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Lightner Witmer Little-Known Founder of Clinical Psychology

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Lightner Witmer Little-Known Founder of Clinical Psychology Psychology in Retrospect Lightner Witmer Little-Known Founder of Clinical Psychology Paul McReynolds University of Nevada-Reno ABSTRACT." Lightner Witmer inaugurated the first psy- sertation topic, and one on individual differences in re- chological clinic in 1896, and he also took a number of action time. other crucial steps in establishing and defining the field This, then, was the beginning of Witmer's profes- of clinical psychology. Witmer was one of the early group sional career. His position of eminence in the history of of Americans who took their doctorates under Wilhelm psychology derives, of course, from his central role in the Wundt. He was a charter member of the American Psy- establishment and development of clinical psychology. As chological Association and the last to die. Clearly, he is is well known, W i t m e r founded the world's first psycho- an important figure in the history of psychology, yet rel- logical clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896. atively little biographical information about him has been This important event was followed by a n u m b e r of other available. This article summarizes his life and career, ex- pioneering contributions to the clinical area. These in- amines the beginnings of his clinic, and evaluates the sig- clude the explicit call for the establishment of a new field nificance of his contributions. of psychology that would be devoted to helping people and would be known as clinical psychology, the devel- opment of the first curriculum in clinical psychology, and Late in the s u m m e r of 1892, Lightner Witmer, then a the founding of the first journal devoted exclusively to young man of 25, returned by steamer from Europe, this new profession. The most important of Witmer's ac- where he had earned a PhD in psychology under Wilhelm complishments, however, was not a specific event, but Wundt. On the way home he stopped in London to present a paper on his dissertation research at the International Congress of Experimental Psychology. I W i t m e r was re- This article is a revision of an invited address of the same title delivered at the APA Convention in Los Angeles, 1983, under the auspices of turning to the University of Pennsylvania, where he had Division 26. It is based on material collected for a full-length biography been assistant to James McKeen Cattell before going to of Witmer, in preparation. The collection of data was supported by a Leipzig. When, in 1891, Cattell had accepted a position grant from the Research Advisory Board of the University of Nevada- at Columbia, it had been agreed that W i t m e r would go Reno. Although the sources are too extensive to list here in their entirety, I especially wish to acknowledge, with deep gratitude, the contributions to Leipzig to work on his doctorate, and, if successful, of the University of Pennsylvania Archives, the Karl Marx University would then return to take over the Pennsylvania labora- (Leipzig) Archives, and the Archives of the History of American Psy- tory. Thus, in the fall of 1892 he began a tenure on the chology at the University of Akron. I am deeply indebted to the De- Pennsylvania faculty that was to last for 45 years. partment of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, in particular to Julius Wishner, who made the microfilms of Witmer's Psychological Witmer's stay at Leipzig followed that of Frank An- Clinic available to me and has been a source of encouragement through- gell and overlapped with that of Edward B. Titchener. In out this project, and to Morris Viteles and Frank Irwin. The extensive the same term that W i t m e r took over the laboratory at contributions of Mildred Sylvester, Genevieve Murphy, Helen Graber, the University of Pennsylvania, Angell inaugurated ex- and Marion Graham were invaluable. The following is an incomplete perimental psychology at the newly founded Stanford listing of additional individuals who generously provided relevant doc- uments or reminiscences relating to Witmer: Whitfield Bell, Jr., Wendell University, and Titchener replaced Angell at Cornell. That Carlson, F. J. Dallett, Margaret Forrest, Helen Joyce, Maryellen Ka- same a u t u m n also saw Miinsterberg begin his tenure at minsky, Charles Latham, Zeta Levin, Olive Logan, Klaus Ludwig, Mar- Harvard. American psychology was taking on a shape ion Mack, John Martin, Ingrid Moore, Scott Nearing, Jay Otis, John that it would hold for many years to come. Popplestone, Sidney Repplier, Marvin Rosen, G. Schwendler, Catherine Parsons Smith, Kinsley Smith, Carolyn Walter, John Walter, Robert I. The American Psychological Association (APA) was Watson, Lucy Fisher West, and Lois Ann Zook. also founded in 1892, and Witmer, along with such other Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Paul