NOTES

Introduction 1. “East Turkistan . . . The Forgotten Wound,” a speech by Abu Yahya al-Libi, released on jihadist forums on October 6, 2009. See “Libi Urges Support for , Calls for ,” SITE Intelligence Group (October 7, 2009). 2. Samer Abboud, review of Legitimizing Modernity in Islam: Muslim Modus Vivendi and Western Modernity, by Husain Kassim, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2005): 96. 3. Rebecca Givner-Forbes, “ Under Threat: Jihadist Community Has China in Its Sights—Debate Brewing over Whether Rising Dragon Should Be Seen as Muslim’s Friend or Foe.” The Straits Times (August 3, 2008). 4. “ ‘E a s t Tu r k i s t a n’ Te r r or i s t Force s C a n not G e t Aw ay w it h I m pu n it y,” People’s Daily (January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/21/ eng20020121_89078.shtml. 5. Rohan Gunaratna and Kenneth Pereire, “An Al Qaeda Group Operating in China?” The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006): 58. http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/ GunaratnaPereire.pdf. 6. Dru C. Gladney, Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities and Other Subaltern Subjects (London: C. Hurst, 2004), 150. 7. Ibid., 231. 8. Ibid., 254. 9. Raphael Israeli, Islam in China, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics (Lanham: Laxington Books, 2002), 1. 10. Ibid. 11. Martin I. Wayne, China’s on Terrorism: Counter-insurgency, Politics and Internal Security (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 10–11. 12. Ibid. 13. Sofia Jamil and Roderick Chia, “Lifting the Lid off ’s Insecurities,” NTS Insight (: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, September 2009). 180 NOTES

1 Explaining Minority Conflict in China: A Theoretical Perspective 1. Zhu Yuchao and Blachford Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics: Manifestations and Conceptualizations,” and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2006): 25. 2. Francis Fukuyama, “History and September 11,” in Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order, ed. Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 28. 3. Bernand Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 266, No. 3 (September 1990): 47–60. 4. Peter Chalk, “Al Qaeda and Its Links to Terrorist Groups in Asia,” in The New Terrorism, Anatomy, Trends and Counter Strategies, ed. Andrew Tan and Kumar Ramakrishna (Singapore: Eastern University Press, 2002), 109. 5. Fareed Zakaria, “The Return of History: What September 11 Hath Wrought,” in How Did This Happen? Ed. James F. Hoge and Giden Rose (New York: Public Affairs, 2001); Timur Kuran, “The Religious Undercurrents of Muslim Economic Grievances,” Social Science Research Council, http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/kuran.htm; and Karim Raslan, “Now a Historic Chance to Welcome Muslims into the System,” International Herald Tribune (November 27, 2001). http://www.asiasource. org/asip/raslan.cfm. 6. Farish A. Noor, New Voices of Islam (Leiden: Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, 2002). 7. Robert Keohane, “The Public Delegitimation of Terrorism and Coalition Politics,” in Worlds in Collision, ed. Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 141. 8. Keohane, “The Public Delegitimation of Terrorism and Coalition Politics,” 144. 9. Suzaina Kadir, “Mapping Muslim Politics in after September 11,” EIAS Publications BP 02/05 (December 2002): 3. http:// www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2002/muslimsea.pdf. 10. Amitav Acharya, “Southeast Asian Security after September 11, Asia Pacific Foundation of Canad,” Foreign Policy Dialogue Series (2003). 11. E.g., Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security Studies in the Post- Era (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Paul Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma (London: Routledge, 2005). 12. Rhonda L. Callaway and Julie Harrelson-Stephens, “Towards a Theory of Terrorism: Human Security as a Determinant of Terrorism,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 29 (2006): 773–796. 13. Michael Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang: Human Security and the Causes of Violent Uighur ,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2008): 272. 14. The term “Copenhagen School” first appeared in Bill McSweeney’s ar- ticle, “Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1996): 81. NOTES 181

15. For a detailed account of what constitutes new security issues, among others, Richard Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1983): 129–153; L. Paggi and P. Pinzauti, “Peace and Security,” Telos, No. 68 (1985): 79; N. Myers, “Environment and Security,” Foreign Policy, No. 74 (1989): 24; Jessica T. Matthews, “Redefining Security,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 2 (1989): 162; David Dewitt, “Common, Comprehensive and Cooperative Security,” The Pacific Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1994): 3; and David Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 23 (1997): 26. The International Human Development Program Research Project on Global Environmental Change and Human Security synopsis on “What Is ‘Human Security?’ ” makes a complete inventory of the human security regimes. http://ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/gechuman security.htm. 16. Seyom Brown, “World Interests and the Changing Dimensions of Security,” in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, 3rd edition, ed. Michael T. Klare and Yogesh Chandrani (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 3–4. 17. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods,” Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 40 (Supplement 2, 1996): 229–230. 18. Jessica T. Matthews, e.g., tells us how there has been a novel redistribu- tion of power among states, markets and civil society, so much so that national governments share power—“including political, social and se- curity roles”—with “businesses, with international organizations, and with a multitude of citizen groups known as nongovernmental organiza- tions.” Jessica T. Matthews, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1 (1997): 50. 19. Henry Kissinger, “A New National Partnership,” Department of State Bulletin (February, 17, 1975): 199 quoted in Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence (Boston: Scott, Foresman, 1989), 26. 20. David Baldwin, “Security Studies and the End of the Cold War,” World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 1 (1995): 132. 21. Woosang Kim, “Human Security Concerns in Global Politics,” in The Human Face of Security: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, ed. David Dickens (Canberra: Australian National University, 2002), 44; Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Cambridge/Stanford: Polity Press/Stanford University Press, 1990); and Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). 22. Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Jaap de Wilde, eds. Security, A New Framework of Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), 1. 23. Richard Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1983): 129. 24. Caroline Thomas, In Search of security: the Third World in International Relations (Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1987), 4. 25. The United Development Programme (UNDP), e.g., identifies seven separate components to human security: economic security (assured basic income), food security (physical and economic access to food), health security (relative freedom from disease and infection), environmental 182 NOTES

security (access to sanitary water supply, clean air and a non-degraded land system), personal security (security from physical violence and threats), community security (security of cultural identity), and political security (protection of basic human rights and freedoms). “New Dimensions of Human Security,” in United Nations Human Development Report 1994 (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 24. http://hdr.undp.org/en/ reports/global/hdr1994/. 26. Ronnie D. Lipshutz, “On Security,” in On Security, ed. Ronnie D. Lipshutz (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 5. 27. Norman Meyers, Ultimate Security (New York: Norton, 1993), 12. 28. Gareth Evans, “Cooperative Security and Intra State Conflict,” Foreign Policy, No. 96 (Fall 1994): 8–9. 29. Ronald Paris, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?” International Security, Vol. 26. No. 2 (Fall 2001): 87. 30. Krause and Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies,” 234. 31. Daniel Deudney, “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security,” Millennium, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1990): 465. 32. Patric Morgan, “Liberalist and Realist security Studies at 2000: Two Decades of Progress?” in Critical Reflection on Security and Change, ed. Stuart Croft and Terry Terriff (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 40. 33. Krause and Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies,” 249. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid. 36. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Cambridge/Stanford: Polity Press/Stanford University Press, 1990); and Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). 37. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security Studies in the Post–Cold War Era (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991). 38. O. Waever, B. Buzan, M. Kelstrup, and P. Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (London: Pinter, 1993), 24–25. 39. Ibid. 40. Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang,” 273. 41. Waever et al. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda, 24. 42. Ibid. 25. 43. Buzan et al., Security, 2. 44. Paul Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma (London: Routledge, 2005), 42. 45. Lindholm, Helena, “Introduction: A Conceptual Discussion,” in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Formation of Identity and Dynamics of Conflict in the 1990s, ed. Helena Lindholm (Gothenburg: Nordnes, 1993), 1–39. 46. Paul Roe, “The Intrastate Security Dilemma: Ethnic Conflict as a ‘Tragedy’?” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1999): 193. 47. Ibid., 194. 48. Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma, 43. 49. Waever, et al. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (1993), 43. NOTES 183

50. Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang,” 272. 51. Ibid., 273. 52. Roe, “The Intrastate Security Dilemma,” 195. 53. Ibid. 54. Zhu and Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics,” 25. 55. Ibid. 56. Walker Connor, “Nationalism and Political Illegitimacy,” in Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World, ed. Daniele Conversi (New York: Routledge, 2002), 37. 57. Zhu and Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics,” 26. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid., 52. 60. Ernie Regehr, “It’s not really a matter of hate,” Disarming Conflict (May 9, 2007). http://www.igloo.org/disarmingconflict/itsnotre/ 61. Andrew Tan, “Armed Muslim Separatist Rebellion in Southeast Asia: Persistence, Prospects, and Implications,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 23 (October–December 2000): 267–288. 62. Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 322–323. 63. Ernie Regehr, “It’s not really a matter of hate,” Disarming Conflict (May 9, 2007). 64. Stephen Phillip Cohen, : Emerging Power (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001). 65. Zhu and Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics,” 25. 66. “Zhongguo de Shaosu Minzu Zhengce jiqi Shijian” (National Minorities Policies and its Practice in China) (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council of PRC, 1999). English translation is accessed at: http://english. people.com.cn/whitepaper/1.html. 67. Bruce Hoffman, “The Emergence of New Terrorism,” in The New Terrorism, Anatomy, Trends and Counter Strategies, ed. Andrew Tan and Kumar Ramakrishna (Singapore: Eastern University Press, 2002), 38. 68. Barry Desker, “Islam in Southeast Asia: The Challenge of Radical Interpretations,” Cambridge Review of international Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 3 (October 2003): 421. 69. Rohan Gunaratna, “Al-Qaeda’s Trajectory in 2003,” IDSS Perspectives (May 3, 2003). http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/Perspective/research_050303. htm. 70. Barry Desker, “The Jemaah Islamiyah Phenomenon in Singapore,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2003): 495. 71. Ibid.

2 Islam and Muslim Minorities in China 1. The -language electronic magazine of the Turkistan Islamic Party, Islamic Turkistan, was released through Al-Fajr Media Center. The fourth issue was posted on jihadist forums on July 25, 2009. “Fourth Issue of 184 NOTES

TIP magazine, ‘Islamic Turkistan’,” SITE Intelligence Group (July 29, 2009), 3–4. 2. Raphael Israeli, Islam in China: Religion, Ethnicity, Culture and Politics (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2002), 2. 3. Mi Shoujiang and You Jia, trans. Min Chang, Islam in China (Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2004), 1. 4. Ibid. 5. Mi and You, Islam in China, 3. 6. Ibid. 7. An ancient record of the history of the Tang Dynasty written in the mid-tenth century. 8. Mi and You, Islam in China, 4. 9. Ibid. 10. According to Mi and You (2004), Arabian envoys visited China 37 times during this period. However, some other historians consider the times should be 39. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China (Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2005). 11. “Fan Ke” in Chinese means “guests from outlying regions,” which shows the distinction between Muslims and Chinese in this period. Mi and You, Islam in China, 4. 12. Mi and You, Islam in China, 5. 13. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China. 14. Ibid. 15. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 11. 16. Mi and You, Islam in China, 3. 17. Ibid. 18. The Yuan court divided its people into four castes: Mongol Caste, Semu Caste, Khitay Caste (“Hanren” in Chinese), and Manji Caste (“Nanren” in Chinese). Arab and Persian Muslims, Islamic Turks including Uighurs were among the Semu, which were superimposed by the Mongol rulers upon the Khitays and Manjis mainly consisted of . Israeli, Islam in China, 295. 19. Ibid. 20. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 901–919. 21. The word “Gedimu” is from the Arabic “Qadim” for “old.” Dru C. Gladney, Muslim Chinese: in the People’s Republic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 37. 22. Ibid. 23. Yusuf Abdul Rahman, “Islam in China (650–1980 CE),” Islam Awareness (1997). http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/China/islchina.html. 24. Richard C. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese Political Culture,” The Muslim World, Vol. 87, No. 2 (1997): 152–154. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid. 27. Mi and You, Islam in China, 66. NOTES 185

28. Ibid. 29. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37; and Jean A. Berlie, Islam in China: Hui and Uyhghurs between Modernization and (Bangkok: White Lotus Press, 2004), 39. 30. James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 80–81. 31. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” China Quarterly (2003): 454. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file= %2FCQY%2FCQY174%2FS0009443903000275a.pdf&code=e52294f748e a2813d4063bbf512011e1. 32. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 78–79. 33. Ibid. 34. Mi and You, Islam in China, 70. 35. Dillon, Xinjiang, 17. 36. Israeli, Islam in China, 8. 37. Ibid., 287. 38. Berlie, Islam in China, 29. 39. Israeli, Islam in China, 289. 40. Berlie, Islam in China, 34. 41. Israeli, Islam in China, 288–289. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. 44. “Zhongguo de Yisilanjiao” (Islam in China), Xinhua Net. http://news. xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003–01/23/content_704531.htm. 45. “China Islam Association,” BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ religions/islam/history/china_4.shtml 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. Graham E. Fuller and Jonathan N. Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 330. 49. Ibid. 50. These ethnic groups are ranked by descending order of their populations. Except for the eight Turkic groups listed here, the Dongxiang ethnic mi- nority in China are also Muslims. Views about the origin of the are divided. The Dongxiang language belongings to the Mongolian branch of the Altaic language family. “The Dongxiang ethnic minority,” the Web site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (November 15, 2000). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ljzg/3584/ t17882.htm. 51. There is much dispute about the figure of Muslim population in China. Estimates vary between 15 million and 80 million depending on the iden- tity and political inclination of the author. The government of the Republic of China in 1938 declared there were 48,104,240 Muslims in China. “The Nationalist Republic Census of 1938,” China Handbook (Taipei: 1954). The recent Chinese sources show that the Muslim population in China is over 20 million. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China. 186 NOTES

52. Fuller and Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang,” 339. 53. Ibid. 54. Richard C. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese Political Culture,” The Muslim World, Vol. 87, No. 2 (1997): 153. 55. Ibid. 56. Dru. C. Gladney, “The Salafiyya Movement in Northwest China: Islamic Fundamentalism among the Muslim Chinese?” in Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Context, ed. Leif Manger (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999), 108. 57. Ibid. 58. Alexander Berzin, “The Relation of the Hui Muslims with the Tibetans and Uighurs,” The Berzin Archives (November 1996). http://www. berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/study/islam/modern_interaction/ relation_hui_muslims_tibet_uighurs.html. 59. Ibid. 60. Dru. C. Gladney, Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities and Other Subaltern Subjects (London: C. Hurst, 2004), 156. 61. Dru. C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” in Today: The China Quarterly Special Issues New Series, No. 3, ed. Daniel L. Overmyer (Cambrige: Cambridge University Press, 2003),147. 62. James A. Millward and Peter C. Perdue, “Political and Cultural History through the Late 19th Century” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004), 33. 63. “Xinjiang 2000 Population Census Assembly,” accessed from China Data Online. http://chinadataonline.org/member/census2000/default.asp?KeyT itle=&StartYear=2000&EndYear=2000&KeyType=0&=1&Region=All& page=2#. 64. Millward and Perdue, “Political History and Strategies,” 33. 65. Gladney, Dislocating China, 193. 66. For example, Jack Chen, The Sinkiang Story (New York: Macmillan, 1977), 100. 67. Colin Mackerras, The Uighur Empire: According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1972). 68. Gladney, Dislocating China, 193. 69. Denis Dinor, Inner Asia: A Syllabus (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1969), 118–121. 70. Dru C. Gladney, “Relational Alterity: Constructing Dungan (Hui), Uygur, and Kazakh Identities across China, Central Asia, and Turkey,” History and Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1996): 445. 71. Ibid., 456. 72. Matthew D. Moneyhon, “Taming China’s ‘Wild West’: Ethnic Conflict in Xinjiang,” Peace Conflict, and Development: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 5, No. 5 (2004): 6. 73. Dru C. Gladney, “Chinese Programe of Development and Control: 1978–2001” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 102. 74. The term Uighur (Uyghur) was firstly employed as Turkic nomadic society practicing Shamanism and Manichaeanism in Mongolia. Later it referred to NOTES 187

the name for a sedentary oasis society practicing Buddhism. It was also used as a linguistic designation to distinguish one branch of Old Turkish. Chinese originally use Uighur, and later Hui Hu for all Turkic Muslims. Wiilam Samolin, East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century: A Brief Political Survey (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1964), 73, quoted in Gladeny, Dislocating China, 210–214; and Millward and Perdue, “Political History and Strategies,” 40–43. 75. Gladney, Dislocating China, 210. 76. Justin Rudelson and William Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance: Xinjiang Identities in Flux,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004), 299; and Gladney, Dislocating China, 210–214. 77. Justin Rudelson and William Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance: Xinjiang Identity in Flux,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe 2004), 302–303. 78. Ibid. 79. Ibid., 299. 80. Ibid., 303. 81. Gladney, Dislocating China, 210. 82. Ibid., 218. 83. Denise Helly “The Identity and Nationality Problem in Chinese Central Asia,” Central Asia Survey, Vol. 3, No. 3 (1985): 107. 84. Gladney, Dislocating China, 218–219. 85. Dru C. Gladney, Dislocating China, 218–219; and “China’s Minorities: the case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur people,” Commission on Human Rights, Working Group on Minorities Ninth Session (May 12–16, 2003): 8. http:// www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/a0da2b54fc3b22e7c1256d25 004c086d/$FILE/G0314169.pdf. 86. Graham E. Fuller and Jonathan N. Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe 2004), 339. 87. The Information Office of the State Council, “History and Development of Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (June 12, 2003). http://www.gov.cn/english/ official/2005–07/28/content_17948.htm. 88. “Population in Xinjiang Reaches 20.10 Mln,” China Net, (April 8, 2006). http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/165014.htm. 89. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 3 (1993) and The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon&Schuster, 1996). 90. “History and Development of Xinjiang” The Information Office of the State Council (2003); and Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 18; and Dru C Gladney, “The Chinese Programme of Development and Control, 1978–2001,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 102. 91. “Xiyu” in Chinese means “west regions.” The majority of Xinjiang was referred to Xiyu in the Han Dynasty. “History and Development of Xinjiang,” The Information Office of the State Council (2003). 92. James A. Millward and Peter C. Perdue, “Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Xinjiang: 188 NOTES

