in his 1814 review, ‘Madame de Staël’s Account of German Philosophy and Literature’. In his August 1817 review of Coleridge’s Biographia Literaria he describes Kant’s system as ‘the most wilful and monstrous absurdity that ever was invented’ (Hazlitt, Works, XVI, 123). See Natarajan, The Reach of Sense, 158. 107. Wu, William Hazlitt, 87. 108. Natarajan, The Reach of Sense, 147–50. 109. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge,ed. Earl Leslie Griggs, 6 vols (Oxford, 1956), II, 949–50. It appears likely that Coleridge is here parodying Priestley’s edition of Hartley’s Observations on Man. 110. B.W. Young, ‘Tucker, Abraham (1705–1774)’, ODNB, online edn (accessed 17 August 2010). 111. [William Hazlitt], An Abridgement of the Light of Nature Pursued by Abraham Tucker (London, 1807), 13. For Tucker’s account of the disinterested affec- tions, see chapter 16, ‘Of Benevolence’, 148–53. Tucker argues against the Hobbesian ethical tradition. He asserts that ‘I shall deny that acts of real kindness, how much soever they may proceed from inclination, have any- thing selfish in them’ (150). Nonetheless, in the preface Hazlitt notes that ‘On some other questions, which form the great leading outlines of the two creeds, as that of self-love, for instance, his opinions seem to have been more unsettled and wavering’ (Hazlitt, Works, I, 130). 112. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement,2. 113. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement, xxi (Hazlitt, Works, I, 130). Notes 189
114. Natarajan, Hazlitt and the Reach of Sense, 147. 115. Tucker’s Light of Nature Pursued appears to have been a popular text within radical circles at the turn of the nineteenth century. Tucker’s notion of ‘sentient language’ (a non-vocal means of communication between the spiritual essences – or ‘vehicular states’ – of two persons) is alluded to in Mary Hays’s Memoirs of Emma Courtney, 2 vols (London, 1796), I, 117. As Gina Luria Walker demonstrates, Hays was closely associated with the tutors of New College, Hackney in the early 1790s; see Mary Hays, 87–110. 116. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement, xv (Hazlitt, Works, I, 127). 117. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement, xvii (Hazlitt, Works, I, 128). 118. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement, xviii–xix (Hazlitt, Works, I, 128–9). 119. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement, xx (Hazlitt, Works, I, 128–9). 120. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement, xxi (Hazlitt, Works, I, 130). 121. [Hazlitt], An Abridgement, xxvi–xxvii (Hazlitt, Works, I, 132–3). 122. Tomalin, Romanticism and Linguistic Theory, 63–5. 123. Hazlitt, Works, XI, 54. 124. Hazlitt, Works, XI, 54. 125. Hazlitt, Works, II, 5–6. 126. Hazlitt, Works, II, 6. 127. Robert Lowth’s A Short Introduction to English Grammar (London, 1762) and Lindley Murray’s English Grammar (York, 1795). Murray’s English Grammar was particularly successful. It went into almost fifty editions before 1816. Hazlitt would also have been familiar with Joseph Priestley’s The Rudiments of English Grammar Adapted for the Use of Schools (London, 1761). 128. Hazlitt, Works, II, 6 [New and Improved Grammar]. 129. John Horne Tooke, Epea Pteroenta, or, The Diversions of Purley (London, 1786–98), I, 70. Also quoted in Tomalin, Romanticism and Linguistic The- ory, 66. For a further account of Tooke’s theory of language see Tomalin, 65–72. 130. Hazlitt, Works, II, 6. 131. Hazlitt, Works, II, 6–7. 132. Hazlitt, Works, II, 270. 133. Hazlitt, Works, II, 272. 134. Hazlitt, Works, II, 280. 135. Hazlitt, Works, II, 280. 136. Hazlitt, Works, II, 283. 137. Duncan Wu, ‘Hazlitt’s Unpublished History of English Philosophy:TheLarger Context’, The Library: The Transactions of the Bibliographical Society,7.1 (2006), 25–64. 138. Wu, William Hazlitt, 263. 139. Hazlitt, Works, II, 111–19, 120–284. Although the original document was entitled Proposals for Publishing ...A History of English Philosophy,Ihave adopted the nomenclature used by Howe in the standard edition of Hazlitt’s works, Prospectus of a History of English Philosophy. Hazlitt published an early version of the Prospectus in Sir Richard Phillips’s Monthly Magazine, 27 (1809), 15–19; see Duncan Wu, New Writings of William Hazlitt, 2 vols (Oxford, 2007), I, 3–13. Remarkably, there are only two known extant copies of Hazlitt’s Prospectus. They are held at the British Library and Sir John Soane’s Museum, London. 190 Notes
140. Hazlitt, Works, II, 113. 141. Hazlitt, Works, II, 113. 142. Hazlitt, Works, II, 116. 143. Hazlitt, Works, II, 115. 144. Hazlitt, Works, II, 116. 145. Wu, New Writings,I,8. 146. Hazlitt, Works, II, 116–19. 147. Hazlitt, Works, II, 119. 148. Hazlitt, Letters, 117–18. 149. Hazlitt, Letters, 133–4. 150. DWL, Typescript Copy of the Henry Crabb Robinson Diaries, II, 10. See also Morley, ed., Henry Crabb Robinson on Books and Their Writers,I,57.For a further account of Hazlitt’s lecture series see Wu, William Hazlitt, 140–3. 151. Among those who subscribed to the History are Thomas Clarkson, Sir Anthony Carlisle, Sir Humphrey Davy, Edward Jenner, Charles Lamb, Capel Lloft, Sir James Mackintosh, Samuel Parr, Abraham Rees, Sir Samuel Romilly, William Roscoe, and William Wordsworth. For the complete list see Wu, ‘Hazlitt’s Unpublished History’, 44–62. 152. Hazlitt, Literary Remains, 113. The lectures ‘On Self-Love’ and ‘On Abstract Ideas’ were, however, published separately. 153. Hazlitt, Works, II, 159. 154. Hazlitt, Works, II, 115. 155. Hazlitt, Works, II, 156. 156. For an account of Hazlitt’s appointment see Wu, William Hazlitt, 143–6.
