12. Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Stanford 1953. Flora de Cuba. Vol. III. Contrib. Ocas, del Museo de Hist. Nat. Univ. Press, Stanford, CA. del "Colegio de la Salle", Vedado, Havana, Cuba. 13. Dryer, D. L. 1974. Xanthochymol from Clusia rosea (Guttiferae) 33. Schnee, L. 1984. Plantas comunes de Venezuela, 3rd ed. Ediciones Phytochem. 13:2883-2884. de la Biblioteca Caracas, Univ. Central de Venezuela. 14. Eggers, H. F. A. 1879. The flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. 34. Sherry, T. W. 1983. Mionectes oleaginea (mosqueitero ojenido, tortillo, Gov't Ptg. Office, Washington, DC. ochre-bellied flyctcher). P. 586. In: Janzen, D. W. (ed.) CostaRican 15. Escobar A., N. 1972. Flora toxica de Panama. Editorial Universitaria, natural history (with 174 contributors). Univ. of Chicago Press, Univ. de Panama, Panama. Chicago. 16. Fawcett, W. and A. B. Rendle. 1926. Flora of Jamaica. Vol. V. The 35. Simpson, C. T. 1932. Florida wild life. The Macmillan Co., New British Museum, London. York, NY. 17. Grisebach, A. H. R. 1864. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. 36. Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Author, New Lovell Reeve & Co., London. York, NY. (reprinted by Univ. North Carolina Press, 1953). 18. Guzman, D. J. 1947. Especies utiles de la flora Salvadorena. Imprenta 37. Smiley, N. 1959. Native ornamental has flourished. Miami Herald, Nacional, San Salvador, El Salvador. Aug.30 (garden page). 19. Howard, R. A. 1962. Some Guttiferae of the Lesser Antilles. J. of the 38. Smiley, N. 1950. Strangler extinct here except few cultivated Arnold Arboretum 43 (4):389-399. . Miami Herald. Dec. 31 (garden page). 20. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus Third. Macmillan 39. Standley, P. C. 1937. Flora of Costa Rica. Pt. II (Pub. 392). Bot. Ser. Pub'g Co., Inc., New York, NY. Vol. XVIII. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL. 21. Little, E. L., Jr. and F. H. Wadsworth. 1964. Common ofPuerto 40. Standley, P. C. 1928. Flora of the Panama Canal Zone. Contrib. U. Rico and the Virgin Islands. (Agr. Res. Handbook 249). U. S. Dept. S. Nat'l Herb. Vol. 27, U. S. Nat'l Museum, Smithsonian Inst., of Agr., Forest Service, Washington, DC. Washington, DC. 22. Long, R. W. and O. Lakela. 1971. A flora of tropical Florida. Univ. 41. Standley, P. C. 1923. Trees and of Mexico. Contrib. U. S. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. Nat'l Herb. Vol. 23, Pt. 3. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC. 23. Mathur, S. B. 1972. Triterpenoid constituents of Clusia rosea. 42. Standley, P. C. and S.J. Record. 1936. The forest and flora of British Phytochem. 11:1313-1314. Honduras. Vol. XII. Pub. 350. Field Museum of Natural History, 24. Morton, J. F. 1981. Atlas of medicinal plants of Middle America. Chicago, IL. Charles Thomas, Springfield, IL. 43. Standley, P. C. and L. O. Williams. 1961. Flora of Guatemala (Fiel- 25. Morton, J.F. 1977. Exotic plants for house and garden (A Golden diana, Bot. Vol. 24, Pt. 7, No. 1). Chicago Natural History Museum, Guide). Western Pub'g Co., Inc., Racine, WI. Chicago, IL. 26. Moscoso, R. M. 1943. Catalogus florae Domingensis. Part I. Univ. de 44. Sturrock, D. and E. A. Menninger. 1946. Shade and ornamental trees Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, D. R. for South Florida and Cuba. Stuart Daily News, Inc., Stuart, FL. 27. Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. Spec. Pub. 50. Bishop 45. Ting, I. P., E. M. Lord, L. da S. L. Sternberg, andM. J. DeNiro. Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 1985. Crassulacean acid metabolism in the strangler Clusia rosea Jacq. 28. Perez-Arbelaez, R. 1956. Plantas utiles de Colombia.3rd ed. Libreria Sci. 229(4717):228-23O. Colombiana, Camacho Roldan, Bogota, Colombia. 46. Watkins, J. V. 1969. Florida landscape plants, native and exotic. Univ. 29. Pierre-Noel, A. V. 1971. Nomenclature polyglotte des plantes of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. Haitiennes et tropicales. Presses Nationales d'Haiti, Port-au-Prince, 47. Williams, R. O. and R. O. Williams, Jr. 1951. Useful and ornamental Haiti. plants of Trinidad and Tobago. 4th rev'd ed. Guardian Commercial 30. Pompa, G. 1974. Medicamentos indigenas. 41st ed. Editorial Pty., Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. America, S. A., Miami, FL. 48. Woman's Club of Havana. 1952. Flowering plants from Cuban gar 31. Roig y Mesa, J. T. 1945. Plantas medicinales, aromaticas o venenosas dens. Criterion Books, New York, NY. de Cuba. Cultural, S. A., Havana, Cuba. 49. Woodson, R. E., Jr., E. W. Schery, and collaborators. 1980. Flora of 32. Sauget, J. S. (Hermano Leon) and E. E. Liogier (Hermano Alain). Panama. Pt. IV. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67 (4):986-987.