China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004). 93. Also spelled as Junahar, Jegun Ghar, Dzunghar, or Zhun-ga-er. Millward and Perdue, “Political and Cultural History,” 49. 94. Dillon, Xinjiang, 17. 95. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 97. 96. The name Beg (Baig) was originally a title given to members of the Turkic clan called “Barlas,” who played a pivotal role in Turkic empires in Central Asia, Middle East and South Asia. For the Uighurs, “Begs” refers to gentry who manage local affairs. L. J. Newby, “The Begs of Xinjiang: Between Two Worlds,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 61, No. 2 (1998), 278. 97. “Silk road history of Xinjiang history online guide,” Silk Road China. http://www.silkroadcn.com/silk-road-xinjiang-history.htm. 98. Dillon, Xinjiang, 17. 99. Lars-Erik Nyman, Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918–1934 (Stockholm: Esselte Stadium, 1977), 12. 100. Millward and Perdue, “Political and Cultural History,” 67. 101. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 189. 102. James A. Millward and Nabijian Tursun, “Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004). 103. Donald H. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949–1977 (Boulder: West Press, 1979), 22. 104. Ibid. 105. Linda Benson, The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang 1944–1949 (London: M.E. Sharpe, 1990). 106. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 84. 107. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 31. 108. Säypidin was one of the most enduring politicians of Uighur ethnicity. He studied law and political science in the Soviet Union, where he joined the Soviet Communist party. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 239. 109. Säypidin was elected as Chairman of the XUAR People’s Council and Wang Enmao was appointed the First Party Secretary and the commander of Xinjiang Military Region. 110. “A United Multi-Ethnic Country,” National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part I (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, 2002). http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/4/index.htm. 111. Ibid. 112. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 178. 113. Zhongguo de Minzhu Quyu Zizhi Baipishu (Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China) (Beijing: The Information Office of the State Council, 2005). English translation is accessed at: http://www.gov.cn/ english/official/2005–07/28/content_18127.htm. 114. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 242. 115. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 133. 116. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 87. NOTES 189

117. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 131–136. 118. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianfa), Article four, the First National People’s Congress (Beiing, September 20, 1954). 119. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianfa). 120. “Promoting the Common Development of All Ethnic Groups,” National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part IV (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, 2000). 121. National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part III. 122. Zhongguo de Minzhu Quyu Zizhi Baipishu (Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China). 123. Some CCP leaders who support a moderate and economy-centric approach, such as Liu Shaoqi and were labeled as “right- ists” (you pai). A great number of CCP cadres and government officials recognized as “rightists” were severely persecuted in the “Anti-rightist” campaign started in 1957. 124. In Chinese, “Bai hua qi fang, bai jia zheng ming.” 125. Robert L. Worden, Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dolan eds., China: A Country Study, “Policy toward Intellectuals,” (Washington, DC: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987). http://countrystudies.us/ china/72.htm. 126. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 92–94. 127. Ibid. 128. Ibid. 129. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese,” 161. 130. Zhou Minglan, “The Politics of Bilingual Education in the People’s Republic of China since 1949” Bilingual Research Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1&2 (2001). http://brj.asu.edu/v2512/articles/art8.html. 131. Ibid. 132. Zhou Minglan, “The Politics of Bilingual Education.” 133. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 265. 134. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 140. 135. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 264. 136. Dillon, Xinjiang, 57. 137. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 2 (May 1995): 372. 138. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 270. 139. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese,” 161. 140. Gladney “Islam,” 374. 141. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 263. 142. Dru C. Gladney, “Chinese Program of Development and Control: 1978–2001.” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 110. 143. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 901. 144. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese,” 163. 190 NOTES

145. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, Article 4 (Beijing: National People’s Congress, 1982). http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/ Constitution/node_2825.htm. 146. The Law on Regional Autonomy for Minority Nationalities (minzu quyu zizhi fa) (Beijing: National People’s Congress, May 31, 1984), Article 35. 147. National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part I (2000). 148. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, January 2008). www.apcss.org/Publications/APCSS%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20 Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc. 149. Calla Wiemer, “The Economy of Xinjiang” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 170. 150. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” The China Quarterly, No. 147 (2003): 457. 151. Harris C. Lillian, “Xinjiang, Central Asia and the Implications for China’s Policy in the Islamic World,” The China Quarterly, No. 133 (March 1993): 111. 152. Ibid., 112. 153. Calla Wiemer, “The Economy of Xinjiang,” 172. 154. Justin Rudelson, Xinjiang’s Uyghurs In The Ensuing US-China Partnership (testimony at the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Uyghur Panel, Washington, DC, the , June 10, 2002). 155. Dillon, Xinjiang, 75. 156. Gladney, Xinjiang, 10. 157. Abanti Bhattacharya, “Conceptualising Uighur Separatism in Chinese Nationalism,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 3 (July–September 2003): 369. 158. Ibid. 159. Rahman, “Islam in China,” 53. 160. Sean L. Yom, “Uighur flex their muscles,” Asia Times (January 23, 2003). http://www.atimes.com/china/DA23Ad01.html. 161. L. J. Newby, “The Begs of Xinjiang,” 947.

3 Uighur Separatism: East Turkistan Groups 1. The audio message released on YouTube on July 9, 2009, and the Arabic transcript of it released by Al-Fajr media Center. “TIP leader threatens China over Urumqi Violence,” SITE Intelligence Group (July 17, 2009). 2. “Full Text: China’s National Defense in 2008,” Xinhua Net (January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–01/20/ content_10688124.htm. 3. “Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban,” (New York: Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN, November 29, 2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm. 4. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” “Xinjiang,” in Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism, ed. Derek Reveron and Jeffrey S. Murer (London: Routledge, 2006), 234. NOTES 191

5. “Special Report: Uighur Muslim Separatists,” Virtual Information Center (September 28, 2001), 6. http://vic-info.org. 6. “Combating terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/content_1237985. htm. 7. Anwar Rahman, Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Leisester: Matador, 2005), 53. 8. Bhattacharya, “Conceptualising Uighur Separatism,” 373. 9. Gladney, “China’s minorities: the case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur People” (paper at the Commission on Human Rights, Sub-commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Working Group on Minorities [Ninth Session], Geneva, Switzerland, May 12–16, 2003), 457; and Rahman, Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall, 53. 10. James Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment (Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2004), 14. 11. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 63. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid., 66–67. 15. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s Daily (January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/ 21/eng20020121_89078.shtml; and Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 15. 16. James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 16. 17. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity.” 18. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 16. 19. “The Ghulja Massacre: ‘We Refuse to Forget,’ ” Uyghur Human Rights Project (Washington, DC: Uighur American Association, February 3, 2006). http://www.uyghuramerican.org/articles/252/1/. 20. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s Daily (January 21, 2001). 21. South China Morning Post, July 29, 1997; and China News Digest, March 14, 1998. 22. Eric Hyer, “China’s Policy towards Uighur Nationalism,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 26 No. 1 (2006): 78. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s Daily (January 21, 2001). 26. Hyer, “China’s Policy towards Uighur,” 78. 27. “Ethnic Clash in Chinese Factory Kills 2, Hurts 118,” Associate Press (July 26, 2009). http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ ALeqM5gdcfQ8l28f_jK9yH3RKOBB92CEKQD992QC080. 28. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After Horrible Riot, Xinjiang People Hope to Mend Tainted Relations of Ethnic Groups,” Xinhua Net (July 11, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/11/content_11693738.htm. 192 NOTES

29. The Chinese official statistics about the casualties were not independently verified. According to one Chinese report on July 11, 2009, the death toll was 184, among which 137 were Han Chinese, 64 were Uighurs and one was Hui nationality. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After horrible riot, Xinjiang people hope to mend tainted relations of ethnic groups,” Xinhua Net (July 11, 2009). However, the death toll rose to 197 in later reports whereas no further detail was provided in Chinese sources. 30. “Mobs in Xinjiang Face Severe Punishment,” China Daily (July 7, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–07/07/content_8388003.htm. 31. “Police arrests 1,434 suspects in connection with Xinjiang riot,” Xinhua Net (July 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/07/ content_11664739.htm. 32. “Civilians and Armed Police Officer Killed in NW China,” Xinhua Net (July 6, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/06/ content_11658819.htm. 33. “World Uyghur Congress’ Statement on July 5th Urumqi Incident,” the WUC Web site (July 7, 2009). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/ PressRelease.asp?ItemID=-1553700856&mid=1096144499. 34. “TIP leaders Threatens China Over Urumqi Violence,” SITE Intelligence Group (July 17, 2009). 35. “Afghan Plane to Urumqi Lands in Kandahar City,” Xinhua Net (August 10, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–08/10/ content_11853976.htm. 36. “Afghan Plane to Urumqi Lands in Kandahar City,” China Radio International (CRI) (August 10, 2009). http://english.cri. cn/7146/2009/08/10/179s507793.htm. 37. “China says separatist threatened Afghan f light,” Afghanistan News Center (August 11, 2009). http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2009/ august/aug112009.html#23. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. “Urumqi Airport Back to Normal after Alleged Bomb Threat on Afghan Plane,” Xinhua Net (August 10, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2009–08/10/content_11858761.htm. 41. “China says separatist threatened Afghan f light,” Afghanistan News Center (August 11, 2009). 42. “Thousands of Harmony Makers Sent to Urumqi Communities While Authorities Vow Harsh Punishment against Syringe Attackers,” Xinhua Net (September 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009– 09/07/content_12006500.htm. 43. Ibid. 44. “Tests Find No Infections in Xinjiang Needle Attack Victims,” Xinhua Net (September 13, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–09/13/ content_12046231.htm. 45. Christopher Bodeen, “10,000 Chinese Protest Series of Needle Stabbings,” Associate Press (AP) (September 3, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/ ap/20090903/ap_on_re_as/as_china_protest. NOTES 193

46. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Forces Pose Threat to Regional Security, Stability: White Paper,” Xinhua Net (September 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2009–09/21/content_12090795.htm. 47. The video of the Turkistan Islamic Party posted on YouTube on February 9, 2009. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 27, 2009). 48. Rémi Castets, “The Uyghurs in Xinjiang—The Malaise Grows,” trans. Philip Liddell, China perspectives (September–October 2003). http:// chinaperspectives.revues.org/document648.html#ftn43. 49. Zhang Yumo, “The Anti-Separatism Struggle and its Historical Lessons since the Liberation of Xinjiang” in Yang Faren et al., Fanyisilanzhuyi, fantujuezhuyi yanjiu (Study on Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism) (1994). A Chinese document translated and published in English on the web site of the Uyghur American Association. www.uyghuramerican.org/ researchanalysis/trans.html. 50. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s Daily (January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/21/ eng20020121_89078.shtml. 51. “TIP calls for Jihad, demonstrates training,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 27, 2009); and Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics.” (August 9, 2008). 52. Ibid. 53. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim. 54. Ibid. 55. Rodger Baker, “China and Enduring Uighurs,” Rightside News (August 6, 2008). http://www.rightsidenews.com/200808061649/global-terrorism/ china-and-the-enduring-uighurs.html. 56. “ ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorist Killed,” China Daily (December 24, 2003). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/24/content_293163. htm. 57. The video “Turkistan Islamic Party: Biography of Abu al-Turkistani,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 31, 2009), trans. Mohamed Redzuan Bin Salleh (Singapore: International Centre of Political Violence and Terrorism [ICPVTR], 2009). 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Rodger Baker, “China and Enduring Uighurs,” Rightside News (August 6, 2008) and “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). 61. Rodger Baker, “China and Enduring Uighurs,” Rightside News (August 6, 2008). 62. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). 63. Ibid. 64. “China Seeks International Support in Counter-terrorism,” People’s Daily (December 16, 2003). 194 NOTES

65. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim. 66. Ibid. 67. “Eastern Turkestan Terrorist Killed,” China Daily (December 24, 2003). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/24/content_293163. htm. 68. CACI Analyst, March 7, 2007, quoted in Waliullah Rahmani, “Has al-Qaeda Picked a Leader for Operations in China?” Terrorism Focus, Vol. 5, No. 41 (December 3, 2008). 69. “Profiles of 11 Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652.htm. 70. “China Says Terror Suspect Handed over by Pakistan,” Associated Press Newswires (May, 1927, 2002). 71. The interview with Abdul Haq published in the magazine Islamic Turkistan, Issue 1–3, released by Turkistan Islamic Party on January 26, February 6, and March 25, 2009, SITE Intelligence Group, translated by Mohamed Redzuan Bin Salleh (Singapore: International Centre of Political Violence and Terrorism [ICPVTR], 2009). 72. “The Guantanamo Docket,” The New York Times. http://int-shared1.ec2. nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/277-bahtiyar-mahnut/documents/5/ pages/317. 73. Ibid. 74. “Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee Adds Name of One Individual to Consolidated List,” SC/9636 (New York: UN Security Council, April 16, 2009). http://www.un.org/News/Press/ docs/2009/sc9636.doc.htm. 75. Ibid. 76. “ ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (October 21, 2008). 77. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92. http://www. treas.gov/press/releases/tg92.htm. 78. Ibid. 79. Abdul Haq’s statement in Islamic Turkistan, Issue 1. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’- First Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (January 29, 2009). 80. Ibid. 81. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (October 21, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/ content_10229518.htm. 82. Rahmani, “Has al-Qaeda Picked a Leader,” 8–9. 83. Ibid. 84. Ibid. 85. “U.S. Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al-Qaeda,” Xinhua Net (April 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–04/21/ content_11226318.htm. 86. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92. NOTES 195

87. The Arabic communiqué of TIP issued on jihadist forums on May 1, 2009, posted by Al-Fajr Media Center. “TIP Responds to US Treasury Designation, Arrests,” SITE Intelligence Group (May 1, 2009). 88. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (October 21, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/ content_10229518.htm. 89. Ibid. 90. Ibid. 91. ICPVTR translation of the video “Islamic Party of Turkistan—Our Blessed Jihad in Yunnan,” (July 23, 2008), http://de.youtube.com/watch? v=E6DLGShOnEg, accessed on August 20, 2008. 92. Ibid. 93. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 27, 2009). 94. The audio message of Seifallah, issued on YouTube on July 9, 2009, and the Arabic transcript of it posted on jihadist forums by the Al-Fajr Media Center on July 16, 2009. “TIP Leaders Threatens China over Urumqi Violence,” SITE Intelligence Group (July 17, 2009). 95. Ibid. 96. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 27, 2009). 97. Ibid. 98. Ahmed Rashid, “Jihad,” 33. 99. “China’s grip on Xinjiang Muslims,” BBC (November 29, 2005). http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4482048.stm. 100. Ibid 101. Shaukat Piracha, “China asks Pakistan to investigate Xinjiang terrorists list,” The Daily Times (January 17, 2004). http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/ default.asp?page=story_17–1–2004_pg1_2. 102. “China Muslim group planned terror, U.S. says,” The New York Times (August 31, 2002). 103. Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN, “Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban,” (November 29, 2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm. 104. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s Daily (January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/21/ eng20020121_89078.shtml. 105. Chien-pen Chung, “China’s ‘War on Terror’: September 11 and Uighur separatism,” Foreign Affairs (July/August 2002). http://www.cfr.org/ publication/4765/chinas_war_on_terror.html. 106. Ibid. 107. “Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban” (New York: Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN, November 29, 2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm. 108. Chung, “China’s War on Terror.” 196 NOTES