4 Retrospective Radicalism: Pitt, Patriotism, and Population
1. Ralph Ketcham, ed., The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin (Indianapolis, IN, 1965), 398. 2. Hazlitt, Works, XIV, 236. 3. Richard Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of the War with America (London, 1776), 6. 4. Richard Price, A Discourse on the Love of Our Country (London, 1789), 23. 5. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London, 1790), 14. 6. Hazlitt, Works, VII, 9. 7. Hazlitt, Works, XIII, x. 8. Hazlitt, Works, VII, 9. 9. Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, 3 vols (London, 1892), II, 89. 10. Philip Connell, Romanticism, Economics and the Question of ‘Culture’ (Oxford, 2001), 202–3. 11. Kinnaird, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power, 108. 12. Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies (Cambridge, MA, 1959), 356, 386; Paulin, The Day-Star of Liberty,3–5, 138–9. Notes 191
13. Mark Goldie, ‘The Roots of True Whiggism, 1688–94’, History of Political Thought, 1.2 (1980), 195–236 (196); Blair Worden, Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity (London, 2001), 1–147. 14. Seamus Deane, The French Revolution and Enlightenment in England, 1789– 1832 (Cambridge, MA, 1988), 142–57. 15. Wu, William Hazlitt, 214–48. 16. Timothy Whelan, ‘William Hazlitt and Radical West Country Dissent’, The Coleridge Bulletin, 38 (2011), 111–27. 17. Baker, William Hazlitt, 3–37, 320–84; Bromwich, Hazlitt: The Mind of a Critic, 275–314; Jones, Hazlitt: A Life, 87–8. 18. Whale, ‘Hazlitt on Burke’, 465–81. 19. Kevin Gilmartin, Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1996), 227. 20. James Epstein, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790–1850 (Oxford, 1994). 21. John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt: The Consuming Struggle, 3 vols (Stanford, CA, 1996), III, 829. 22. The Talents ministry was essentially a coalition between three promi- nent politicians: Charles James Fox, Lord Grenville, and Lord Sidmouth. Sidmouth’s presence was the cause of much embarrassment for the Whigs. This was accentuated by his demand that Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough be admitted to the Cabinet, a measure that Fox was compelled to defend in the House of Commons. 23. Hazlitt paid for the publication of the pamphlet himself. It was printed by Richard Taylor of Shoe Lane. In a letter to Wordsworth of 26 June 1806, Charles Lamb records, ‘W. Hazlitt is in town [ ...] He is, rather imprudently, I think, printing a political pamphlet on his own account, and will have to pay for the paper, &c. The first duty of an Author, I take it, is never to pay anything.’ See Edwin W. Marrs, ed., The Letters of Charles and Mary Anne Lamb, 3 vols (Ithaca, NY, 1976), II, 233. The title of Hazlitt’s pamphlet draws upon John Wesley’s Free Thoughts on the Present State of Public Affairs, in a Letter to a Friend (London, 1770). Hazlitt may have been familiar with this publication as it elicited a reply from the Presbyterian minister and biographer Joseph Towers (1737–99), A Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley; in answer to his late pamphlet, entitled “Free Thoughts on Public Affairs” (London, 1771). Towers’ son, Joseph Lomas Towers (bap. 1770, d. 1831), was an early student at New College, Hackney. 24. Wu, William Hazlitt, 106–7. 25. The most recent and astute reading of Hazlitt’s Free Thoughts on Public Affairs is by Deborah Elise White, who demonstrates the intricate connections between the pamphlet and the philosophical thesis of Hazlitt’s Essay in its effort ‘to mediate between partial, economic interests and an impar- tial, although still nationally defined, disinterest’; see Romantic Returns: Superstition, Imagination, History (Stanford, CA, 2000), 61–100. 26. Catherine Macdonald Maclean, Born under Saturn: A Biography of William Hazlitt (New York, 1943), 211–12. 27. Kinnaird, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power, 108. Kinnaird argues that Free Thoughts is Hazlitt’s first effort ‘to realign radical sentiment with the traditions of liberal Hanoverian Whiggism’ (108). 192 Notes
28. PR, 10 (1806), 306–9. 29. Hazlitt works to forge a connection between Pitt’s rhetoric and Locke’s epis- temology. He observes of Pitt that ‘every subject presented to him [was] nothing more than a tabula rasa on which he was at liberty to lay whatever colouring of language he pleased’, PR, 10 (1806), 306–7. 30. PR, 10 (1806), 307–9. 31. Verax [William Hazlitt], ‘Character of Pitt’, PR, 10 (1806), 306–9. The dis- covery that Hazlitt contributed to the Register under the pseudonym Verax raises the possibility that the other writings by Verax printed during this period (15 in total) are also by Hazlitt. 32. Jon Klancher, The Making of English Reading Audiences, 1790–1832 (Madison, WI, 1987), 101. 33. Leonora Nattrass argues that his endeavour to ‘present Radicalism as the true patriot’s position continues to be part of Cobbett’s rhetorical armoury throughout his career’. William Cobbett: Selected Writings, 6 vols (London, 1998), II, 3. 34. For a further account of Hazlitt’s response to Pitt, see Paulin, The Day-Star of Liberty, 23–5, 28–31. 35. Hazlitt’s early attempt to distinguish between virtuous and vicious forms of patriotism is explored elsewhere in his writings. In particular, the theme dominates a series of open letters addressed to Edward Sterling and John Stoddart of the Times newspaper. See Hazlitt, Works, VII, 33–4, 39–72, 131–53. 