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101:127-129. 1988.

CONTAINER GROWING OF DOORYARD TROPICAL

Gene Joyner There has been a great deal of increased interest in Pant Beach County Cooperative Extension Service recent years in the growing of tropical fruits. Many have 531 N. Military Trail, West Palm Beach, FL 33415-1395 very attractive foliage, some have very attractive flowers, and the growth habits of many tropical fruits lend them to Abstract. Increased interest in tropical cultivation by wide use in landscapes. Unfortunately, increasing urbani many people with limited growing areas has increased plan zation in some large tropolitan areas has forced many tings of fruit trees in containers. Many tropical fruits can be people to limit the amount of tropical fruits grown in their easily grown to a normal fruiting size in large containers and landscapes or turn to an increasingly popular way of grow will nke attractive accent or specimen plants. Some plants ing, containerizing tropical fruits. can also be used as indoor plants in high light areas. Con Many tropical fruits are well adapted for growing in tainer growing of tropical fruits also affords many people in containers with varying degrees of success. Some people colder areas the opportunity to successfull fruit tender tropical live in areas where they do not have outside growing areas, plants that could not survive in permanent plantings. Plants such as apartments or condominiums and are therefore In containers could also be put in protected areas during the forced to grow tropical fruits in containers if they wish to adverse colder weather and then left outdoors during milder have them. periods of the year. The important points in successful con Some people in colder areas also prefer growing tropical tainer growing of fruits are to use a well drained medium, fruits in containers so that they may be moved indoors to apply light frequent fertilizations and use containers large more sheltered locations during periods of adverse wea enough to allow normal root developent. Periodic root pruning ther. In the growing of tropical fruits in containers, several and repotting my be neead for continued heavy fruiting of considerations are very important. some trees. The use of grafted or superior varieties of fruit First of all, one must make sure that the tree is grown trees is recommended for best results. in a container large enough that the tree can provide suf-

