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Auschwitz Y La Problemática Del Hombre Postmoderno. Bauman Y El Nuevo Enfoque Sociológico- Antropológico

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Auschwitz Y La Problemática Del Hombre Postmoderno. Bauman Y El Nuevo Enfoque Sociológico- Antropológico FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y JURÍDICAS DOCTORADO OFICIAL DE HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES AUSCHWITZ Y LA PROBLEMÁTICA DEL HOMBRE POSTMODERNO. BAUMAN Y EL NUEVO ENFOQUE SOCIOLÓGICO- ANTROPOLÓGICO TESIS DOCTORAL DOCTORANDA: MARÍA ROLDÁN RAMOS DIRECTOR: PROF. DR. VICENTE LOZANO DÍAZ Madrid 2017 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. 2 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. A mis padres. A todos los inocentes que perecieron en el Holocausto, especialmente al pueblo judío. 3 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. 4 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. Zygmunt and Janina Bauman “¿No estarían ustedes más contentos si hubiera logrado demostrarles que todos los que lo hicieron estaban locos?” pregunta Raoul Hilberg, el gran historiador del Holocausto. Sin embargo, esto es precisamente lo que no logra demostrar.” Zygmunt Bauman. Modernidad y Holocausto. 5 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. 6 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. “Quien busca la verdad, sea o no consciente de ello, busca a Dios” Santa Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz. Edith Stein. 7 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. 8 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. ÍNDICE PREFACIO……………………………………………………………...…15 1. Justificación de la investigación…………………………………………….17 2. Agradecimientos…………………………………………………………….19 INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………21 1. Objeto de la investigación………..………………………………………….23 2. Estructura y metodología……………………..…………………………..…27 3. Estado de la cuestión ……………………..……………….………………...33 3.1. Presentación del autor……………………………………………………...33 3.2. Fuentes e influencias…………………………………………………….…39 PRIMERA PARTE: MODERNIDAD Y HOLOCAUSTO……………….49 Capítulo 1º: Conceptos: Edad Moderna, Modernidad, Modernismo……….........51 1.1. Introducción………………………………………………………..………51 1.2. Edad Moderna……………………………………………………………...51 1.2.1 .Renacimiento……………………………………………………............52 1.2.2 .Revolución Francesa…………………………………………………….55 1.2.3. Positivismo………………………………………………………………57 1.3. Modernidad………………………………………………………………….60 1.4. Modernismo………………………………………………………………...65 1.4.1. Literatura……………………………………………………….66 1.4.2. Arte……………………………………………………………..67 9 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. Capítulo 2º: Auschwitz imagen concreta del Holocausto: un acontecimiento singular…………………………………………………………………………...69 SEGUNDA PARTE: BAUMAN Y SU CONCEPTO DE MODERNIDAD…………………………………………………………...83 Capítulo 3º: Trilogía de Bauman sobre la Modernidad…………………………..85 3.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………….......85 3.2. Trilogía sobre la Modernidad………………………………………………88 3.3. ¿Qué es la Modernidad?................................................................................91 3.3.1. Padres fundacionales………………………………………………….…91 3.3.2. Estado Moderno…………………………………………………………93 3.3.3. La conciencia y/o cultura moderna……………………………………...94 3.3.4. La Modernidad como fracción de la realidad y de los saberes…………95 3.3.5. La Modernidad como movimiento y la concepción lineal del tiempo…………………………………………………………………………..95 Capítulo 4º: La Modernidad Sólida.………………………………………...……97 4.1. Introducción……………………………………………………………...…97 4.2. Proceso civilizador………………………………………………………….97 4.3 Concepto de NATURALEZA/ naturaleza……………………………..……99 4.4. Concepto de orden………………………………………………………...102 4.5. Concepto de cambio…………………………………………...….106 Capítulo 5º: La Modernidad como periodo de la tiranía del Estado jardín……..109 5.1. Estado, nacionalismo, el tercer agente (el extraño) y las relaciones asimétricas……………………………………………………………………..109 5.2. Burocracia………………………………………………………………...113 10 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. 5.2.1. Disociación (experimento Milgram)………………………...………...115 5.2.2. Deshumanización……………………………………………………...116 Capítulo 6º: Modernidad y ambivalencia…………………………………….....121 6.1. ¿Qué es la ambivalencia?............................................................................121 6.2. Relación entre ambivalencia y la Modernidad: La ambivalencia en el campo político y en el ámbito intelectual……………………………………………..123 Capítulo 7º: La Modernidad como contexto del Holocausto………………...