36. Hazlitt, Works, I, 95–6 [Free Thoughts on Public Affairs]. 37. Hazlitt, Works, I, 99. 38. Hazlitt, Works, I, 112–13. 39. For an account of Hazlitt’s attitude to Napoleon see Simon Bainbridge, Napoleon and English Romanticism (Cambridge, 1995), 183–208. As Bainbridge explains, Hazlitt was an ardent Bonapartist whose final publica- tion was the four-volume Life of Napoleon Buonaparte (1828–30). A detailed study of Free Thoughts on Public Affairs, however, suggests that in 1806 Hazlitt’s opinion of the French Emperor was markedly different to that at the end of his life. 40. Hazlitt, Works, I, 112. 41. Hazlitt, Works, I, 114. 42. Hazlitt, Works, I, 115–16. In his essay ‘Of Trades and Professions’ Godwin denounces ‘the trader or merchant’ whose life is preoccupied by ‘the most poisonous and soul-corrupting object’, pecuniary gain. ‘This being’, writes Godwin, ‘this supple, fawning, cringing creature, this systematic, cold- hearted liar, this being, every moment of whose existence is centred in the sordid consideration of petty gains, has the audacity to call himself a man’ (The Enquirer. Reflections on Education, Manners, and Literature (London, 1797), 219–20). See also, for example, Cobbett’s ‘Perish Commerce!’ articles, which began in the Political Register in November 1807. 43. Hazlitt, Works, I, 116. 44. Hazlitt, Works, I, 116. 45. Hazlitt, Works, I, 117. 46. Hazlitt, Works, I, 95–6. Hazlitt’s own annotated copy of Free Thoughts is preserved in the British Library (shelfmark C.121.b.8). Notes 193
47. Hazlitt, Works, VII, 50 [Political Essays]. Hazlitt’s attack on the spirit of ‘exclusive’ patriotism appears to be indebted to Richard Price’s Discourse on the Love of Our Country (London, 1789). Price argued that ‘In pursuing particularly the interest of our country, we ought to carry our views beyond it. We should love it ardently, but not exclusively’ (10). 48. Rémy Duthille, ‘Reading Richard Price’s Discourse on the Love of Our Coun- try in Context’, Enlightenment and Dissent (forthcoming). I am indebted to Dr Duthille for allowing me to read an early version of this essay. 49. Price, A Discourse on the Love of Our Country, 21. 50. Hazlitt, Works, VII, 22. 51. Hazlitt, Works, I, 137–76. 52. Floyd Douglas Anderson and Andrew A. King, ‘William Hazlitt as Critic of Parliamentary Speaking’, The Quarterly Journal of Speech, 67.1 (1981), 47–56 (51). 53. James Mulvihill, ‘Hazlitt on Parliamentary Eloquence’, Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism, 12.2 (1989), 132–46 (136). 54. Tom Paulin, Crusoe’s Secret: The Aesthetics of Dissent (London, 2005), 164–78 (168, 178). 55. Hazlitt must have encountered significant practical and methodological problems in producing his parliamentary anthology. He was himself a par- liamentary reporter for James Perry’s Morning Chronicle from 1812 to 1814, a position that he no doubt obtained partly as a result of his 1807 anthol- ogy. Throughout the eighteenth century, however, parliamentary reporting was illegal and the texts of speeches that were produced were notoriously corrupt and unreliable. Under the editorship of Edward Cave, The Gentle- man’s Magazine was, however, an early pioneer in this respect: from May 1731 it began to include reports of proceedings of parliament, and Samuel Johnson became one of Cave’s reporters. Hazlitt appears to have drawn upon a range of sources in compiling his own anthology. Speeches that he reprinted can be found in The Gentleman’s Magazine, in Samuel Johnson’s posthumously published Debates in Parliament, 2 vols (London, 1787), and The Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England; being a faithful account of all the most remarkable transactions in Parliament from the earliest times,24 vols (London, 1751–61). In addition, at the time that Hazlitt was produc- ing his anthology, William Cobbett was also compiling his Parliamentary History of England, from the Norman Conquest, in 1066, to the Year 1803,36 vols (London, 1806–20). By 1807, however, only the first two volumes had appeared. For a further account of the history of parliamentary reporting in the eighteenth century, see John Feather, A History of British Publishing (London, 1988), 67–116. 56. William Hazlitt, The Eloquence of the British Senate; or, Select Specimens from the Speeches of the Most Distinguished Parliamentary Speakers, from the begin- ning of the Reign of Charles I to the present time. With Notes Biographical, Critical, and Explanatory, 2 vols (London, 1807), I, 14, 19, 31. 57. The British Senate, I, 1. 58. The British Senate, I, 13, 17, 30. 59. The British Senate,I,32. 60. The British Senate,I,65. 61. The British Senate,I,93. 194 Notes
