DOCSLIB.ORG

The Angolan Peace Process

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Issue 15 2004 A ccor d d Conciliation Resources 15 From military peace to social justice? The Angolan peace process Angola’s long war formally ended in April 2002 with the signing an international review of peace initiatives of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding between the government and the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).Marking the successful completion of the government’s drive to achieve ‘peace through war’,the Luena Memorandum built on a series of previous failed peace agreements and cleared the way for the demobilization of thousands of UNITA combatants. This Accord issue asks ‘what next?’for a nation that has reached a ‘military peace’but still faces huge challenges in post-conflict peacebuilding,not to mention an ongoing secessionist war in Cabinda.It provides an overview of the lessons to be learned from Angola’s history of conflict and peacemaking,reviewing The Angolan peace process Angolan peace The past peace processes and the roles of actors such as the United Nations and Angolan civil society.The authors also identify key challenges faced in working towards greater social justice, including the need for deeper democratization,more accountable management of resource wealth and a positive role for the media and women in Angolan society. The publication also contains summaries of peace agreements, profiles of key actors and a chronology of the peace process. Conciliation Resources and the Accord programme Conciliation Resources (CR) was established in 1994 to provide an international service in the field of peacebuilding and conflict transformation.CR’s Accord programme works collaboratively to support those engaged directly in reducing the number of lives affected by armed conflict and transforming situations of violence into opportunities for sustainable human development. The programme seeks to promote for learning from past and comparable peace processes,by documenting specific conflicts and peace processes,as well as looking comparatively at cross- cutting issues in peacemaking experiences worldwide. “The whole series is a really valuable tool for people who do practical work on conflicts... I particularly appreciate the fact that a variety of viewpoints are included, not only political but also civil society, refugee, etc., and that the series works with local authors and researchers.” Sue Williams,independent trainer in conflict transformation,Northern Ireland From military peace to social justice? “We find your publications of tremendous use for our work Resources Conciliation here in Uganda. Sharing experiences in conflict resolution work is important as we learn lessons for our own situations.“ The Angolan peace process Livingstone Sewanyana,Foundation for Human Rights Initiative,Uganda ISSN 1365-0742 The full text of all issues in the Accord series can be found on the £17.00 or $29.00 Conciliation Resources website at http://www.c-r.org Issue Editor Guus Meijer Accord15insides.aw 13/7/04 1:22 pm Page 1 From military peace to social justice? The Angolan peace process Issue Editor: Guus Meijer Conciliation Resources London 2004 Accord15insides.aw 13/7/04 1:22 pm Page 2 Acknowledgements Accord Series Editor Celia McKeon Issue Editor Guus Meijer Accord Editor/Researcher Aaron Griffiths Distribution Coordinator Nathalie Wlodarczyk Outreach Coordinator Sarah Wheeler Accord Programme Supervisor Andy Carl Translation Luísa Camara, Marta Amaral, Bruno Creis, Gonçalo Borges de Sousa Conciliation Resources would like to extend grateful thanks to all those who have contributed to this project, in particular Maria de Conceição Neto and Imogen Parsons. We would also like to thank our authors, peer readers, photographers and advisors, in particular: Dame Margaret Anstee, David Birmingham, Michael Comerford, Margrit Coppé, Mary Daly, Blanca Diego, Henda Ducados, Arvind Ganesen, Marrack Goulding, Tony Hodges, Ruth Jacobson, Johan van Kesteren, Steve Kibble, Filomeno Vieira Lopes, Jean-Michel Mabeko-Tali, Ismael Mateus, Christine Messiant, António de Miranda, Carlinda Monteiro, Domingos Oliveira, Abbey Onadipe, Fernando Pacheco, Justin Pearce, Manuel Paulo, Clare Riches, René Roemersma, Astrid Schipper, Patricia Schor, David Sogge, Ralf Syring, Mário Adauta de Sousa, Oliver Sykes, Fernando Viegas, Alex Vines, Sarah Wykes, Alex Yearsley, and Henk van Zuidam. The publication was made possible thanks to the financial support of the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Swiss Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Published by Conciliation Resources 173 Upper Street London N1 1RG United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20-7359 7728 Fax +44 (0)20-7359 4081 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.c-r.org © Conciliation Resources 2004 Permission is granted