109. Didier Chaudet, “Islamic Terrorism in Greater Central Asia: The ‘Al-Qaedaization’ of Uzbek Jihadism,” Russie. Nei. Visions (December 2008): 25. 110. Didier Chaudet, “Islamic Terrorism in Greater Central Asia,” 25. 111. Chung, Chien-peng, “China’s War on Terror.” 112. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000), 128. He also wrote that the mujahideen had “come to fight the jihad . . . and to train in weapons, bomb-making, and military tactics so they could take the jihad back home.” 113. Ahmed Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 140–141. 114. “Xinjiang Separatists Lose Ground,” Jane’s Terrorism and Security Monitor (April 1, 2003). 115. Rahul K Bhonsle, “China: In Al Qaeda’s Cross Hairs,” News Blaze (July 12, 2007), http://newsblaze.com/story/20070712062027rahu.nb/ newsblaze/TOPSTORY/Top-Stories.html. 116. “Chinese court rejects appeal of Canadian Muslim jailed for terrorism,” International Herald Tribune (July 10, 2007). http://www.iht.com/articles/ ap/2007/07/10/asia/AS-GEN-China-Canada-Detainee.php. 117. “US Has Evidence ETIM Plans Attack,” People’s Daily (August 30, 2002). 118. Shaukat Piracha, “China Asks Pakistan to Investigate Xinjiang Terrorists List,” The Daily Times (January 17, 2004). http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/ default.asp?page=story_17–1–2004_pg1_2. 119. “United General Assembly of East Turkistan National Congress,” PRT Press Review (April 13, 2004). 120. Chung, “China’s War on Terror.” 121. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18, 2002). 122. Ibid. 123. Ibid. 124. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 27, 2009); and E. Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said to be Linked to Muslim Separatist Group,” New York Times (August 9, 2008). 125. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). 126. McDonald Joe, “China Targets Xinjiang Rebels,” The Washington Times (January 22, 2002). 127. Stratfor Global Intelligence, “China: The Evolution of ETIM” (May 13, 2008). 128. Rohan Gunaratna, “China under Threat,” The Straits Times (August 3, 2008). www.idss.edu.sg/short%20reports/CHINA_UNDER_THREAT.pdf. 129. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Exploiting a Favourable Climate,” China Brief, Vol, 2, No. 19 (September 26, 2002), http://jamestown.org/china_brief/article. php?issue_id=659. 130. Zeyno Baran, S. Frederick Starr, and Svante E. Cornell, “Islamic Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Implications for the EU,” NOTES 197

Central Asia- Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program (July 2006). http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0607Islam. pdf. 131. Erik Eckholm, “China Muslim Group Planned Terror, U.S. Says,” New York Times (August 31, 2002). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htm l?res=9B0CEEDD133FF932A0575BC0A9649C8B63. 132. B. Raman, “Terrorism in Afghanistan and Central Asia,” South Asia Analysis Group (November 24, 2004). http://www.saag.org/common/ uploaded_f iles/paper1172.html. 133. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.” 134. Holly Fletcher and Jayshree Bajoria, “The East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM),” Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder. http://www.cfr. org/publication/9179/. 135. “Testimony of Detainees before the Combatant Status Review Tribunal,” Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT) and Administrative Review Board (ARB), Documents Released March 3, April 3, and April 19, 2006, http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/ csrt/. 136. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.” 137. Ibid. 138. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s Daily (January 21, 2001). 139. “Albania Takes Guantanamo Uighurs,” BBC (May 6, 2006). http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4979466.stm. 140. Hope Yen, “Court Bars Release of 17 Uighurs Detainees into US,” Associated Press (February 18, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/ ap/20090218/ap_on_go_ot/guantanamo_detainees. 141. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). 142. Anders Nielsen and Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari, “Talibanization of FATA and NWFP: Status and key drivers,” ICPVTR Field study re- port, 2007; Hassan Abbas, “Increasing Talibanization in Pakistan’s Seven Tribal Agencies,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 5, No. 18 (September 27, 2007). 143. Ibid. 144. Ibid. 145. “Chinese Police Destroy Terrorist Camp in NW Region,” Xinhua Net (January 8, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007– 01/08/content_5580233.htm; and Country Reports on Terrorism 2007 (Washington, DC: Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. Department of State, April 2008), 33. http://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/105904.pdf. 146. Ibid. 147. “Chinese police kill 2 terrorists, arrest 15 others,” Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–02/18/ content_7625432.htm. 148. Ibid. 198 NOTES

149. “Chinese Police Kill 2 Terrorists, Arrest 15 Others,” Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008). 150. Ibid. 151. Ibid. 152. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.” 153. Ibid. 154. Ibid. 155. Ibid. 156. “Tension Grips Waziristan as Uzbeks Find New Sanctuary,” The News 21st (May 2007). 157. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.” 158. “Pakistan Hands over Nine Uyghur Militants to China,” Indian Express (April 27, 2009). http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakistan-hands- over-nine-uyghur-militants-to/451721/. 159. Ibid. 160. “Statement from the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP),” The NEFA Foundation (May 1, 2009). www.nefafoundatin.org; and “TIP responds to US Treasury Designation, Arrests,” SITE Intelligence Group (May 1, 2009). 161. Edward Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said to be Linked to Muslim Separatist Group,” New York Times (August 9, 2008). http://www. nytimes.com/2008/08/10/sports/olympics/10uighurs.html?ref=asia 162. “Chinese Police Deny ‘Terrorist Attacks’ behind Recent Explosions,” Xinhua Net (July 26, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/200807/26/content_8775123.htm. 163. Didier Chaudet, “Islamist Terrorism in Greater Central Asia: The ‘Al-Qaedaization’ of Uzbek Jihadism,” Russie.Nei.Visions (December, 2008). 164. Rohan Gunaratna and Kenneth Pereire, “An Al Qaeda Group Operating in China?” The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006): 58. http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/ GunaratnaPereire.pdf; and The Middle Eastern Web site. www.tajdeed. org.uk. 165. ICPVTR translation of the video “Jihad in Eastern Turkistan,” uploaded on November 8, 2006. 166. Ibid. 167. Kenneth Pereire, “The Beijing Olympics and China’s Militant Groups,” RSIS Commentaries (June 28, 2007). 168. ICPVTR translation of the video “Jihad in Eastern Turkistan.” 169. Ibid. 170. Ibid. 171. Pereire, “The Beijing Olympics.” 172. ICPVTR translation of the, “Shaheed Hasan Mahsum Rahimallah” (The God bless Holy Martyrs Hasan Mahsum) uploaded on August 10, 2007. www..com/watch?v=3lx5lwRm9UA. 173. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Hasan Mahsum,” uploaded on March 16, 2008. www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqFZohw7Qak. NOTES 199

174. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Al-Zubayr Al-Turkistani,” uploaded on March 10, 2008. 175. Ibid. 176. Ibid. 177. Abu ‘Ubaydah al-Maqdisi, Shuhada’ Fi Zaman al-Ghurbah (The Martyrs in the Time of Alienation) (Markaz Al-Fajr al-I’lami, 2008), 131–133. Translated by ICPVTR. 178. “Terrorism in Western China? An interview with Rohan Gunaratna,” The Politic (January 7, 2009). http://thepolitic.org/content/view/93/37/ 179. Edward Wong, “Group says Video Warns of Plympic Attack,” New York Times (August 7, 2008), http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/08/ sports/olympics/08china.html#; John Garnaut, “Beijing plays down terror threat to Games,” Brisbane Times (July 28, 2008). http://www. brisbanetimes.com.au/news/olympics/beijing-plays-down-terror-threat- to-games/2008/07/27/1217097093432.html?page=fullpage#contentSwa p1; and The Sydney Morning Herald, “Group threatens Olympic terror,” (July 26, 2008). 180. “Terrorists Issue New Threat to Olympics: US Analysts,” Thaindian News (August 8, 2008). http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/ terrorists-issue-new-threat-to-olympics-us-analysts_10081297.html. 181. Ibid. 182. Ibid. 183. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Islamic Party of Turkistan ‘Our Blessed Jihad in Yunnan,’ ” uploaded July 23, 2008. 184. Ibid. 185. “Chinese Police Deny ‘Terrorist Attacks’ behind Recent Explosions,” Xinhua Net (July 26, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/200807/26/content_8775123.htm. 186. “Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP): ‘Why Are We Fighting China,” The NEFA Foundation (July 2008). www.nefafoundation.org. 187. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 27, 2009); and “TIP: ‘Steadfastness and Preparations for Jihad in the Cause of ,” The NEFA Foundation (January 20, 2009). www. nefafoundation.org. 188. Ibid. 189. Ibid. 190. Ibid. 191. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 1, distributed by the Meda al-Sayouf (Ink of Swords) Network. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’- First Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (January 29, 2009). 192. Ibid. 193. Ibid. 194. Ibid. 195. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 2, posted on the Al-Faloja jihadist forum on February 6, 2009. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Second Issue of TIP Magazine,” Site Intelligence Group (February 9, 2009). 200 NOTES

196. Ibid. 197. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 3, released by Al-Fajr Media Center and posted on jihadist forums on March 25, 2009. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Third Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 25, 2009). 198. Mohamed Redzuan Bin Salleh trans., “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Third Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 25, 2009). 199. Ibid. 200. Ibid. 201. “Woman Confesses to China Plane Attack,” Associated Press (March 27, 2008). http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–27-china- terror_N.htm. 202. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (21 October, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/ content_10229518.htm. 203. “Xinjiang Official Calls Monday’s Raid on Border Police a Terrorist Attack,” People’s Daily (August 6, 2008). http://english.people.com. cn/90001/90776/90882/6467210.html. 204. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (October 21, 2008). 205. Bu Ding, “Searching for Eyewitnesses for CZ6901 Incident,” EastSouthWestNorth (March 11, 2008). http://zonaeuropa.com/20080311_1. htm. 206. Chris Buckley and Benjamin Kang Lim, “China Plane Attackers Came ‘from Pakistan, Central Asia’,” Reuters (March 20, 2008). http://in.reuters. com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-32593620080320?sp=true. 207. Ibid. 208. Bu Ding, “Searching for Eyewitnesses.” 209. Ibid. 210. “Woman Confesses to China Plane Attack,” Associated Press (March 27, 2008). http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–27-china- terror_N.htm. 211. Ibid. 212. Ibid. 213. Chirs Buckley and Benjamin Kang Lim. “China Plane Attackers Came ‘from Pakistan, Central Asia’,” Reuters India (March 20, 2008). http:// in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-32593620080320. 214. “ Police Swoops Thwart Stadium Terrorist Plot,” People’s Daily (July 25, 2008). http://english.peopledaily.com. cn/90001/90776/90882/6459128.html. 215. Ibid. 216. “China Thwarts Terrorist Plot At Olympic Football Stadium,” National Terror Alert Response Center (July 25, 2008). http:// www.nationalterroralert.com/updates/2008/07/25/china-thwarts- terrorist-plot-at-olympic-football-stadium/. 217. Ibid. 218. “Two Executed for Kashgar Terror Attack on Police,” China Daily (April 10, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–04/10/ content_7664649.htm. NOTES 201

219. “Xinjiang Official Calls Monday’s Raid on Border Police a Terrorist Attack,” Xinhua Net (August 6, 2008), http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2008–08/06/content_8984080.htm; and Austin Ramzy, “Jihad in China’s Far West,” Time (August 6, 2008). http://www.time.com/time/ world/article/0,8599,1829791,00.html. 220. “16 police officer die in Kashgar terror strike,” China Daily (August 5, 2008). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008–08/05/content_6903132. htm. 221. “Two executed for Kashgar terror attack on police,” China Daily (April 10, 2009). 222. “Terrorist plot suspected in violent attack on police in west China’s Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (August 6, 2008). 223. Edward Cody, “Grenade Attack in China Kills 16 Policemen,” Washington Post (August 4, 2008). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ content/ article/2008/08/03/AR2008080302160.html. 224. Gonzalo R. Gallegos, Daily Press Briefing (Washington: US Department of State, August 4, 2008), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2008/ aug/107704.htm. 225. Andrew Jacobs, “Ambush in China Raises Concerns as Olympics Near,” The New York Times (August 5, 2008). 226. Kuqa is the most populous county of Aksu prefecture in Xinjiang, with a population of about 400,000. The site of Kuqa County is about 740 kilometers from Urumqi, the regional capital. “Serial Explosions Kill Two in China’s Remote Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (August 10, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–08/10/content_9113230. htm. 227. Ibid. 228. “Fresh Deadly Attacks in Western China,” Financial Times (August 10, 2008), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6d8b431c-6680–11dd-bc42–0000779 fd18c.html. 229. “Renewed Violence in West China,” BBC (August 12, 2008). http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asiapacific/ 7555831.stm. 230. “Eight Dead after Wave of Bombings in China’s Xinjiang,” Bloomberg (August 10, 2008). http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=2060108 0&sid=aS1Vnm16systc&refer=asia. 231. Edward Wong, “Attack in West China Kills 3 Security Officers,” New York Times (August 12, 2008). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/ sports/olympics/13china.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=China%20links%20 bombings%20in%20west%20to%20Olympics&st=cse. 232. Ibid. 233. “Two Women among Bombers,” The Straits Times (August 12, 2008), A13. 234. Ibid. 235. “Chinese Police Say 18 Turkistan Terrorist Suspects Arrested This Year,” People’s Daily (August 5, 2008). http://english.people.com. cn/90001/90776/90785/6467045.html. 236. “Three Die as Shanghai Bus ‘Burst into Fire’,” Reuters (May 5, 2008). http:// www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTON50903320080505. 237. Ibid. 202 NOTES

238. Tania Branigan, “Olympics Threatened by Islamic Separatists,” Guar- dian (July 27, 2008). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/27/ olympicgames2008.terrorism/. 239. Ibid. 240. Ibid. 241. Ibid 242. “Chinese Police Deny ‘Terrorist Attacks’ behind Recent Explosions,” Xinhua Net (July 26, 2008). 243. Ibid. 244. Ibid. 245. “Police Scramble to Find Bus Explosion Clues in SW China,” Xinhua Net (July 26, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–07/26/ content_8775027.htm. 246. Ibid. 247. Ibid. 248. “Bomber Tied to Café and Bus Bombings, Identity Revealed,” Go Kunming (December 29, 2008). http://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/767/ bomber_tied_to_cafe_and_bus_bombings_identity_revealed. 249. “Chinese Official Warns of ‘More Severe’ Security Situation in Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (March 6, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ 2009–03/06/content_10958204.htm. 250. Gunaratna, “China under threat.” 251. “Profiles of 11 terrorists identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652. htm. 252. Ibid. 253. Ibid. 254. Ibid. 255. Ibid. 256. “Profiles of 11 Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652. htm. 257. Ibid. 258. Ibid. 259. “China Identifies Eastern Turkistan Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/15/ content_1231167_1.htm. 260. “China Seeks Cooperation Worldwide to Fight ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet. com/english/2003–12/15/content_1232547.htm. 261. “Separatist Leader Vows To Target Chinese Government,” East Turkistan Information Centre (January 29, 2003). http://www.uygur.org/ wunn03/2003_01_30.htm. 262. Ibid. 263. Ibid. 264. Ibid. 265. Ibid. NOTES 203