62. Epstein, Radical Expression, 68. 63. The British Senate, I, 137. 64. The British Senate, I, 143. 65. The British Senate, I, 126. 66. The British Senate, I, 122–3. 67. The British Senate, I, 152. 68. The British Senate, I, 159–60. 69. The British Senate, I, 159. 70. The British Senate, I, 201. 71. The British Senate, I, 203. 72. The British Senate, I, 216–17. Hazlitt, however, concludes his introduction to Somers’s speech by distancing himself from political controversy: ‘I am not here entering’, he affirms, ‘into the abstract question of government, nor do I pretend to say that this is the true law and constitution of England; I am only stating what was understood to be so by the prime movers and abettors of the revolution of 1688’ (I, 217). 73. The British Senate, I, 217. 74. At the time, the position of prime minister had no legal recognition. 75. The British Senate, I, 385. 76. The British Senate, I, 385. 77. The British Senate, I, 383. 78. In his advertisement Hazlitt tried to offset accusations of political bias by highlighting his portraits of Fox and Burke: ‘For the bias which may some- times appear in this work, I shall only apologise by referring the impartial reader to the different characters of Fox and Burke. These will, I think, shew, that whatever my prejudices may be, I am not much to be disposed to be blinded by them’ (I, viii). 79. The British Senate, II, 4. 80. The British Senate, II, 207–9. 81. Despite Hazlitt’s profound admiration of Fox, he acknowledges that ‘in logic Fox was inferior to Pitt’. In addition, Hazlitt notes that Fox was ‘a matter-of-fact reasoner’ (II, 472–3). 82. The British Senate, II, 473–4. 83. The British Senate, II, 474. 84. The British Senate, II, 590. 85. Hazlitt returned to the subject of Malthus’s theory of population through- out his writings from 1807 to 1825. As Duncan Wu has shown, his letter on Malthus published in the Monthly Magazine, 27 (1809), 250–3, was reworked for Cobbett’s Political Register (24 November 1810), for the Exam- iner (29 October 1815), and then revised as ‘Queries Relating to the Essay on Population’ in Political Essays (1819); see Wu, New Writings, I, 13–20. Political Essays in fact concludes with five essays on Malthus, largely based on the 1807 Reply; see Hazlitt, Works, VII, 332–61. For Hazlitt’s portrait of Malthus in Spirit of the Age, see Hazlitt, Works, XI, 103–14. 86. William P. Albrecht’s William Hazlitt and the Malthusian Controversy (Albuquerque, NM, 1950) remains the standard work on the topic. See also Sybil Oldfield, ‘Hazlitt versus Malthus’, The Charles Lamb Bulletin, 138 (2007), 47–56. Notes 195
87. Donald Winch, Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834 (Cambridge, 1996), 221–406 (308–9). 88. Connell, Romanticism, Economics, and the Question of ‘Culture’, 200–5. See also Peter Spence, The Birth of Romantic Radicalism: War, Popular Politics and English Radical Reformism, 1800–1815 (Aldershot, 1996), 14–33. 89. In the opening chapter of the 1798 edition Malthus emphasises this point: ‘The most important argument that I shall adduce’, he explains, ‘is certainly not new.’ Here he also acknowledged his debt to the work of David Hume, Adam Smith, and Robert Wallace; see An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers (London, 1798), 8. 90. Essay (1798), 78–9. It is important to note, however, that in the heavily revised second edition of the Essay of 1803, Malthus softened many of his harsher conclusions. In particular, he offered two solutions to allevi- ate poverty by controlling the geometric rate of population growth: ‘moral restraint’ and a national system of education. The only method of reducing poverty was, Malthus urged, for people to delay marriage and practise strict chastity until they could afford to support their offspring. This message would be disseminated via an educational system designed to emphasise to the poor ‘that they are themselves the cause of their own poverty; that the means of redress are in their hands, and in the hands of no other persons whatever; that the society in which they live, and the government which presides over it, are totally without power in this respect’ (Essay (1803), 266). 91. Essay (1798), 11. 92. Essay (1798), 51. 93. Malthus Essay was an important source for Darwin’s theory. In 1838 Darwin read the sixth edition, published in 1826; see Paul Crook, Darwin: War and History (Cambridge, 1994), 19. 94. Essay (1798), 13–14. 95. See Timothy Fulford, Romanticism and Masculinity: Gender, Politics, and Poetics in the Writings of Burke, Coleridge, Cobbett, Wordsworth, De Quincey, and Hazlitt (Basingstoke, 1999), 83–4. 96. The Marquis de Concorcet’s Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain (Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit) was published posthumously in 1795. 97. Gregory Dart, Rousseau, Robespierre, and Romanticism (Cambridge, 2005), 139–62 (139). 98. It took several years for the Tories to come to accept Malthus’s conclusions. It was not until 1817, for example, that the Quarterly Review finally adopted a Malthusian stance, after vigorously opposing his theory of population since the journal’s inception in 1809. This was not the case, though, within Malthus’s own Whig circles. Founded in 1803, the Edinburgh Review was an influential champion of Malthusianism from the beginning. Indeed, Malthus contributed several pieces of his own, among them, it appears, a response to Hazlitt’s Reply;seeEdinburgh Review, 16 (1810), 464–76. Hazlitt responded to the review in Cobbett’s Political Register, 18 (1810), 1014–22. 99. Winch, Riches and Poverty, 221–406 (253, 339). 196 Notes