for reproduction and use of these materials for educational purposes. Please acknowledge your source when using the materials and notify Conciliation Resources. People in Luanda celebrate the UK charity registration number 1055436 signing of the Luena Memorandum of Understanding, 5 April 2004 ISSN 1365-0742 Source: AFP/Getty Images Accord15insides.aw 13/7/04 1:22 pm Page 3 Map 4 Acronyms and Glossary 5 Introduction: lessons from the Angolan ‘peace process’ 6 Guus Meijer Angola from past to present 10 Guus Meijer and David Birmingham Why did Bicesse and Lusaka fail? A critical analysis 16 Christine Messiant Contents The end of the war: the Luena Memorandum of Understanding 24 Aaron Griffiths The role of the United Nations in the Angolan peace process 28 Manuel J. Paulo Alternative voices: the Angolan peace movement 32 Michael Comerford Cabinda between ‘no peace’ and ‘no war’ 36 Jean-Michel Mabeko-Tali Beyond the silencing of guns: demobilization, disarmament and reintegration 40 Imogen Parsons The land issue in the context of peacebuilding: development or conflict? 44 Fernando Pacheco The role of resource management in building sustainable peace 48 Tony Hodges The challenge of democratization 54 Filomeno Vieira Lopes Angolan women in the aftermath of conflict 58 Henda Ducados The role of the media during the conflict and in the construction of democracy 62 Ismael Mateus Peace and reconciliation 66 Carlinda Monteiro Key texts and agreements 68 Lessons for the UN from UNAVEM II 79 Profiles 80 Chronology 88 Further reading 96 About Conciliation Resources 97 The Accord series 98 Order form 100 Contents 3 Accord15insides.aw 13/7/04 1:22 pm Page 4 Angola Angola is situated on the west coast of Africa, bordering Angola’s main exports are oil, diamonds, minerals, coffee, Namibia, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and fish, and timber. The gross domestic product (total output the Republic of Congo. Its population is nearly 14 million, of goods and services) is around $1,700 per capita. of whom the largest ethnic group is Ovimbundu (estimated 37%), and others are Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestiço Living conditions are hard. In the United Nations (mixed European and African) 2%, European 1%, and others Development Programme’s 2003 Human Development 22%. The official language is Portuguese, and Umbundu, Report, Angola ranked 164th out of 175 countries in ‘human Kimbundu, and Kikongo are widely spoken. Christianity is development indicators’. Life expectancy is around 40 years, the main religion. and its infant mortality rate was 154 per 1,000 live births. 4 Accord 15 Accord15insides.aw 13/7/04 1:22 pm Page 5 Acronyms ADRP Angola Demobilization and MFA Movement of the Armed Forces Reintegration Programme MMC Joint Military Commission CCPM Joint Political-Military Commission MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola CMVF Joint Ceasefire Verification and MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Monitoring Commission OAU Organization of Africa Unity COIEPA Inter-Ecclesiastical Committee for Peace in Angola OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs DDR Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration OMA Organization of Angolan Women DRC Democratic Republic of Congo QF Quartering and Family Area FAA Angolan Armed Forces SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organization FALA Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola UCAH Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Unit FAPLA Popular Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola UNAVEM United Nations Angolan Verification Mission FLEC Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola UNITA Union for the Total Independence of Angola GA Gathering Area UNITA-R Union for the Total Independence of Angola – Renewed GDP Gross Domestic Product GRAE Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile UNMA United Nations Mission in Angola GURN Government of National Unity and UNOA United Nations Office in Angola Reconciliation UNSC United Nations Security Council IDP Internally Displaced Person UPA Union of the Peoples of Angola LIMA Independent League of Angolan Women UPNA Union of the Peoples of Northern Angola Glossary Assimilado Indigenous person management responsibilities to government and UNITA to refrain ‘assimilated’ by the colonial regime lower levels of central government from acquiring lethal material, as enjoying some of the rights of structures, often to provincial and well as indicating the agreement of Portuguese citizens district levels the US and the Soviet Union to cease Mestiço Person of mixed black the supply of lethal material to any Source: Ilse van Velzen/IFProductions Source: Ilse van Clientelismo The practice whereby
Recommended publications
  • Dissertação De Mestrado, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto – UFOP, Ouro Preto, P