early figures as G. Stanley Hall, William James, George McReynolds, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Reno, Ladd and Cattell, was one of its charter members. Its first Reno, NV 89557. annual meeting took place at the University of Pennsyl- vania in December of that year, and W i t m e r (1894b) read t This was the second of what came to be designated simply as two papers, one on the aesthetics of visual form, his dis- International Congresses of Psychology. September 1987 * American Psychologist 849 Copyright 1987 by the American Psychological Assooation, Inc. 0003-066X/87/$00.75 Vol. 42, No. 9, 849-858 overemphais on testing; similarly, he was not in sympathy with the Freudian dynamic model, which later greatly influenced clinical psychology; and finally, he worked mainly with children, whereas the prevailing clinical em- phasis since World War II, at least until recently, has b e e n on adult psychotherapy. And third, Witmer seems some- thing of an unknown because he is something of an un- known. It is probable that Witmer is the least documented of all the founders of American psychology. There are no Witmer papers, in the sense of a repository of letters, manuscripts, and memorabilia of the kind that professors typically accumulate over a career, and a detailed biog- raphy of him, of the kind available on James, Hall, CatteU, and other contemporaries, does not exist. Biographical Sketch Witmer was born on June 28, 1867, in Philadelphia. He was the eldest of three children, being followed in the family by Albert Ferree and Evelyn. His father, David Lightner Witmer, was a highly successful Germantown pharmacist who had graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1862. His mother was Katherine Huchel, about whom little is known. The name Lightner came, of course, from his father, and indirectly from his paternal great-grandmother, Jane Lightner. The Witmers were descended from Benjamin Weitmer, who came to America from Switzerland in 1716 as a part of the im- migration of what came to be called the Pennsylvania Dutch into the Lancaster area. rather the idea, the insight that the new psychology, which The Witmer family was strongly oriented toward was then in its first flush of excitement as an experimental education. Lightner and his brother Ferree both graduated science, might also be of direct help to people. from Episcopal Academy, an outstanding Philadelphia Despite the significance of Witmer's contributions, prep school, and Evelyn was also sent to private schools. to most psychologists, even those interested in history, he During one year all three Witmer children were connected remains a somewhat shadowy, little-known figure. Most with the University of Pennsylvania at the same time-- of the standard texts in the history of psychology either Lightner as a faculty member, Ferree as a medical student, do not even include his name or refer to him in only a and Evelyn as a biology undergraduate. All three even- perfunctory way. There are, to be sure, a number of briefer tually earned doctoral degrees--Lightner his PhD at treatments of Witmer, of which the accounts provided by Leipzig, Ferree his MD at Pennsylvania, and Evelyn her Collins (1931), French (1984), Garfield (1965), Misiak MD at the Women's Medical College in Philadelphia. and Sexton (1966), O'Donnell (1979), Popplestone and Lightner entered the University of Pennsylvania in McPherson (1984), Sexton (1965), and, in particular, 1884 and graduated in 1888. He made an outstanding Reisman (1976) are recommended. Nevertheless, Wit- record as an undergraduate and was active in literary and mer's relative obscurity can hardly be denied. oratorical pursuits. After receiving his BA, Witmer took How is this fact to be explained? Three possible rea- a position teaching history and English at Rugby Acad- sons may be mentioned. First, histories of psychology, emy, a secondary school in Phildelphia. He stayed there following the model, perhaps, of Boring's (1950) History for two years, and during the first of these he also took of Experimental Psychology, have placed predominant some classes in law at the University of Pennsylvania, emphasis on experimental psychology. Thus, most history with the thought that he might enter that profession. texts devote little if any space to the history of clinical During Witmer's second year at Rugby he also took psychology, despite the fact that it is the largest field of classes in political science at the University. Some time psychology and that Witmer's clinic was founded only 17 during that year he transferred to psychology. This was years after Wundt's laboratory and now lacks less than a due in part, no doubt, to the fact that in this year a man decade of reaching its centennial. Second, Witmer's clin- trained in the new experimental psychology, James ical orientation was one with which prevailing clinical McKeen CatteU, joined the Pennsylvania faculty.
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