100. Anthony Michael C. Waterman, Revolution, Economics, and Religion: Christian Political Economy, 1798–1833 (Cambridge, 1991), 26. Malthus’s commitment to Whig values was strengthened by his early exposure to liberal Dissenting circles in Warrington, Cambridge, and London. 101. J.M. Pullen, ‘Malthus, (Thomas) Robert (1766–1834)’, ODNB,onlineedn (accessed 12 September 2010); James P. Huzel, The Popularization of Malthus in Early Nineteenth-Century England: Martineau, Cobbett, and the Pauper Press (Aldershot, 2006), 15–16. 102. Helen Braithwaite notes that there was ‘nothing rigidly dogmatic about Johnson as a bookseller’. He adopted a pluralistic approach to business, and was not simply a publisher of liberal or Dissenting authors, see Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent, 29. Nonetheless, Malthus’s connections with liberal Dissent were no doubt a factor in Johnson’s publication of the Essay (1798). 103. Samuel Whitbread, Substance of a Speech on the Poor Laws (London, 1807), 7. Also quoted in Dart, Rousseau, Robespierre, and Romanticism, 157. Although Whitbread’s bill was broadly informed by the ideological framework of Malthus’s Essay, it is important to note that Malthus was opposed to a num- ber of Whitbread’s proposed measures. In fact, he articulated his opposition in A Letter to Samuel Whitbread Esq. M.P. on His Proposed Bill for the Amend- ment of the Poor Laws (1807). Despite these differences, most observers recognised the strong influence of Malthusian thought on Whitbread’s bill; see Huzel, The Popularization of Malthus, 30. 104. PR, 7 (1805), 281. 105. PR, 9 (1806), 64. See also Herman Ausubel, ‘William Cobbett and Malthusianism’, The Journal of the History of Ideas, 13.2 (1952), 250–6. 106. PR, 11 (1807), 397. 107. Hazlitt, Works, XI, 112 [Spirit of the Age]. 108. PR, 11 (1807), 398. 109. Hazlitt, Works, XI, 104. 110. Hazlitt, Works, XI, 105. 111. Oldfield, ‘Hazlitt versus Malthus’, 53. 112. Hazlitt, Works, I, 206. 113. PR, 11 (1807), 397. 114. Hazlitt, Works, I, 210. I am indebted to Dr John Gardner for suggesting the connection between Hazlitt’s Reply and Swift’s A Modest Proposal. 115. Hazlitt, Works, I, 211. 116. Hazlitt, Works, I, 224. 117. Hazlitt, Works, I, 224. 118. Hazlitt, Works, I, 242. 119. The British Library holds an annotated copy of Hazlitt’s AReplytoMr Malthus’s Essay on Population (1807). Although there is no indication of the identity of its original owner, it nonetheless contains an anecdote that records an important shift in Hazlitt’s attitude to what he considered to be Malthus’s plagiarisms: ‘The writer of this note put into the hands of Mr. Hazlitt in the year 1828 a small volume intitled “a philosophical Sur- vey of the animal Creation” which is a translation (by the author) of the “Theorie du Systeme Animal” which the Reverend John Bruckner had pub- lished some time before. After a perusal of the English edition of this work, Mr Hazlitt admitted, that the principles of the Essay on Population had Notes 197
been anticipated to a greater extent by the Flemish Divine who settled in England, than they had been by Mr. Wallace. Of Mr. Bruckner who con- ducted the Walloon Church at Norwich mention is made in the Bibliotheca Parriana.’ In 1768 the physician Thomas Cogan published a work enti- tled A Philosophical Survey of the Animal Creation, a translation from the French of Théorie du Système Animal (1767), by the Lutheran minister John Bruckner (1726–1804). Cogan died in 1818 and it is therefore not possible that he is the author of the anonymous annotations. Nonetheless, the note establishes that Hazlitt read Cogan’s translation in 1828 and that it precip- itated a change in his views on Malthus’s source material. As a result, he relegated Wallace and instead acknowledged the importance of Bruckner’s thesis. 120. Hazlitt, Works, I, 195. 121. Hazlitt, Works, I, 196–7. 122. Hazlitt, Works, I, 196. 123. Hazlitt, Works, I, 189. 124. Hazlitt, Works, I, 207. 125. Hazlitt, Works, I, 214. 126. Albrecht, William Hazlitt and the Malthusian Controversy, 114–15. 127. PR, 11 (1807), 398. 128. PR, 11 (1807), 398. 129. Hazlitt Sr was also a stern opponent of Malthus. The eighth discourse of his Sermons for the Use of Families (1808), entitled ‘The Goodness of God in Providing us with Present Necessaries’, is of particular interest in this respect. Although Malthus is not mentioned by name there can be little doubt that the sermon was designed as a polemical riposte to An Essay on the Principle of Population. Here he states that ‘Every land floweth with milk and honey. There is enough amidst the infinite variety, and even to spare, after all our wants are supplied.’ Furthermore, in what appears to be an allusion to Malthus’s ‘grinding law of necessity’, Hazlitt Sr writes, ‘It is not God, but man, who grindeth the faces of the poor. God always satisfieth us, if man will do his duty; if selfish, rebellious, and ungrateful man, do not hoard up, or waste, those good things which are prepared for all’ (Sermons, I, 146–56). 130. PR, 34 (1819), 1019–47. 131. Hazlitt was aware of the more subtle incongruities between Whitbread’s bill and Malthusianism. Although he emphasised that the Poor Bill was undertaken ‘under the auspices’ of Malthus’s system, he does acknowledge that ‘it differs in many of its features from the expedients recommended by that author’ (Hazlitt, Works, I, 186). 132. Hazlitt, Works, I, 183. 133. Hazlitt, Works, I, 184. 134. Hazlitt, Works, I, 184. 135. Hazlitt, Works, I, 185. 136. In March 1805 a commission of inquiry reported its findings with regard to accusations of embezzlement and corruption in the Admiralty. As a result Lord Melville (1742–1811) was impeached. His case went before the House of Lords in the spring of 1806 and Whitbread set out the case against him. On 12 June, however, Melville was acquitted, see Michael Fry, ‘Dundas, 198 Notes