    Dissertação De Mestrado, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto – UFOP, Ouro Preto, P

    MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO E DO DESPORTO Escola de Minas da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Departamento de Engenharia de Minas Pro grama de Pós -Graduação em Engenharia Mineral – PPGEM AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA E FINANCEIRA DO PROJETO DE MINÉRIO DE FERRO ELUVIONAR DE CASSINGA NORTE EM ANGOLA Autor a: DJANIRA ALEXANDRA MONTEIRO DOS SANTOS Orientador: Prof. Dr. VALDIR COSTA E SILVA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação e m Engenharia Mineral do Departamento de Engenharia de Minas da Escola de Minas da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, como parte integrante dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Engenharia Mineral. Área de concentração: Economia Mineral Ouro Preto, Junho de 2010 S237a Santos, Djanira Alexandra Monteiro dos. Análise econômica e financeira do projeto de minério eluvionar de Cassinga Norte em Angola [manuscrito] / Djanira Alexandra Monteiro dos Santos. – 2008. xiii, 127 f.: il.; color.; grafs. ; tabs. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Valdir Costa e Silva. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Escola de Minas. Departamento de Engenharia de Minas. Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mineral. Área de concentração: Economia mineral. 1. Angola - Teses. 2. Minérios de ferro - Teses. 3. Minas e recursos minerais - Projetos - Teses. I. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. II. Título. CDU: 622.341(673) Catalogação: [email protected] ii Agradecimentos A Deus, pela saúde e pela vida. À Ferrangol E.P., empresa angolana responsável pela oportunidade de realizar esse mestrado, agradecendo particularmente ao Engº Diamantino Pedro Azevedo por ter apostado em mim e acreditado nas minhas capacidades para realizar esse mestrado e pelos dados fornecidos. Aos meus pais, Eugénio e Luisa, por me terem mostrado que na vida as coisas não nos são dadas de graça e nem de forma fácil, precisamos sempre lutar para alcançar os nossos objetivos.
  • Instituto Da Cooperação Portuguesa (Portugal)

    Instituto Da Cooperação Portuguesa (Portugal)

    Instituto da Cooperação Portuguesa (Portugal) Ministério da Energia e Águas de Angola SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY PLAN FOR THE INTEGRATED UTILIZATION OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE CUNENE RIVER SYNTHESIS LNEC – Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil Page 1/214 LNEC – Proc.605/1/11926 MINISTÉRIO DO EQUIPAMENTO SOCIAL Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULICS Section for Structural Hydraulics Proc.605/1/11926 PLAN FOR THE INTEGRATED UTILIZATION OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE CUNENE RIVER Report 202/01 – NHE Lisbon, July 2001 A study commissioned by the Portuguese Institute for Cooperation I&D HYDRAULICS Page 2/214 LNEC – Proc.605/1/11926 PLAN FOR THE INTEGRATED UTILIZATION OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE CUNENE RIVER SYNTHESIS Page 3/214 LNEC – Proc.605/1/11926 PLAN FOR THE INTEGRATED UTILIZATION OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE CUNENE RIVER INTRODUCTORY NOTE This report synthesizes a number of documents that have been elaborated for the Portuguese Institute for Cooperation. The main objective of the work was to establish a Plan for the Integrated Utilization of the Water Resources of the Hydrographic Basin of the Cunene River. As the elaboration of this Plan is a multi-disciplinary task, it was deemed preferable to grant independence of reporting on the work of each team that contributed to the final objective. That is why each report consists of a compilation of volumes. REPORT I VOLUME 1 – SYNTHESIS (discarded)
  • Understanding Fragmentation in Conflict and Its Impact on Prospects for Peace