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101: 1988. 127 ficient fruit to make the effort worth while. For most trop Table 1. Some of the tropical fruits which are commonly grown in con ical fruits, this would mean the container size of at least tainers in southern Florida. ten to fifteen gallons. People who have areas where they can utilize larger containers often do so, since the larger Tropical fruits which do well in containers the container, the bigger the tree or can grow, and Akee Egg fruit (Canistel) Natal plum (Carissa) the nre fruit can be produced. Atemoya Fig Passion fruit There are many different styles and types of containers Avocado Governor plum Papaya one can use in growing tropical fruits. However, the loca Banana Guava Pitomba tion of the container often may dictate the type of con Barbados cherry Grumichama Pineapple Blackberry Imbe tainer one uses. You can find plastic, clay, metal, ceramic Pineapple guava Black sapote Jaboticaba Pomegranate or even wood containers at many nursery and garden cen Cashew nut Loquat Sapodilla ters. Many people prefer nursery style plastic containers. Carambola Mango Sugar However, for decorative purposes, these are often slipped Cattleya guava Miracle fruit Surinam cherry into more decorative pots when displayed on porches, bal conies or inside the home. be purchased for use on container grown tropical fruits or Make sure that the containers are of sufficient size that other plants. Many of these products can be mixed with they can allow for the proper growth of the without water and applied on a regular schedule according to the crowding the root system. Drainage is also important and manufacturer's recommended directions. Dry or granular if the container does not have sufficient drain holes in it, fertilizers are also found which can be used particularly on drain holes of at least one half inch in diameter should be larger sized containers with good success. Most of the dry drilled in several locations around the bottom or lower or granular fertilizers must be watered frequently how side of the container. ever, to release properly and keep the plant growing in a There are a number of many different types of potting normal manner. Regardless of the brand of fertilizer used, medium one can use. Many people prefer buying prepared it should be a complete fertilizer with all the major and soil mixes from local garden stores or nurseries. Prepared minor nutrients in balanced proportions. Many people also mixes save a lot of time and for most types of tropical will use nutritional sprays on larger size container tropical fruits are adeqate. If you wish to make your own potting fruits to periodically help correct deficiencies. medium, this can be accomplished by mixing various com After a while, some salt build-up may occur in the ponents such as top soil, peat moss, perlite or other mate medium and this appears as a white crust on the soil sur rials in various proportions. Regardless of what you use as face or on the inside of the container. When this happens, a potting medium, make sure that it has adequate drainage it is recommended that the plant be heavily watered to and it also has good aeration. Potting media that compact leach the salts out through the bottom of the container. or become very hard after a few months generally produce Many people will do this periodically to ensure that salts poor plant growth. Some people like to put a layer of do not build up to a level that will inhibit root growth. gravel or other material in the bottom of the container to Most fruits, after a period of months, will require some facilitate drainage. However, many people do not do this pruning or shaping and fast growing tropical fruits may and have very good success require pruning several times a year. On some types of Most tropical fruit in containers need to be where they fruits that bloom primarily on new growth, pruning on a get large amounts of light if you want large amounts of regular basis is essential to keep the plant producing large fruit produced. Many people that grow tropical fruits in quantities of fruit. Hard pruning may be necessary on containers grow these on screened porches, outside open some plants after a period of time, too. When pruned back terraces or occasionally inside the home next to large win severally, plants should be watched carefully during their dows or sliding glass doors. These areas should give suffi time of recovery. Sometimes, plants that have become ex cient light for most tropical fruits. However, fruits which cessively pot bound will need to be taken out of containers, are grown totally inside screened areas or inside the home root pruned and then replanted. Also some types of trees often may have some problems with pollination. When nat will not have a desirable shape and will require frequent ural pollinators are excluded from reaching the plants pruning to remove suckers or unwanted branches. when they are flowering, hand pollination may be neces Pest control in container grown tropical fruits is usually sary to produce adequate quantities of fruit. not time consuming. Plants that are grown in an outside Most container grown tropical fruits need regular wat environrnt in containers will have sucking pests such as ering but they do not lik to be kept too wet. The biggest aphids, white flies, scales or mealy bugs or may be bothered problem in growing plants in containers is often the periodically by chewing pests that damage foliage. Outside owner's tendency to over-water. Watering will change ac grown container fruits are subject to animal pests such as cording to the seasonal needs of the plant and the type and squirrels, birds, etc. When grown indoors, or in protected size of container. For most plants, watering once or twice screened areas there will be fewer pests. However, small a week is adequate. Plants growing in outside exposed pests such as mites, aphids and white flies may still enter areas will need more water during the hoL summer months through screened enclosures. than during the cooler winters. Also, make sure that plants Usually, diseases are not serious on container grown grown in clay pots are watched more caafully, since soil in tropical fruits. If disease do develop, sometimes removal clay containers generally dries out more quickly than soil of infected or fruit would be more practical than in plastic or metal containers. spraying. If you wish to spray container grown tropical Successful fruiting in containers requires regular fer fruits, make sure that approved pesticides are used, since tilizing and there are many brand name products that can few are labeled for general use on tropical fruits. Check