Henry, first Viscount Melville (1742–1811)’, ODNB, online edn (accessed 16 September 2010). 137. Hazlitt, Works, I, 185. 138. Hazlitt, Works, I, 378n. See also Rod Morgan, ‘Howard, John (1726?–1790)’, ODNB, online edn (accessed 16 September 2010). 139. Hazlitt, Works, I, 186. 140. Winch, Riches and Poverty, 308–9. 141. Hazlitt, Works, VII, 19 [Political Essays]. 142. The preface is dated January 1810, see Hazlitt, Works, III, x. In a letter of 4 December 1809 Hazlitt wrote that he was ‘tired to death of the work, having been at it unceasingly the last fortnight’ (Hazlitt, Letters, 116). 143. For an account of the publication history of the Memoirs, see Virgil R. Stallbaumer, ‘Hazlitt’s Life of Thomas Holcroft’, American Benedictine Review, 5 (1954), 27–44. 144. Hazlitt, Works, III, 149. 145. Hazlitt, Works, III, 151. 146. Hazlitt, Works, III, 155.
Conclusion: ‘A sublime humanity’
1. See Kinnaird, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power, 33–4. 2. John Whale, ‘Hazlitt, Modernity, and the Workings of the Spirit’, The Hazlitt Review, 5 (2012), 41–54. 3. Hazlitt, Works, VI, 184. 4. The Hunts’ mother was a Quaker, and their father, like his ancestors, took orders in the Church of England. They both, however, subsequently embraced Unitarianism and Universalism; see Nicholas Roe, Fiery Heart: The First Life of Leigh Hunt (London, 2005), 5–32. Bibliography
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Act of Uniformity 14, 55 Bromwich, David 3, 92, 127 Addison, Joseph 40, 48 Brown, Thomas 96 Aikin, Arthur 62–3 Burdett, Sir Francis 128, 140, 149, Aikin, John 50, 159 160, 161, 162 Albrecht, William 157, 184n, Burke, Edmund 3, 4, 14–15, 16, 92, 194n, 197n 125, 127, 140, 142, 143, 145–6, American Herald 34–5, 173n, 174n 150, 164, 194n Anderson, Floyd 137, 193n Bury, Arthur 17, 172n Anglican Latitudinarianism 19–20 Butler, Joseph 98, 108, 121 Arianism 16, 73, 74, 75, 80, 93, 181n Arius 16 Calamy, Edmund 2, 42–3 Aspland, Robert 89 Calvinism 12, 17, 26–7, 33, 34–5, Association of ideas 102, 105–6, 112, 37–8, 68–9, 166, 169n, 177n 118, 120, 186n, 187n Cambell, Colen 50 Cardale, Paul 20, 30 Bacon, Francis 40, 115, 119, 120 Carlisle, Richard 127 Baker, Herschel 127 Cartwright, Captain John 128, 140 Bandon, Cork 12, 30–3, 174n Catholics 17, 31, 142 Barbauld, Anna Letitia 14, 40, and Emancipation 137 83, 183n and The Toleration Act 15 Barbauld, Rochemont 50, 83, 182n Chandler, Samuel 22 Beattie, James 109 Channing, William Ellery 39 Beaufoy, Henry 40–1, 50, 52, 82, Chauncy, Charles 34 176n Chester, John 98 Bell, Robert 34, 173n Clarke, Samuel 16, 21 Belsham, Thomas 4, 7, 21, 50, 53, Cleveland, John 44 61–3, 65–8, 69, 70, 73–6, 87, 88, Club of Honest Whigs 23–4, 36, 83 93–8, 105, 108–9, 178n, 180n, Cobbett, William 8, 162, 168, 192n, 181n, 187n 193n, 194n, 195n Bentley, William 34 and Hazlitt’s Free Thoughts on Public Biddle, John 17 Affairs 128–47 Biliotheca Fratrum Polonorum 16, and Malthus 148–53, 158–61 43, 170n Political Register 131 Birmingham Riots 47, 74 The Porcupine 131 Blackburn, Francis 19–21 Coburn, Kathleen 107 Bonaparte, Napoleon 125, 128, 133, Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 3, 4, 7, 134, 192n 92–3, 97–8, 110, 112–13, Boston Association of Ministers 34–5 166, 188n Boston Magazine 34–5 Commonwealthman tradition 127 Bowden Hill Chapel 1 Condorcet, Marquis de 151 Bowers,J.D. 6,13 Connell, Philip 127, 149 Brattle Street, Boston 34 Corrie, John 64–5, 81, 175n, 178n
214 Index 215
Council of Nicea 16 Dundas, Henry, 1st Viscount Melville Cromwell, Oliver 17, 141 81, 159, 197n Duthille, Rémy 136 D’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry 87, 94, 184n Elliott, Sir John 139 Dart, Gregory 151 Emmet, Catherine 1 Darwin, Charles 150 Enfield, William 40 Daventry Academy; see Dissenting Epstein, James 128, 140 academies Essex Street Chapel 20–1, 24, 35, 48 Davidson, James 33 Ewing, John 33 Dawson, Benjamin 25–6 Deane, Seamus 127 Feathers Tavern Petition 20–1, 25–6 Dickin, George 41–2 Finch, Sir Heneage 139 Dickinson College 33–4 Firmin, Thomas 17 Digges, Sir Dudley 139 Fleming, Caleb 20, 23 Disinterstedness 45–7, 57, 90, Flower, Benjamin 127 93–108, 109, 113, 123, 135–6, Fox, Charles James 129, 136, 145–7, 138, 142, 146–8, 160, 163, 164–6, 148, 149, 160, 165, 191n, 194n 185n, 188n, 191n Foxite Whigs 8, 128, 129, 137, Disney, John 20, 49, 171n 148, 149, 151, 152, 158 Dissenters Foxe, John 2, 43 and American Independence 12, France 7, 80, 83, 93, 125, 129, 130, 16, 24, 30–3, 125, 173n 132, 134, 136, 140 candour 45–6, 56, 57 Franklin, Benjamin 21, 23, 124, martyrdom and sacrifice 1, 2, 3, 169n, 184n 21, 22, 43, 142, 160, 174n sense of embattlement 2–3 Freeman, James 34–7, 43 slavery 40–1 French Revolution 53, 59, 80, 82, Dissenting academies 125, 126, 134, 136, 145 Daventry Academy 50, 57, 58, 66, Frend, William 151, 181n 73, 177n, 179n Hoxton Academy 49, 50, 57, 58, Gentleman’s Magazine 54, 70, 71, 72, 177n 89, 193n Manchester Academy 56, 90, Gifford, William 101–2 180n, 183n Gilmartin, Kevin 127 New College, Hackney 4, 6, 7, 12, Glasgow University 11–12, 25, 46 48, 49–98, 99, 104, 105, Glorious Revolution 82, 125, 126, 108–10, 166, 174n, 175n, 176n, 142, 175n 178n, 179n, 180n, 183n, 184n, Godwin, William 65, 81, 86, 89, 189n, 190n 98–101, 112, 115, 134, 151, 157, Warrington Academy 19, 40, 49, 162, 166, 182n, 185n, 186n, 192n 50, 56–7, 63, 69, 70, 76, 159, ‘Of Trades and Professions’ 134 177n, 178n, 179n ‘On Avarice and Profusion’ 151 divine right of kings 123, 139, 142 Gravel Pit Chapel 64, 74–6, 85, Doddridge, Philip 55–6, 66, 177n, 87, 181n 178n, 185n Grayling, A.C. 40 Dodson, Michael 49, 52 Great Ejection, The 14, 21, 55 Dr Williams’s Library 49 Grenville, William Wyndham DruryLaneRiot 83 129, 191n 216 Index
