ENGLISH HERITAGE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT

Project proposal: the historic environment of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Elaine Jamieson

June 2006 (revised text)

Figure 1. The Mendip Hills looking west. © English Heritage.

1. BACKGROUND

Description of the area The Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) was designated in 1972 and covers 198 sq km, of which 121 sq km lie within the county of with the remainder divided between and Bath and North East Somerset. The AONB includes the western and central area of the Mendip Hills range and stretches for some 27 km from in the west to in the east (Figs. 1 & 2). The central feature of the Mendip Hills is the gently undulating Carboniferous Limestone plateau which is criss-crossed by distinctive dry-stone walls, partly the result of 18th-century enclosure. The southern boundary of the AONB largely follows the foot of the limestone escarpment which rises abruptly from the to over 300m above OD. The plateau combines the classic features of a karst landscape including complex underground cave and river systems,

ENGLISH HERITAGE 1 (version 0.2) Stanton Drew Chewton Mendip ley t Lake Chew Val Wes Harptree ls Wel ey Hole Circles Wook

Priddy Ebbor ey Lake Ramspits Blagdon Wook Easton Charterhouse tbury- Wes sub-Mendip Draycott Cheddar Cheddar Reservoi Churchill 250-300m 200-250m 150-200m > 300m Boundary of Mendip Hills AONB Boundary of Mendip Hills 100-150m 50-100m < 50m 0 3km KEY Locking Hutton ton-super-Mare

Bleadon M 5 M Wes . Figure 2 Location map

ENGLISH HERITAGE 2 (version 0.2) gorges, dry valleys, surface depressions, swallets and fast-flowing springs. The majority of the plateau is agriculturally improved pasture with the exception of four outcrops of Old Red Sandstone, at Black Down, Beacon Hill, North Hill and , which support heathland and acid grassland. To the west of the plateau, the land breaks up into groups of individual hills which rise to no more than 100m above OD. The settlement on the plateau and western slopes takes the form of scattered farmsteads with compact villages located along the spring line below the steep escarpment slopes to the north and south. Within the AONB lie many sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and two National Nature Reserves (NNRs), the latter lying along the southern escarpment at Ebbor Gorge and Rodney Stokes. The area contains varied and important natural habitats including limestone pastures, ancient woodland and gorge cliffs.

The historic environment There are at present over 1200 entries on the National Monuments Record (NMR) for the Mendip Hills AONB and just over 600 listed building records. There are 192 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) and although many of these are individual barrows or barrow groups, they cover a diverse range of monuments including sites such as the prehistoric hillfort of Dolebury and the Second World War bombing decoy complex on Black Down. The Mendip Hills are particularly noted for their outstanding range of prehistoric features including settlement and ritual landscapes. Deposits discovered in the caves and fissures of the plateau edge and the highlands of the plateau itself represent important evidence of early man. The significance of the Neolithic ritual landscape of the area, including mortuary monuments and the more enigmatic ritual monuments such as the , has recently been highlighted (Lewis 2005). There are approximately 300 barrows across the Mendip plateau, constructed during the later Neolithic and early Bronze Age, which combine to form a ritual landscape of national significance. Mineral extraction has also played an important role in the formation of the Mendip Hills landscape, with the major mining settlement at Charterhouse dating from the Roman period if not earlier. Exploitation of the area’s lead deposits continued into the post-medieval period and experienced a revival in the 19th century. Attempts were also made to extract other minerals from the area including calamine ore, and to a lesser extent manganese and iron ore, all of which has left the area with a distinctive industrial legacy. Many factors have combined to create the diverse and complex archaeological landscape which we see today, making the Mendip Hills AONB an area, not only of regional, but of national importance.