    Understanding Fragmentation in Conflict and Its Impact on Prospects for Peace

    oslo FORUM papers N°006 - December 2016 Understanding fragmentation in conflict and its impact on prospects for peace Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham www.hd centre.org – www.osloforum.org Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 114, Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva | Switzerland t : +41 22 908 11 30 f : +41 22 908 11 40 [email protected] www.hdcentre.org Oslo Forum www.osloforum.org The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) is a private diplo- macy organisation founded on the principles of humanity, impartiality and independence. Its mission is to help pre- vent, mitigate, and resolve armed conflict through dialogue and mediation. © 2016 – Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Reproduction of all or part of this publication may be author- ised only with written consent and acknowledgment of the source. Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham Associate Professor at the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland [email protected] http://www.kathleengallaghercunningham.com Table of contents INTRODUCTION 2 1. WHAT IS FRAGMENTATION? 3 Fragmented actors 3 Multiple actors 3 Identifying fragmentation 4 New trends 4 The causes of fragmentation 5 2. THE CONSEQUENCES OF FRAGMENTATION FOR CONFLICT 7 Violence 7 Accommodation and war termination 7 Side switching 8 3. HOW PEACE PROCESSES AFFECT FRAGMENTATION 9 Coalescing 9 Intentional fragmentation 9 Unintentional fragmentation 9 Mediation 10 4. RESPONSES OF MEDIATORS AND OTHER THIRD-PARTY ACTORS TO FRAGMENTATION 11 Negotiations including all armed groups 11 Sequential negotiations 11 Inclusion of unarmed actors and national dialogue 12 Efforts to coalesce the opposition 13 5. AFTER SETTLEMENT 14 CONCLUSION 15 ENDNOTES 16 2 The Oslo Forum Papers | Understanding fragmentation in conflict Introduction Complicated conflicts with many disparate actors have cators of fragmentation, new trends, and a summation of why become increasingly common in the international system.
  • Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Ssp

    Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Ssp

    Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. angolensis) Appendix 1: Historical and recent geographic range and population of Angolan Giraffe G. c. angolensis Geographic Range ANGOLA Historical range in Angola Giraffe formerly occurred in the mopane and acacia savannas of southern Angola (East 1999). According to Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo (2005), the historic distribution of the species presented a discontinuous range with two, reputedly separated, populations. The western-most population extended from the upper course of the Curoca River through Otchinjau to the banks of the Kunene (synonymous Cunene) River, and through Cuamato and the Mupa area further north (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). The intention of protecting this western population of G. c. angolensis, led to the proclamation of Mupa National Park (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). The eastern population occurred between the Cuito and Cuando Rivers, with larger numbers of records from the southeast corner of the former Mucusso Game Reserve (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). By the late 1990s Giraffe were assumed to be extinct in Angola (East 1999). According to Kuedikuenda and Xavier (2009), a small population of Angolan Giraffe may still occur in Mupa National Park; however, no census data exist to substantiate this claim. As the Park was ravaged by poachers and refugees, it was generally accepted that Giraffe were locally extinct until recent re-introductions into southern Angola from Namibia (Kissama Foundation 2015, East 1999, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). BOTSWANA Current range in Botswana Recent genetic analyses have revealed that the population of Giraffe in the Central Kalahari and Khutse Game Reserves in central Botswana is from the subspecies G.
  • 7Kh Vlwxdwlrq Lq $Qjrod