266. “Kyrgyz Authorities Arrest Alleged Uyghur Separatist,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (February 15, 2007). http://www.rferl.org/ content/Article/1074730.html. 267. Ibid. 268. “Kyrgyz Authorities Arrest Fugitive Uighur Separatist,” International Herald Tribune (February 15, 2007). 269. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” the Web site of the World Uyghur Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC. asp?mid=1095738888; and Yitzhak Shichor, “Changing the guard at the World Uyghur Congress,” China Brief, Vol. 6, No. 25 (Washington, DC: Jamestown Foundation, December 19, 2006). http://www. jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5 D=32346. 270. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim. 271. ETNC Web site. http://www.eastturkistan.com/html/main.html. 272. PRT Press Review (United General Assembly of East Turkistan National Congress, April 13, 2004). 273. “Eastern Turkistan terrorist evidence revealed,” China Daily (February 14, 2004). 274. Ibid. 275. “Introduction” and “UNPO Presidency & Secretariat,” UNPO Web site. http://www.unpo.org. 276. Ibid. 277. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/ content_1237985.htm. 278. Ibid. 279. “Backgrounder: Recent Terrorist Activities by Eastern Turkistan Groups,” Xinhua Net (April 16, 2004). 280. Darko Trifunovic, “Separatism Aimed at the PRC’s Xinjiang Province: The Activities of “” in the West Analysis.” 281. Linkda K. Benson, The Ili rebellion: The Muslim challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949 (New York: M. E. Sharpe Inc., 1990), 163. 282. Ibid. 283. Ibid., 228. 284. “Biographical Note of Erkin Alptekin,” The World Uyghur Congress (2005). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095 738888&mid2=1109104014&mid3=1109598091. 285. Ibid. 286. East Turkestan Information Bulletin. http://www.caccp.org/et/etib3_5. html#1. 287. The UNPO Web site. http://www.unpo.org/; and “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” the Web site of the World Uyghur Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp? mid=1095738888. 204 NOTES

288. “UNPO Presidency & Secretariat,” the UNPO Web site. http://www. unpo.org/content/view/6190/62/. 289. Rebiya Kadeer, Dragon Fighter: One Woman’s Epic Struggle for Peace with China (Carlsbad: Kales Press, 2009), 10. 290. Ibid., 7. 291. Ibid., 23. 292. Ibid., 30. 293. Ibid., 56. 294. Ibid., 58. 295. “China Frees Top Uighur Prisoner,” BBC (March 17, 2005). http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4357637.stm. 296. “Congressional Report on Rebiya Kadeer,” Uyghur Human Rights Project (Washington, DC: Uyghur American Association, July 24, 2004). http://www.uhrp.org/articles/27/1/Congressional-Report-on-Rebiya- Kadeer/Congressional-Report-on-Rebiya-Kadeer.html. 297. “Evidence Shows Rebiya Kadeer behind Urumqi Riot: Chinese Gov’t,” Xinhua Net (July 9, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ 2009–07/09/content_11676293.htm. 298. “Dongtu sanfa chuandan, Xinjiang jishi chuli (East Turkistan Handed Out Leaflets, Xinjiang Authorities Handled in Time),” Ta Kung Pao () (February 10, 2009). http://www.takungpao.com:10000/gate/gb/ www.takungpao.com/news/09/02/10/EP-1029880.htm. 299. Darko Trifunovic, “Separatism Aimed at the PRC’s Xinjiang Province: The Activities of ‘East Turkestan’ in the West Analysis.” 300. Dewardric L. McNeal, “China’s Relations with Central Asia States and Problems with Terrorism,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service, December 17, 2001) 11–12. 301. Ibid. 302. Among the dead, 137 were Han Chinese, 64 were Uighurs, and one was Hui nationality. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After horrible riot, Xinjiang people hope to mend tainted relations of ethnic groups,” Xinhua Net (July 11, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/11/ content_11693738.htm. 303. “Police Have Evidence of World Uyghur Congress Masterminding Xinjiang Riot,” Xinhua Net (July 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2009–07/07/content_11663784.htm. 304. Chris Buckley, “Xinjiang Riot Toll Hits 156 as Unrest Spreads,” Reuters (July 6, 2009). http://mobile.reuters.com/mobile/m/FullArticle/CTOP/ ntopNews_uUSTRE5650SW20090706?src=RSS-TOP 305. “World Uyghur Congress’ Statement on July 5th Urumqi Incident,” the WUC Web site (July 7, 2009). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/ PressRelease.asp?ItemID=-1553700856&mid=1096144499. 306. “Four Sentenced for Attacking Chinese Embassy in Netherlands,” Xinhua Net (July 11, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/11/ content_11689233.htm. 307. Frank Langfitt, “China Pins Violence on Uighur Activist in D.C.” (July 9, 2009). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106415882. NOTES 205

308. “China Issues Alert for Tourists in Germany,” China Radio International (CRI) (July 11, 2009). http://english.cri.cn/6909/2009/07/11/53s500605. htm. 309. “Uighur leader rejects Al-Qaeda,” The Straits Times (July 15, 2009). http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/ STIStory_403280.html. 310. Ibid. 311. Shichor, “Changing the Guard.” 312. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” World Uyghur Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp? mid=1095738888. 313. Darko Trifunovic, “Separatism Aimed at the PRC’s Xinjiang Province: The Activities of ‘East Turkestan’ in the West Analysis.” 314. “Eastern Turkistan Information Center a Terrorist Cover: Official,” Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2003–12/15/content_1232563.htm. 315. Ibid. 316. Ibid. 317. Ibid. 318. “ETIC strongly condemn Pakistan’s extradition of Uyghurs to China,” ETIC Web site (April 28, 2009). www.uygur.org/wunn09/04_28. htm - 26k. 319. East Turkestan Information Bulletin. http://www.caccp.org/et/etib3_5. html#1. 320. “Profiles of 11 terrorists identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652. htm. 321. Ibid. 322. “China Discloses More Evidence of ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrors,” People’s Daily (February 13, 2004). http://www. english.peopledaily.com. cn/200402/13/eng20040213_134802.shtml - 13k -. 323. Ibid. 324. “Profiles of 11 Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003). 325. Ibid. 326. “Eastern Turkistan Information Center a Terrorist Cover: Official,” Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2003–12/15/content_1232563.htm. 327. Ibid.

4 Hui Muslims: The Milieu of Radicalization and Extremism 1. Ma Ruxiong is a Muslim cleric in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. Jim Yardley, “A Spectator’s Role for China’s Muslims,” The New York Times (February 19, 2006). http://www.nytimes. com/2006/02/19/weekinreview/19yardley.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1. 2. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2002). 206 NOTES

3. Justin Ben-Adam, “China” in Islam Outside the Arab World, ed. David Westerlund and Ingvar Svanberg (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999), 190; and Dru C. Glandey, “Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore,” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3 (1987): 495; and Muslim Chinese, 18. 4. Berlie, Islam in China, 5. 5. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” The China Quarterly (2003): 453. 6. June Dyer, China’s Forty Million: Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People’s Republic of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979). 7. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 21. 8. Michael Dillon, China’s Muslims (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 15. 9. Ibid. 10. Gladney, “Islam in China,” 454. 11. Ding Mingren, Yisilan Wenhua Zai Zhongguo (Islamic Culture in China) (Beijing: Religious Culture Press, 2003), 2–3. 12. Donald Daniel Leslie, “The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims” (paper presented at The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1998, Canberra: Australia National University, 1998), 11–13. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Donald Daniel Leslie, Islam in Traditional China: A Short History to 1800 (Canberra: Canberra of Advanced Education, 1986) and “Living with the Chinese: The Muslim Experience in China, Tang to Ming” in Chinese Ideas about Nature and Society: Studies in Honour of Derk Bodde, ed. Charles Le Blanc & Susan Blader (Hong Kong, 1984), 175–193. 16. Leslie, “The Integration of Religious Minorities,” 11. 17. Israeli, Islam in China, 118. 18. Ibid. 19. Haji Yusuf Liu Bao Jun, A Glance at Chinese Muslims: An Introductive Book (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Encyclopedia Research Berhad, 1998), 11. 20. Mi and You, Islam in China, 43. 21. Ding, Yisilan Wenhua, 18. 22. Haji Yusuf Liu Bao Jun, A Glance at Chinese Muslims, 14. 23. Ibid. 24. “The Hui Ethnic Minority,” China Net. http://www.china.org.cn/e- groups/shaoshu/shao-2-hui.htm. 25. Ibid. 26. Ding, Yisilan Wenhua, 14. 27. Mi and You, Islam in China, 42. 28. Ibid., 43; and “The Hui Ethnic Minority,” China Net. http://www.china. org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-hui.htm. 29. Ibid. 30. Yang Qichen & Yang Hua, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao De Lishi Fazhan He Xianzhuang (The Historical Development and Present Situation of China’s Islam) (Yinchuan: People’s Press), 109. NOTES 207

31. Israeli, Islam in China, 122–123. 32. Justin Ben-Adam, “China,” 200. 33. Dillon, China’s Muslims, 19. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid. 36. Israeli, Islam in China, 132. 37. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 115. 38. Ibid. 39. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 917. 40. Gladney, Dislocating China, 316. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid., 315. 44. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” in Religion in China Today: The China Quarterly Special Issues New Series, No. 3, ed. Daniel L. Overmyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 45. Ibid., 453. 46. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37. 47. Ibid. 48. Gladney, “Islam in China,” 454. 49. Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilanjiaopai Yu Menhuan Zhidu Shilue (The Brief ’s Islamic Schools and Menhuan System) (Ningxia: Ningxia People’s Press, 2000), 90. 50. G. Findlay Andrew, The Crescent in North-West China, 10, quoted in Dru C. Gladney Muslim Chinese, 38. 51. Ma, Zhongguo, 60. 52. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37. 53. Ibid. 54. Ma, Zhongguo, 73. 55. Jin Yijiu, “Sufeipai yu Zhongguo menhuan” (Sufism and China’s Menhuan) in Xibei Yisilanjiao Yanjiu (Northwest Islam Research), Gansu Provincial Ethnology Department (ed.) (Lanzhou: Gansu Nationality Publishing Society, 1985), 187–203 and “The System of Menhuan in China: An influence of Sufism on Chinese Muslims” Ming Studies, Vol. 19, 35. 56. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41. 57. Berlie, Islam in China, 40; and Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41. 58. Joseph F. Fletcher, “The Naqshbandiyya in Northwest China,” Journal of Turkish Studies, Vol. 1 (1977): 113–119. 59. In Chinese, they are Hufuye, Zheherenye (or Zhehelinye), Gadelinye and Kuburenye, called sida menhuan (Four Main Menhuan). Yang and Yang, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 75–79; and Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41 and Dillon, China’s Muslims, 22. 60. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41. 61. Ma, Zhongguo, 228. 62. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 52. 63. Ibid. 208 NOTES

64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Gladney, “China’s Minorities,” 464. 67. Ibid. 68. Maris Boyd Gillette, Between and Beijing: Modernization and Consumption among Urban Chinese Muslims (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 76–81. 69. Ibid. 70. John Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 158; Jonathan Lipman, “Patch Work Society, Network Society: A Study of Sino-Muslim Communities” in Islam in China, ed. Raphael Israeli and Anthony Johns (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1984) and Familiar Strangers: A Muslim History in China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997), 202–203. 71. Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing, 76. 72. Gladney, Dislocating China, 454. 73. Ibid. 74. Lipman, Familiar Strangers, 204. 75. Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing, 77. 76. Yang and Yang, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 74. 77. Ibid. 78. Yang and Yang, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 86; and Ma, Zhongguo, 265. 79. Ma, Zhongguo, 114. 80. The figure was based on Ma Tong, Zhongguo Isilanjiaopai Yu Menhuan Suyuan (The Origins of China’s Islamic Schools and Menhuan) (Yinchuan: Ningxia People’s Press, 1983) and Gladney Muslim Chinese, Appendix A. 81. Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing, 80. 82. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37–47. 83. Gladney, Dislocating China, 317. 84. Ibid. 85. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 332–6. 86. Wang Hongjiang, ed., “More than 8,000 people in China’s largest Muslim region pay pilgrimage to Mecca,” Xinhua News (July 7, 2008). http:// news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–07/07/content_8505548.htm. 87. “Majority of China’s Muslims Still Cannot Make It to Mecca,” Uyghur Human Rights Project (Washington: Uyghur American Association, October 29, 2007). http://www.uhrp.org/articles/589/1/Majority-of- Chinas-Muslims-Still-Cannot-Make-it-to-Mecca-/index.html. 88. Ibid. 89. Fang Jinying, “The Development of Islam Groups in South Asia and Southeast Asia and the Influence on China” (paper presented at the International Conference on Harmonious Development of Religion, Society and Economy, Beijing: Institute of Ethnic Minority Groups Development Research Development Research Center of State Council, R.C.’s, October 17, 2007). 90. Ibid. NOTES 209

91. Dru C. Gladney “Ehnoreligious Resurgence in a Northwestern Sufi Community” in China off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom, ed. Susan Debra Blum and Lionel M. Jensen (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002), 123. 92. Ibid. 93. Ibid. 94. Fang, “The Development of Islam Groups.” 95. Gladney, “Ethnoreligious Resurgence,” 124. 96. Gladney, Dislocating China, 317. 97. Ibid. 98. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Power of Truth.” 99. Ibid. 100. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (1981): 915–917. 101. Fang, “The Development of Islam Groups.” 102. Alex Alexiev, “Tablighi Jamaat: Jihad’s Stealthy Legions,” Middle Eastern Quarterly (Winter 2005). http://www.meforum.org/686/tablighi-jamaat- -stealthy-legions. 103. Susan Sachs, “A Muslim missionary group draws new scrutiny in U.S.,” The New York Times (July 14, 2003). http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/14/ us/a-muslim-missionary-group-draws-new-scrutiny-in-us.html?. 104. Alexiev, “Tablighi Jamaat.” 105. Ibid. 106. Israeli, “The Muslim Minority,” 920. 107. Ibid., 916. 108. Paul George, “Commentary No. 73: Islamic Unrest In the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region,” Canadian Security Intelligence Service (Ottawa: Spring 1998). http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/pblctns/cmmntr/cm73-eng.asp/. 109. Gladney, “Islam in China,” 455.

5 Threats to China from Al Qaeda 1. The dedication is excerpted from the sixth entry of the video serises, “Knights of Martyrdom,” released by the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) on October 6, 2009. “ISI ‘Kights of Martyrdom 6’ Video, Dedicated to Uyghurs,” SITE Intelligence Group (August 24, 2009). 2. Venkatesan Vembu, “China May Be Next in al-Qaeda’s Crosshairs,” DNA India (December 11, 2008). http://www.dnaindia.com/report. asp?newsid=1213078. 3. “East Turkistan . . . The Forgotten Wound,” a speech by Abu Yahya al-Libi, released on jihadist forums on October 6, 2009. “Libi Urges Support for Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group (October 7, 2009). 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 210 NOTES

8. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, Part 1, “The Global Jihadist Movement,” Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006): 1. 9. Yael Shahar, “Al Qaida: A Reflection of Globalization?” (September 1, 2008). http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/490/currentpage/ 1/Default.aspx 10. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, xviii. 11. Goh Chok Tong, “Fight Terror with Ideas, Not Just Armies,” speech of the Prime Minister of Singapore at the Council on Foreign Relations (Washington DC May 6, 2004), as reproduced by The Straits Times (May 7, 2004). 12. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 3. 13. The phrase “propaganda by deed” was first used by Prince Pyotr Kropotkin in his pamphlet Revolutionary Government (1880). Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 17. 14. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, xviii. 15. Rohan Gunaratna, ed., The Changing Face of Terrorism (Singapore: Eastern University Press, 2004), 14. 16. Rohan Gunaratna, “Al-Qaeda’s Trajectory in 2003,” IDSS Perspectives (May 3, 2003). http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/Perspective/research_050303. htm. 17. “Azzam Exclusive: Letter from Usamah Bin Muhammad Bin Ladin to the American People,” Waaqiah (Internet), Foreign Broadcast Information Service (October 26, 2002). 18. Barry Desker, “The Jemaah Islamiyah Phenomenon in Singapore,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2003), 489–490. 19. Ibid, 493. 20. Marc Sageman, “Understanding Terror Networks,” Foreign Policy Research Institute (November 1, 2004). http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20041101. middleeast.sageman.understandingterrornetworks.html. 21. Rohan Gunaratna, “The Post Madrid Face of Al Qaeda,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer 2004), 93. The figure 4,000 members come from Al Qaeda detainee debriefs, including the FBI interrogation of Mohommad Mansour Jabarah, Canadian operative of Kuwaiti-Iraqi origin now in USA custody since 2002. 22. Banks, de Nevers, Wallerstein, Combating Terrorism: Strategies and Approaches (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008), 55. 23. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, Part 1, “The Global Jihadist Movement,” Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA, 2006), 68. 24. Peter Bergen et al., “Bombers, Bank Accounts, & Bleedout,” Harmony Project, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 5. www.ctc.usma. edu/harmony/pdf/Sinjar_2_July_23.pdf. 25. Ibid., 7. 26. Bruce Hoffman, “Challenges for the U.S. Special Operations Command Posed by the Global Terrorist Threat: Al Qaeda on the Run or on the March?” (Written Testimony to the House Armed Services Committee, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, February 14, 2007). http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/TUTC021407/Hoffman_ Testimony021407.pdf. NOTES 211