Previous work In other upland areas of the south west, such as and the , there had been little archaeological research prior to the work carried out by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of (RCHME) and English Heritage (Riley & Wilson- North 2001; Riley forthcoming). In contrast, the Mendip Hills have been the focus of significant archaeological study. The volume of work undertaken is too great to allow anything more than a brief illustration of its diverse nature to be attempted here. The archaeological work undertaken on the Mendip Hills ranges from antiquarian research, such as the work of the Reverend John Skinner who excavated a considerable number of barrows on the Mendip Hills, to fieldwork carried out by local archaeological societies. The Bristol Spelaeological Society has published numerous articles on work undertaken on the Mendip Hills such as their excavations at the Priddy Circles (Tratman 1967). Leslie Grinsell recorded the mortuary monuments on the Mendip Hills and they are included in his comprehensive list of North Somerset Barrows (Grinsell 1971). The Mendip Hills has been the focus for a number of

ENGLISH HERITAGE 3 (version 0.2) undergraduate and post-graduate research projects. The publication Monuments, Ritual and Regionality: The Neolithic of Northern Somerset was based on one such doctoral thesis (Lewis 2005). Major rescue work has also been carried out within the AONB including the Lake excavations undertaken prior to the construction of the new reservoir (Rahtz & Greenfield 1977). There have been more than a dozen excavations undertaken in the Charterhouse area including work by St. George Gray at the “Amphitheatre”, and more recently, by Todd at the Roman Fortlet (St. George Gray 1909-10; Todd 1996). An ongoing project of archaeological investigation is being undertaken around Charterhouse by the Charterhouse Environs Research Team (CHERT). This work, carried out by volunteers, involves the large-scale survey of earthwork features as well as geophysical investigation and historical research. In 1989 the RCHME, now part of English Heritage, undertook large- scale survey work at the deserted medieval settlement site of Ramspits, Deer Leap, on the east side of Westbury-sub-Mendip parish (Pattison 1991). An archaeological assessment of the towns of Cheddar, Axbridge and Wells was undertaken as part of the Somerset Extensive Urban Survey. This work was commissioned by English Heritage and prepared by with the aim of assessing urban archaeology as part of the Monument Protection Programme (Richardson 1998; Gathercole 1998). The English Heritage Historic Landscape Characterisation Project has also been completed for the Mendip Hills area.

Shortly after the designation of the Mendip Hills as an AONB a general study of the Mendip Hills area was published (Atthill 1976). The book, Mendip: A New Study, was intended as a group of thematic papers which cover topics from geology and climate to industry and recreation. The publication considers both the AONB and the east Mendip area, stretching from in the east to Down in the west.

An archaeological survey of the Mendip Hills AONB was undertaken by Peter Ellis in the period between 1986 and 1988. The one year project was carried out on behalf of the County Councils of Somerset and and funded by English Heritage. The work involved the plotting of archaeological features from aerial photographs which were subsequently checked in the field and recorded using specifically devised forms. This resulted in a paper entitled Mendip Hills: An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty which forms a thematic study of the archaeology of the Mendip Hills AONB (Ellis 1988). The project resulted in the discovery of over 400 previously unrecorded archaeological sites, illustrating the potential for new discoveries within the study area.

Reasons for and circumstances of the project The close proximity of the Mendip Hills AONB to large population centres such as Bristol has resulted in ever increasing visitor numbers and subsequent pressure on the fragile archaeological and built environment. Large numbers of people travel to the Mendip Hills each year to visit the famous caves and gorges, to participate in a range of outdoor activities, and to appreciate the superb landscape, geology and natural history. The landscape of the Mendip Hills is also under pressure from extractive industries. The area has been extensively quarried over many years and there is a growing conflict between the interests of those wishing to exploit the mineral reserves of the area and those wishing to conserve the landscape, archaeology and natural habitats. To add to this, the landscape is also under threat from changes in agriculture, which are affecting long-established patterns of land use. This is exacerbated by the currently limited appreciation and understanding of the significance and value of these aspects of the Mendip Hills landscape. The existence of

ENGLISH HERITAGE 4 (version 0.2) accurate baseline data to allow monitoring of landscape change and to inform sustainable management is therefore essential.

The Mendip Hills Joint Advisory Committee (JAC), now the Mendip Hills Partnership, formed a Heritage Group in 1997 to provide expertise for the management of the conservation of the historic environment of the Mendip Hills AONB. The Heritage Group led the implementation of the Heritage section of the AONB Management Plan (1998) in which there were three Guiding Principles:

• Encourage high quality responsible archaeological research programmes.

• Encourage local communities, owners and managers to understand the value and nature of the historic environment, and to manage and maintain it appropriately.

• Make it easier for people to understand and enjoy Mendip’s ancient environments and ecosystems and rich historical heritage.