Habeas Corpus 140 Notes on a Journey through France Hackney 50–3, 58–62, 73–84 and Italy 167 Hackney Loyalist Association ‘On Court Influence’ 42 84, 182n ‘On Novelty and Familiarity’ 45 Hall, Robert 127 ‘On Pedantry’ 43 Hamilton, Paul 109 On the Dramatic Literature of the Age Hardy, Thomas 81, 163 of Elizabeth 165–6 Harris Manchester College, Oxford ‘On the English Noveliststs’ 99 95, 193n ‘On the Knowledge of Hartley, David 18, 67, 92, 95, 97, Character’ 88 101, 102, 105–6, 110, 112–13, ‘On the Pleasure of Painting’ 9 114, 121, 186n, 188n Political Essays 125–6 Harwood, Edward 70 ‘Project for a New Theory of Civil Hazlitt, John 11, 12, 13, 23, 81–2, and Criminal Legislation’ 65 99, 182n, 184n Proposals for Publishing . . . A History Hazlitt, Margaret 1, 12, 13, 23, 30–3, of English Philosophy 119 34, 39, 59, 99, 174n ‘The Letter Bell’ 59 Hazlitt, William (essayist) The Round Table 131 Life: The Shrewsbury Chronicle 47 The Spirit of the Age 99 and metaphysics 91–6 Hazlitt, William Jr 122 and politics 124–7 Hazlitt, William Sr 5–6, 9–39 education at Wem 39–48 Life: life at Hackney 58–62 Bandon, Cork 30–3 memorial service 1–3 combative personality 10–11 reasons for leaving New College Dickinson College 33–4 85–90 his sons’ portraits of 10–11 Writings: King’s Chapel, Boston 35–6, 43 A New and Improved Grammar of Lewin’s Mead, Bristol 23 the English Tongue 91 life threatened 32 A Reply to Malthus’s Essay on Maidstone 23–30 Population 128 Marshfield, Gloucestershire 22 An Abridgement of Abraham retirement and death 48 Tucker’s Light of Nature Wem 41–8 Pursued 91 Writings: An Essay on the Principles of Human An Essay on the Justice of God Action 93 26–7 Characteristics 167 Discourses for the Use of Families Conversations of Northcote 167 39, 45–6 Eloquence of the British ‘Essay on Ordination’ 43–4 Senate 128 Human Authority in Matters of Free Thoughts on Public Faith 28–9 Affairs 124 Letters on the Worship of Christ ‘Illustrations of Vetus’ 135–6 29–30 Lectures on English Philosophy 91 Letters to the Reverend Doctor Life of Napoleon Buonaparte 124 Benjamin Dawson 25–6 Memoirs of Thomas Holcroft 128 Sermon on Human Mortality 22 ‘My First Acquaintance with Sermons for the Use of Families Poets’ 12 39, 46–8 Index 217
Thanksgiving Discourse 36–7 Kenrick, John 90 The Methodists Vindicated 24–5 Kenrick, Samuel 52, 61, 62, 68 The Mystery of Godliness 37 Kenrick, Timothy 89 Heywood, Samuel 49, 50, 52, 70 King Charles I 15, 138, 139, 142 Hobbes, Thomas 90, 92, 96, 102, King Charles II 141–2 105, 108, 117, 121, 133, 135, 157, King William III 14, 125, 127 183n, 188n King, Andrew 137 Hodgson, William 96, 184n King’s Chapel, Boston 12, 35–6, 43 Hoghton, Sir Henry 52, 176n, 182n Kinnaird, John 3, 98, 127, 129, Holcroft, Thomas 81, 86, 89, 128, 185n, 191n 161–3 Kinsale Garrison 31–2 Holland (The Batavian Republic) 134 Kippis, Andrew 23, 49, 50, 56, 59, Hollis, Thomas Brand 49, 82 60, 77, 82, 87, 126, 173n Homerton Hall 50–1, 70, 89 Hone, William 127 Lamb, Charles 166, 190n, 191n Horne, George 29–30 Lambert, James 20 Houghton, John 40 Lardner, Nathaniel 17, 42, 43 Houghton, Pendlebury 174n Law, William 29 How, John 32 Leland, John 22 Howard, John 159–60 Lemprière, John 40 Howe, John 42, 43 Lindsey, Theophilus 10, 20–2, 23, 24, Howe, Percival Presland 137, 189n 25, 30, 35, 48, 54, 60, 62, 71, 73, Hoxton Academy; see Dissenting 74, 75, 87, 89, 175n, 181n academies Lloft, Capel 49, 82, 190n Hume, David 29, 92, 101, 102, Locke, John 45, 46, 67, 92, 105, 108, 109, 195n 109, 111, 113–14, 116–17, 118, Hunt, John 125, 127, 166, 198n 121, 123, 186n, 188n, 192n Hunt, Leigh 127, 198n London Corresponding Society 81, Hunter, Robert 1 163, 184n London Revolution Society 82 Irving, Edward 166 London University 90 Lowth, Robert 116 Jack Dunning Estate, Hackney 54 Jackson, William 83–4 Maclean, Catherine Macdonald 129 Jebb, John 20 Magna Carta 140 Jeffries, Edward 52 Maitland, William 50 Jenkins, Sir Leoline 142 Malthus, Daniel 151 Jennings, John 55–6, 177n Malthus, Thomas Robert 148–61, Johns, John 1–3, 168n 194n, 195n, 196n, 197n Johnson, Joseph 1, 22, 23, 26, 30, 40, Manchester Academy; see Dissenting 45, 46, 49, 83, 94, 101, 107, 112, academies 151, 175n, 178n, 179n, 196n Mandeville, Bernard 108, 157 Jones, John 26 Maurice, Michael 75 Jones, Stanley 92, 127, 184n McLachlan, H 6, 54 Jones, William 29 Mee, Jon 5 Joyce, Jeremiah 81, 175n Milnes, Tim 93 Milton, John 40, 48, 142, 145, 167 Kant, Immanuel 108, 109, 110–12, Ministry of all the Talents 129, 136, 114, 118, 188n 137, 138, 152, 191n 218 Index