27. Donald Kerr, “Emerging Threats, Challenges and Opprtunities in the Middle East,” Paper Presented at a Conference Sponsored by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (Washington DC, May 29, 2008), www.the- washingtoninstitute.org/templateC07.php?CID=397. 28. National Intelligence Estimate, The Terrorist Threat to the US Homeland (Washington, DC. : The National Intelligence Council, 2007). http:// www.dni.gov/press_releases/20070717_release.pdf. 29. Rohan Gunaratna, “The post-Madrid face of Al Qaeda,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2004): 99. 30. Audrey Kurth Cronin, “How al-Qaida Ends: The Decline and Demise of Terrorist Groups,” International Security, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2006): 7. 31. Jason Burke, “The New Matrix of Terror,” India Today (July 25, 2005). http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20050725/cs-al.html. 32. Brynjar Lia, “Al-Suri’s Doctrines for Decentralized Jihad Training,” Part 1, Terrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation, Vol. V, No. 1 (January 18, 2007): 2. 33. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 15. 34. Debriefing of Umar Al Faruq, detained at the Baghram Airbase in Afghanistan on September 9, 2002, enabled the U.S. government to issue an alert immediately before September 11, 2002, the first anniversary of 9/11. Tactical Interrogation Report/Umar Al Faruq, CIA, Langley (September 2002). 35. Angel Rabasa et al., “Beyond al-Qaeda,” Part 1, The Global Jihadist Movement, Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation 2006), 38–39. 36. Ibid., 39. 37. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (July 22, 2004), 151. 38. Abu Mus’ab al-Nadjdi, cited in Akram Hijazi, “A Journey into the Mind of the Salafia al-Jihadia: Al-Qa’ida as a Model,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper published in London, August 28 to 31, 2006 (four parts), “Part Two: The Economy and the Theory of the Snake’s Head.” 39. Interview, Dr. Reuven Paz, International Policy Institute for Counter- Terrorism, Israel (May 192003). 40. Eliza Manninghma-Buller, Terrorism Conference, Royal United Services Institute (London, July 17, 2003). 41. Ibid. 42. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), “Remarks Prepared for Delivery by Director Robert S. Mueller, III, Federal Bureau of Investigation,” (The City Club of Cleveland, June 23, 2006). http://www.fbi.gov/ pressrel/ speeches/mueller062306.htm; and “New Profile of the Home-grown Terrorist Emerges,” The Christian Science Monitor (July 26, 2006). http:// www.csmonitor.com/2006/0626/p01s01-ussc.html. 43. Richard A. Falkenrath, “Prepared Statement of Testimony Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,” (United States Senate, Washington, DC, September 12, 2006). http://hsgac.senate. gov/_files/091206Falkenrath.pdf. 212 NOTES

44. Gary LaFree, cited in Patrik Jonsson, “New Profile of the Home-grown Terrorist emerges,” The Investigative Project on Terrorism (June 26, 2006). http://www.investigativeproject.org/133/new-profile-of-the-home- grown-terrorist-emerges. 45. Ibid. 46. George J. Tenet, “The Worldwide Threat 2004: Challenges in a Changing Global Context,” Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (Global Security.org, January 24, 2004), http://www. globalsecurity.org/intell/library/congress/2004_hr/tenet_24feb 2004.htm. 47. McMillan and Cavili, “Countering Global Terrorism,” 22–23. 48. Angel Rabasa, Beyond al-Qaeda, 31 49. Ibid., 33 50. Robert F. Worth, “Freed by the U.S., Saudi Becomes a Qaeda Chief,” The New York Times (January 22, 2009). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/ world/middleeast/23yemen.html?hp. 51. Paul J. Smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation,” (testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on “China’s Military and Security Activities Abroad,” Washington, DC, the United States, March 4, 2009). http://www.uscc.gov/ hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_03_04_wrts/09_03_04_ smith_statement.pdf. 52. Richard K. Betts, “The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical Advantages of Terror,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 117, No. 1 (2002): 20. Martha Crenshaw, “Why America? The Globalization of Civil War,” Current History, Vol. 100, No. 650 (December 2001): 425. 53. Paul J. Smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation.” 54. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.—China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service, October 29, 2008). 55. “The Power of Truth,” Al-Sahab Video Featuring Osama bin Laden, Al-Zawahiri and others (September 20, 2007), ICPVTR Translation. 56. Ibid. 57. “Libi Urges Support for Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group (October 7, 2009). 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia.” 61. Ibid. 62. Ibid. 63. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia,” Part Four: Bloody Conflicts and Frantic Competition in Central Asia. 64. The video posted on as-Sahab Web site by al-Qaeda on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001, September 7, 2006. 65. Akram Hijazi, “A Journey into the Mind of the Salafia al-Jihadia: Al-Qa’ida as a Model,”Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper published in London, August 28 NOTES 213

to 31, 2006 (four parts), Part Two: The Economy and the Theory of the Snake’s Head. 66. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia,” Part Three. 67. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia,” Part Four. 68. Shirley A. Kan (October 29, 2008). 69. Al-Qa’ida in Afghanistan, “Martyrs in Time of Alienation,” (January 31, 2008). 70. Paul J. smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation,” (March 4, 2009). http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/ 09_03_04_wrts/09_03_04_smith_statement.php. 71. Imam Samudra Aku Melawan Teroris (“I am fighting for Terrorism”). For a detailed discussion about Imam Samudra’s justification of Bali Bombings, see Mohammad Haniff Hassan, Unlicensed to Kill: Countering Imam Samudra’s Justification for the Bali Bombings (Singapore, Peace Matters, 2006). 72. Ibid. 73. “Pakistan Denies New Reactor Plan,” BBC (January 3, 2006). http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4577044.stm. 74. Urvashi Aneja, “China-Bangladesh Relations: An Emerging Strategic Partnership?” Special Report No. 33 (Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, November 2006), 5. http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-33.pdf. 75. “China, Bangladesh to Further Bilateral Economic Ties,” Xinhua Net (July 23, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–07/23/content_ 6416262.htm. 76. Urvashi Aneja, “China-Bangladesh Relations: An Emerging Strategic Partnership?” 7. 77. B. Raman, “The Blast in Gwadar,” South Asia Analysis Group (May 8, 2004). http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers10/paper993.html. 78. Ibid. 79. “Pakistan blast kills 3 Chinese engineers,” China Daily (M ay 4, 2 0 04). ht t p:// www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–05/04/content_328099.htm. 80. “Pakistan car bomb kills Chinese,” BBC (May 3, 2004). http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3679533.stm. 81. “Two Chinese Engineers Kidnapped in Pakistan,” People’s Daily (October 10, 2004). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200410/09/eng 20041009_159503.html. 82. Ibid. 83. Fazal-ur-Rahman, “Targeted Attacks on Chinese: Myth and Reality,” (Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, 2007). http://www.issi.org.pk/ journal/2007_files/no_4/article/a6.htm and Jenny Booth & agencies, “Chinese workers targeted in deadly Pakistan suicide bombing,” Times Online (July 19, 2007). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ asia/article2103936.ece. 84. Ibid. 85. “Three Chinese Dead in Pakistan ‘Terrorist’ Attack,” Reuters (July 8, 2007). http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL27353120070708. 214 NOTES

86. Tarique Niazi, “China, Pakistan, and Terrorism,” FPIF Commentary (July 16, 2007). http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4384; and “Chinese Workers Shot in Pakistan,” BBC (July 9, 2007). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ south_asia/6282574.stm. 87. Ibid. 88. Zahid Hussain and Jane Macartney, “Suicide Bomb Attack Jolts China into Realizing the Risks of Global Ambition,” The Times Online (July 20, 2007). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/arti- cle2106397.ece. 89. Jenny Booth and agencies, “Chinese Workers Targeted in Deadly Pakistan Suicide Bombing,” The Times Online (July 19, 2007). 90. Ibid. 91. “Pakistani Taliban Claims Fighter Kidnapped 2 Chinese Engineers,” VOA news (September 2, 2008). http://www.voanews.com/english/ archive/2008–09/2008–09–02-voa19.cfm?CFID=139173390&CFTOKE N=15164071&jsessionid=8430324afe1f23012b2228631a80233a6d37. 92. “Pak Taliban Kidnapped Two Chinese Engineers against Attacks on Them,” Thaindian News (September 3, 2008). http://www.thaindian. com/newsportal/india-news/pak-taliban-kidnap-two-chinese-engineers- against-attacks-on-them_10091902.html. 93. “Zai bajisitan bei taliban bangjia de zhongguo gongchengshi anquan huoshi” (The Chinese Engineers Kidnapped by Taliban in Pakistan Were Released Safely,” Xinhua News (February 15, 2009). http://news.xinhua- net.com/newscenter/2009–02/15/content_10820593.htm; and “Released Chinese engineer leaves Pakistan for China,” People’s Daily (February 18, 2009). http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6595649. html. 94. “ ‘Afghanistan’s Enemies’ behind Killing of Chinese Workers: Karzai,” and “Rebuilding Activities to Continue in Afghanistan: Chinese Ambassador” Afghanistan News Center (June 11, 2004). http://www.afghanistannews- center.com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html; and Carlotta Gall, “Taliban suspected in killing of 11 Chinese works,” New York Times (June 11, 2004). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DA1530F932A2 5755C0A9629C8B63. 95. Ibid. 96. “Eleven Chinese Dead in Afghan Terrorist Attack, News Black-out Imposed,” Afghanistan News Center (June 11, 2004). http://www.afghan- istannewscenter.com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html. 97. Carlotta Gall, “Taliban Suspected in Killing of 11 Chinese Workers,” New York Times (June 11, 2004); “Mystery Shrouds Killing of Chinese in Afghanistan,” China Daily (updated June 21, 2004). http://www. chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–06/21/content_341247.htm. 98. Ibid. 99. “Taliban Denies It Murdered 11 Chinese in North Afghanistan,” Afghanistan News Center (June 11, 2004) and http://www.afghanistannewscenter. com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html. NOTES 215

100. H. H. Michael Hsiao and Alan Yang, “Ins and Outs of a China Courtship,” Asia Times (December 4, 2008). http://www.atimes.com/atimes/ Southeast_Asia/JL04Ae02.html. 101. Sheng Ding and Robert A. Saunders, “Talking Up China: An Analysis of China’s Rising Cultural Power and the Global Promotion of the ,” East Asia: An International Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2 (2006): 3. 102. Hsiao and Yang, “Ins and Outs of a China Courtship.” 103. “Trade and Commerce, Philippines-China Economic Relations,” Philippine Consulate General Shanghai (October 2008). http://www. philcongenshanghai.org/Trade.htm. 104. Ibid. 105. “China, Indonesia Intensify Economic Cooperation,” China Daily (October 7, 2006). http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/information/details. php?type=news_copy&id=3024. 106. “China intends to increase investment in Indonesia,” ANTARA News Agency (December 22, 2006). http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/infor- mation/details.php?type=news_copy&id=3264. 107. Brian Padden, “Indonesian Muslims protest against China’s crackdown on Uighur,” VOA News (July 16, 2009), http://www.voanews.com/ english/archive/2009–07/2009–07–16-voa10.cfm?CFID=283571748& CFTOKEN=50252070&jsessionid=0030cf81462af08ec7a1237602a2e6 f452f1. 108. “Government Must Lodge Notes of Protest with China,” Bernama (July 13, 2009), http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsworld. php?id=424876. 109. “Indonesians Protest at Chinese Embassy,” AFP (July 13, 2009), http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzcZ_ G1WXp3AyiTvGjvgro6Gme7g. 110. Ibid. 111. Ibid. 112. Brian Padden, “Indonesian Muslims Protest against China’s Crackdown on Uighur,” VOA News (July 16, 2009). 113. The Web site of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, http://hizbut-tahrir.or.id/. Translated by ICPVTR. 114. “Barney Jopson, Somalia Oil Deal for China,” Financial Times (July 13, 2007). http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/20a8a430–3167–11dc-891f- 0000779 fd2ac.html. 115. “Long-standing China-Algeria Ties Show Strong Momentum for Growth,” Window of China (March 21, 2008), http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2008–03/21/content_7835496.htm. 116. Ibid. 117. “China-Algeria Trade Has Great Potential: MOFTEC,” People’s Daily (August 23, 2002), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200208/23/eng 20020823_101976.shtml. 118. Ibid. 216 NOTES

119. Sun Shangwu, “China, Egypt Agree on Nuke Co-operation,” China Daily (November 8, 2006). http://chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006–11/08/ content_727329.htm. 120. African Economic Outlook 2007, OECD Development Centre (May 2007), 245–246. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/6/38562553.pdf. 121. Ibid. 122. “China and Egypt Go Hand in Hand,” Jane’s Information Group (January 18, 2007). http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jiaa/ jiaa070118_1_n.shtml. 123. “ ‘China Fever’ Sweeps Egypt,” People’s Daily (October 17, 2006). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/17/eng20061017_312665. html. 124. “China, Egypt Launched Construction of Oil Rigs Plant,” Huliq News (May 31, 2007). http://www.huliq.com/23222/china-egypt-launched- construction-of-oil-rigs-plant. 125. “Feature: “China Fever” Sweeps Egypt,” People’s Daily (October 17, 2006). 126. “China and Egypt go Hand in Hand,” Jane’s Information Group (January 18, 2007). 127. Liu Baijia, “Chinese SEZ Likely in Egypt,” China Daily (November 14, 2007). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2007–11/14/content_6253381. htm. 128. Ibid. 129. “Iraq and China Sign Oil Deal Soon, International Herald Tribune,” The Associated Press (AP) (August 21, 2008), http://www.iht.com/ articles/2008/08/21/business/21oilchi.php. 130. “Four Oil Workers Killed in Algeria Bus Attack,” Reuters AlertNet (March 4, 2007). http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L04254748. htm. 131. Craig S. Smith, “Qaeda-Linked Group Claims Algerian Attack,” New York Times (December 13, 2006). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/13/ world/africa/13algeria.html. 132. “Algeria: Militants Focus on Energy Targets,” Stratfor (June 25, 2007). http://www.stratfor.com/algeria_militants_focus_energy_targets. 133. “At Least 24 Algerian Gendarmes Killed in Insurgent Ambush,” Xinhua Net (June 18, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–06/18/ content_11563113.htm. 134. Ibid. 135. “Aerjiliya 24 ming xianbing zaoxi shenwang (Algeria 24 gendarmes attacked and dead),” Xinhua Net (June 18, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet. com/world/2009–06/18/content_11563314.htm. 136. Tania Branigan, “Al-Qaida Threatens to Target Chinese over Muslim Deaths in Urumqi,” Guardian (July 14, 2009). http://www.guardian. co.uk/world/2009/jul/14/al-qaida-threat-china-urumqi; and Cui Jia and Cui Xiaohuo, “Al-Qaida threatens Chinese abroad,” China Daily (July 15, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009xinjiangriot/ 2009–07/15/content_8428724.htm. NOTES 217

137. Cui Jia and Cui Xiaohuo, “Al-Qaida Threatens Chinese Abroad,” China Daily (July 15, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/ 2009xinjiangriot/2009–07/15/content_8428724.htm. 138. “ISI ‘Knights of Martyrdom 6’ Video, Dedicated to Uyghurs,” SITE Intelligence Group (August 24, 2009). 139. Ibid. 140. Ibid. 141. Ibid. 142. “Three Suspects Arrested in Chinese Diplomat Shooting,” People’s Daily (July 2, 2002). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200207/02/print 20020702_98986.html. 143. Bakyt Ibraimov, “Uighurs: Beijing to Blame for Kyrgyz Crackdown,” Eurasianet.org (January 28, 2004). http://www.eurasianet.org/ departments/civilsociety/articles/eav012804.shtml. 144. “China Condemns Killing of Kidnapped Workers in Sudan,” Xinhua Net (October 28, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/28/ content_10266701.htm.