As a result of two seminars held in 1999 the Heritage Group produced a document entitled A Strategy for the Historic Environment (2001). Within this document the Heritage Group acknowledged that: ‘unless we have a strong understanding of the historic sites, features and landscapes for the area we cannot hope to conserve it adequately’. The document went on to say that: ‘the key to increased understanding is the undertaking of new research and the appraisal and evaluation of past work’. This document formed the basis for You and the Heritage, a section within the AONB Management Plan 2004-2009 entitled The Mendip Hills and You (2004). One of the main objectives outlined in You and the Heritage was: ‘to encourage greater understanding and awareness of the importance and value of the heritage assets of the AONB’.

In December 2004 English Heritage, Cadw and the National Association for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (NAAONB) signed the first joint Accord on the historic environment. The Accord represents a commitment by the three organisations to work in partnership in order to promote the conservation, understanding, and public enjoyment of the heritage in AONBs. The Mendip Hills AONB project will fit comfortably within the English Heritage programme of selective and exemplary survey work designed to enhance management of the historic resource within nationally important protected landscapes. The project area will therefore be defined by the boundary of the Mendip Hills AONB, although specific aspects of the landscape which fall outside the boundary, such as major settlements, will be considered during the project.

The English Heritage Strategy 2005-2010, entitled Making the Past Part of Our Future, highlights understanding as one of its key strategic aims. The strategy states that ‘from knowledge flows understanding and from understanding flows an appreciation of value, sound and timely decision-making, and informed and intelligent action’. The English Heritage Mendip Hills AONB project will view the improved understanding of the historic environment as its core aim and intends to achieve this by both building on existing knowledge and by addressing gaps in our current understanding. The work of the South West Archaeological Research Framework (SWARF) in identifying local and regional research priorities will help ensure resources are focused in the right areas.

ENGLISH HERITAGE 5 (version 0.2) 2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Research design As a landscape-based research project it is intended that the Mendip Hills AONB project will lead to the understanding of the historic environment as a complete entity, as apposed to a collection of individual archaeological sites or historic buildings. This will be achieved through a multi-disciplinary approach to research involving various teams from within English Heritage, including Archaeological Survey and Investigation, Architectural Investigation, and Aerial Survey and Investigation. An especially important aspect of this project will be the opportunity it gives English Heritage to work with external organisations and individuals. The distinctive geology and natural history of the Mendip Hills will be considered in relation to the development of the historic landscape. The project will also attempt to adopt a cultural approach to understanding the landscape by considering how it was used and comprehended by those who constructed it, as well as by subsequent generations. The buildings, monuments, and landscapes of the Mendip Hills reflect patterns of social, cultural, and economic change and demonstrate a number of influences connected directly with the development of the landscape.

The projects core aim will be achieved through five main objectives which are:

Objective 1: To examine and define known archaeological sites and to assess their significance. The Mendip Hills has a diverse range of monument types ranging from prehistoric cave deposits to 20th-century defence sites. Different monument types will require different strategies for recording and interpretation, therefore, the project intends to build on current methodologies and develop new strategies for approaching landscape-based research projects.

Objective 2: To collate and interrogate previous archaeological research. The project intends to bring together the wealth of previous research material, ranging from antiquarian investigation to modern research, and employ a landscape-based approach to interpreting the material. This, combined with new survey and investigation work, will enhance the evidence base and offer a greater understanding of the historic landscape of the Mendip Hills AONB.

Objective 3: To identify gaps in our current understanding and to focus appropriate resources in these areas. By providing an overview of the state of knowledge relating to the historic asset we can then identify gaps in our understanding and ensure these are addressed.

Objective 4: To widen participation in archaeological fieldwork and build capacity in the sector. There already exists an enthusiastic body of amateur and professionals within the local community dedicated to the recording and interpretation of the archaeology of the Mendip Hills. The project will give English Heritage staff the opportunity to provide training to such groups and to draw on local archaeological knowledge and experience, as well as to raise the profile of archaeological and historical research. New information and insights into the area can assist local communities in caring for their historic environment. Building capacity in the sector will also be achieved through the continued use of professional placements and graduate students in the field teams.