128 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101: 1988. with your local Cooperative Extension Service office for the threat is gone and fertilized to encourage new growth. current recommendations. Watering tropical fruits prior to low temperature condi During the winter months, temperatures close to freez tions will help them withstand low temperatures. Moist soil ing or below freezing may occasionally be experienced in retains heat better than dry soil and this may help make a many areas where many people are growing container difference in some areas with how much damage fruit gets tropical fruits. Tropical fruits should be moved to pro from freezes or hard frosts. tected locations, if temperatures may drop low enough to By carefully choosing the types of tropical fruits used harm them. If the container size is big enough that it makes in containers, it may not be necessary to provide any cold moving the plant difficult, they can be covered temporarily protection at all. Many people wonder about which types with sheets, blankets, paper or other non-metalli material. of tropical fruits do best in containers and really there are Make sure these are removed during the day so excessive quite a number that produce adequate amounts of fruit temperatures do not build up and injure the plant. If the when container grown. plant is damaged, damaged areas can be pruned out after

Proc. Fla. State HorL Soc. 101:129-131. 1988.

THE 1987 FLORIDA SOD PRODUCTION SURVEY

John L. Cisar, John J. Haydu, Stephen D. Verkade date on current management practices and the status of an and Karen E. Williams industry with an estimated annual sales value at over one University of Florida, IFAS hundred million dollars (3). This information should be Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center useful for individual sod producers, government agencies, 3205 College Avenue and researchers interested in developing programs to ad Ft. Lauderdale FL 33314 vance the sod production industry.

Tom M. Teets Materials and Methods South Florida Water Management District West Palm Beach, FL A 29 question survey instrument was mailed to 119 potential sod producers on August 31, 1987. The list of Additional index words, turfgrass, St. Augustinegrass, potential sod producers was constructed from the mem bahiagrass, bermudagrass, centipedegrass, and zoysiag- bership list of the Turfgrass Producers Assoc. of Florida, rass. county extension lists, and personal contacts. Seventy-three survey instruments were returned by the end of 1987, for Abstract. In 1987, a sod production survey with 29 questions an overall response rate of 62 percent. Twenty-four survey was mailed to Florida sod producers to obtain an estimate of instruments were returned uncompleted since the respon the size and scope of the industry. This report is limited to dents were either vendors, consultants, or former produc only acreage data. From an original list of 119, 49 of the ers. Three survey instruments were completed by produc survey respondents were identified as sod producers. Based ers of potted sod plugs which form a unique group within on these completed survey instruments, there were 61,275 the industry that is not representative of the larger cut sod acres in roduction with 35,570 acres of sod harvested in 1987. industry. The remaining respondents were considered Sod produced on organic (muck) soils, and mineral (sand) either cut sod farmers, producers, or harvesters. There soils totaled 33,900 and 27,374 acres, respectively. Sod pro fore, the 1987 survey should not be considered complete duction was reported in 27 counties in Florida, with Osceola or exhaustive. County having the most farms. The grasses were ranked in Despite numerous attempts to contact all sod produc production and harvest acreage as follows: St. Augustineg ers, it was not possible to identify all producers or obtain rass, bahiagrass, bermudagrass, centipedegrass, and zoysiag- rass. Table 1. Average acreage of sod produced and harvested in 1987 accord ing to farm size. Rapid urbanization and population growth has been experienced in many regions in Florida during the past 2 Production Harvested decades. This has increased demand on all horticultural Number Avg. Number Avg. enterprises to provide high quality plant materials for Farm Size of farms acreage of farms acreage changing urban landscapes. Perhaps most affected has Small 18 199.7 11 131.4 been Florida's sod production industry. (0-499 acres) A survey was conducted in 1987 to obtain information Medium 9 660.0 8 581.3 on the commercial sod production industry in Florida. (500-999 acres) There have been no reported extensive studies of the in dustry since the 1968 economic survey by Smith and Large 11 1245.1 11 711.4 (1000-1999 acres) Brewster (2) and the 1974 Turfgrass Industry Survey by the Florida Crop and Livestock Reporting Service (1). The Very large 8 4755.4 8 2706.3 (2000 + acres) information from the present survey will provide an up-

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101: 1988. 129