6 China’s Perception of the Threat and Response 1. “ Promises to Stifle Unrest and Make Uighur Rich,” Taipei Times (May 29, 2005). http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/ archives/2005/05/29/2003257059. 2. “Beijing Hunts Olympic ‘Terrorist’,” BBC (October 21, 2008). http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7680000/ newsid_7681200/7681297.stm. 3. “Baming Dongtu kongbufenzi mingdan jiqi zhuyao zuixing,” (The eight East Turkistan terrorists and their criminal activities), the Web site of the Ministry of Public Security of PRC (October 21, 2008). http://www.mps. gov.cn/n16/n1237/n1342/n803715/1634373.html. 4. “China Names Eight MUSLIM ‘Terrorists’ Abroad on Most Wanted List,” AFP (October 20, 2008). http://afp.google.com/article/ ALeqM5ioMxf5vKzTvTkyVd9shnKBicSwiQ. 5. “Gonganbu fabuhui tongbao dier pi rending de ‘dongtu’ kongbufenzi mingdan youguan qingkuang” (The MPS news briefing on the second bath of alleged ‘East Turkistan Theorists’ and relevant information), the Web site of the Ministry of Public Security of PRC (October 21, 2008). http://www.mps.gov.cn/n16/n1237/n1432/n1522/1634347. html. 6. “Rights at Risk: Amnesty International’s concerns regarding security leg- islation and law enforcement measures,” Amnesty International (2002). http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/001/2002/en/dom- ACT300012002en.html. 7. Boaz Ganor, “Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter?”http://www.ict.org.il/ResearchPublications/tabid/64/ Articlsid/432/currentpage/1/Default.aspx. 218 NOTES

8. Rohan Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies for Combating Terrorism,” in Combating Terrorism, ed. Rohan Gunaratna (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic, 2005), 1. 9. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service, October 29, 2008). 10. Yang Hui, “Strengthening Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Cooperation and Promoting Peace in the Asia-Pacific,” (presented at the Asian-Pacific Intelligence Chief’s Conference, Singapore, February 18, 2009). 11. Nicolas Becquelin, “Xinjiang in the Nineties,” China Journal, Vol. 44 (July 2000): 87. 12. Ibid. 13. James Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment (Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2004), 13. 14. “East Turkestan’ terrorists cannot get away with impunity,” Information Office of State Council (January 20, 2002). 15. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 13. 16. “East Turkestan’ Terrorists Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” Information Office of State Council; and Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 13. 17. An introduction of the first batch of “East Turkistan” terrorist organiza- tions and terrorists identified by the Ministry of Public Security (December 2003). http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20031215/11587489. html. 18. “Combating terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/content_1237985. htm. 19. Ibid. 20. “Combating Terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18, 2003). 21. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “2008 Beijing Olympics Security Management: Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack” (Noida: South Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008). http://www.southasiaanalysis. org/papers30/paper2918.html. 22. Dru C. Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’ and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,” The U.S.-China Economic & Security Review Commission Hearings Washington, DC, the United States (2006). 23. “China: the Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13, 2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim. 24. Ibid. 25. “Biographical Note of Erkin Alptekin,” The World Uyghur Congress (2005). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=10957 38888&mid2=1109104014&mid3=1109598091. 26. Help the Uyghurs to Fight Terrorism (Munich: East Turkistan National Congress, 2003), 20–27. 27. Ibid. 28. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang” in Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism, ed. Derek S. Reveron and Jeffrey Stevenson Murer (London: Routledge, 2006), 227. NOTES 219

29. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 235. 30. Ibid. 31. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” World Uyghur Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095738888 32. “Combating terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18, 2003). 33. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” World Uyghur Congress. 34. Ibid. 35. Radio Free Asia, “Rebiya Kadeer: A Fight for Human Rights,” (April 5, 2005). http://www.rfa.org/english/news/in_depth/kadeer_appeal- 20050405.html. 36. Takungpao (Dagong Newspaper), “Dongtu sanfa chuandan, Xinjiang jishi chuli” (East Turkistan spread leaflets, Xinjiang handled on time) (February 10, 2009). http://www.takungpao.com:10000/gate/gb/www. takungpao.com/news/09/02/10/EP-1029880.htm. 37. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 227. 38. Ian Ransom, “China Names Eight Wanted Olympic Terror Plotters,” Reuters (October 21, 2008). http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/ idUSTRE49K0IW20081021. 39. “Muslim Groups Denounce Inclusion on China’s List of ‘Terrorist’ Groups,” East Turkistan Information Center (December 15, 2003). http://www. uygur.org/wunn03/2003_12_16.htm. 40. The Web site: http://www.turkistan-islam.com/ has been inaccessible. Dru Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 232. 41. Ibid. 42. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 14. 43. Amnesty International, “China’s Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region” (March 2002). 44. Martin I. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-insurgency, Politics and Internal Security (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 72. 45. “Role of Xinjiang Production Construction Corps Important: White Paper,” Xinhua News (Beijing, 2003). 46. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 77. 47. Dennis J. Blasko, The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century (London: Routledge, 2006), 80. 48. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Fredrick Starr (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 122–123. 49. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,” 122–123; and Dennis J. Blasko (2006), 72–73. 50. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 76. 51. David Shambaugh, Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 8. 52. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 76. 53. Ibid. 54. An armed version of French Aerospatiale Dauphine helicopters coproduced in China. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,”122–123. 220 NOTES

55. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,” 125. 56. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 77. 57. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 14; and Anwar Rahman, Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Leisester: Matador, 2005), 53. 58. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 81–82. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid. 61. Richard McGregor, “Chinese Military in Muslim Region,” Financial Times (August 15, 2001), 8. 62. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 75. 63. Ibid. 64. “Chinese Military Preparing for Beijing Olympic Security,” Xinhua Net (June 28, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–06/28/ content_6307814.htm. 65. “Chinese Military Steps up Counter-terrorism Preparations for Olympics,” Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2008–02/18/content_7622174.htm. 66. “Chinese military preparing for Beijing Olympic security,” Xinhua Net (June 28, 2007). 67. Ibid. 68. “China’s Anti-terrorism Force in Action Ahead of Olympics,” Xinhua Net (June 19, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–06/19/ content_8400608.htm. 69. “Chinese military steps up counter-terrorism preparations for Olympics,” Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008). 70. China’s National Defense in 2008 (Beijing: The State Council Information Office of PRC, January 20, 2009). http://www.china.org.cn/government/ central_government/2009–01/20/content_17155577.htm. 71. Ibid. 72. Ibid. 73. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 76. 74. Ibid. 75. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 15. 76. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 82–83. 77. Jay Todd Dautcher, “Reading Out-of-Print: Popular Culture and Protest on China’s Western Frontier,” in China Beyond the Headlines, ed. T. B. Weston and L. M. Jensen (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), 273–295. 78. Ibid. 79. Ibid. 80. Ibid. 81. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 93. 82. Ibid. 83. Rémi Castets, “The Uighurs in Xinjiang: The Malaise Grows,” China Perspectives (2003). http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document648.html. 84. Ibid. NOTES 221

85. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 85–86. 86. Ibid. 87. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng, “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study on Security and Defense: Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games” at the Midwest Political Science Association National Annual Conference (Palmer House, Chicago, April 3–6, 2008). http://belf- ercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Information%20Galaxy_Intelligence%20 Study%20on%20Security%20and%20Defense.pdf. 88. Li Zhihui and Li Shu, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force in Action Ahead of Olympics,” Xinhua Net (June 19, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2008–06/19/content_8400608.htm. 89. “China Sets Up Anti-Terror Squads as Riots Spread,” Reuters (August 17, 2005). 90. China’s National Defense in 2008 (Beijing: Information Office of State Council of PRC, January 2009). 91. “China Sets Up Anti-Terror Squads as Riots Spread,” Reuters (August 17, 2005). 92. China’s National Defense in 2008. 93. Ibid. 94. The Official Web site of the Ministry of Public Security. http://www. mps.gov.cn/cenweb/English/index.htm. 95. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 328. 96. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 17. 97. So far, the Xinjiang government has not published the figures about the number of arrests during the crackdown in the whole region. 98. South China Morning Post, July 17, 1997; December 29, 1997; February 6, 1998. 99. “China’s Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,” Amnesty International (March 2002). http:// asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA170102002? open&of=ENG-CHN. 100. “Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression in XUAR,” Amnesty International (2002), 11. 101. Pan Guang, “East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: China’s Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy,” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006): 21. 102. Ibid. 103. Li and Li, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force.” 104. Ibid. 105. Ibid. 106. “Chinese Police Destroy Terrorist Camp in NW Region,” Xinhua Net (January 8, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–01/08/ content_5580233.htm. 107. Ibid. 108. Ibid. 109. “Months Later, Xinjiang ‘Terror’ Raid Remains a Mystery,” AFP (April 7, 2008). http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jGUlp674YNDiKZrwMe HeQcuHRuOw. 222 NOTES

110. “China Arrests East Turkestan ‘Terror’ Suspects,” Taipei Times (April 11, 2008). http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/04/11/ 2003408949. 111. “Chinese police detain 82 suspected terrorists targeting Olympics in Xinjiang in 1st half,” People’s Daily (July 10, 2008). http://english. peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6447914.html. 112. Li and Li, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force.” 113. Ibid. 114. “Chinese Police Forces Kick off Anti-terrorism Drills for National Day Security,” Xinhua Net (June 9, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2009–06/09/content_11515789.htm. 115. Rohan Gunaratna, “China under Threat,” The Straits Times (August 3, 2008). 116 . B i l l S m i t h , “ ‘ G r e a t Wa l l o f S t e e l ’ T i g h t e n s a r o u n d B e i j i n g ,” Asia-Pacific News (July 22, 2008). http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/ asiapacific/ news/article_1418554.php. 117. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 71–73. 118. Ibid., 29. 119. Ibid. 120. Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies,” 1. 121. Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou—Xinjiang fence (The Population of China towards the 21st Century: Xinjiang Volume) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1994), Table 13–7, 418. 122. Ibid. 123. Colin Mackerras, “Why Terrorism Bypasses China’s Far West,” Asia Times Online (April 23, 2004). http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/ FD23Ad03.html. 124. Ibid. 125. Li Dezhu, “Xibu da kaifa yu minzu wenti” (The Opening of the West and China’s nationality problem), (Seeking Truth) (June 1, 2000). 126. “Jointly Prosper: 4,000 Gansu Households Begin Work in Xinjiang’s Construction and Production Corps,” Gansu Daily (April 21, 2005), reprinted on Tianshan Net (April 22, 2005). 127. Nicolas Becquelin, “Staged Development in Xinjiang,” China Quarterly, No. 178 (July 2004): 375. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php? file=%2FCQY%2FCQY178%2FS0305741004000219a.pdf&code=5aeb59 7a2d9f4c1b14e1b68b258da7cd. 128. Study Group of the Xinjiang CCP Committee, “Guanyu zhengque renshi he chuli xingshi xia Xinjiang minzu wenti de diaocha baogao” (Investigative report on correctly apprehending and resolving Xinjiang’s nationality problems under the new situation) (February 2001). Reproduced in Makesizhuyi yu xianshi ( and Actuality) (February 2001), 34–38. 129. US Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2005 (Washinton, DC: Congressional-Executive Commission on China, October 11, 2005). http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/ NOTES 223

CECCannRpt2005.pdf; and Colin Mackerras, “Why terrorism bypasses China’s far west,” Asia Times Online (April 23, 2004). 130. Yang, “Strengthening Counter-terrorism Intelligence.” 131. “China Experiments with Debt,” The Wall Street Journal (March 25, 2009). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123787407588322681. html#mod=rss_asia_whats_news. 132. Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project, Final Report (Hong Kong: SMEC Asia LTD, November 2006), Vol. 3. http://www.adb.org/Documents/ Reports/Consultant/39655-PRC/Volume-III.pdf. 133. “China to build twelve new highways linking its west region with Central Asia,” Xinhua Net (6 April, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2007–04/07/content_8312145.htm. 134. Chinese “nan shui bei diao,” “xi qi dong shu,” and “xi dian dong song.” National Development Programming Commission of PRC, “xi qi dong shu, xi dian dong song, qing zhang tielu, nan shui bei diao si da gongcheng jinkuang” (Recent situation about the four grant programs—“west-to- east natural gas transfer,” “west-to-east power transmission,” “south-to- north water diversion,” and Qinghai- railway. http://www.cec.org. cn/news/content.asp?NewsID=12433. 135. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China,” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, January 2008). www.apcss.org/Publications/APCSS%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20 Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc. 136. “Report on the Work of XUAR Government in 2008,” Xinjiang Gongyi (Xinjiang Charity) (January 18, 2009). http://www.xjgy.org/post/ Report-on-the-Work-of-Xinjiang.aspx. 137. Vincent Kolo, “The national question in Xinjiang,” Socialist World (January 9, 2008). http://socialistworld.net/eng/2008/01/09chinaa.html. 138. Ibid. 139. Ibid. 140. Dillon, Xinjiang, 157–158. 141. Liam Stack, “China Raises Casualty Toll in Uighur Riots,” The Christian Science Monitor (July 12, 2009). http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0712/ p99s01-duts.html. 142. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “2008 Beijing Olympics Security Management: Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack” (Noida: South Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008). 143. Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22. 144. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence Module: Compatibility to Nov 26 Mumbai Type Terror Attacks,” (Noida: South Asia Analysis Group, December 27, 2008). http://www.southasiaanalysis. org/%5Cpapers30%5Cpaper2993.html. 145. Ibid. 146. Pandey, “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence.” 147. Ibid. 148. Pandey “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence” and Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22. 224 NOTES

149. Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22. 150. Dailymirror.lk, “Counter Terrorism in UK,” Counter-terrorism Strategies in the West (January 29, 2009). http://srilankatoday.com/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=944&Itemid=52. 151. Yang, “Strengthening Counter-terrorism Intelligence.” 152. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “2008 Beijing Olympics Security Management: Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack,” (Noida: South Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008). 153. Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22. 154. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng, “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study on Security and Defence- Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games,” (paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association National Annual Conference, Palmer House, Chicago, the US, 3–6 April, 2008), 14–15. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ Information%20Galaxy_Intelligence%20Study%20on%20Security%20 and%20Defense.pdf. 155. Ibid. 156. Yang, “Strengthening Counter-terrorism Intelligence.” 157. “Zhongguo Jingfang Jianjue Daji Yiqie Kongbuzhuyi Zhuzhi” (Chinese po- lice firmly strike all terrorist organizations in accordance with law), Xinhua Net (January 9, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2007–01/09/ content_5583031.htm. 158. The Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China, Part II Special Provisions, Chapter I (Amended by the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People’s Congress on March 14, 1997). http://www.lawinfochina.com/law/ displayModeTwo.asp?id=354&keyword= 159. Zhao Bingzhi and Wang Xiumei, “Countermeasures against Terrorism through Criminal Justice in China,” (paper presented at the First World Conference of Penal Law: Penal Law in the XXIst century, Guadalajara, Mexico, November 18–23, 2007). 160. Amendment of the Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China (III), issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (December 29, 2001). 161. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/content_1237985. htm. 162. Zhao and Wang, “Countermeasures against Terrorism.” 163. “Woguo zhuanjia zhengzai jiajin zhiding zhuanmen de fankongfa” (Chinese specialists are hastening making a sepcific Counter-terror Law), Zhongguo Wang (China Net) (January 1, 2008). http://www.china.com. cn/news/2008–07/01/content_15916774.htm. 164. Xiang Junbo, “Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing in China,” (speech at the High Level Seminar on AML and Combating Terrorist Financing, Beijing, China, September 22, 2005). http://www. pbc.gov.cn/english//detail.asp?col=6500&ID=86. 165. Zhou Xiaochuan, “Anti-money laundering in China: the status quo and prospects,” (speech at the first meeting of the Ministerial Joint Conference NOTES 225

on AML, Beijing, China, August 27, 2004). http://www.bis.org/review/ r040920a.pdf. 166. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China (amended by the Standing Committee of the 10th National People’s Congress, December 27, 2003). http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english//detail. asp?col=6800&ID=22. 167. Xiang, “Combating Money Laundering.” 168. Ibid. 169. The Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China (Amended by the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People’s Congress on March 14, 1997). http:// www.lawinfochina.com/law/displayModeTwo.asp?id=354&keyword=. 170. “China adopts anti-money laundering law,” China Daily (October 31, 2006). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006–10/31/content_721316.htm. 171. Xiang, “Combating Money Laundering.” 172. The EAG official Web site. http://www.eurasiangroup.org/. 173. “U.S. Treasury targets leader of group tied to al-Qaeda,” Xinhua Net (April 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–04/21/ content_11226318.htm. 174. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92. 175. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 335. 176. Ibid. 177. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 335–336. 178. Ibid. 179. Pete Lentini, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia,” in M. Vicziany, D. Wright-Neville and P. Lentini (ed.) Regional Security in the Asia Pacific (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004), 128. 180. “Chinese President Calls For Joint Efforts In Fighting Terrorism in Central Asia,” People’s Daily (June 18, 2004). 181. “Kyrgyzstan and China Begin Joint Anti-terrorist Exercises,” Associated Press World Stream (October 10, 2002). 182. “Shanghai Five Fight Terrorism,” China Daily (August 12, 2003). 183. “Counter-terrorism Exercise Ends,” China Daily (August 27, 2003). 184. “China’s Defence Minister Praises Shanghai Organization Antiterror Exercise,” Xinhua Net, (August 15, 2003). 185. “First China-Russia Military Exercise Conclude,” Zhongguo Junwang (Chinese Military Net) (August 25, 2005). http://english.chinamil.com. cn/site2/special-reports/2005–08/26/content_281921.htm. 186. Ibid. 187. “Peace Mission 2005,” People’s Daily (July 27, 2007). http://english.peo- pledaily.com.cn/90002/91620/91644/6225701.html. 188. “Joint war games testify new concept of security: Chinese DM,” Zhongguo Junwang (Chinese Military Net) (August 26, 2005) http://english.chinamil. com.cn/site2/special-reports/2005–08/27/content_282258.htm. 189. Nadine Godehardt and Wang Pengxin, “Peace Mission 2009: Securing Xinjiang and Central Asia,” RSIS Commentary (September 2, 2009). 190. Ibid. 226 NOTES