    7Kh Vlwxdwlrq Lq $Qjrod

    Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council 4. The situation in Angola Deliberations of 18 January 2000 most members of the Council and the representative of (4090th meeting) Angola. 3 At the 4090th meeting, on 18 January 2000, the In his statement, the Under-Secretary-General President (United States) drew the attention of the recalled the origins of the current situation in Angola. Security Council to the report of the Secretary-General He made reference to the withdrawal of the Cuban dated 14 January 2000 on the United Nations Office in forces in 1988 which the United Nations had been Angola. 1 In the report, the Secretary-General provided asked to monitor; the first democratic election in the an update on the political, military, humanitarian, country in 1992, which had been rejected by UNITA human rights and socio-economic developments in resulting in resumption of the civil war; the Angola. Regarding the political and military aspects, comprehensive peace treaty, the Lusaka Protocol, that he stated that the situation had seen a major change had been signed in November 1994, again followed by following the successful military campaign undertaken the failure of UNITA to demobilize its forces, the by the Government, resulting in the re-establishment of resumption of fighting and the termination of the State authority in the vast territory previously occupied United Nations Observer Mission in Angola the by the Uni o Nacional para a Independncia Total de previous February. He pointed out, inter alia, that the Angola (UNITA), as well as the improvement of the Government had considered the Lusaka accord as still security conditions in the north-eastern region of the valid, while UNITA (after some major military country.
  • Lusaka Protocol-Angola

    Lusaka Protocol-Angola

    Peace Agreements Digital Collection Angola >> Lusaka Protocol Lusaka Protocol Lusaka, Zambia, November 15, 1994 The Government of the Republic of Angola (GRA) and the "União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola" (UNITA); With the mediation of the United Nations Organization, represented by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations in Angola, Mr. Alioune Blondin Beye; In the presence of the Representatives of the Observer States of the Angolan peace process: Government of the United States of America; Government of the Russian Federation; Government of Portugal; Mindful of: The need to conclude the implementation of the "Acordos de Paz para Angola" signed in Lisbon on 31 May 1991; The need for a smooth and normal functioning of the institutions resulting from the elections held on 29 and 30 September 1992; The need for the establishment of a just and lasting peace within the framework of a true and sincere national reconciliation; The relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, Accept as binding the documents listed below, which constitute the Lusaka Protocol: Annex 1: Agenda of the Angola Peace Talks between the Government and UNITA; Annex 2: Reaffirmation of the acceptance, by the Government and UNITA, of the relevant legal instruments; Annex 3: Military Issues - I; Annex 4: Military Issues - II; Annex 5: The Police; Annex 6: National Reconciliation; Annex 7: Completion of the Electoral Process; Annex 8: The United Nations mandate and the role of the Observers of the "Acordos de Paz" and the Joint Commission; Annex 9: Timetable for the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol; Annex 10: Other matters.
  • Regional Project Proposal

    Regional Project Proposal

    ADSWAC Full Proposal [V.1] January 18, 2021 REGIONAL PROJECT PROPOSAL ADSWAC PROJECT RESILIENCE BUILDING AS CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN DROUGHT-STRUCK SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES ANGOLA AND NAMIBIA Title of Project: RESILIENCE BUILDING AS CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN DROUGHT-STRUCK SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES Countries: ANGOLA AND NAMIBIA Thematic Focal Area1: FOOD SECURITY Type of Implementing Entity: REGIONAL IMPLEMENTING ENTITY (RIE) Implementing Entity: SAHARA AND SAHEL OBSERVATORY (OSS) Executing Entities: REGIONAL: ADPP (AJUDA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE POVO PARA POVO) NATIONAL : ANGOLA: ADPP (AJUDA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE POVO PARA POVO) NAMIBIA: DAPP (DEVELOPMENT AID FROM PEOPLE TO PEOPLE) Amount of Financing Requested: 11,941,038 US DOLLARS 1 Thematic areas are: Food security; Disaster risk reduction and early warning systems; Transboundary water management; Innovation in adaptation finance. 1 ADSWAC Full Proposal [V.1] January 18, 2021 CONTENT PART PROJECT INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Project Background and Context ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Project Area Context .................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Description of the Project sites ...................................................................................................................................
  • Estudo De Mercado Sobre Províncias De Angola 2015 - Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda E Namibe 2

    Estudo De Mercado Sobre Províncias De Angola 2015 - Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda E Namibe 2