Objective 5: To get the historic environment onto other people’s agendas. This will be achieved through working in partnership with the Mendip Hills AONB Service and the local

ENGLISH HERITAGE 6 (version 0.2) authority heritage teams of Somerset, North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset. The project will also raise the profile of the historic environment by engaging with local landowners and property owners. Through greater understanding and appreciation of the historic landscape improved management and protection of this valuable resource can be achieved.

There are several independent projects running within the survey area which will offer opportunities for data exchange, training and education, as well as multi-disciplinary working and outreach. There is currently agreed funding in place, through the Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF), for two separate projects which both include the Mendip Hills AONB within their project area:

• Foundations of Mendip: This project will be carried out by the British Geological Survey team and aims to bring together a wide variety of information on the geology and natural history of the Mendip Hills. The results of this work will be disseminated through two geological maps accompanied by illustrated guidebooks and complemented by an open access website.

• The Aggregate Landscape of Somerset: Predicting the Archaeological Resource: Funding for this project was received through English Heritage and its aim is to enhance the archaeological record of the aggregate mineral producing areas in the county by collecting and integrating information from aerial photography and Lidar, the Somerset HER, the National Monuments Record, geological and map information.

The ALSF and the Mendip Hills AONB have jointly funded Mendip from the Air: The Changing Landscape Book Project. The purpose of the project is to highlight the recent completion of aerial photographic and lidar surveys of the whole of the Mendip Hills area, funded in 2005 by the ALSF and the Mendip Hills AONB. It is proposed to produce a free publication containing aerial views of archaeological and historic features as well as illustrating the more recent human impact on the landscape within the parishes located on aggregate producing geology.

The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) has awarded funding to the Mendip Hills AONB Service for its Lifelines project. Lifelines is aimed at increasing understanding and sharing awareness of the dry stone walls that are indicative of the Mendip hills area. The project will involve a major condition survey of the walls, training sessions to rebuild them, and programmes aimed at raising awareness of the value of this resource.

A proposed English Heritage internal research project entitled Dispersed but not Deserted? The Nature, Origins and Development of Rural Settlement in Southwest England is currently being considered by English Heritage. If adopted, the project will examine the nature, origins and development of rural settlement in southwest England with the Mendip Hills as one of its proposed case study areas. The project will adopt a multi-disciplinary approach based on the analysis of the historic landscape, with the investigation of the buildings within that landscape at the heart of that analysis.

Publication and other outputs It is proposed that dissemination of project findings will take several forms:

• An English Heritage academic publication, probably in popular format.

ENGLISH HERITAGE 7 (version 0.2) • Papers in academic journals and other publications, as required/requested, including material for English Heritage’s Research News.

• Survey reports of specific sites produced in the English Heritage Research Department Report Series.

• Information will be posted on the English Heritage website and updated at regular intervals. There will also be links to other websites including the relevant local authority sites and the Mendip Hills AONB Service.

• Presentations and talks will be given to interested parties, including partnership organisations, local groups and societies. A programme of training events and community involvement initiatives will be organised through the Mendip Hills AONB Service.

• Advice and guidance to English Heritage regional colleagues in Heritage Protection and Planning and Development, and representatives of partner organisations, in particular the AONB and County and District Councils.

Methodology A variety of methods will be employed to achieve the main project objectives.

The starting point for the project will be the interrogation of the National Monuments Record (NMR) and the Historic Environment Records (HER). Existing archaeological and architectural records will be gathered and assessed, including excavation reports and previous survey work. Historical maps and records will be consulted as will air photographic transcriptions and prints.

Systematic investigation through field reconnaissance of known sites will be undertaken and assessment of the potential for more detailed examination and recording made. The results of field reconnaissance and assessment will be a combination of large-scale earthwork survey, historic building investigation and recording, and more rapid area recording. Data gathered will be used to update the National Monuments Record and the project Geographical Information System (GIS).

There is the potential for geophysical survey, dendro-dating, and targeted excavation of selected sites.

The entire area (which extends to an arbitrary line drawn to include all km squares roughly 1km beyond the AONB boundary (Fig. 3)) will be subject to standard English Heritage National Mapping Programme (NMP) mapping using aerial photographs. The Aerial Photographic Interpretation Officer post is being funded by AONB Partnership funding through Somerset County Council. The area will be mapped using standard NMP methodology.