…127 7.1. Concepto de asimilación………………………………………………….127 7.2. Proceso de asimilación de los judíos europeos………………………..…130 7.3. Rechazo y persecución. Intento de eliminar la ambivalencia en los estados modernos………………………………………………………………………133 7.4. Auschwitz como la materialización de la eliminación de la ambivalencia en los estados modernos…………………………………………………………..136 TERCERA PARTE: ADORNO COMO PRECURSOR DE BAUMAN...139 Capítulo 8º: La nueva Teoría Crítica. El nuevo imperativo categórico adorniano y su significado…………………………………………………………………...141 8.1. Buscando las raíces del pensamiento de Bauman……………….………..141 8.2. Introducción………………………………………………………………141 8.3. Idealismo y su crítica……………………………………………..………144 8.4. Dialéctica de la Ilustración……………………………………………..…147 8.5. Abstracción, Identidad y Dominio………………………………………..151 8.6. El nuevo imperativo categórico…………………………………………..155 8.7. La nueva propuesta filosófica de Adorno…………………………...……160 8.8. El paso de Adorno a Bauman, un pequeño punto aclaratorio……….……164 11 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. Capítulo 9º: El impacto de Auschwitz sobre la Escuela de la Teoría Crítica…………………………...........................................................................167 9. La Modernidad Líquida de Bauman………………………………………..167 9.1. La Modernidad de Bauman………………………………………...……167 9.2. Modernidad Líquida, un concepto novedoso para etiquetar la Postmodernidad………………………………..……………………………..170 9.3. Características de la Modernidad Líquida………………………………173 9.4. La nueva escuela de la Teoría Crítica…………………………………...187 Capítulo 10º: La nueva Ética Postmoderna…………………………...…..……197 10.1. Planteamiento de la nueva problemática ética………………………..…197 10.2. Génesis histórica-ética de la Modernidad Sólida a la Líquida………………………………………………………………...………198 10.2.1. La Heteronomía……………………………………………………...200 10.2.1.1. La Simetría……………………………………………………….202 10.2.1.2. La responsabilidad flotada/flotante..…………………………….205 10.3. Conclusiones Práctica………………………………………………...…208 10.4. La nueva propuesta ética………………………………………………...212 10.4.1. La situación postmoderna…………………………...…………….…212 10.4.2. El yo moral………………………………………………………...…216 10.4.3. Las relaciones asimétricas: la aparición del Rostro Levianasiano. La esperanza en las relaciones sociales……………………………………….....220 10.4.4. La aparición de la sociedad con la figura del Tercero……………….222 10.4.5. La pregunta sobre mi hermano……………………………….………224 12 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. CUARTA PARTE: LA TRASCENDENTALIDAD COMO UN GRITO DE ESPERANZA…………………………………………………………….229 Capítulo 11º. La concepción metafísica de Bauman……...…………………….231 11. Idealismo y metafísica……………...…………………………………………..…...231 Capítulo 12º: Crítica al existencialismo de Bauman: Reducción de la realidad y carencia de la trascendentalidad…………………………………………….......239 12.1. Coincidencias críticas………………………………………………………..……239 12.2. Discrepancias críticas………………………………………………...……………249 CONCLUSIÓN Y PROSPECTIVAS………………..………………...…263 BIBLIOGRAFÍA…………………………………………………………271 1. Literatura principal…………………………………………………...........273 2. Literatura secundaria…………………………………………………….…275 3. Literatura general………………………………………………………..…280 4. Páginas Web consultadas………………………...………………..290 ANEXOS……………………………………………………………..…..293 Índice……………………………………………………………………....295 I. Entrevista personal con Mark Davis, director del Instituto Bauman…...….297 II. Tutoría Personal con Mark Davis.……………………………………...….309 III. Entrevista personal a Zygmunt Bauman…………………………………...327 IV. Testimonio de Moshé Haelion, superviviente de Auschwitz.……………..355 V. Fotos con Zygmunt Bauman…………………………………………...….367 VI. Foto con Mark Davis………………………………………………………369 VII. Fotos de la Universidad de Leeds………………………………………….370 VIII. Fotos del Campo de Concentración de Auschwitz……………………...…373 13 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. IX. Foto de Moshé Haelion……………………………………………………395 X. Acreditación formativa de la Universidad de Tel Aviv y Jad Vashem……396 14 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. PREFACIO 15 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. 16 Auschwitz y la problemática del hombre postmoderno. Bauman y el nuevo enfoque sociológico-antropológico. 1. JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN Esta tesis doctoral nace de una vocación docente e investigadora, y tiene como objeto de estudio la idea de que el Holocausto fue un asesinato masivo perpetrado por el pueblo alemán sucedido en un momento concreto de su historia y del devenir humano europeo. Frente a esta idea queremos demostrar, fundamentar y justificar que este hecho es fruto de la condición
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