    Estudo de Mercado sobre Províncias de Angola 2015 - Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda e Namibe 2 From Experience to Intelligence Estudo de Mercado sobre Províncias de Angola 2015 3 - Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Huíla, Luanda e Namibe FICHA TÉCNICA Título Estudo de Mercado sobre Províncias de Angola - Actualização 2015 Data Março 2015 Promotor Associação Industrial Portuguesa - Feiras, Congressos e Eventos Autoria CESO Development Consultants Coordenação Técnica “Estudo desenvolvido ao abrigo do Projecto Conjunto QREN SI Qualificação e Internacionalização n.º 37.844” Rui Miguel Santos (com a colaboração de Susana Sarmento) 4 01 O País 9 1.1 O Censo 10 1.1.1 Um Momento Histótico 10 1.1.2 População por Províncias 12 1.1.3 Densidade Demográfica 14 1.2 O Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento 2013-2017 16 1.2.1 Enquadramento Estratégico de Longo-Prazo 16 1.2.2 Objectivos Nacionais de Médio-Prazo 17 1.3 A Re-industrialização de Angola 20 1.4 O Desafio da Formação de Quadros 24 1.4.1 Objectivos 24 1.4.2 Programas de Acção 26 1.4.3 Resultados e Metas a Alcançar 28 1.4.4 Mecanismos de Resposta às Necessidades 29 1.4.5 Parcerias 30 1.5 A Nova Pauta Aduaneira: Proteção da Produção Nacional 31 1.5.1 Capítulos Agravados 32 1.5.2 Capítulos Desagravados 33 1.5.3 A Eliminação da Obrigatoriedade da Inspecção Pré-Embarque 34 1.5.4 Impacto nas Principais Exportações Portuguesas 34 1.6 Aspectos Regulamentares de Acesso ao Mercado 40 1.6.1 Comércio 40 1.6.2 Investimento 43 1.7 Uma Nova Era que se Anuncia 49 1.7.1 A Crise do Petróleo 49 1.7.2 Evolução Recente
  • Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: an Evolutionary Perspective

    Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: an Evolutionary Perspective

    ~f Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: An Evolutionary Perspective By Guy Lamb Department of Political Studies University of Cape Town December 1998 Town Cape of . ·-~\,1.~ l ~ -._/ I /- -....,,._,.,---, University r/ / ~ This dissertation is for the partial fulfillment for a Master of Social Sciences (International and Comparative Politics). The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Town Cape of University Table of Contents Page Abstract i Maps ii Acknowledgements VI List of Acronyms viI Introduction 1 Civil Supremacy in Namibia: An Evolution? 1 Civil Supremacy and its Importance 2 Focus on Namibia 4 · Why Namibia? 5 Chapter 1: The Historical Evolution of Civil Supremacy: A 6 Conceptual Approach Town 1.1 Introducing the Problem 6 1.2 Civil-Military Relations: Survey of the Discipline and 7 Review of the Literature Cape 1.2.1 Civil-Military Relations as a Field of Study 7 1.2.2 Review of Civil Military Relationsof Literature 8 1.2.3 Focus on Civil Supremacy 11 1.3 What is Civil Supremacy? 12 1.3.1 An Overview of Civil Supremacy 12 1.3.2 A Question of Bias 13 1.4 Civil Military Traditions 14 1.4.1 Colonial 14 1.4.2 Revolutionary/Insurgent 15 1.4.2.1 The InfluenceUniversity of Mao Tse-tung
  • The Chronic Congestion in Luanda Is Dismissed by Some Experts