Montagu, Basil 122, 172n Plumtree, Robert 20 Monthly Register 110, 112, 114 Pope, John 64, 78–9, 178n Monthly Repository 13, 43, 89 popular sovereignty 123, 125, Morgan, George Cadogan 64, 74, 79, 126, 146 175n, 178n Price, Richard 7, 10, 16, 21, 23, Morning Chronicle 4, 123, 166, 193n 60, 175n Mullett, Thomas 127 Life: Mulvihill, James 137 a founding tutor and governor at Murray, Lindley 116 New College 49 and the Revolution Society 82 Nantes Jacobin Club 82 assists the Hazlitts in Bandon 32 Napoleonic Wars 135 death of 74 Natarajan, Uttara 92, 106, 110, on Dissenting education 113, 184n 56–7 Neal, Daniel 2, 42–3 opinions on Hazlitt Sr 35 New College, Hackney; see Dissenting opposition to Gilbert Wakefield academies 76, 78, 79 Nisbet, Charles 33 Writings: Noble, Seth 36–7 Discourse on the Love of Our Noël, Françoise 83 Country 124, 125, 136, 140, Norgate, Thomas Starling 52, 61, 143, 193n 62–3, 178–9n Observations on the Nature of Civil Notcutt, William Russell 81 Liberty 124, 125–6, 173n Nye, Stephen 17 Reflections on the Revolution in France 16 Ostell, Thomas 137 Review of the Principal Questions Oswald, James 109 and Difficulties in Morals 92–3, 108–9, 110, 121, 184n, Paine, Thomas 34, 81, 83, 86, 187n 143, 179n Priestley, Joseph 4, 5, 7, 13, 17, 47 Palmer, John 23, 35, 36 Pardoe, Robert 62 Life: Park, Roy 107 and Benjamin Dawson 25–6 Parsons, Thomas 23, 172n and New College, Hackney 54, patriotism 8, 128–43, 146, 192n, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65–6, 73–5, 193n 78–9, 83, 84, 179–80n Paulin, Tom 5, 92, 127, 137–8 and Shelburne 32 Perrot, Samuel 32 and the Birmingham Riots 47–8 Perry, James 4, 123, 166, 193n and Warrington Academy 50, 56 Petty, William, second Earl of emigration 6, 38–9, 85 Shelburne 32–3 his Unitarian circle 13, 17–20, Philadelphia 33–4 21, 23, 29, 30, 67, 138, 170n, philosophical necessity 17–18, 67–8, 171n, 173n 96, 103, 109, 111, 120, 122, 157 in America 13, 86, 89 Pitt, William 1st Earl of Chatham philosophical ideas 67, 107, 109, 145, 192n 122, 188n Pitt, William 4, 7, 8, 80, 83, 89, Writings: 128–36, 138, 144, 146–8, 159–63, An History of the Corruptions of 192n, 194n Christianity 138, 171n Index 219
Lectures on History and General Simson, John 12 Policy 74, 179n Smith, Adam 11, 29, 46, 103, 195n Letters to a Young Man 78 Smith, Leonard 17 The Doctrine of Philosophical Smith, Revd Haddon 24–5 Necessity Illustrated 17, Smith, William 52, 60, 72, 73, 79, 18, 67 82, 83, 176n, 178n The Present State of Europe 183n Soane, Sir John 122, 189n Theological Repository 20, 23, Socinianism 7, 16–18 35, 171n Sozzini, Fausto Paulo 16 Protestant Dissenters Magazine 43–4 Protestant Dissenting Deputies 52 Somers, Lord John 142–3, 194n Puritanism 15, 43, 127 Southey, Robert 68, 166 Pym, John 139 Sozzini, Fausto Paulo; see Socinianism Stanhope, James 128 Radicalism 6, 8, 22, 44, 53, 55, 68, Stephen, Leslie 126–7 80, 82, 127, 128, 140, 148–50, Stephenson, H.W. 6, 54 153, 160, 162–3, 166 Stone, John Hurford 49, 51, 82, 83 Ralph, John 58, 177n Stone, William 49, 83, 84 Randolph, Thomas 29 Sturch, William 81 Rees, Abraham 50, 60, 62, 65, 70, Swift, Jonathan 154 73–5, 179n, 181n, 183n, 190n Sympathetic imagination 46–7, 103, Reeves, John 84 147, 164 Reid, Thomas 109–10, 187n Religious pluralism 15, 28, 48 Reynolds, Joshua 81 Tayleur, William 54, 69, 71, 86 Rivers, Isabel 55–6 Test and Corporation Acts 14, 40–1, Robbins, Caroline 127 52, 53, 65, 79, 82, 90, 169n Robbins, Thomas 50 Robinson, Henry Crabb 87, 110–12, Thatcher, George 10, 37, 169n 114, 121, 122, 188n Thelwall, John 81 Rogers, Samuel 49 Theological Repository; see Joseph Rogers, Thomas 49, 60, 69, 72, 77 Priestley Rowe, John 12, 174n Thomson, James 62 Rush, Benjamin 33 Toland, John 127 Russell Institution 119, 122 Toleration Act 14, 15, 55 Russell, Lord William 142 Tomalin, Marcus 115 Russell, William 75 Tooke, John Horne 81, 114–19, 122, Rutherford, Thomas 19 188n Rutt, John Towill 49 Tories 126, 129, 131, 137, 151, 159, 160–2, 195n Sabonadière, John Scipio 83 Toulmin, Joshua 30, 48, 126, 173n Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire Towers, Joseph 49, 82, 191n 12, 175n Towgood, Micaiah 1, 49 Secker, Thomas 19 Seed,John 1,15 Treason Trials 6, 81, 84, 115, 162–4 Shelley, Mary 94 Treaty of Amiens 133, 147 Sheridan Richard Brinsley 80, Tucker, Abraham 112–13 148–9 Turner, Sir Robert 14 Sidney, Algernon 142 Turner, William 21 220 Index
Unitarianism 5, 6, 12, 13, 18, 29, Whale, John 127, 165, 184n 66–7, 68, 93, 99, 107, 181 Whelan, Timothy 127 and the Bible 42–3 Whigs 7, 8, 126, 127, 129, 137, 144, doctrines 15–16 149, 152, 160, 161, 162, 191n rise of 19–22, 27–8 Whiston, William 16 transatlantic connections 33–9 Whitbread, Samuel 148–9, 152–3, Unitarian Relief Act 1, 26, 48 158–61, 162, 176n, 196n, 197n University of Pennsylvania 33, 34 White, Daniel 63 White, Deborah Elise 191n Vaughan, Benjamin 50, 83, 84, 176n Whitelocke, Bulstrode 140–1 Vaughan, John 34, 84 William Leechman 12 Vaughan, Samuel 35, 36, 37, 50 Williams, Dr John 139 Vaughan, William 49, 50 Winch, Donlad 149, 151, 161 Vidler, William 89 Wodrow, James 61, 68, 79 Viny, Thomas 23 Wooler, T.J. 127 Wordsworth, William 3, 4, 97–8, Wakefield, Gilbert 50, 60, 63–4, 72, 166, 185n, 190n, 191n 73, 76–80, 85–6, 151, 178n, 180n, Worsley, Thomas Carill 70 181n, 183n Wallace, Robert 155, 195n, 197n Worthington, Hugh 49, 64, 178n, Walpole, Sir Robert 137, 143–4 182n, 183n Warrington Academy; see Dissenting Wray, Sir John 140 academies Wu, Duncan 4, 5, 35, 43, 97, 112, Waterman, Anthony 151 119, 122, 127, 129, 184n, 194n Wellbeloved, Charles 62, 83, 86, Wykes, David 14, 38–9, 55, 90, 175n 177n, 180n Wem, Shropshire 9, 12, 17, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 59, 65, 68, 87, 88 Yates, John 40