191. “China Looks back on Its Anti-terrorism Role over Past Year,” BBC (September 10, 2002); “China Accuses Muslim Separatists of Getting Weapons, Money from bin Laden,” Associated Press Newswires (January 21, 2002). 192. Dru Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’ ” (2006). 193. Philip P. Pan, “U.S. Warns of Plot by Group in W. China,” Washington Post (August 29, 2002), A27. 194. “Husein Celil (known as Huseyin Celil) (m), aged 37, Canadian citizen: Fear of Imminent Execution,” Amnesty International Canada (August 10, 2006). http://www.amnesty.ca/resource_centre/news/view.php?load=arc view&article=3657&c=Resource+Centre+News. 195. “China, Tajikistan Pledge to Further Cooperate in Fighting ‘Three Evil Forces’,” People’s Daily (May 16, 2006). 196. Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’,” (2006). 197. “China, India Sign Defense Cooperation MOU,” China Net (May 31, 2006). http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/May/169952.htm. 198. “India and China launch war games,” BBC (December 20, 2007). http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7153179.stm. 199. “China, India kick off joint anti-terror military training,” Xinhua Net (December 21, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–12/21/ content_7288587.htm. 200. Praful Kumar Singh, “India and China to hold joint counter terror, insur- gency exercise,” Thaindian (December 4, 2008). http://www.thaindian. com/newsportal/india-news/india-and-china-to-hold-joint-counter- terror-insurgency-exercise_100127210.html. 201. Ibid. 202. Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism.” 203. Amnesty International, “People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its ‘War on Terror’ ” (2004). http://web.am- nesty.org/library/index/engasa170212004. 204. B. Ramam, “Sino-Indian Co-operation in Counter-Terrorism-an Update—International Terrorism Monitor- Paper No. 311,” (Noida: South Asia Analysis Group, November 2007). http://www.southasiaanalysis. org/%5Cpapers25%5Cpaper2472.html. 205. “Sino-Pakistani Joint Drill Concludes,” China Net (December 19, 2006). http://www.china.org.cn/international/2006–12/19/content_1192951. htm. 206. Ibid. 207. “Pakistan, China Sign Extradition Treaty,” Pakistan Latest (December 12, 2007). http://pklatest.com/2007/12/12/pakistan-china-sign-extradition- treaty/. 208. “Pakistan Hands over Nine Uyghur Militants to China,” The Free Library (April 27, 2009).http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pakistan+hands+over+n ine+Uyghur+militants+to+China.-a0198683701. 209. White House, “U.S., China Stand against Terrorism,” (October 19, 2001). 210. Dewardric McNeal and Kerry Dumbaugh, “China’s Relations with Central Asian States and Problems with Terrorism,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service, December 17, 2001). NOTES 227

211. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service, October 29, 2008): 5–6. 212. Ibid. 213. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 1. 214. Ibid. 215. Ibid., 2. 216. Ibid. 217. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 5; quoted in Frank R. Wolf, letter to Attorney General Holder Eric H. Holder, Jr., May 13, 2009. 218. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy.” 219. Daniel Schearf, “U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigations Seeks Further Cooperation with China,” VOA News (June 13, 2007). 220. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng, “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study on Security and Defense: Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games,” (paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association National Annual Conference, Palmer House, Chicago, April 3–6, 2008). 221. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy,” 7. 222. Ibid., 9. 223. Ibid., 10. 224. “Rebiya Kadeer meets with President Bush at the White House,” Uyghur Human Rights Project (Washington, DC: Uyghur American Association, July 30, 2009). http://www.uhrp.org/articles/1239/1/Rebiya-Kadeer- meets-with-President-Bush-at-the-White-House-/index.html. 225. “Group Says Chinese Saw Detainees,” Washington Post (May 26, 2004); and “China: Fleeing Uighurs Forced Back to “Anti-Terror” Torture and Execution,” Amnesty International (July 7, 2004). 226. Robin Wright, “Chinese Detainees are Men without a Country,” Washington Post (August 24, 2005). 227. Ibid. 228. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 12. 229. Ibid. 230. Agence France Presse (AFP), “American court denies Uighurs release from Guantanamo into US,” The Dailystar (February 29, 2009). http://www.dai- lystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=99484 231. “Palau to resettle 17 Guantánamo detainees,” Guardian (June 10, 2009). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/10/palau-guantanamo- detainees-housed 232. “Row over release of Guantanamo Uighurs on Bermuda,” AFP (June 12, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090612/pl_afp/usattacksgu antanamouighurbermuda;_ylt=AtXa484OA1Siv2ikP81mgLdSbA8F. 233. China’s National Defense in 2002 (Beijing: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, December 9, 2002), Part VI, “International Security Cooperation.” http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20021209/VI.htm#2. 228 NOTES

234. Denny Roy, “Lukewarm Partner: Chinese support for U.S. counter- terrorism in Southeast Asia,” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, March 2006). http://www.apcss.org/Publications/APSSS/ LukewarmPartnerChinaandCTinSEA.pdf. 235. Roy, “Lukewarm Partner.” 236. P. Parameswaran, “US-China extend dialogue to cover counter-terrror- ism,” AFP (September 11, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090911/ pl_afp/uschinaattacks 237. Ibid., and “Clinton stresses key China goals,” BBC (September 11, 2009). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8249824.stm. 238. China’s National Defense in 2008. 239. Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism.” 240. China’s National Defense in 2008. 241. Fangyang (ed.) “White Paper: China persists in int’l security coopera- tion,” Xinhua Net (January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/2009–01/20/content_10688957.htm. 242. Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies,” 1.

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Kan, Shirley A. “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy.” Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Updated October 29, 2008. Kronsdat, Alan K. and Bruce Vaughn. Terrorism in South Asia. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, August 9, 2004. Leslie, Donald Daniel. “The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims.” Paper presented at the Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1998, Australia National University, Canberra, 1998. McGregor, Richard. “Chinese Military in Muslim Region.” Financial Times, August 15, 2001. McNeal, Dewardric L. “China’s Relations with Central Asia States and Problems with Terrorism.” Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, December 17, 2001. Pereira, Derwin. “JI Cells ‘Still as Deadly’.” The Straits Times, April 1, 2005. Pereire, Kenneth. “The Beijing Olympics and China’s Militant Groups.” RSIS Commentaries, June 28, 2007. Ramzy, Austin. “Jihad in China’s Far West.” Time, August 6, 2008. Rudelson, Justin. “Xinjiang’s Uyghurs in the Ensuing US-China Partnership.” Paper presented at Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Uyghur Panel, Washington, DC, June 10, 2002. Sahni, Ajai. “Al Qaeda’s Strategic Reach in South Asia.” Paper presented before “The Transnational Violence and Seams of Lawlessness in the Asia-Pacific: Linkages to Global Terrorism” Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, February 19–21, 2002. SITE Intelligence Group. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—First Issue of TIP Magazine.” January 29, 2009. ———. “ISI ‘Kinights of Martyrdom 6’ Video, Dedicated to Uyghurs.” August 24, 2009. ———. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Second Issue of TIP Magazine.” February 9, 2009. ———. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Third Issue of TIP Magazine.” March 25, 2009. ———. “ ‘Forth Issue of TIP Magazine, ‘Islamic Turkistan’.” July 29, 2009. ———. “Libi Urges Support for Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad.” October 7, 2009. ———. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training (Video).” March 27, 2009. ———. “TIP Responds to US Treasury Designation, Arrests.” May 1, 2009. ———. “TIP Leaders Threaten China Over Urumqi Violence.” July 17, 2009. Stratfor Global Intelligence. “Geopolitical Diary: Beijing Eyes the Periphery.” March 10, 2008. ———. “China: The Evolution of ETIM.” May 13, 2008. The NEFA Foundation. “Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP): Why Are We Fighting China.” July 2008. ———. “The Islamic Jihad Union.” October 14, 2008. ———. “TIP: ‘Steadfastness and Preparations for Jihad in the Cause of Allah.” January 20, 2009. ———. “Statement from the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP),” May 1, 2009. Tong, Goh Chok. “Fight Terror with Ideas, Not Just Armies.” Paper presented to the Prime Minister of Singapore at the Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC, May 6, 2004. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng. “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study on Security and Defense: Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.” 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association National Annual Conference, Palmer House, Chicago, the United States, April 3–6, 2008. Watson, Paul and Mubashir Zaidi. “Militant Flourishes in Plain Sight.” Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2004. Wong, Edward. “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said to Be Linked to Muslim Separatist Group.” New York Times, August 9, 2008. Wright, Robin. “Chinese Detainees are Men without a Country.” Washington Post, August 24, 2005, and Asian Wall Street Journal, August 25, 2005. Yang Hui. “Strengthening Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Cooperation and Promoting Peace in the Asia-Pacific.” Paper presented at Asian-Pacific Intelligence Chief’s Conference, Singapore, February 18, 2009. INDEX

Abdul Hakeem 53–54 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 169 Abdul Haq 53–54, 56–59, 64, 72–74, Ayman al-Zawahiri 2, 105, 112, 119, 110, 133, 160, 194 121–122, 131, 212 Abdullah Mansour 59, 71–72 Abu Mohammad al-Turkistani, see Bangladesh 106, 126–127, 213 Hasan Mahsum Bank of China 159, 168, 225 Abu Sayyaf Group 117, 235 Beijing Olympic Games 2, 6, 48, 57, Abu Yahya al-Libi 1, 110, 122, 179, 210 59, 67–68, 70–72, 75–78, 124, 135, Afghanistan 18, 32, 51, 55–58, 60–65, 144–145, 147, 150–151, 155–157, 71, 74, 81, 105, 113–114, 116, 166, 175, 193, 198, 201, 218, 119–122, 125–126, 143–144, 220–224, 227, 238–239 165–166, 213–215 Bin-Laden, see Osama bin-Laden Afghanistan-Pakistan border 54, 61 Bishkek 133, 161, 163 Ahong 96, 100, 103–104 Bombings 48–49, 71, 73, 77–78, 82, Akram Hijazi 123, 211, 213 118, 144, 147, 161, 201–202 Al Qaeda (Al-Qaeda) 1–3, 5, 7, 18, suicide 71–73, 128, 150 57–58, 60–65, 67–68, 70, 105, 109–129, 131–134, 160–161, 166, CCMS (Consequence Control and 174–175, 194–196, 209–213, 225, Management System) 157 232, 234 CCP, see Al Qaeda in China 58, 110 CCTV (China Central Television) 74 Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Central Asia 22, 24, 28, 52, 62, Maghreb (AQIM) 51, 86, 118, 66–67, 79, 96–97, 153, 161 120, 132, 134 Muslims 22, 90–91 Algeria 51, 114, 116, 130, 132, 216 China Counterterrorism Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Cooperation 212, 218, 227, 239 159–160, 224–225 China International Oil and Gas Anti-Terror Bureau (ATB) 149, 156 (CIOG) 130 Anti-terrorist drills China Islam Association, see Islamic Great Wall 5 145, 150 Association of China Great Wall 6 150 China National Offshore Oil Arab 3, 28, 62, 90–92, 96 Corporation (CNOOC) 130 Arab Muslims 74, 90, 92 China National Petroleum Corporation Arabian Peninsula 99, 112, 120 (CNPC) 134 Arabic 21, 23, 29, 61, 73, 96, China Securities Regulatory 100–101, 104, 184 Commission 159 242 INDEX

China’s anti-terrorism force 142, Constitution of the PRC 36, 39, 43, 220–222 189–190 anti-terrorism legislation 219, Counter-terrorism exercise 148, 225 221, 229 legislations 158–159 counter-terrorism intelligence 156 policies 167, 169 Islamic Schools 207–208, 233 Minorities 187, 191, 208, 238 Dashi 90–92 Muslims (Chinese Muslims ) 16–17, Department of Public Security of 20, 24, 26–27, 29, 44, 46, 89, 90, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous 92, 100, 102–104, 190, 206–208, Region 148 231, 233, 239 Desecuritization 13 -building process 17, 46, Development, socioeconomic 37–38, 172–173 40, 43, 45–46, 153, 173 National Defense 47, 146, 168, 175, Discrimination 1–2, 9, 18, 46, 85 190, 220–221, 227–229 Dolqun Isa 80, 82–83, 139 State Council, see State Council Domination 9, 16, 34 Chinese Communist Party 26, 36–40, 42–43, 49, 101 Early Warning and Prevention System Chinese engineers kidnapped 127, (EWPS) 156–157 213–214 East Turkistan 7, 47, 52, 55, 62, 75, 79, government 28, 32–33, 36–37, 39, 80–82, 86, 110, 124, 133, 137–139, 44, 69–70, 74–75, 77, 80, 122, 141, 161, 175–176, 202–205, 218 137, 154, 156–158, 160, 167–169, East Turkistan Information Center 175–176 (ETIC) 48, 87–88, 139, 166, speaking Muslims 29, 89, 94 205, 219 Chinese Muslim Association 26, 41 East Turkistan Islamic Movement Chinese Muslim Educational (ETIM) 2–3, 5, 7, 47–48, 51–79, Association 26 81, 110, 124–125, 135, 138, Chinese Muslim General 164–166, 175, 193–194, 196–197, Association 26 203, 218 Chinese Muslim Mutual Progress East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) 49, Association 26 52–53 Chinese Muslim Young Students East Turkistan Liberation Organization Association 26 (ETLO) 2, 5, 48, 61, 79–82, 88, Combatant Status Review Tribunals 138, 166 (CSRTs) 64, 197 East Turkistan Union in Europe Combating terrorism 144, 151, 153, (ETUE) 87, 140 155, 162–163, 166, 169, 191, 196, Eastern Turkistan National Congress 203, 210, 218–219, 224, 232 (ETNC) 81, 83, 87, 140–141 Combating terrorist financing (Also Eastern Turkistan organizations 48, 87, Countering the Financing of 190, 195–196 Terrorism) 159, 160, 224 Erkin Alptekin 83, 86, 140, 173 Commander Seifallah 47, 58–59, Ethnic conflict 5, 7, 9–10, 17, 31, 35, 71–72, 78, 195 50, 95, 153, 171, 182, 237 Conflict zones 115, 126 groups 17, 28, 31–32, 37, 52, 56, 90, Consequence Control and Management 92, 138–139, 176, 185, 189, 192 System (CCMS) 157 identity 4–5, 15, 19, 52, 94 INDEX 243

minorities 14, 17, 32, 38, 40–41, Hizbul Islam Li-Turkistan 53–54, 43, 185 58, 63 nationalism 4–5, 184, 232 Hong Kong 3, 20, 105, 145, 151, 204, tensions 16, 33–34, 45–46, 153–154, 206, 223, 233 169 Hui 3, 25, 28–30, 32, 35, 46, 52, Ethnicity 4–6, 59, 136, 153, 179, 182, 89–90, 92–96, 98–99, 101–103, 184, 228, 232, 237 105–107, 185–186, 231, 236 Euro-Asian Group on Combating communities 7, 23, 90, 95–96, 98, Money-laundering and Financing 101, 103–105 of Terrorism 160 Jiao 20, 89 Extremism 2, 6–7, 9, 57, 89, 102, Muslims 3, 7, 19–20, 28, 89–90, 104–105, 137–138, 140, 143, 145, 93–95, 97–98, 100–102, 104, 148, 151, 162–163, 169–170, 174 106–107, 186, 206 Muslims in Beijing 29 FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Muslims in China 94–95, 98, 105 Area) 7, 60, 66–68, 87, 115, 127, Huihui 23, 89–90, 92 164, 175 Human rights 5, 10, 16, 80, 86–87, Federal Bureau of Investigation 166, 168, 177, 187, 191, 219, 238 (FBI) 105, 165–166, 212, 244 Human security 10, 12, 180–182, 233, Financial Action Task Force 236–237 (FATF) 160 Husein (Huseyin) Celil 62, 163, 226 Financial Counter-Terrorism Working Group 165 Identity 1, 4–7, 10, 13–20, 28, 30–32, Fundamentalism 102, 173 37, 39, 95–96, 171–172, 182–183, Fundamentalist Islam 53, 103 202, 234–237 conflicts 16 Gansu 3, 22, 29, 34, 75, 96–98, Hui 94–95 100–102, 153 societal 14, 46, 90, 94–95, 105–106, Gedimu 21, 23, 29, 96–97, 100–101, 173, 177 184 Uighur 15, 31–32, 36, 177 Germany 51, 81–83, 85, 115, 140–141, Ikhwani 29, 99–100, 106 148, 151 ILD (International Liaison Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) 168 Department) 156 Group for Preaching and Combat Independence 2, 43, 69, 79–81, 85, 87, (GSPC) 118, 120, 132 93, 133, 141, 176 Guangzhou 20–21, 72, 78–79, 90–91 Indonesia 120–121, 129–130, 215, 231 Guantanamo Bay 57, 64–65, 161, 167 Indonesian Muslims 130, 215 Information Office of State 26–27, 100, 102–104, 173 Council 168, 183, 187–189, 218, Han Chinese 19–20, 22–23, 25, 28–30, 220, 227 31–33, 37, 40, 42, 45, 48–50, 52, Insurgents 36, 136, 159, 245 59, 89, 91–95, 106, 152–153, 155, Integration 4, 20, 22–23, 32–33, 101, 172–174, 177–178 106, 139, 173, 245 Hanafi Islam 23, 96 of religious minorities in China Hasan Mahsum 52–57, 61, 63–65, 70, 206, 239 139, 199 Intelligence 155–157, 165, 212, Hezb-e-Islami 128 221, 224 244 INDEX