    The Chronic Congestion in Luanda Is Dismissed by Some Experts

    68 BUSINESS 69 ANGOLA TOO FAST FOR COMFORT The chronic congestion in Luanda is dismissed by some experts as a “small inconvenience”, with more and more investors piling in for a piece of the action in this rapidly growing economy Cars fill the roads and parking lots as ships queue to enter FRANÇOIS MISSER IN LUANDA the port of Luanda n some days, the aircraft arriving in Luanda disgorge hundreds of Chinese workers, all wea- ring the uniforms and hats of the construction firms that have hired them to work on the many construction sites around Angola. OBut any impression that this apparent ‘invasion’ is evidence of China’s scramble to control Africa’s new oil Eldorado is dis- missed as “a major misconception” by Ary Carvalho, a board member of Angola’s Agência Nacional para o Investimento Privado (ANIP). “The investment you see is the Angolan government’s investment in its own country,” he says. “People forget this. It is a credit line, which Angola is paying for on very good terms, for the railways, roads, schools and hospitals.” Carvalho estimates that China’s credit lines to Angola total $4bn. Others put the figure at $6bn, if funds via the China International Fund are included, even if not all of this has been spent, as evidenced by the delay in construction of the Benguela railway between Lobito and Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Talk of asset-stripping is certainly misplaced and China’s direct share of Angola’s oil exploration permits is modest. In 2007, Sinopec had to withdraw from a bid to build a 240,000- barrel per day (b/d) refinery in Lobito because it could not reach agreement with state oil company Sonangol, which wan- ted a facility that would produce export-quality petrol and diesel for the European and US markets.
  • “Angolano Segue Em Frente”: Um Panorama Do Cenário Musical Urbano De Angola Entre As Décadas De 1940 E 1970

    “Angolano Segue Em Frente”: Um Panorama Do Cenário Musical Urbano De Angola Entre As Décadas De 1940 E 1970

    1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA AMANDA PALOMO ALVES “ANGOLANO SEGUE EM FRENTE”: UM PANORAMA DO CENÁRIO MUSICAL URBANO DE ANGOLA ENTRE AS DÉCADAS DE 1940 E 1970 NITERÓI 2015 2 AMANDA PALOMO ALVES “ANGOLANO SEGUE EM FRENTE”: UM PANORAMA DO CENÁRIO MUSICAL URBANO DE ANGOLA ENTRE AS DÉCADAS DE 1940 E 1970 Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutora em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Bittencourt NITERÓI 2015 3 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá A474 Alves, Amanda Palomo. "Angolano segue em frente": um panorama do cenário musical urbano de Angola entre as décadas de 1940 e 1970 / Amanda Palomo Alves. – 2015. 216 f.; il. Orientador: Marcelo Bittencourt. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2015. Bibliografia: f. 203-216. 1. História de Angola. 2. Música. 3. Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola. I. Bittencourt, Marcelo. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 967.3 4 AMANDA PALOMO ALVES “ANGOLANO SEGUE EM FRENTE”: UM PANORAMA DO CENÁRIO MUSICAL URBANO DE ANGOLA ENTRE AS DÉCADAS DE 1940 E 1970 Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutora em História. Aprovada em 18 de maio de 2015. BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcelo Bittencourt – UFF (orientador) ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alexandre Felipe Fiuza – UNIOESTE (examinador externo) ________________________________________ Prof.
  • 2.3 Angola Road Network

    2.3 Angola Road Network

    2.3 Angola Road Network Distance Matrix Travel Time Matrix Road Security Weighbridges and Axle Load Limits For more information on government contact details, please see the following link: 4.1 Government Contact List. Page 1 Page 2 Distance Matrix Uige – River Nzadi bridge 18 m-long and 4 m-wide near the locality of Kitela, north of Songo municipality destroyed during civil war and currently under rehabilitation (news 7/10/2016). Road Details Luanda The Government/MPLA is committed to build 1,100 km of roads in addition to 2,834 km of roads built in 2016 and planned rehabilitation of 7,083 km of roads in addition to 10,219 km rehabilitated in 2016. The Government goals will have also the support from the credit line of the R. of China which will benefit inter-municipality links in Luanda, Uige, Malanje, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Benguela, Huambo and Bié provinces. For more information please vitsit the Website of the Ministry of Construction. Zaire Luvo bridge reopened to trucks as of 15/11/2017, this bridge links the municipality of Mbanza Congo with RDC and was closed for 30 days after rehabilitation. Three of the 60 km between MCongo/Luvo require repairs as of 17/11/2017. For more information please visit the Website of Agencia Angola Press. Works of rehabilitation on the road nr, 120 between Mbanza Congo (province Zaire) and the locality of Lukunga (province of Uige) of a distance of 111 km are 60% completed as of 29/9/2017. For more information please visit the Website of Agencia Angola Press.