A large part of the project area will be mapped using airborne lidar (Light Detection and Ranging). This work was commissioned by the Mendip Hills AONB and flown by the Unit for Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University. Following guidance from English Heritage the survey was flown with a 1m ground resolution, which it is hoped will be sufficient to record most features. This was the resolution used with great success in the World Heritage Site (WHS). This data will be supplied by Cambridge as raw tables that allow the production of gridded Digital Elevaton Models (DEMs) to represent both first and last pulse data. It is hoped that the last pulse data will allow some canopy penetration giving

ENGLISH HERITAGE 8 (version 0.2) Chew Blagdon Valley Lake Lake

Cheddar Reservoi

KEY > 300m 100-150m 250-300m 50-100m 200-250m M 5 < 50m 150-200m

Figure 3. Area Boundary of Mendip Hills AONB covered by Boundary of NMP mapping 0 3km National Mapping Programme.

a look at the archaeology within some off the plantations on the Mendip Hills. Although there were some initial technical difficulties with the provision of lidar data, it is now hoped that it will be examined simultaneously with the aerial photographs. The second set of data should soon be available for consultation. The planned methodology is for georeferenced flat image files to be imported into GIS to enable accurate location of the transcription. QT Reader software will be used to allow the manipulation of data in 3D, enabling features to be viewed more clearly and to aid interpretation.

3. RESOURCES AND PROGRAMMING

Staffing and equipment The project team will be headed by Mark Bowden, Senior Investigator, from the Archaeological Survey and Investigation section of English Heritage. The team will include Archaeological Investigators from both the Exeter and Swindon offices of English Heritage with Elaine Jamieson taking the lead role. The Architectural Investigation team will be headed by Barry Jones, Senior Investigator, and will include input from Architectural Investigators based in English Heritage’s Swindon office. It is likely that elements of the architectural research may be undertaken as commissioned projects. Aerial Survey and Investigation will be headed by Simon Crutchley, Senior Investigator, who will be responsible for processing the lidar data. The bulk of the mapping and interpretation for the NMP project will be carried out by Krystyna Truscoe, Aerial Photographic Interpretation Officer. There will be the potential to draw on a wide range of other archaeological and architectural expertise from within English Heritage, as well as from dedicated photographic and graphics teams. It is also hoped that local volunteers and professional placements will make a positive contribution to the fieldwork aspect of the project.

A variety of survey methods will be employed to fulfil the range of tasks required by the project. These will include large-scale survey using differential GPS (Global Positioning System) equipment, total station EDM, or traditional survey methods. Rapid area survey

ENGLISH HERITAGE 9 (version 0.2) and reconnaissance will be undertaken using hand-held GPS equipment. Additional ground and air photography will also be commissioned.

Timetable It is envisaged that the project will run over four years, commencing in summer 2006, with submission of material for English Heritage Publications in summer 2010.The first three years will involve fieldwork and research, with the fourth dedicated to writing and collating illustrations and graphics for the publication.

A Project Advisory Board was established in June 2006 to guide and monitor progress on the project. It is envisaged that initial reconnaissance work will begin during the summer of 2006 in tandem with the research and assessment of existing material. This will assist in defining priorities and areas of focus for the first stage of detailed survey work, which will commence in the winter of 2006/07, with a rolling programme of reconnaissance and survey continuing thereafter. Ground and air photography will be arranged as fieldwork progresses.

4. RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

• Unavailability of key field staff: short-term loan of staff from other English Heritage field teams; use of EPPIC/student placements.

• Weather: a provision for poor weather has been written into the fieldwork.

• Access: every effort will be made to gain access to all sites that need to be surveyed but owners have the right of refusal; staff will not endanger themselves or knowingly trespass. Access may also be denied due to unforeseen problems such as Foot and Mouth or Bird Flue.

• Instrument/software failure: short term rental and/or loan from other English Heritage survey teams should alleviate any such problems.

• Appearance of other urgent tasks: such tasks will be prioritised as appropriate and the timetable adjusted as necessary.

• The number of sites turns out to be less than/greater than anticipated: this will be assessed during the initial phases of fieldwork and appropriate action taken.

• Equipment: all staff will be supplied with protective clothing and suitable footwear; hard hats and safety footwear where advised. First aid kits and mobile phones will be carried.

• Mining sites and quarries: any sites which are deemed unsafe will not be visited or surveyed.