International cooperation 136, 156, groups 18, 51, 111–112, 114, 118, 159–160, 168–169 129–130 counter-terrorism treaties 148, 168 terrorism 6, 17, 109, 115, 135 security 181–182, 211, 236–238 terrorist threat 7 Internet 59, 66, 68, 71, 74–75, 87, 105, terrorist threat to China 6 112, 117, 119, 123, 142, 210 Islamists 55, 99, 115 Interpol 79, 151 radical 10, 46, 123 Iraq 18, 105, 109, 113–114, 119–120, Islamization 22, 26, 31, 90, 122, 126, 131, 245 93, 101 Isa Yusuf Alptekin 83, 140, 184 of Xinjiang 25 Islam 3–7, 9, 17, 19–24, 26–33, 42, Israel 111, 123–124, 148, 45–46, 93–95, 101–102, 104–106, 151, 211 112–113, 126, 184–186, 189–190, Istanbul 79, 82, 140–141 206–208, 231–236 ITIM (International Tibet in China 4, 7, 17, 20–22, 69, 179, Independence Movement) 184–186, 190, 206–209, 231–235 176, 229 golden age of 23 radical 5, 27, 106, 116 Jeddah 55 in Southeast Asia 183, 236 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) 183, 210, 236 traditionalist 26, 99 Jews 3, 112–113, 121–123 universal Ummah of 20, 102 Jihad 2–6, 9, 18, 34, 51–52, 55, in Xinjiang 24, 185–187, 232 57–59, 62–63, 69–73, 79, 105, Islamabad 115, 122, 128 111–112, 116, 121–122, 125, Islamic Association of China 26, 130–133, 171, 193, 195–196, 102–103 199, 239 Islamic education 32, 100 Jihadi groups, see groups under Jihadist fundamentalism 90, 95, 101–106, forums 173, 186, 232 Jihadist forums 58–59, 74, 110, 132, identity 18, 28, 31, 46 179, 184, 195, 200, 210 law 23, 49, 113, 132 groups 60–62, 69, 153 orthodoxy 31, 98–99 Jihadists 3, 61, 104–105, 109, 114, reform movements 26, 95, 119, 124 99–101 Jungars 34 schools 43, 56, 95, 101, 104 states 105, 111–112 Kabul 61, 64, 71, 81 Ummah 23, 26, 106, 110 Kashgar 30, 36, 48, 50, 54, 77, 82–83, world 5, 25, 44, 92, 102–103, 123, 93, 143 133, 190, 237 Kazakhstan 32, 52, 63, 79–80, 85, Islamic Institute 41, 56 160–162 Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) 2, 5, 62, Kunming 72–73, 78–79, 202 66–67, 133, 175 Kyrgyz 28, 30, 32 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan 52, 62–63, 81, 85, 160–163, (IMU) 2, 5, 18, 61–62, 64–66, 165, 225 115, 133, 175 Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) 105, 109, 122, Land reforms 38–39, 101 132, 209, 217, 239 Libyan Islamic Fighters Group 61 Islamist extremism 1, 3 Local radical Islamic groups 81 INDEX 245

London 116, 118, 179–180, 182, 184, Muslim communities 18, 21–22, 27, 186, 188, 191, 196, 210–211, 213, 41–42, 46, 70, 90–91, 96, 102, 218–220, 231–232, 234–235 112, 115, 119, 122 countries 26–27, 72, 91, 104, Ma Wanfu 26, 100 111–113 Mahsum, see Hasan Mahsum diversity 186, 232 Manchus 25, 32, 34, 94 Han conflicts 26, 99 Mass Mobilization System identity 4, 6–7, 17, 19, 106, 172, 177 (MEMS) 157 migrants 3, 90 Mecca 23, 25–27, 100, 102–103, 173, minorities 4–5, 7, 17, 19–20, 25, 28, 208, 232 37–39, 42, 46, 49, 94, 102, 106, Menhuan 24, 97–98, 207–208, 233 155, 172, 174, 183–184, 190, 207 Middle East 3, 21, 26, 33, 57, 59, 72, opposition 4, 46, 95, 172 83, 99–102, 104, 109, 112, rebellions 25, 35, 93 124–125, 130–131, 211 states 23, 44, 104, 172 Militant Islam in Central Asia world 18, 27, 99, 103, 113, 126, 184, 196, 234 186, 236 Ming dynasty 23–24, 34, 90, 92 Muslims in China 5, 7, 19, 24–25, 27, Ministry of National Defense 46, 89, 93, 104, 122, 124, 185 (MND) 176 Ministry of Public Security (MPS) 48, Nation-state 28, 94, 177 58, 75, 80–81, 135, 138, 148–151, National Anti-Terrorism Coordination 156, 158–159, 217–218, 221 Group (NATCG) 149–150, 156 Ministry of State Security (MSS) 156 National conflict 5–6 Minorities 4–5, 7, 15–17, 19, 37–39, identity 9, 16 41, 43, 133, 153–154, security 13, 139–140, 175, 182, 236 170–172, 174, 177–179, unity 37, 152, 174 186, 188, 191, 232 National People’s Congress (NPC) 84, Minority Conflict 10, 15, 180 158–159, 168, 190, 224–225 identities 2, 4, 6–7, 20 35–36, 94 nationalities 28–29, 38–40, Nationalists 36–37 42–43, 190 Nationalities 26, 31, 38–39, 41, 46, 90, Modernization 99–100, 185, 208, 94–95, 101, 111 231–232 Netherlands 51, 82–83, 85–86 Mohammad Abdullah Saleh New Terrorism 180, 183 Sughayer 110 Ningxia 3, 22, 28–29, 34, 96–97, 100, Mohammad Emin Hazret 79–80, 139 102, 207, 233 22, 25, 91–92, 94 Non-governmental organizations Mosques 21–23, 27, 29, 42–44, 53, (NGOs) 103–104, 106 92–94, 96–97, 100, 103–104, 122, 130 Olympic Games, see Beijing Olympic Mujahideen 62, 70–74, 111–113, 122, Games 125, 196 Osama bin-Laden (bin Laden) 2, 18, Mullah Mohammad Omar 124 52, 55, 58, 61–62, 64, 67, 81, Multinational states 9, 14, 16–17, 46 110–113, 116, 119, 121–122, Munich 81, 83, 86–87, 141, 218 124–126, 160, 190, 195–196 Muslim Brotherhood 60, 100 Overseas Uighur communities 61, 141 246 INDEX

Pakistan 2, 32, 44, 53–56, 58–62, Riots 36, 41, 50, 130, 132, 146, 148, 64, 66, 68, 102–103, 115, 178, 217 126–128, 161, 163–165, Russia 32, 34, 89, 148, 160–163, 248 194–195, 200, 214 Pakistani security forces 66–67, Salafia al-Jihadia 105, 123, 211, 213 128, 164 Salafi Group for Call and Combat Taliban 2, 67, 127–128 (GSPC), see Al Qaeda Pan-Islamism 172, 193 Organization in the Islamic Pan-Turkic nationalism 172 Maghreb Peace Mission 145, 162, 225, 238 Salafism 28 People’s Armed Police Force Security 6, 10–14, 17, 76, 79, 90, (PAPF) 76, 135, 143, 146–148, 117–118, 124, 137, 145, 177–178, 150–151, 162 180–182, 221–222, 231, People’s Bank of China (PBC) 159 233–237, 248 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 36, 49, Seifallah, see Commander Seifallah 142–147, 150–151, 156, 164 Separatism 7, 57, 60, 87, 136–138, 140, People’s Republic of China (PRC) 1, 4, 143–145, 148–149, 152, 162–163, 10, 17, 19–20, 26–28, 31–32, 173–176, 185–186, 190, 206–207, 36–37, 39, 43, 50, 52, 85, 223, 232 89–90, 94, 124, 126, Separatists 9, 45, 60, 85, 136–137, 151–152, 158–159, 165, 142–144, 149, 152, 162, 192 184–185, 188–190, 195–196, Shanghai Cooperation Organization 206–207, 224–226, 231–232 (SCO) 136, 143, 145, 161–163, Persian 21–22, 28–30, 90–92, 96 169, 218, 225, 238 Philippines 113, 116–117, Snake’s head 124, 211, 213 120, 129 Snow Wolf Commando Unit Pilgrimage 23, 25, 27, 44, (SWCU) 147 102–103, 208 Societal identities 14–15, 46, 90, Political violence 1, 10, 13, 107, 169, 94–95, 105–106, 173, 177 180, 193–194, 236 security 13–15, 177 Society 14–15, 26, 42, 142, 153, Qadi 23 181–182, 206, 209, 229, 232–233, Quick Response System (QRS) 150, 238, 248 157 Society Union of Uighur National Qur’an 27, 70, 99–101 Association 85 South Asia 3, 126, 197, 239 Radical 72, 81, 138 Southeast Asia 3, 110, 112, Radicalization 6–7, 89, 102–103, 105, 128–129, 228 126, 152, 173–174, 206 Soviet Union 35–36, 38, 41–42, 113, Rebiya Kadeer 51, 83–86, 141, 166, 172, 188 204, 219, 227 State Council 20, 137, 146, 168, 183, Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure 187–189 (RATS) 163 Sufism 24–26, 97–99, 207, 233 Regional autonomy 38–39, 43, 188, 190 Tablighi Jamaat (TJ) 62, 105–106, 173, security 161, 193, 225, 233 209, 235 Republic of China 25, 83, 94, 185 Taiwan 20, 175–176, 178 INDEX 247

Tajikistan 32, 52, 62–63, 160–161, 163 Turkistan al-Islamia, 68, 73–4 Taliban 2, 55, 57–58, 61–65, 74, 113, Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) 19, 47, 115, 124–125, 128, 144, 160–161, 53–54, 58, 63, 68, 71, 73–74, 166, 190, 195–196, 214, 234 78–79, 88, 132, 160, 171, 193–195, Tang dynasty 20–21, 33, 90, 184 198–199, 239 Tarim Basin 22, 24, 30–32, 34, 53, 155 Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 18, Uighur 2–5, 30–34, 36–38, 40–43, 45, 67, 128 50–53, 59–68, 74–76, 80–87, Terror 10, 52, 114, 117, 139, 155, 180, 196, 121–122, 124–126, 138–142, 150, 211–212, 231–232, 235–236, 249 152–153, 155, 166–167, 172–174, Terrorism 1–7, 9–10, 16–18, 136–137, 193, 238 140–142, 144–145, 147–148, detainees 57, 64–65, 165, 167 150–152, 156–161, 168–170, Diaspora (émigrés) 4, 49, 82, 85, 140 172–174, 179–180, 218–220, identity 15, 31–32, 36, 177 222–224, 231–233, 235–237 kingdom 30, 33 contemporary wave of 1, 10, 136 militants 61–62, 64, 68, 71, 87 fighting 158, 163, 225 Muslims 5, 31–32, 42, 45, 57, 60, international 138, 162 70, 74, 86, 130, 132, 140, 146, threat of 10, 135, 143, 169, 174 153, 172 transnational 161, 174 nationalism 171, 191, 237 war on 46, 136 organizations 82, 140 Terrorist attacks 46, 48, 59, 63, 70, 75, separatism 47, 142, 190, 195, 236 78–79, 87, 105, 118, 146–147, 149–151, separatist groups 47, 86 156–157, 164–165, 198–199, 211 separatist movement 49, 52, 86, 106, financing 159–160, 165, 224 132, 137, 140–141 groups 3, 47, 62, 72, 79–80, 83, 135, separatists 50, 55, 88, 140, 144, 151 138, 150, 165, 169, 180, 211, 219, Uighur American Association 85, 191 231, 236 United States (also US) 3, 9, 44, 46, incidents 48, 63, 142 50, 58, 61, 63–65, 74, 76, 78, organizations 48, 58, 81–82, 125, 84–85, 109, 111–115, 121–125, 127, 138–139, 141, 156, 158, 165–166, 129–131, 137, 155, 165–168, 170– 168, 224 171, 175, 196–197, 211–212, threat 2, 6, 9, 109, 119, 137, 142, 150, 224, 227 169, 171, 211 UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and training camps 61–62, 64, 150, 162 People’s Organizations) 82–83, violence 46–47, 80, 106, 133, 138–139 140, 203–204 Terrorists 3, 48, 62, 67, 76, 79–80, Urumqi 33, 35, 45, 48–56, 59, 62, 75, 83–84, 104–105, 135–137, 80, 82, 84–86, 94, 129, 132, 141–144, 151–152, 158–160, 198, 143–145, 147–148, 150 200–202, 217–218, 249 US-China Cooperation 212–213 designated, 58, 160 Uzbekistan 52, 62–63, 67, 161–163 suspected 150, 163, 167, 222 Uzbeks 28, 30, 32, 62, 66–67 Three evil forces 136–137, 140, 142, 148–149, 163, 174 Values, dominant identity 14–15 Turkey 44, 55, 79–80, 82, 84, 140, 186, 236 Violence 1, 11, 13, 18, 46, 48, 51–52, Turkic Muslims 25, 28, 30, 89, 60, 63, 81–82, 86–87, 129–130, 106, 187 135–139, 141–142, 146–147, 172 248 INDEX

Violent incidents 49–50, 128, 164, 166 needle attack in 192 resistance 6 occupation of 45, 80 police 77, 148–150 War on Terror 142, 173, 180, 182–183, southern 25, 29, 34, 36, 53, 84, 195, 226, 229, 236 144, 150, 160 Terrorism 5, 179, 191, 218–220, 222, stability of 141, 152, 154, 169 232, 235 Xinjiang Military District (XMD) Washington 64, 141, 165–166, 168, 143, 188 189–191, 194–195, 197, 201, Xinjiang Military Region, see Xinjiang 203–205, 208, 210–212, 218, 225, Military District (XMD) 227–228, 231–233, 238–239 Xinjiang Nationalities Committee 36 Wenzhou 72–73, 78 Xinjiang Production Construction World Uighur Congress (WUC) 2, 5, Military Corps (XPCMC) 152 51, 77, 81, 83–86, 88, 140–141, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region 166, 173 (XUAR) 29, 52, 56, 76, 79, World Uighur Youth Congress 136–137, 140, 172, 174, 191, 220, (WUYC) 48, 80–83, 87, 138, 219, 234, 236 141, 166 Xinjiao 26, 99

Xinjiang 4–7, 24–25, 30–39, 41–46, Yemen 98, 114, 120 48–50, 52–56, 60–65, 82–85, 87, Yinchuan 28, 207–208, 233, 235 135–144, 146, 148–155, 174–178, Yining 34, 36, 41, 48–49, 53, 67, 182–193, 218–223, 231–238 146–147 and Central Asia 163, 225 independence of 80, 82, 85, 87, 141 Zeydin (Ziyauddin) Yusup 49, 53