• Remote areas: staff will carry adequate safety equipment and avoid solo working in such areas; it is not anticipated as a problem during this project.

• Forests and woods: staff will carry a map of the area and a compass and avoid areas where forestry work is in progress.

• Working near water: staff will avoid solo working near rivers or streams.

ENGLISH HERITAGE 10 (version 0.2) • Railways and roads: staff will wear high visibility clothing when required and be aware of/avoid overhead power lines.

• Solo working: staff will leave clear written details of their journey and intended area of work with their office or lodgings; adequate safety equipment will be carried including a mobile phone.

• Structures: staff will be made aware of the danger of total or partial collapse of masonry, flooring etc and avoid potential problem areas. They will avoid areas of exposed or unsecured electrical wiring or pipework; avoid projecting nails or broken glass and wear safety equipment such as hard hats and safety footwear when required.

• Roofs and roofspaces: staff will make sure means of entry into the roofspace is safe and ensure they have adequate illumination by carrying a torch. The condition of the floor or joists will be assessed before entering the roofspace. Staff will wear safety equipment such as overalls, a dust mask, and a hard hat when required.

• Farms: staff will ensure that the farmer or farm manager knows where they will be at any one time. Potential dangers from chemicals and machinery will be assessed and hazardous areas avoided. Staff will establish which areas they are free to enter and treat any livestock, ranging from cattle to dogs, with appropriate respect.

5. PROJECT BOARDS

Project Executive Board Mark Bowden

Sarah Jackson

Vince Russett

Project Advisory Board Mark Bowden

Bob Croft

Simon Cruchley

Rob Iles

Sarah Jackson

Elaine Jamieson

Barry Jones

Jodie Lewis

Josh Pollard

Vince Russett

Richard Sermon

Sarah Tunnicliffe

ENGLISH HERITAGE 11 (version 0.2) 6. REFERENCES

Atthill, R. 1976. Mendip: A New Study. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.

Ellis, P. 1988. Mendip Hills: An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Somerset County Council and English Heritage.

English Heritage 2005. English Heritage Strategy 2005-2010: Making the Past Part of Our Future.

Fletcher, M 2005. The Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty: Research Project. English Heritage Project Proposal.

Gathercole, C. 1998. Somerset Extensive Urban Survey – Wells Archaeological Assessment. Somerset County Council and English Heritage.

Gray, H. St G. 1909-10. Excavations at the “Amphitheatre”, Charterhouse-on-Mendip, 1909. In Proc Somer Archaeol Natur Hist Soc 55 & 56, 118-137.

Grinsell, L.V. 1971. Somerset Barrows, Part II, North and East. In Proc Somer Archaeol Natur Hist Soc 115, 44-132.

Lewis, J. 2005. Monuments, Ritual and Regionality: The Neolithic of Northern Somerset. BAR British Series 401.

Mendip Hills Joint Advisory Committee’s Heritage Group 2001. Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB): A Strategy for the Historic Environment.

Mendip Hills AONB 2004. The Mendip Hills and You: The Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Management Plan 2004-2009.

Pattison, P. 1991. Settlement and Landscape at Ramspits, Deer Leap, Westbury-sub- Mendip: A New Survey by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England. In Proc Somer Archaeol Natur Hist Soc 135, 95-106.

Rahtz, P. & Greenfield, E. 1977. Excavations at . London.

Richardson, M. 1998. Somerset Extensive Urban Survey – Cheddar Archaeological Assessment. Somerset County Council and English Heritage.

Richardson, M. 1998. Somerset Extensive Urban Survey – Axbridge Archaeological Assessment. Somerset County Council and English Heritage.

Riley, H. & Wilson-North, R. 2001. The Field Archaeology of Exmoor. English Heritage.

Riley, H. forthcoming. The Historic Landscape of the Quantock Hills. English Heritage.

Todd, M. 1996. Ancient Mining on Mendip, Somerset: A preliminary Report on Recent Work. In Newman, P. (ed) The Archaeology of Mining and metallurgy in South West-Britain 13, 47-51.

ENGLISH HERITAGE 12 (version 0.2) Tratman, E.K. 1967. The Priddy Circles, Mendip, Somerset. Henge Monuments. In Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 11(1), 97-125.

ENGLISH HERITAGE 13 (version 0.2)